Good Gender Equality Good Gender Equality Practices in Science and Practices in Science and Technology in the Nordic Technology in the Nordic

CountriesCountries Dr. Liisa HusuDr. Liisa Husu

University of HelsinkiUniversity of Helsinki

CEM-CONICYT CONFERENCE EXCELLENCE IN SCIENCE CEM-CONICYT CONFERENCE EXCELLENCE IN SCIENCE AND GENDER EQUALITY:AND GENDER EQUALITY:

IN SEARCH OF GOOD PRACTICES IN SCIENCE AND IN SEARCH OF GOOD PRACTICES IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY RESEARCHTECHNOLOGY RESEARCH

Santiago, November 6, 2007 Santiago, November 6, 2007

* Husu 2007 * Husu 2007

The Nordic regionThe Nordic regionMap: copyright: Map: copyright: KortKort & & MatrikelstyrelsenMatrikelstyrelsen, Denmark, Denmark

* Husu 2007 * Husu 2007

Nordic countriesNordic countries

Denmark, Greenland, Faroe IslandsDenmark, Greenland, Faroe Islands Finland and Åland islandsFinland and Åland islands IcelandIceland NorwayNorway Sweden Sweden 25 million inhabitants 25 million inhabitants Denmark, Finland, Sweden in the EUDenmark, Finland, Sweden in the EU

* Husu 2007 * Husu 2007

Small Gender Gaps Small Gender Gaps World Economic Forum:World Economic Forum: Global Gender Gap index 2006 (0 – 1) Global Gender Gap index 2006 (0 – 1) economic participation, education, political economic participation, education, political

empowerment, health and survivalempowerment, health and survival

1. Sweden 1. Sweden 0.8133 0.8133 2. Norway2. Norway0.79940.7994 3. Finland3. Finland 0.79580.7958 4. Iceland4. Iceland 0.78130.7813 8. Denmark 8. Denmark 0.74620.7462

* Husu 2007 * Husu 2007

High R& D intensityHigh R& D intensitySource: EC Key Figures 2005Source: EC Key Figures 2005

* Husu 2007 * Husu 2007

Researchers in labour forceResearchers in labour force

* Husu 2007 * Husu 2007

Proportion of women in researchProportion of women in researchSource: EC She Figures 2006Source: EC She Figures 2006

* Husu 2007 * Husu 2007

Gender equality promotionGender equality promotion

Prevention of discriminationPrevention of discrimination

Positive action Positive action

Gender mainstreaming: integrating Gender mainstreaming: integrating gender into all actions, policies and gender into all actions, policies and practices practices

* Husu 2007 * Husu 2007

Multiple methods Multiple methods

Long gender equality agendasLong gender equality agendas

Intersectionality increasingly taken into Intersectionality increasingly taken into account: how gender entangles with account: how gender entangles with ethnicity, nationality, disability, sexual ethnicity, nationality, disability, sexual orientation etc. orientation etc.

How to succeed in implementation?How to succeed in implementation?

* Husu 2007 * Husu 2007

Nordic measures Nordic measures

Gender equality legislationGender equality legislation

Equality planning Equality planning

Earmarking positions and funding Earmarking positions and funding

Quotas for decision-making bodiesQuotas for decision-making bodies

Targets for women’s proportion in the professoriateTargets for women’s proportion in the professoriate

* Husu 2007 * Husu 2007

Governmental financial support to knowledge Governmental financial support to knowledge production and information activities on gender production and information activities on gender issuesissues

New infrastructures for promoting gender New infrastructures for promoting gender equality in academia and research equality in academia and research

Support for networking Support for networking

Gender statistics and indicators Gender statistics and indicators

* Husu 2007 * Husu 2007

Gender mainstreamingGender mainstreaming

launched in UN conference on launched in UN conference on women, Beijing 1995, adopted by EUwomen, Beijing 1995, adopted by EU

Increasingly adopted as an approach Increasingly adopted as an approach in gender equality promotion in gender equality promotion nationally, in universities and nationally, in universities and research councilsresearch councils

But: organisations of technological But: organisations of technological research lag often behind research lag often behind

* Husu 2007 * Husu 2007

Equality legislation forms in all Nordic countries Equality legislation forms in all Nordic countries the basis for promotion of gender equality in the basis for promotion of gender equality in science, technology and academia science, technology and academia

DENMARK 1978 DENMARK 1978 NORWAY 1978NORWAY 1978 SWEDEN 1980 SWEDEN 1980 FINLAND 1986 FINLAND 1986

Prohibition of gender discrimination Prohibition of gender discrimination

Active promotion of gender equality, positive Active promotion of gender equality, positive action, equality planning action, equality planning

* Husu 2007 * Husu 2007

Earmarking and quotasEarmarking and quotas Sweden: 30 professorships for Sweden: 30 professorships for

“underrepresented gender” (late 1990s) “underrepresented gender” (late 1990s) EU EU court casecourt case

Norway: 20 earmarked professorships for women Norway: 20 earmarked professorships for women EFTA court case EFTA court case

Finland: 8 Women’s Studies professorships, one Finland: 8 Women’s Studies professorships, one Academy professorship, late 1990s Academy professorship, late 1990s

Earmarked funding for women’s studies/gender Earmarked funding for women’s studies/gender studies since the late 1970s in all Nordic studies since the late 1970s in all Nordic countries countries

* Husu 2007 * Husu 2007

Gender quotas in publicly appointed Gender quotas in publicly appointed committees FI, NO, DK (Equality committees FI, NO, DK (Equality law), SW (policy) law), SW (policy)

Impact on National Research Impact on National Research Councils and Scientific and Councils and Scientific and Technology Councils -> gender Technology Councils -> gender balance balance

* Husu 2007 * Husu 2007

Women in scientific boards Women in scientific boards Source: EC She Figures 2006Source: EC She Figures 2006

* Husu 2007 * Husu 2007

Governmental financial support to Governmental financial support to knowledge production and information knowledge production and information

servicesservices

Support for Women’s Studies and Support for Women’s Studies and Gender Research in all Nordic Gender Research in all Nordic countries since 1970s/1980scountries since 1970s/1980s

Funding for infrastructure, networks, Funding for infrastructure, networks, research programmes, coordination research programmes, coordination and information and information

* Husu 2007 * Husu 2007

More visibility to women’s expertise: databases More visibility to women’s expertise: databases of women experts of women experts

KVINFO, DENMARK KVINFO, DENMARK : Information service on women and : Information service on women and gender issuesgender issues

KVINFO's database of women experts contains easy-to-KVINFO's database of women experts contains easy-to-access bibliographical information on professionally access bibliographical information on professionally qualified women in Denmark (in Danish). The database qualified women in Denmark (in Danish). The database contributes to the strengthening of the public image of contributes to the strengthening of the public image of women and to increasing the visibility of their knowledge, women and to increasing the visibility of their knowledge, experience and expertise.experience and expertise.

Over 1OOO experts (scholars, business women, politicians, Over 1OOO experts (scholars, business women, politicians, cultural figures etc.)cultural figures etc.)

Free on-line search by field, organisation, keywordFree on-line search by field, organisation, keyword Supported financially by the Ministry of CultureSupported financially by the Ministry of Culture www.kvinfo.dkwww.kvinfo.dk

* Husu 2007 * Husu 2007

... databases... databases KILDEN, NORWAY:KILDEN, NORWAY: Norwegian Information and Documentation Norwegian Information and Documentation

Centre for Women's Studies and Gender Centre for Women's Studies and Gender Research, funded by Norwegian Research Council Research, funded by Norwegian Research Council (KILDEN = SOURCE) (KILDEN = SOURCE)

KILDEN’S RESEARCHER DATABASEKILDEN’S RESEARCHER DATABASE– Free on-line useFree on-line use– Information on 2000Information on 2000 female researchers female researchers, all fields, all fields– funding: Ministry of Church, Education and Researchfunding: Ministry of Church, Education and Research– started 1999started 1999– in close co-operation with KVINNEBASENin close co-operation with KVINNEBASEN

* Husu 2007 * Husu 2007

Norway: Committee for Norway: Committee for Mainstreaming - Women in ScienceMainstreaming - Women in Science Set up by the Ministry of Education and Set up by the Ministry of Education and

Research Research Resource data bank for gender equality Resource data bank for gender equality

promotion in the academic sectorpromotion in the academic sector StatisticsStatistics LiteratureLiterature MeasuresMeasures Best practicesBest practices http://kvinneriforskning.no/english/http://kvinneriforskning.no/english/

* Husu 2007 * Husu 2007

UniversitiesUniversities University level Gender Equality Committees (FI, University level Gender Equality Committees (FI,

NO, SWE, ISL, less in DK)NO, SWE, ISL, less in DK)

Equality Advisers and Officers (FI, NO, SWE)Equality Advisers and Officers (FI, NO, SWE)

National networking of gender equality advisers National networking of gender equality advisers and committees (FI, NO, SW) and committees (FI, NO, SW)

Equality Action Plans at University and Faculty Equality Action Plans at University and Faculty level, anti-discrimination and anti-harassment level, anti-discrimination and anti-harassment policies (FI, NO, SWE)policies (FI, NO, SWE)

* Husu 2007 * Husu 2007

Mentoring programmes for women Mentoring programmes for women researchers researchers

Gender equality training for management Gender equality training for management

Leadership programmes for university Leadership programmes for university women (esp. Sweden)women (esp. Sweden)

Female professors’ networks Female professors’ networks

* Husu 2007 * Husu 2007

Research CouncilsResearch Councils

Equality Action Plans Equality Action Plans

Internal gender equality working Internal gender equality working groups or committees groups or committees

Reports, regular monitoring, Reports, regular monitoring, indicators, follow-up of gender indicators, follow-up of gender equality developmentequality development

* Husu 2007 * Husu 2007

Academy of Finland (national Academy of Finland (national research council organisation) research council organisation)

www.aka.fiwww.aka.fi

Gender Equality Plan (first 2000-2003)Gender Equality Plan (first 2000-2003)

Gender Equality monitoring reportsGender Equality monitoring reports

Gender Equality working groupGender Equality working group

Encouraging women to apply for funding Encouraging women to apply for funding (since 1998) in calls for funding applications(since 1998) in calls for funding applications

* Husu 2007 * Husu 2007

Academy of FinlandAcademy of Finland Equality Plan 2005-2007 Equality Plan 2005-2007

Mainstreaming principleMainstreaming principle If two candidates equally qualified,If two candidates equally qualified,

or only differ slightly in their level ofor only differ slightly in their level of

scientific qualification, the applicant scientific qualification, the applicant representing the minority gender will representing the minority gender will have the first priority to the research have the first priority to the research postpost

* Husu 2007 * Husu 2007

Reconciling work and familyReconciling work and family

Parental leave extends fixed-term Parental leave extends fixed-term funding periodfunding period

Men encouraged to take parental Men encouraged to take parental leaveleave

Research training abroad: 20 % Research training abroad: 20 %

increase of grant if researcher is increase of grant if researcher is guardian of minor childrenguardian of minor children

* Husu 2007 * Husu 2007

… … Academy of FinlandAcademy of Finland

Academy of Finland internal working Academy of Finland internal working groups: 40% men and womengroups: 40% men and women

Evaluators and referees of funding Evaluators and referees of funding applications: target 40% applications: target 40%

In practice not reached, especially in In practice not reached, especially in natural sciences and technology: in 2000-natural sciences and technology: in 2000-2005 only 8 – 21 % of evaluators female2005 only 8 – 21 % of evaluators female

* Husu 2007 * Husu 2007

Academy of Finland Academy of Finland gender equality plan 2005: Indicatorsgender equality plan 2005: Indicators

Indicator 1: EQUALITY IN AF Indicator 1: EQUALITY IN AF RESEARCH FUNDING RESEARCH FUNDING

Equality in AF research fundingEquality in AF research funding Positions according to genderPositions according to gender Project funding acc to genderProject funding acc to gender Project researchers acc to gender Project researchers acc to gender

and level of educationand level of education

* Husu 2007 * Husu 2007

Indicator 2: success rate by gender in Indicator 2: success rate by gender in AF fundingAF funding

Success rate in obtaining research Success rate in obtaining research

posts and positions by genderposts and positions by gender

Success rate by research project Success rate by research project funding by gender funding by gender

* Husu 2007 * Husu 2007

Indicator 3: Equality in Research Indicator 3: Equality in Research Programme funding Programme funding

Programme research project Programme research project

directors by genderdirectors by gender

Directors of Centers of Excellence, Directors of Centers of Excellence, Programme and group directors by Programme and group directors by gender gender

* Husu 2007 * Husu 2007

Indicator 4:Science policy actors and Indicator 4:Science policy actors and decision makersdecision makers

Academy project evaluation experts Academy project evaluation experts by genderby gender

Research Council chairs and Research Council chairs and members by gendermembers by gender

* Husu 2007 * Husu 2007

Indicator 5: Equality in researcher Indicator 5: Equality in researcher trainingtraining

Doctoral degrees by gender by field Doctoral degrees by gender by field

of studyof study

Dissertation intensity by gender and Dissertation intensity by gender and by field of studyby field of study

* Husu 2007 * Husu 2007

Indicator 6: Equality in university Indicator 6: Equality in university instruction and researcher postsinstruction and researcher posts

University research personnel by University research personnel by

position by field of research and position by field of research and gender gender

* Husu 2007 * Husu 2007

New initiativesNew initiatives Sweden: Vinnova : Swedish Governmental Agency Sweden: Vinnova : Swedish Governmental Agency

for Innovation Systems for Innovation Systems www.vinnova.sewww.vinnova.se > english > english

Call for ”Applied Gender Research within strong Call for ”Applied Gender Research within strong research and innovation environments” 45 million research and innovation environments” 45 million SEK, 2008-2012SEK, 2008-2012

To improve the competitiveness of Sweden and To improve the competitiveness of Sweden and create sustainable development through create sustainable development through developing and strengthening gender perspective developing and strengthening gender perspective in R&D environments funded by Vinnovain R&D environments funded by Vinnova

* Husu 2007 * Husu 2007

Vinnova: early career support for postdoctoral Vinnova: early career support for postdoctoral women researcherswomen researchers

Vinnmer program: 2007-2014Vinnmer program: 2007-2014

Grants will cover half of the salary of the Grants will cover half of the salary of the applicant and any additional costs for the applicant and any additional costs for the applicant and her family, when doing a post doc applicant and her family, when doing a post doc abroadabroad

Both post docs abroad, visitors to Sweden and Both post docs abroad, visitors to Sweden and post docs in Sweden are covered, with emphasis post docs in Sweden are covered, with emphasis on international connections on international connections

* Husu 2007 * Husu 2007

Norwegian Ministry of Education:Norwegian Ministry of Education:

2 million NOK (260 000 euros) 2 million NOK (260 000 euros) institutional award institutional award

to university or institution which has to university or institution which has done the most to promote women in done the most to promote women in science science

Call 2007Call 2007

* Husu 2007 * Husu 2007

Nordic Network of Women in Physics: Nordic Network of Women in Physics:

www.norwip.orgwww.norwip.org European Platform of Women European Platform of Women

Scientists EPWS: Scientists EPWS:

www.epws.orgwww.epws.org– Network of women scientists’ networksNetwork of women scientists’ networks– European women scientists´ joint voice European women scientists´ joint voice

on research policyon research policy

* Husu 2007 * Husu 2007

European Network on Gender European Network on Gender Equality in Higher EducationEquality in Higher Education

Since 1999, coordinated from the University of Since 1999, coordinated from the University of HelsinkiHelsinki

Regular large conferences: next in Stockholm, Regular large conferences: next in Stockholm, August 2009August 2009

Email network eq-uni, over 440 members from Email network eq-uni, over 440 members from over 30 countries and all continents over 30 countries and all continents

To join, send email with text subscribe eq-uni to To join, send email with text subscribe eq-uni to majordomo@helsinki.fimajordomo@helsinki.fi