Coordinating Conjunctions Subordinating Conjunctions Transitions The Differences Between Coordinating,

Subordinating Conjunctions and Transitions

You can join two clauses together by placing a comma and a coordinating conjunction between them.

Here is a list of the most common coordinating conjunctions:

F : for

A: and

N: nor

B : but

O: or

Y : yet

S : so

Look at the examples that follow

The bowl of squid eyeball stew is hot and deliciouns.

Rocky, my orange tomcat, loves having his head scratched but hates getting his claws trimmed.

My daughter wants to be a mechanic, so she spends every spare minute at the garage.

Tasha’s living room is cozy, yet her guests always gather in the kitchen.

Two clauses can also be joined with a subordinating conjunction.

Subordinating Conjunction

after since as

because when(ever) although

before unless whereas

while until if

Whe could see very clearly last night since the moon was so bright.

Unless his shoulder loosens up a bit, Ron will stay on the bench.

Jessica sent the woman to her mother’s home because Clara had been caring for foster children for years.

Although many children were in need of special care, no centers existed at the time for babies born addicted to drugs and alcohol.

Some of the most important

subordinating conjunctions fall into two

groups: contrast and cause and effect.

Conjunction Function

although

though express contrast between

whereas ideas

while

because show a cause/effect

as relationship between ideas

since

Some common transition words and

phrasesAdding information:and ,not only… but also,also,moreover,furthermore,in addition

ExamplesNot only did my brother break his leg, but he also bruised his rib.Students should be on time. Furthermore, they must be prepared

Showing a Resultsoas a resultthereforethusas a consequence consequently

The committee voted against the proposal. Thus, we must consider another idea.Tina lost her keys. Consequently, she could not drive home.

Giving Examples: for examplefor instancespecificallyİn particularThe first(second,another,etc.)example/reason is…

He often eats strange foods.For istance, he once ate cow brains.My friend hates skiing for several reasons. The first reasons is that she dislikes being cold. Another reasons is that she often falls

Showing a Contrast:buthoweveron the other hand otherwiseinsteadin contrast

We wanted to leave at 8:00. However, Mike arrived too late.Women usually enjoy shopping.In contrast, men often dislike it.

Showing a Concession:yetneverthelesseven sohoweveralthougheven thoughdespite the fact that

I need to wear reading glasses. Nevertheless, I hate how I look in them

Even though the book is difficult to read, it is very interesting.

Showing a Similarity:LikewiseSimilarlyİn the same way

Math was hard for me in high school. Likewise , it is hard in college.Rock climbing takes much practice and skill. In the same way , learning to write well requires a great deal of practice.

Showing a Condition:Or Whether…orİf…(then)

I must study hard, or I will fail my examWhether you are caming or not,I am still going to Amy’s party.

Explaining or Emphasizing:in fact actuallyin other words namely

James is actually the first person I have known who has been to Africa.He was late to class again.In other words,he didn’t wake up on tıme.

Establishing Time Relation or Sequence:firstsecondfinallyin conclusionin summarymeanwhile

In summary,we should offer her some financial help. Jeff was working hard to clean the house. Meanwhile, his brother was watching television.

Use a coordinating conjunction when you want to give equal emphasis to two main clauses.

The pattern for coordination looks like this:

o There have been many health warnings about smoking , but people smoke anyway.

MAİN CLAUSE + , + coordinating conjunction + MAİN CLAUSE

Subordination, however , emphasizes the idea in the main clauses more than the one in the subordinate clause .

The patterns look like these:

o Shane remained at the library until his daughter called to ask for a ride home.

o Because some student work hard in the IELTS class they will get a good grade.

MAİN CLAUSES + Ø + SUBORDİNATE CLAUSE

SUBORDİNATE CLAUSE + , + MAİN CLAUSE

Transition Phrases: They make seperate sentences

o Biology is a difficult course. Similarly , many students who take physics end up dissappointed with their grade

o I enjoy sports. In particular , I enjoy hockey and football.

Full stop before + comma afterwards

References

• Susan Fawcett & Alvin Sandberg (2000) Evergreen with Readings/ a guide to writing -sixth edition-

• Nilgün Yorgancı Furnerss (2006) Milestones of English Grammar I / Perfecting and Practising English Structure

• Google

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