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A - Topographic Map of Gondwana-derived continents. Data was processed using Oasis Montaj 9.2.3 software, from STRM30 Plus Version 7 (Becker et al., 2009) for all continental fragments. Antarctica SRTM: Data Fusion of SRTM Land Topography with Measured and Estimated Seafloor Topography/Tertiary Theme/Type: Topography/Bathymetry.
B – Interpolated Magnetometry Map of the Gondwana continent. Geophysical data (magnetic anomalies) was processed using Oasis Montaj 9.2.3 software, from EMAG2v3: Earth Magnetic Anomaly Grid (2-arc-minute resolution) Version 3 (Meyer et al.,2017) for most of continents, and data from ADMAP (digital magnetic anomaly map of the Antarctic - Golynsky et al., 2001) for Antarctica.
C – Free-Air Gravity Anomaly Map of the Gondwana. Geophysical data (gravity anomalies) was processed using Oasis Montaj 9.2.3 software, from Free Air Sandwell v23-1 (Sandwell et al., 2014) for the major continental fragments and from Antarctica free-air and complete Bouguer gravity anomaly grid (Scheinert et al., 2016) for Antarctica.
st * - Bedrock Subice Topographic Map of Antarctica and its fragments based on our reconstruction for 183Ma to this pre-1 edition . The data
was processed using Oasis Montaj 9.2.3 software, from BEDMAP2 (Fretwell et al., 2013) References Becker, J. J.; Sandwell, D. T.; Smith, W. H. F.; Braud, J.; Binder, B.; Depner, J.; Fabre, D.; Factor, J.; Ingalls, S.; Kim, S-H.; Ladner, R.; Marks, K.; Nelson, S.; Pharaoh, A.; Sharman, G.; Trimmer, R.; VonRosenburg, J.; Wallace, G.; Weatherall, P. Global Bathymetry and Elevation Data at 30 Arc Seconds Resolution: SRTM30_PLUS, Marine Geodesy, 32:4, 355-371, 2009.Meyer, B.; Saltus R.; Chulliat, A. EMAG2: Earth Magnetic Anomaly Grid (2-arc-minute resolution) Version 3. National Centers for Environmental Information, NOAA. Model. doi:10.7289/V5H70CVX, 2017.Golynsky, A. V.; Chiappini, M.; Damaske, D.; Finn, C.; Ferraccioli, F.; Ferris, J.; Ghidella, M.; Ishihara, T.; Johnson, A.; Kim, H. R.; Kovacs, L.; LaBrecque, J.; Masolov, V.; Nogi, Y.; Purucker, M.; Taylor, P.; Torta, M. ADMAP - A digital magnetic anomaly map of the Antarctic. 1:10.000 scale map. edited by P. Morris and R. von Frese, BAS (Misc.) 10, Cambridge, British Antarctic Survey, 2001.Sandwell, D. T.; Müller, R. D.; Smith, W. H. F.; Garcia, E.; Francis, R. New global marine gravity model from CryoSat-2 and Jason-1 reveals buried tectonic structure, Science, Vol. 346, no. 6205, pp. 65-67, doi: 10.1126/science.1258213, 2014.Scheinert, M.; Ferraccioli, F.; Schwabe, J.; Bell, R.E.; Studinger, M.; Damaske, D.; Jokat, W.; Aleshkova, N. D.; Jordan, T.A.; Leitchenkov, G.L.; Blankenship, D.D.; Damiani, T.; Young, D.A.; Cochran, J.R.; Richter, T. Antarctic free-air and complete Bouguer gravity anomaly grid. PANGAEA, doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.848168, 2016.Fretwell, P.; Pritchard, H. D.; Vaughan, D. G.; Bamber, J. L.; Barrand, N. E.; Bell, R.; Bianchi, C.; Bingham, R. G.; Blankenship, D. D.; Casassa, G.; Catania, G.; Callens, D.; Conway, H.; Cook, A. J.; Corr, H. F. J.; Damaske, D.; Damm, V.; Ferraccioli, F.; Forsberg, R.; Fujita, S.; Gim, Y.; Gogineni, P.; Griggs, J. A.; Hindmarsh, R. C. A.; Holmlund, P.; Holt, J. W.; Jacobel, R. W.; Jenkins, A.; Jokat, W.; Jordan, T.; King, E. C.; Kohler, J.; Krabill, W.; Riger-Kusk, M.; Langley, K. A.; Leitchenkov, G.; Leuschen, C.; Luyendyk, B. P.; Matsuoka, K.; Mouginot, J.; Nitsche, F. O.; Nogi, Y.; Nost, O. A.; Popov, S. V.; Rignot, E.; Rippin, D. M.; Rivera, A.; Roberts, J.; Ross, N.; Siegert, M. J.; Smith, A. M.; Steinhage, D.; Studinger, M.; Sun, B.; Tinto, B. K.; Welch, B. C.; Wilson, D.; Young, D. A.; Xiangbin, C. &Zirizzotti, A.: Bedmap2: improved ice bed, surface and thickness datasets for Antarctica, The Cryosphere, 7, 375-393. doi.org/10.5194/tc-7- 375-2013, 2013
The Gondwana map reconstruction model was built using GPlates software (www.gplates.org). The continental fragments are re-assembled at 183 Ma from compiled
finite rotation parameters and establishing continental piercing points connecting geological data from the Gondwana map. The two largest continental fragments are
subdivided into smaller rigid blocks to minimize gaps and overlaps caused by intraplate deformation since the Gondwana break-up process. All the fragments are
reconstructed with respect to a fixed West African plate. African plate is rotated and subdivided into 5 blocks modified from Moulin et al. (2010) and Reeves et al. (2016).
The South American plate is rotated and subdivided into 7 blocks according to Richetti et al. (submitted). Eastern Gondwana blocks (Madagascar, Seychelles, Greater
India, Sri Lanka, East Antarctica, Australia) are reconstructed and rotated to a fit position after Reeves et al. (2016). Madagascar and Sri Lanka are positioned according to
Ishwar-Kumar et al. (2013) and also Gondwana Project geological database. The Arabian plate is reconstructed following finite rotation parameters from Seton et al.
(2012). Malvinas/Falklands plateau is fixed to the Patagonian block. Papua New Guinea is fixed to the Australian plate, therefore, the rotation parameters are the same as
the respective plates. The fit position for the Antarctic Peninsula, Marie Byrd, Thurston and Ellsworth blocks is based on Dalziel et al. (2013). North and South New Zealand
block rotations are based on Mortimer and Campbell (2014). New Caledonia is fixed to North New Zealand block, therefore its rotation parameters are the same. The
present-day COB lines, represented in different colors, were used to constraint the fragments reconstruction.
Reconstruction of Gondwana at ca. 183 Ma - methodology
References
LEGEND
J-K
P-T
C-P
S-D
O-S
ε-O
T-J
D-C
NP
3-ε
NP
1-O
NP
2-ε
NP
1-ε
PP
4-M
P1
PP
-MP
PP
4-M
P2
PP
3-M
P3
PP
2-M
P3
PP
2-M
P2
PP
1-M
P2
MP
1-ε
HADEAN
NEOARCHEAN AR4
PALEOARCHEANAR2
EOARCHEANAR1
MESOARCHEANAR3
PR
OT
ER
OZ
OIC
P
TA
RC
HE
AN
A
RP
HA
NE
RO
ZO
IC
Cretaceous KUpper Cretaceous K2
Lower Cretaceous K1
Carboniferous CPennsylvanian C2
Mississippian C1
Cryogenian NP2
Tonian NP1
Ediacaran NP3
NEOPROTEROZOIC NP
Stenian MP3
Ectasian MP2
Calymmian MP1
MESOPROTEROZOIC MP
Statherian PP4
Orosirian PP3
Rhyacian PP2
Siderian PP1
PALEOPROTEROZOICPP
PALEOZOIC Pz
MESOZOIC Mz
CENOZOIC Cz
Upper Ordovician O3
Middle Ordovician O2
Lower Ordovician O1
Ordovician O
O1
-O2
O2
-O3
Triassic T
Upper Triassic T3
Middle Triassic T2
Lower Triassic T1 T1
-T2
T2
-T3
Upper Jurassic J3
Middle Jurassic J2
Lower Jurassic J1
Jurassic J
J1-J
2 J2-J
3
Furongian ε4Series 3 ε3Series 2 ε2
Terreneuvian ε1
Cambrian ε
ε1-ε
2
ε1-ε
3
ε2-ε
3
ε2-ε
4
ε3-ε
4
Pridoli S4Ludlow S3
Wenlock S2Llandovery S1
Silurian S
S1-S
2
S1-S
3
S2-S
3
S2-S
4
S3-S
4
Permian P
Lopingian P3
Guadalupian P2
Cisuralian P1 P1
-P2
P2
-P3
Upper Devonian D3
Middle Devonian D2
Lower Devonian D1
Devonian D
D1
-D2
D2
-D3
NP
1-N
P2
NP
2-N
P3
MP
3-N
P1
MP
3-N
P2
AR
2-A
R3
AR
2-A
R4
AR
3-A
R4
AR
1-A
R3
AR
1-A
R2
PP
1-P
P2
PP
1-P
P3
PP
2-P
P3
PP
2-P
P4
PP
3-P
P4
MP
1-M
P2
MP
2-M
P3
AR
4-P
P
AR
4-P
P3
AR
4-P
P2
AR
4-P
P1
AR
3-P
P
AR
3-PP
3
AR
1-P
P
PP
1-M
P1
MP
-NP
MP
2-N
P1
NP
3-C
NP
3-D
NP
3-O
PP
1-ε
MP
3-ε
K-C
z
C-K
C-J
D-J
C-T
P-J
D-T
S-C
J-C
z
Pz1
Pz2
Pz-
Mz
Mz-
Cz
ε-D
O-D
0 Ma
66.0 Ma
~145.0 Ma
201.3 ± 0.2 Ma
251.902 ± 0.024 Ma
298.9 ± 0.15 Ma
358.9 ± 0.4 Ma
419.2 ± 3.2 Ma
485.4 ± 1.9 Ma
541.0 ± 1.0
~635 Ma
~720 Ma
1000 Ma
1200 Ma
1400 Ma
1600 Ma
1800 Ma
2050 Ma
2300 Ma
2500 Ma
443.8 ± 1.5 Ma
2800 Ma
3200
3600 Ma
4000 Ma
~ 4600 Ma
Ma
Ma
International Chronostratigraphic Chart - IUGS/ICS - v. 2016/12
NP
1-S
PP
4-M
P3
AR
4-N
P
AR
2-P
P
NP
3-S
AGE OF LAST TECTONIC EVENT
Pre-Neoproterozoic
Triassic-Jurassic
Tonian (1000-720 Ma)
Ordovician-Silurian
Cretaceous-Cenozoic
~ ~~ ~
~ ~
~
~
~ ~~ ~
~ ~
~
~
~ ~~ ~
~ ~
~
~
~ ~~ ~
~ ~
~
~
Not Classified~ ~~ ~
~ ~
~
~
~ ~~ ~
~ ~
~
~
Cryogenian-Ediacaran (720-585 Ma)~ ~~ ~
~ ~
~
~
Devonian-Permian
~ ~~ ~
~ ~
~
~
Ediacaran-Cambrian (585-485 Ma)
~ ~~ ~
~ ~
~
~
Sedimentary Rocks
Igneous Rocks
Metamorphic Rocks
Low Grade and Very Low Grade deformed on Fold and Thrust Belts
Medium Grade
High Grade
Plutonic
Volcanic
LITHOLOGY
X XX
X XXX X
_ ___ _
_ __
~ ~~ ~
~ ~
~
~
~ ~~ ~
~ ~
~
~
Volcano-sedimentary Rocks
//
///
_ _
_ __ __
/
//
+ + ++ + ++ + ++ +
v v vv
vv
v
vv
v
vvv
vvv
Alkaline Rocks
Subalkaline Rocks
Ultrabasic
Basic
Intermediate
Acid
Plutonic Volcanic
Bimodal
GEOCHEMISTRY
* * *
* * *
* *
* * *
* * *
* *
v v v
v v v
v v vv vv v v
v v
++++
+++
vvv
vvvvv +++
+
++
+
+
_ __
__ _
_
v v v
v v vv v
_ __ _
_ __
_
__
__
__
_
YY
Y
YY
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
YY
Y
YY
Y
Geological Contact
Thrust fault/shear zone
Normal fault/shear zone
Inferred thrust fault/shear zone
Inferred normal fault/shear zone
Inferred dextral fault/shear zone>
> Dextral fault/shear zone
GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURES
>
>
### ###
Inferred sinistral fault/shear zone>
> Sinistral fault/shear zone >>
Inferred Geological Contact
Estimated Gondwana Continent-Ocean Boundary (COB) Line(under investigation - see introduction text)
Actual Coast Lines (for reference)Greater India Limit (Ali & Aitchison, 2014)
LuandaCity
OTHER SYMBOLS
Estimated Orogenic Belt OffshoreDrill Hole/Isolated Outcrop/Dredge Sample Information
Lakes
STGONDWANA GEOLOGICAL MAP - PRE-1 EDITION - NovemberReconstructed to 183 Ma SCALE 1:5.000.000 Geographic Coordinate System - Datum: WGS 84
, 2017.ndo wG a n8 a2 6 P- rP ojC ecGI t
IGCP -628 Leaders
Dr. Renata da Silva Schmitt (Brazil) – [email protected] - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - Rio de Janeiro Dr. Maarten De Wit (South Africa) - [email protected] Earth Stewardship Science and AEON -Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University - Port Elizabeth Dr. Alan Collins (Australia) - [email protected] School of Earth and Environmental Sciences - University of Adelaide - Adelaide Dr. Philippe Rossi (France) - [email protected] - CCGM - CGMW -Paris Dr. Colin Reeves (The Netherlands) – [email protected] - Earthworks BV -Delft Dr. Edison José Milani (Brazil) - [email protected] - PETROBRAS - CENPES/PDGEO -Rio de JaneiroDr. Umberto Giuseppe Cordani (Brazil) –[email protected] -Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Geociências - São Paulo
Africa
Warren Miller and Alan Collins - The University of AdelaideAndré Assis - Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroBastien Linol - Nelson Mandela Metropolitan UniversityCarlos E. Ganade de Araujo - Companhia de Pesquisa de Recursos Minerais CPRMColin Reeves - EarthworksDaniel Silva - Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroDébora Barros Nascimento - Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroHartwig Frimmel - University of WuerzburgMax Fernandez-Alonso - Africa MuseumMichael Daly- Oxford UniversityPeter R. Johnson - Geological Society of AmericaTaufeeq Dhansay - Nelson Mandela UniversityThelson Julius dos S. Silva - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro
Arabic Peninsula
Pâmela Richetti (UFRJ)Peter Johnson (GSA)
Antarctica
Rafael de Araújo Fragoso (UFRJ)
Alan Collins - The University of AdelaideIan C. W. Fitzsimmons - Curtin UniversityJoachim Jacobs - University of BergenJohn Bradshaw - CO2 Geological Store SolutionsRudolph A. Y. Trouw - Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroVictor A. Ramos - Universidad de Buenos Aires
Australia and New Zealand
Gabriel Lamounier Fernandes, Pamêla Richetti and Ian Fortes (UFRJ)
Alan Collins - The University of AdelaideChris Clark - Curtin UniversityGideon Rosenbaum - The University of QueenslandIan Fitzsimmons - Curtin UniveristyJohn Foden - The University of AdelaideJulyanna Cristina Wermelinger Santos – Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroVictor A. Ramos, Universidad de Buenos Aires
Greater India
Igor V. Gomes (UFRJ)
Alan Collins - The University of AdelaideAlfred Kröner - Johannes Gutenberg University of MainzArvind Kumar Jain - Central Building Research InstituteChris Clark - Curtin UniversityDebapriya Adhikary - Geological Survey of IndiaIan Fitzsimons - Curtin UniversityLetícia Moura - Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroMadhava Santosh - International Association For Gondwana ResearchManoj K. Pandit - University of RajasthanParampreet Kaur - Panjab UniversityRaisa Costa - Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroRajesh Attukal - Geological Survey of India (GSI)Renata S. Schmitt - Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroSama Ananda Murthy - Geological Survey of IndiaSankar Chatterjee - Texas Tech UniversityShahid Iqbal - Quaid-i- Azam UniversityWilbert Kehelpannala - University of Botswana
South America
Macarena Roca Benedek and Rafael de Araújo Fragoso (UFRJ)
André Ribeiro - Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroCarlos E. Ganade de Araujo - Companhia de Pesquisa de Recursos MineraisClaudio Gaucher - Universidad de La República de UruguayFernando A. Gutiérrez - Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoFrancisco Hervé - Universidad de ChileGinaldo Ademar da Cruz Campanha - Universidade de São PauloJorge Bossi - Universidad de La República de UruguayJorge G. Tapias - Serviço Geológico ColombianoLêda Maria Fraga - Companhia de Pesquisa de Recursos MineraisLeonardo Cury - Universidade Federal do ParanáMauricio Calderon - Universidad de ChileMauricio Ibanez-Mejia - University of RochesterMiguel Basei - Universidade de São PauloNohora M. Ramírez - Serviço Geológico ColombianoRenata Tomezzoli - Universidad de Buenos AiresRudolph Trouw - Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroStefano Zincone - Universidade Federal de Ouro PretoUmberto Cordani - Universidade de São PauloVictor A. Ramos - Universidad de Buenos Aires
Gabriel Lamounier Fernandes (UFRJ)
Main collaborators- Reviewers
General coordinators- Geology and GISRenata da Silva Schmitt and Evânia Alves da Silva
Bangkok, Thailand.
To build up a Gondwana Map with all geological information available at 1:5M scale is apparently only a
technical laboring issue. But when this major task started at 2011, it demanded a vast scientific thinking to
construct this methodology. The aim is the reconstruction of a paleocontinent that today is dispersed in the
present continents of South America, Africa, Australia, India, Antarctica, Arabic Peninsula as well as smaller
land masses as Madagascar, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea and others. The new Gondwana map should
represent clearly its three foremost stages of evolution through time: the amalgamation (ca.800-450 Ma),
development (ca.450-100 Ma), break-up (ca.180-80 Ma). Therefore it is a geological map that illustrates the
main tectonic entities: the Pre-Neoproterozoic cratons, Neoproterozoic-Eo-Paleozoic orogens, Phanerozoic
marginal orogens, Phanerozoic internal basins and the marginal terranes. We agreed that the Jurassic would
be the best period to show the three Gondwana phases (ca.183 Ma), although the break-up history
continues towards the Cenozoic. The first step was the preparation of a new geological map of Gondwana in
GIS platform by updating and integrating geological data of the present continents in scale 1:5M using
software ArcGIS in the Gondwana Digital Center of Geoprocessing (GDCG) at UFRJ, Brazil. The database is
being built through the homogenization of heterogeneous sources: digital and analog. The available digital
maps (GIS of Australia, South America, New Zealand and Arabia) underwent through a process of adequacy
of information known as cartographic generalization, as well as a compilation of the existent attribute
tables. Several regions do not present available GIS data at continental scale (i.e. India, Antarctica, Africa,
Madagascar, Papua New Guinea and Sri Lanka) so analog maps (in paper) went through a exerting process
of drawing (to the appropriate scale), scanning, georeferencing, vectorization and creation of a new
database. The major challenge was to agree on a common legend for these Gondwanan derived landmasses. The
classification adopted five attributes for each polygon: (I) age of the rock (protolith age in metamorphic
rocks), (II) type of the rock, (III) chemistry of the magmatic rock, (IV) metamorphic grade, (V) age of the
main metamorphic event. The first item is represented by the filling color of the polygon, and all others are
recorded as fill symbols. The color follows roughly the IUGS Geological Time Scale, some important changes
were done. The Geological Time Chart adopted is IUGS version 2016. Only crustal-scale tectonic structures
directly related to Gondwana are represented in a regular structural legend. The geological database is also
an outcome of this project and will be available.
General Methodology
The Gondwana Map ProjectIGCP-628
“The Gondwana Map Project” aims to update the Gondwana Map of de Wit´s 1988 with an approach of the 21st century. In order to do so, the Gondwana concept will be revised with new interpretations and research approaches using the vast new
geological data produced in the last 30 years and also the new computer technologies. The goal is also to create a reference center in South America to locate all data base from Gondwana Paleocontinent and generate the new Gondwana map integrating
data from the five actual continents. This data and the results of the project will be exposed at a Gondwana Memory Center (GMC).This Project was first discussed five years ago. Dr. Renata da Silva Schmitt (UFRJ) and Dr. Edison Milani (PETROBRAS) are members of the International Gondwana Committee, since 2005, coordinated at that time by Dr. Bryan Storey (University of
Canterbury – New Zealand). This committee is responsible for the organization of the international Gondwana Conferences. In 2008, Milani and Schmitt proposed Brazil as the venue for the next Gondwana Conference, during the Gondwana 13 Conference
in Dali (Yunnan Province – China). During this meeting the International Gondwana Committee discussed and approved Brazil as the next venue. In addition, the committee suggested that a project to build a new Gondwana Map should be proposed by a
group of scientists. At that time, the main argument was that this ambitious enterprise was essential for the world scientific community and for the knowledge of the continents and their margins. Back in Brazil, Schmitt and Milani discussed the possibility
to propose this Project with the financial support of PETROBRAS, the Brazilian Petroleum Company. Milani coordinated for more than a decade a group of scientists of South America and Africa that discuss regularly the correlation between these two
continents, with emphasis on the Paleozoic and Mesozoic sedimentary basins. Schmitt coordinates two international projects of correlation between Africa and South America, with emphasis on the mobile belts of Brazil, Uruguay, Namibia and Angola. In the end of 2010, the Gondwana Map Project was proposed by the UFRJ team and approved by PETROBRAS, coordinator PhD Adriano Vianna, which gave five years to the UFRJ group to deliver the map and its additional products. A new geoprocessing
digital laboratory was conceived located at the Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) and a group of four specialized professionals on cartography and geology are working at the lab since the beginning of 2011.The challenges to conceive this new map are:
- The theme of the map: geological or tectonic. The original de Wit´s map is geological, whilst the one organized by Raphael Unrug (1994) is a geodynamical map. With the facilities today of the GIS data set, it is possible to generate in less time several
thematic maps. Most of scientists agreed that a geological map is less interpretative, therefore more realistic to the data. The generation of a tectonic map is possible, but only after the building of a good geological data set.- Legend of the map. This is one of the crucial points of the project, and everybody agreed. The scientists must have workshops and discussions about the best legend, which will make the map clear and useful. De Wit emphasized the need to expand the
Neoproterozoic legend, since the detailed geological data from this period of time increased vertiginously in the last three decades. - The fit of the continents and the paleogeography. This challenge is one of the most interesting. The last two decades are characterized by a huge amount of new data and interpretation obtained from the ocean floors and the continental margins. These
sets will facilitate a better fit of the actual continents in order to restore the Gondwana. The stretched present continental margins are better known and distinct stretch factor for margin sectors would be applied.- Restoring the original shape of Gondwana, the Gondwana margins. The original de Wit´s map show a Gondwana made up by a collage of the five big actual continents. The best challenge of this project is to rebuild the Gondwana margins during its
development. This restoration implies on attaching the exogenous terranes of Gondwana back to their original positions and studying the connections between the intracontinental Paleozoic and Mesozoic basins with the oceans that surrounded
Gondwana.- Detail of Pre-Gondwana continents. Certainly the new advance that made a great impact on geology in the last decades is the improvement of geochronological labs and metodologies. The pre-Gondwana continents (commonly referred as cratons) are
now better known and their nature influenced on the Gondwana formation. Incorporating this knowledge to the Gondwana map and tectonic evolution is another challenge.
Gondwana was the first recognized supercontinent and as such has played a pivotal role in our understanding of supercontinent cycles. It was one of the largest and long lasting supercontinents on Earth´s history, comprising five large continents (Africa,
Australia, Antarctica, South America and India) and many other smaller masses scattered today around the globe (e.g. Madagascar, Sri Lanka, Papua New Guinea, New Zealand, Falklands, and others now embedded in Asia, Europe and USA). Amalgamation
of Gondwana complete at ca. 500 million years ago, during the Cambrian period, when marine life was flourishing evolving fast to visible organisms. For more than 350 million years, this supercontinent as an entity moved between the South Pole and the
low latitudes of the southern hemisphere. Large intracontinental basins developed and registered the evolution of life on Earth as plants and vertebrates migrated from water to terrestrial environments, culminating with the biggest reptiles in the
Mesozoic Era. The continental margins of Gondwana were very heterogeneous. From the present day location of the Andes to the Papua New Guinea, active tectonics predominated, with subduction zones, collisions and accretion of new terranes along the
Gondwanides. The northern margin of Gondwana - facing the Tethys ocean - was entirely different, with stable, wide continental shelves and shallow seas from Northern Africa to Papua New Guinea. This extensional tectonic setting allowed small
continental blocks to separate from Gondwana, drifting away to be deformed and welded onto Laurasia. Finally for about 100 million years, starting ca. 200 million years ago (Jurassic period), Gondwana started to break up into several land fragments
evolving steadily into the present-day picture of the continents and oceans on Earth.
Gondwana research involves the understanding of the evolution of our planet, its climatic, thermal and tectonic processes and the evolution of life itself. Since 1872, when the geologist Medlicott identified the Gondwana flora in India, through the
definition of the Gondwana Land by Suess in 1885 and the first maps by Wegener and Du Toit in the dawn of the twentieth century, this major subject has been investigated by many scientists worldwide. A new geological map of Gondwana was published
in 1988 by the AAPG, conceived by Prof. Maarten de Wit and his colleagues in South Africa. Much new data, particularly based on modern geochronology has been generated since, and our proposal “The Gondwana Map Project” aims to update the
Gondwana Map of de Wit with an approach of the 21st century. Since 1988, the geological data for the regions concerned have improved incredibly in the wake of new geochronological laboratories and investigative methodologies. Thorough airborne
geophysical reconnaissance has been extended across most parts of the constituent continents. A new GIS data-base is planned, with a dynamic digital process that will allow the construction not just an improved Gondwana Map but also a wide variety of
maps showing the evolution of this supercontinent. Geophysical advances at continental margins and oceanic floors, the modelling of the restoration with new software and the analysis of satellite imagery permits scientifically rigorous reconstruction of
Gondwana. The main products will be: (a) a new Gondwana Map and sets of thematic maps showing its evolution through time; (b) a website providing to all the geological data taken into the project at the Gondwana Digital Center of Geoprocessing
(GDCG); (c) three complete book volumes about Gondwana; (d) new detailed geology of key areas for correlation; (e) an interactive 4-D GIS of Gondwana (f) creation of a permanent exposition at the Gondwana Memory Center (GMC), in South America,
with specimens representative of all parts of Gondwana.
This project includes vast international collaboration between scientists and students, universities, surveys and global institutions. This is the only way to integrate scientific thinking about Gondwana. In order to promote this integration it is essential to
have undergraduate and graduate students from many fields, making their dissertation and thesis on subjects within the project. The main issue is to get students from developing countries to access developed countries laboratories and universities. This
integration is fundamental for the achievement of this project. It is important to stress here that Gondwana was formed mostly by the territory of actual developing countries. Africa is the key continent to be mostly included scientifically during this
process of the Gondwana Map. All these digital tools, allied with the essential basic geological data will help scientists to review and improve the knowledge about this supercontinent that played a major role in the evolution of the Earth. These conclusions
allow a better understanding of the global geological processes that today affect our lives. This is one alternative to harmonize a sustainable future on the planet.
COORDINATORS
Dr. Renata da Silva Schmitt (Brazil) – [email protected] - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - Rio de Janeiro
Msc. Marco Antonio Thoaldo Romeiro [email protected] - Petrobras/CENPES - Rio de Janeiro
stWe present the Gondwana Geological Map Pre-1 Edition in order to discuss with the geological scientific community whether it contemplates at
its present form the main issues of the Gondwana evolution.The first edition of the map will be delivered in October, 2018, which means that we have one year ahead to correct and improve the version presented here in Bangkok. We invite everyone interested to join this enterprise and collaborate with the map, through the IGCP-628.
thThis version is a better update of the version 2.0 presented in August of 2016 during the 35 IGC in Cape Town. Here we offer an updated geology of all major Gondwana-derived fragments, homogenized in a common legend. The resolution of this map is 1:5M, which is the same resolution of our Gondwana geological database, built up in ArcGIS system. The coastlines were drawn on Google Earth images, but simplified to our resolution and also according to the geological polygons of our database. Although this is a Jurassic (ca. 183 Ma) picture of Gondwana, the Cretaceous and Cenozoic geological units are still on the map. The proposal is to remove these layers and, when possible, draw geological inferred polygons based on drill core and geophysical data. In this case it will be the Paleogeological Map of Gondwana. The geological lineaments represent major crustal scale structures classified kinematic ally not chronologically. In this version, we were able to present the age of the tectonic event represented in all metamorphic units. This information enhance the Pre-Neoproterozoic cratons, the Neoproterozoic belts, Lower Paleozoic belts, Upper Paleozoic belts and Mesozoic belts. It gives to this geological map a more geodynamic aspect.The map is on Geographic Coordinate System datum WGS 84, since it is product from G-Plates (software), with the African continent fixed. The final map will be projected in the best projection system for Gondwana, with less distortion of the fragments, still to be selected. The reconstruction used for this version is a hybrid model using some author's proposals for different Gondwana segments (explained below). The fit is very tight since it represents the initial stages of Gondwana fragmentation in the Jurassic. The South Atlantic shows a gap, in part due to hyperextended margins in some segments. We introduced on the map the trace of the La Ventana-Cape Fold Belt orogenic front according to offshore data (Pangaro & Ramos, 2012). Other portions show overlap (e.g. Arabic Peninsula and northern Africa; Madagascar and Moçambique). In these places we eliminated the Cenozoic units of one of the plates, cleaning up the view. We left on purpose the coastlines overlapping each other in order to observe the geological correlation. The geological match in between the continental fragments is the ongoing phase of the project. We added the southern Gondwana smaller terranes, for a preliminary overview and discussion about this active margin. The northern terranes are not shown, and are the next step of this project. In this version we test the alternative to present Antarctica with subice topographic data, following a suggestion from the SCAR meeting at EGU in April 2017. This might help with the interpretation of the main sutures that are below the ice cap.
Each actual continental fragment derived from Gondwana was compiled and interpreted by a group of researchers. Below we present the list for each continent, including the reviewers that helped to upgrade the map.
Latitude Longitude Angle
Amazonia 32 49.720 -33.523 53.721 Richetti et al., submitted
Tucano 36 55.402 -38.504 51.022 Richetti et al., submitted
São Francisco 37 50.189 -34.077 53.812 Richetti et al., submitted
Paraná 40 48.988 -34.382 54.212 Richetti et al., submitted
Rio de la Plata 41 47.786 -34.382 54.550 Richetti et al., submitted
Pampean 42 48.513 -35.061 54.406 Richetti et al., submitted
Patagonia 43 50.968 -36.163 54.749 Richetti et al., submitted
West Africa 15 90.000 0.000 0.000 Moulin et al., 2010
Nubian 13 27.000 -18.000 -2.360 Moulin et al., 2010
Benue 14 13.220 1.850 -2.310 Moulin et al., 2010
Austral 100 27.000 -18.000 -1.500 Moulin et al., 2010
Somalia 103 5.206 -130.987 -3.160 Modified from Reeves et al., 2016
Madagascar 108 3.806 91.089 -22.361Modified from Reeves et al., 2016;
Ishwar-Kumar et al., 2016
Seychelles 109 5.925 57.498 -72.298Modified from Reeves et al., 2016;
Veevers et al., 2009
Arabia 300 31.812 20.211 -8.393 Modified from Reeves et al., 2016
India 301 29.393 41.313 -66.569 Reeves et al., 2016
Sri Lanka 302 22.456 48.103 -79.516 Modified from Reeves et al., 2016
Australia 400 26.403 117.739 -55.352 Reeves et al., 2016
Papua New Guinea 402 26.403 117.739 -55.352 Reeves et al., 2016
New Zealand South 500 287.831 -63.967 96.227 Mortmer and Campbell, 2014
New Zealand North 501 6.047 119.355 -75.909 Mortmer and Campbell, 2014
New Caladeonia 502 6.047 119.355 -75.909 Mortmer and Campbell, 2014
East Antarctica 600 11.318 149.199 -58.582 Reeves et al., 2016
Ellsworth 601 47.479 -73.151 78.731 Dalziel et al., 2013
Peninsula 602 -38.660 -21.816 82.464 Dalziel et al., 2013
Thurston 603 42.287 -48.235 66.757 Dalziel et al., 2013
Marie Byrd 604 -7.944 -31.275 63.034 Dalziel et al., 2013
Rotation ParametersPlate CommentPlate ID
The GDCG is a geoprocessing laboratory focused on the project “Revision of the Geological Map of Gondwana”. It was inaugurated on October, 2011 and since then had been the home for a team of researchers, undergraduate and graduate students. This group is working permanently on the generation of the new Gondwana Geological Map, scale 1:5M, and its geological digital database.
CoordinatorDr. Renata da Silva Schmitt [email protected]
ResearchersMSc. Evânia Alves da Silva - [email protected] and GIS databaseRafael Fragoso [email protected] of South America and AntarcticaMacarena Roca [email protected] of South America MSc. Warren Miller - [email protected] of AfricaMSc. Gabriel Lamounier [email protected] of Australia and North AfricaMSc. Pâmela Richetti [email protected] of PlatesMelissa Meirelles Pereira - [email protected]. Jéssica Tarine [email protected]
Graduate StudentsAndré Assis - [email protected] of South Africa and Paleozoic Gondwanan basinsRaisa Costa [email protected] of Madagascar Fernando Nascimento [email protected] of Information
Undergraduate StudentsIgor Vasconcelos Gomes - [email protected] of IndiaDaniel Silva - [email protected] of AfricaDolapo Azzez - [email protected] correlation Brazil-AfricaEvaldina Raimundo - [email protected] Angola-Rio de JaneiroJulyanna Cristina Wermelinger Santos - [email protected] of Australia
High School StudentsLaura Corrêa Machareth - [email protected] Eduardo Ortega - [email protected]
ADDRESS
Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro CCMN- IGEODepartamento de GeologiaAv. Athos da Silveira Ramos 274 – sala J2-020Ilha do Fundão – Rio de Janeiro – RJ – BRAZILCEP: 21949-900Phone: +55-21-39389482Website: www.gondwana.geologia.ufrj.br
The Gondwana Digital Center of Geoprocessing
(GDCG)
Dalziel, I. W., Lawver, L. A., Norton, I. O.; Gahagan, L. M. 2013. The Scotia Arc: genesis, evolution, global significance. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 41, 767-793.
Ishwar-Kumar, C., Windley, B. F., Horie, K., Kato, T., Hokada, T., Itaya, T., Yagi, K., Gouzu, C., Sajeev, K. 2013. A Rodinian suture in western India: New insights on India-Madagascar correlations. Precambrian Research, 236, 227-251.
Mortimer N., Campbell H. 2014. Zealandia our Continent Revealed. Penguin Group, New Zealand, 272.
Moulin, M., Aslanian, D., & Unternehr, P. 2010. A new starting point for the South and Equatorial Atlantic Ocean. Earth-Science Reviews, 98(1), 1-37.
Reeves, C. V., Teasdale, J. P., Mahanjane, E. S. 2016. Insight into the Eastern Margin of Africa from a new tectonic model of the Indian Ocean.Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 431, SP431-12.
Richetti, P.C., Schmitt, R.S, Reeves, C. 2016. Dividing South American continent to fit Gondwana reconstruction: a model based on continental geology (Manuscript submitted for publication).
Seton, M., Müller, R. D., Zahirovic, S., Gaina, C., Torsvik, T., Shephard, G., ... & Chandler, M. 2012. Global continental and ocean basin reconstructions since 200Ma. Earth Science Reviews, 113(3), 212-270.
A B
C
Fig 1 – Gondwana configuration at ca. 500 Ma with cratons (pre-Gondwana continents) sutured by Gondwana mobile belts. This figure is mostly compiled from the new Gondwana geological map at 1:5M scale (Schmitt et al., 2016a). Also compiled from: Collins (2003); Kröner and Cordani (2003); Jacobs et al. (2008); Schmitt et al. (2008); Ramos (2010); Offler et al. (2011); Frimmel et al. (2011); Heilbron et al. (2004); Fritz et al. (2013); Torsvik and Cocks (2013); Ramos and Naipauer (2014) and Richetti et al. (2016). The letters and numbers represent Gondwanan cratons and mobile belts, respectively. AA – Arequipa/Antofalla; AM – Amazonia; RA – Río Apa; SL – São Luís; PR – Parnaíba; SF – São Francisco; PP – Paranapanema; LA – Luís Alves; RP – Río de La Plata; KH – Kalahari; B – Bangweulu Block; TZ- Tanzania; CC – Congo; WA – West Africa; SH – Sahara; DW – Dharwar; GH – Grunehogna; EA – East Antarctica; WAU – West Australia; SAU – South Australia; NAU – North Australia. 1 – Pampeana; 2 – Caapucú High; 3 - Paraguai; 4 – Araguaia; 5 – Gurupi; 6 – Borborema (North and Central); 7 – Borborema (South); 8- Rio Preto; 9 – Brasília; ; 10 – Araçuaí (West), Ribeira (Paraíba/Embu); 10b - Apiaí; 11 – Araçuaí (East), Ribeira (Oriental Terrane) and Costeiro Domain; 12 –Cabo Frio Tectonic Domain; 13 – Dom Feliciano, Kaoko (Coastal); 14 – Cuchilla Dionísio; 15 – Nico Pérez; 16- Saldania; 17 – Gariep; 18 – Damara; 19 – Kaoko(Central-East); 20 – Angolan Belt; 21 – West Congo; 22 – Oubanguides; 23 – Dahomey; 24 – Rockelides; 25 – Anti-Atlas; 26 - Hoggar; 27 –Ad Dawadimi and Ar Rayn; 28 – Arabian/Nubian Shield (North); 29 - Arabian/Nubian Shield (South); 30 – Galana (Azania); 31 – Western Granulite; 32 – Eastern Granulite; 33 –Zambesi; 34 – Lufilian ; 35 – Nampula Block; 36 -Dronning Maud Land (West); 37 – Dronning Maud Land ( Sor Rondane Mountains and Yamato-Belgica Complex); 38 – Prince Olaf Coast/Kemp Land – (Lützow-Holm Complex); 39 - Sri Lanka; 40 – Southern Granulites; 41 – Madagascar (Vohibori); 42 – Madagascar (Antananarivo, Androyen and Bemarivo); 43 –Seychelles; 44 – Reworked border of the Napier Complex; 45 - Eastern Ghat; 46 – Princess Elizabeth Land; 47 - Meghalaya Plateau; 48 – Pinjarra; 49 – Petermann; 50 – Delamerian; 51 – Ross (Northern and Southern Victoria Land); 52 – Ross (Pensacola Mountains). TKL stands for Transbrasiliano-Kandi Lineament.
Schmitt RS, Fragoso RA, Collins AS (2018) Suturing Gondwana in the Cambrian - the Orogenic Events of the Final Amalgamation. In: Siegesmund S, Basei MAS, Oyhantçabal P, Oriolo S (Eds.), Geology of Southwest Gondwana, Springer, (In Press).
Reconstruction of Gondwana
Pâmela Richetti (UFRJ)
Colin Reeves - EarthworksDietmar Muller - The University of SidneyNick Barnett-Moore - The University of Sydney
Madagascar
Raisa Lopes Costa (UFRJ)
Alan Collins - The University of AdelaideRenata da Silva Schmitt - Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroSheree Ellen Armstead - The University of Adelaide
Ka
nd
i Lin
eam
ent
Tra
nsb
rasi
lia
no
Falklands/Plateau
Malvinas
Falklands/MalvinasIsland
Antarctica Peninsula
Ellsworth Block
Thurston Island
Marie Byrd Land BlockNew
Caledonia
Greater India (Ali & Aitchison, 2014)
New Zealand
Naturaliste Plateau
* East Antarctica
La Ventana - Cape Fold belt
Complete reference list and sources for the Gondwana map atwww.gondwana.geologia.ufrj.br
COB Australia
Project website: www.gondwana.geologia.ufrj.br
Lin
eam
ent
Seychelles
100 0 100 200 30050km
*Color legend for Antarctica subice topographic map (BEDMAP2)
<(m)