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GoddardSpace Flight Center
Association of World Reindeer Herders
Shared Knowledge for Decision-Making on Environment and
Health Issues in the Arctic
Nancy G. Maynard, Ph.D.Associate Director, Environment & Health
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
Boris S. Yurchak, Ph.D.Senior Research Scientist, Goddard Earth Sciences & Technology Center
Johan Mathis TuriPresident, Association of World Reindeer Herders (WRH)
October 28, 2003
RADARSATGlobal View of the Arctic Ocean Credit : NASA JPL, University of Alaska - Fairbanks
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GoddardSpace Flight Center
Association of World Reindeer Herders
“…to promote a new kind of science where traditional knowledge is
integrated into the management of the natural environment in the
Arctic.”
Johan Mathis TuriPresident, Association of World Reindeer Herders
2002
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GoddardSpace Flight Center
Association of World Reindeer Herders
Outline of Talk
• Integrating Traditional Knowledge into the Management of the Natural Environment in the Arctic
• The Issue
• Primary Factors Impacting Health of Indigenous Peoples of the North
• What is “Reindeer Mapper” (RM)
• Why NASA
• The RM System for Shared Knowledge for Decision-making
• Reindeer Mapper Project – Status
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GoddardSpace Flight Center
Association of World Reindeer Herders
The Issue• Drastic changes in the economy, climate and environment
creating critical situations in reindeer husbandry
• The health and well-being of indigenous peoples (reindeer herders) of the Russian North are directly dependent upon the state of reindeer husbandry
– Social: Economic & Cultural Impacts – Reindeer Herders• Health Care Problems: Lack of access to healthcare and other services (country
economics)
– Climate/Environment Impact – Reindeer and Herders• Changes in snow/ice cover/permafrost/freeze-thaw and availability/quality of
pastures and forage; interrupted migration routes; increased insect harassment
• Loss of pasture land due to industrial developments (e.g. oil and gas pipelines)
• Contamination of pastures, snow, ground, lakes, river waters (mining, pollution)
• Increasing number of predators
– Education Issues• Lack of access to education/schools/materials for reindeer herders’ children so
that they can remain with family/herders but still obtain education (policies, resources)
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GoddardSpace Flight Center
Association of World Reindeer Herders
Remote Sensing (RS) Indicators of Human Health Related Problems
• Family• Employme
nt• Habitation• Food• Healthcare• Spare time• Rest
Human Health
Environmental Factor(s)
Indicator Phenomena
RS Detection
Physical Biological Conditions of Life
Social Factor(s)
RS detection
Human Health
Caused by Environmental Factors
Caused by Social Factors
Indicator Phenomena
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GoddardSpace Flight Center
Association of World Reindeer Herders
Main Factors Impacting the Health of Indigenous Peoples of the Russian North
Health of Indigenous Peoples of Russian North
Access to Healthcare
Diet Style and Social-Culture
Behavior
Reindeer Husbandry
state
Social-Economic State of People
Forms of Ownership and Management
Climate Change
Anthropogenic Factors
Life Style
Area of NASA’s possible contribution
Ecological Factors
Veterinary
Services
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GoddardSpace Flight Center
Association of World Reindeer Herders
What Is ReindeerMapper?
Management Support System for Sustainable Reindeer Husbandry
Purpose of ReindeerMapper
This system is to bring indigenous traditional and local knowledge together with scientific and engineering knowledge, remote sensing and information technologies to address environment, weather, climate, pollution and land use change issues for improved decision making for sustainable reindeer husbandry and as a bottom line - to improve the quality of life of reindeer herders.
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GoddardSpace Flight Center
Association of World Reindeer Herders
Management Support System ”ReindeerMapper”
Remote Sensing Information
Traditional Ecological Knowledge
Decision Maker
Other related information
GIS
Decision Support
Making Subsystem
(DMSS)
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GoddardSpace Flight Center
Association of World Reindeer Herders
Management Support System “ReindeerMapper“
(Remote Sensing Components)
RS Measurement
Information-analytical
Reindeer Husbandry Management
Educational
• Land observing satellites
• Platforms: circular, sun-synchronous orbit
• Sensors: multispectral radiometers with middle/high spatial resolution; passive microwave radiometer; synthetic aperture radar
• Satellite Telemetry System
- GIS
- DMSS
- Communication system
LEVELS OF REINDEER HUSBANDRY MANAGEMENT- LOCAL- REGIONAL- FEDERAL
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GoddardSpace Flight Center
Association of World Reindeer Herders
Management Data Gaps for Domesticated Reindeers of Northern Russia
• Condition of pastures– Forage stock– Overgrazing– Contamination– Fire scars
• Snow cover parameters • Permafrost• State of annual migration pathways
– Ice conditions, lakes, rivers, etc.– Anthropogenic disturbances (e.g. oil and gas
infrastructure- pipelines, drill sites; oil/contaminants spills; fire scars etc.)
– Meteorological conditions
• Wild reindeer herds locations
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GoddardSpace Flight Center
Association of World Reindeer Herders
Why NASA? – Technology PossibilitiesNASA could provide user-friendly, regularly-updated, remotely sensed, information on a number of critical parameters and changes (to be combined with TK and local information) for more informed herd management:
– Depth and characteristics of snow cover in traditional and new migration routes of herds
– Condition of ice on rivers and other water bodies in migratory routes
– Ecological characterization of traditional summer and winter pastures and annual migration routes – and assessment of their ecological suitability as pasture
– Assessment of anthropogenic impacts on migration routes and pasture lands of interest, including environmental contamination and infrastructure development
– Detection, monitoring, and status of annual forest fires and associated burned areas in pasture and migration areas of interest
– Development of techniques for monitoring favorable conditions for growth of mosquitoes (and other blood-sucking insects) relevant to potential for reindeer harassment and spread of infectious diseases
– Seasonal assessment of migratory routes for herds
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GoddardSpace Flight Center
Association of World Reindeer Herders
Example of Fire Detection by MODIS
Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) composite of western Russia, 4 September 2002
Heat signatures (red) and smoke plumes (light blue haze) are visible from the fires. True-color image by Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), resolution 250m.
Source: NASA Earth Observatory http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/NaturalHazards/natural_hazards_v2.php3?img_id=4743
Credit: Image by Jesse Allen, based on data from the MODIS Rapid Response Team at NASA-GSFC
Satellite & Sensor: Terra-
MODIS
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GoddardSpace Flight Center
Association of World Reindeer Herders
Example of SAR Detection of a Forest Fire Scar
ERS-1 SAR scene (08/23/91) of the Bettles region, located about 290 km NNW of Fairbanks. A forest fire scar resulting from a fire in 1990 is visible due to its strong backscatter/bright tone. (Alaska SAR Facility ERS-1 SAR Image Sampler, 2001)
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GoddardSpace Flight Center
Association of World Reindeer Herders
Credit: Eric R. Conrad, Deputy, Field OperationsPennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection
Reindeer Mapper
GIS Database
• Reindeer Herder Data/Knowledge
• Remote Sensing/Science and Technology, Data and Information
• Other Information/Sources
Data Acquisition Partner Web
Communication/Outreach
Data Integration
Maps/Reports and Analysis
• Historical• Real
Time
• Reindeer Mapper Team
Reindeer Mapper System
Concept
Conference “Center”
• World Center for Sustainable Reindeer Herding
• Teleconferences
Traditional/Local
Knowledge/Data
Arctic Data
Archives
NASA/Remot
e Sensing Data
Arctic Science
Institutions
Knowledge transfer between traditional/local knowledge and scientific knowledgeGIS Research Centre, Institute of
Geography, Russian Academy of Sciences
GoddardSpace Flight Center
Association of World Reindeer Herders
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GoddardSpace Flight Center
Association of World Reindeer Herders
Reindeer Mapper (RM): Initial Steps in Creating a Shared Knowledge System for
Decision-Making• Selection of Highest Priority Pilot Project Test Sites
• Acquisition of data from all sources (field observations, RS, etc.)
• Development of GIS for Pilot Project Test Sites
• Integration of information from all RM partners into common GIS– Reindeer Herders– NASA and other remote sensing sources– Other data sources
• Adaptation of existing NASA GIS based system which facilitates the sharing the diverse data sets by all participants which also allows real time access and interconnectivity with remote sites
• Develop data base and archive for current and historical data, observations, and knowledge for parameters of interest
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GoddardSpace Flight Center
Association of World Reindeer Herders
For further information:Dr. Nancy G. MaynardAssociate DirectorNASA Goddard Space Flight CenterMail Code 900Greenbelt, MD 20771Tel: (301) 614-6572email: Nancy.G. [email protected]
Dr. Boris Yurchak Senior Research ScientistGoddard Earth Sciences & Technology Center (GEST), Mail Code 900NASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbelt, MD 20771 USATel:(301) 614-5898 email: [email protected]
Johan Mathis Turi, PresidentAssociation of World Reindeer HerdersGronnegata 23 P.O. Box 508 N-9255 Tromsø, Norway Tel: +47 77 656 400 email: [email protected]
RADARSATGlobal View of the Arctic Ocean Credit : NASA JPL, University of Alaska - Fairbanks