Good Question Good Answer; bilingual edition

8/2/2019 Good Question Good Answer; bilingual edition

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/good-question-good-answer-bilingual-edition 1/84

Good QuestionGood Answer

Ven. S. Dhammika

ဗဒဓမေြဆးေႏြ းခက မား

ေဒါက တာေနႏၵ ာဘာသ (ကာလကတ ား)jrefrmbmomjyefqd konf

aAm"dokc y&[dwausmif;wd kufBodhisukha Parahita Kyaung,

Young Buddhist Student Literacy Mission

Kathor, P.O. Badu-700128,

P.S. Barasat, 24 Parganas (N)West Bengal, INDIA.

Tel & Fax # 0091-33-25263417

E-mail # [email protected]



ကယလနသ

မခငၾကးအား

အထးရညညနးလက

a'gufwm eaENmbmo (umvuwWm;)



rmw dumbmomjyefol. trSmaus;Zl;wifv$med'gef;trSmpm

(acwfud k OD;aqmifOD;rnf h Ak'<'\e) - 11? Ak'<0g'qd kwm bmvJ - 162? tajccH Ak'<0g' - 333? zefqif;&Sif t,ltqESif h Ak'<0g' - 414? ig;yg;oDv - 505? wrvGef - 586? urRÏmef;bm0em - 747? u&k%mESif h ynm - 828/ oufowfvGwf - 889? uHESif h=urRm - 91

10? Ak'<bmom0ifaumif;wpfOD; - 96

Contents

Preface to Revised Edition

01. What is Buddhism - 1

02. Basic Buddhist Concepts - 10

03. Buddhism and the God-idea - 14

04. The Five Precepts - 19

05. Rebirth - 24

06. Meditation - 3307. Wisdom and Compassion - 38

08. Vegetarianinsm - 42

09. Good Luck and Fate - 4410. Becoming a Buddhist - 47

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t&m&mwGif pl;prf;avhvm&jcif;Y aysmfyd kufaom vl @p&d kuf

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Good Question Good Answer pmtkyfi,fonf Tvd ktyfcsufrsm;ESif htnD ay:xGufvmaom pmtkyfrsm;teuf wpftkyftygt0if jzpfygonf? Tpmtkyfi,fud k acwfopf rdvdENyOSmtjzpf uifyGef;wyfI rjzpfEd kifaomfjim;vnf; Ak'<w&m;awmf. rlveufeJuspfvspfr_tay: acwf

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tqd kyg ar;cGef;rsm;ud k ajzqdk&mwGif rl&if;pmtkyf ðypkolq&mawmf t&Sif "rR duonf Ed kifiHwumrS Ak'<bmom0ifrsm;/ Ak'<bmom0if r[kwfaomfvnf; Ak'<bmomud k txl;pdwfyg0ifpm;pGm avhvmaeolrsm; oabmayguf vufcHEd kifavmufatmif yd kifEd kifu|rf;usifpGm ajzqd kxm;onfud k awG @jrifEd kifygonf? Tajzqd kcsufrsm;onftvm;wl ar;vmEd kifonf h/ ar;vnf; ar;zd k @&ef vd ktyfaeOD;rnf h tcsuf

tvufrsm;pGmwd k@ twGufvnf; vrf;cif;ay;xm;ovd k jzpfaeygonf?TuJ hod k@aom aumif;jcif;*k%f&nfwd k @a=umif hvnf; Tpmtkyfi,fonfEd kifiHwumrS Ak'<bmom pmzwfy&dwfowfavmuwGif vlóuufrsm;I,ae@txd bmom&yfrsm;pGmjzifh jyefqd kxm;=u+yD;vnf; jzpfygonf?

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Gemstones of the Good Dhamma ESif h All About Buddhism

ponf h pmtkyfrsm;tjyif Middle Land Middle Way - A Pilgrims'

Guide to the Buddha's India pmtkyfqd kv#if tdEN d,ESif h eDaygEd kifiHrsm;&S dAk'<bmomqd kif&m t"du&ae&mawmfrsm; ord kif;a=umif;ESif h ywfoufI aphpk HpGmwifjyxm;yk Hud k oabmusvSojzif h rdrdwd k @ausmif;wd kufrS ðypkxkwfa0onfh “rZPsdra=u;rk H” Ak'<ae&mawmfrsm;qd kif&m ord kif;tusOf;pmtkyfi,ftwGuf t"du rS Djirf;cJ h=uaom pmtkyfvnf;jzpfygonf?q&mawmf t&Sif"rR duonf xif&Sm;onf h usrf;ðyq&m/ pma&;q&m/



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tifwmeuf ay:wGifvnf; q&mawmf. pmtkyfrsm;ud kavhvmzwf&_cGifh &ae=uyg+yD?

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4 a'gufwm eaENmbmo (umvuwWm;)

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vl @obm0 ywf0ef;usifqd kif&m vlr_aA' ody` Hu aysmf&$ifr_ud k twd kif;twm wpfcktxd aqmif=uOf;ay;aumif; ay;Ek difrnfjzpfaomfvnf;vlonf wd&dp> mefESifh rwlnDonf htwGuf &kyfyd kif;qd kif&m aysmf&$if=unfEl;&r_ oufoufjzif hum; aeIrjzpfEd kifay? ae@pOf awG @}uKHjzwfoef;ae&aom b0ay;tajctaetrsKd;rsKd;rS ay:xGufvmonfh pdwf"gwfn_ d;i,fr_/ pd k;&drfylyefr_rsm;ud k y,fazsmufEd kif&ef yH hyd k;ulnDay;r_rsKd; vd ktyfayonf?

,ae@umvwGif vlrsm;pGmwd k @onf wpfpk Hwpf&mud k pd k;&G H H @r_/pdwfrjidrfoufr_ESif h rvk HrvJjzpfr_ponf h pdwfyd kif;tm;enf; csKd@,Gif;r_rsm;ud k cHpm;vsuf&S d=uonf? ody` Hu ,if;wk d @twGuf xnf hoGif;pOf;pm;&efysufuGufaeqJjzpfonf? om;&Jwd&dp> mefwpfaumifvd k pdwf&l;aygufaeol wpfOD;tm; pdwfxdef;csKyf&ef ody` Hu oGefoifay;Ek difpGrf;r&S dyg?+yD;cJ honf h ESpf 30 - avmufuwnf;u ody` HynmpGrf;yum;jzif h zG H@jzdK;+yD;tqif ha&mufae+yD;jzpfonf h wd kif;jynfrsm;wGif ,ae@wd kif t=urf;zufr_ESif h tusif hysufr_rsm;xlajymaeqJjzpfonf? Ttcsufu ody` Hjzif hvlud k yd krd kaumif;rGefol jzpfvmatmif rvkyfEd kifqd konf h om"uyif




jzpfonf? ody` Hynmt& tpGrf;ukef wd k;wufonf h tqif hod k @a&muf&S d+yD; ,if;. tusKd;aus;Zl; toD;tyGif hrsm;ud kvnf; vlonf

tjynf ht0 &,lcHpm;Ed kif+yD[k qd kEd kifaomf fjim;vnf; tajccHtm;jzif htwGif;yd kif;Y wpfpk k Hwpf&m ajymif;vJr_ r&S dol (vl @AmvmeH) tjzpfud komody` Hu tarGtjzpf csefxm;&pfavonf?

pifppf ody` Honf vl.ra&mif h&JEd kifr_ESif h tacsmifcd kvd kpdwfwd k @ud kom wd k;yGm;apygonf? vl @tod kuftjrKHwpfckvk H;ESif h vlwpfOD;csif;pDtwGufyg vk k HjcKHa&;ud k aqmif&Gufay;&ef vpf[if;onf h ody` H. wm0efrJ hr_a=umih f tpkvd kuf tjyKHvd kuf aoa=uysufpD;&r_ uyfab;}uD;rsm;usa&mufEd kifajc&S donfh urBmhvlom;rsm;tzd k@ vk HjcKHr_uif;rJ hovd k cHpm;&r_rsKd;ud kyif jzpfay:apygonf?

jcKHIqd k&vsif vlom;onf t"dy` g,f jynf h0aom b0ud k ody` H

enf;jzif h rwnfaqmufEd kif/ touf&Sif &yfwnfa&;twGuf ck difrmonf hOD;wnfcsufrsm;ud k ody` Hu ray;pGrf;Edkifay? pifppf ody` H[lonf obm0tm;jzif h avmuDudpPoufoufomjzpf+yD; pdwfyd kif; +idrf;csrf;vGwfvyfa&; (avmukwW&m) tusKd;ryg0ifay? ody` H.awG;ac:r_xJwGif tygt0ifjzpfonf h &kyf0g'u &kyfyd kif;qd kif&m om,mcHpm;r_rsm;xuf jrif hrm;onf hpdwfyd kif;&nfrSef;csufrsm;ud k y,fcsonf?

,if;. vufa&G;pif tawG;tjrifESif h qufpyftrSefw&m;rsm;ud k qkyfud kif&if; ody`Honf ta&;ygqH k;aom jy\em&yfrsm;ud k vspfvsL &_+yD; tajzrJ h ar;cGef;&yfrsm;pGmwd k @ud k csefxm;&pfcJ hayonf? ,if;txJwGif vlcsif;wlygvsuf &kyfyd kif; pdwfyk dif; t&nftaoG;csif; bma=umif huGmjcm;&oenf;qd konf h ar;cGef;rsKd;u ody` H. tjrifrG Jr_atmufwGiftajzaysmufvsuf &S daeygvdrf hOD;rnf?

t0dZ… mud k xd k;azmuf=unf hjcif;? ? Ak'<ud k,fawmfwd kif yGm;rsm;awmfrltyfaom avmukwW&m pdwfonf tm&k Hodtqif hud k ausmfvGef+yD;qufpyftod pdEœ mr,e,frSvnf; vGefajrmufonf? qef@usifbuftm;


jzif h vl@todpdwfonf pkpnf; &,lxm;+yD;jzpfonf h ud k;uG,f,H k=unfr_/tawG;tac:/ tEkynm ponf h oufqd kif&m tode,fy,frsm;xJwGif

om usufpm;onf? pdwfyom'twGuf todpdwf0dnmOfud k tm&k HcHyom'&kyfrsm;rSwpfqifh pkaqmif;&&S donf? rsufpdt=unf/ em;t=unf/ESmt=unf/ v#mt=unfESif h ud k,ft=unf"gwfrsm;onf ta=umif;trsKd;rsKd;a=umif h (xufjruf=unfvifr_) tqif h tvGefedrf hyg;onf?xd k @a=umif h tuef @towfabmif usOf;usOf;xJY tm&k Hodr#jzif h avmuud k em;vnf&mwGif uajymif;ujyef jzpf=u&onf? ‘t0dZ… mud kxk d;azmuf=unf hjcif;’ trnf&S d pmtkyfxJwGif jyifopfynm&Sif eDud kvmpfatmhzf qkqm (Nicholas of Cusa) u atmufygtwd kif; oH k;oyfjycJ honf?

“tm&k Hodr#wGifom tajccHaom u|Ef kyfwdk @. armufrmvSonf h todynm[lor#um; pifppf rodawGa0r_ t0dZ… momjzpfayonf? todynmrSef 0dZ… mud krl tm&H kodjzif hr[kwfyJtm&H kode,fy,f. tjyifzufodk @xGufvsuf (xd k;xGif;odjzif h)qifjcifoH k;oyfjcif;jzif hom &&S dEd kifayonf?”

“trSefw&m;um; u|Ef kyfwd k@. tjyifyd kif; (0dOm%fig;yg;) Yrwnf/ twGif;yd kif; (raem0dOm%f) Yom &SmazGawG @&S dEdkifonf? prf;oyfavhvmcsufjzif h trSefw&m;ud k awG @&S d&efrar#mfvif hEd kif/ tvm;wl tm&k Hod/ qifjcifodwd k k@jzif hvnf;trSefw&m;ud k r&Ed kif? prf;oyfavhvmcsuf/ tm&k Hod/ qifjcifod [lonf h Tt&mrsm;tm;vH k;onf todynm A[kokw&&S da&;twGufom taxmuftulðy ud&d,mwefqmyvmrsm; jzpf=uonf? trSefw&m;&&S da&;twGuf r[kwf=u?trSefw&m;um; twGif;yd kif; raem0dOm%fY oabmaygufem;vnfr_rSom vm&rnf jzpfonf? usrf;pmtkyfrsm;onf




tawG;ud k E_ d;qGay;jcif;jzif h todynm A[kokwud kom&&S dapEd kifonf? trSefw&m;twGufrl ,if;onf twGif;yd kif;Y

om jzpfwnfvsuf&S donf htwGuf oif hrsufvH k;tpHkud k twGif;bufod k@ vSnf h&ayvdrf hrnf? xd k @a=umif h todynm A[kokw&SmazGjcif;ESif h trSefw&m; &SmazGjcif;wd k @um; wjcm;pDomjzpf=uonf?”

“pum;vH k;rsm;onf tm&H kig;yg;qd kaom tuef @towf&S donf hpdwfwd k @. xkwfukefypPnf;r#om jzpf=uonf? u|Ef kyfwd k @.pdwfrsm;onf tm&k Hod A[kokw&&d Sa&;twGuf tm&H kig;yg;qd kif&m awG @}uKHxif[yfr_ay:wGifom rS Dcd kae&ayonf? od k @jzpfI wpfcgwpf&HwGifrl tm&H kodud k pdwfcs ,H k=unfI rjzpfay?

vltawmfrsm;rsm; odjrifvdkufonf h jzpf&yfwpfckudkyif xifjrifcsuf trsKd;rsKd; ay;aumif; ay;=uygvdrf hrnf?”

avmuoabmt&rl vlwk d @onf rdrd wwfod vdrRma=umif;/A[kokw&S da=umif; rsm;pGm 0if hºum;avh&S d=uonf? pifppf wu,frodolrsm;uom xd kod k@ txifa&mufavh&S d=u+yD; wu,fodolrsm;url abmifusOf;ajrmif;vGef;aom tode,fy,f. tjzpfud k oabmaygufonf htwGuf rod[kyif 0efcHavh&S d=uonf?

wpfcgu xif&Sm;onf h ynm&SifwpfOD;u ,if;. aemufqk H;vuf&mtjzpf pmtkyfwpftkyfa&;om;jyKpkonf? ol @pmtkyfxJwGifpmay&wemrsm;/ tawG;tjrifrsm; tm;vk H; pkpnf;yg0ifonf[k ol,lqonf h tqd kygpmtkyfuk d ol @uJ hod k @yifemrnf}uD;onf h a&;abmfa&;buf ynm&SifwpfOD;tm; ok H;oyfa0zefay;&ef awmif;yef+yD; oGm;jyonf? TwGif tqd kygyk*~Kdvfu puULwpf&Gufay:wGif olodwmawGa&m/rodwmawGa&m tukefa&;csjy&efajymojzif h ynm&Sifq&m}uD;onftawG;eufeufjzif h xd kifcsvd kufonf? tcsdefawGom vif hoGm;onf hwk dif


olodonf ht&m wpfpk Hwpfckud kr# a&;Ir&Ed kifjzpfaeonf? xd k@aemufwGif'kwd,tar;ud k qufpOf;pm;=unf honf? TwGifvnf; q&m}uD;onf

olrodaom rnfonf ht&mud kr# a&;csEd kifjcif;r&S day? aemufqk H;wGifynm&Sifq&m}uD;onf olodor# tukefvk H;wk d @onf todrSef 0dZ…mr[kwfrlI rodr_ t0dZ… momjzpfa=umif; oabmaygufvmojzif h rmeus+yD; vufajrSmuft&_ H;ay;oGm;onf?

TtcsufESif h ywfoufI a&S;acwf [email protected] tbd"rRmq&m}uD; aqmhc&wW dtm; olodwmbmvJ[kar;onf htcg aqmhc&wW du “igod wm wpf ckyJ &S d w,f / tJ 'gu ig[m bmrSrod bl; qdkwmygyJ ” [lI ajzqd kcJ havonf?

ody` He,fvGef Ak'<bmom? ? Ak'<0g'onf ody` Hqd kif&m pdwfe,fy,fu

owfrSwfcsufxuf yd krd kus,f0ef;onf h todynme,f&S djcif;a=umif hacwfopfof dy` Hxuf omvGefonf? tm&k Hodjzifh &onf hynmud ka&m/pdwfyd kif;ysKd;axmifr_jzif h &onf h ynmud kyg Ak'< 0g'u vufcHonf?tjyif;txef pl;pd kuf xm;tyfonf h pdwfudk avhusif h yGm;rsm;ay;jcif;jzif havmukwW&m tawG @t}uHKrsm;ud k odjri fem;vnf qifjcifwwfvmonf? TuJ hod k @aom odjrifem;vnf qifjcifEd kifpGrf;rsKd;ud k prf;oyf zef¹yefjzif h prf;oyfIjzpfap/ t%k=unf h rSefajymif;jzif h =unf h&_Ijzpfapr&Ed kifay?

ody` Hu &SmazGawG @&S donf h trSefw&m;onf qif hyGm;trSefw&m; (ynwf) jzpfI ajymif;vJEd k kifonf? Ak'<uk d,fawmfwd kif &SmazGawG @&S dcJ honf h trSefw&m;um; aemufqk H;tqif hjzpfI rajymif;vJEd kif?tºuif;rJ hopPmac: y&rwtrSefw&m;jzpfI umvESif h tmumowd k @udkvd kufIvnf; ajymif;vJjcif;r&S dawmhay? xd k @jyifvnf; odyH . a&G;cs,ftrSefw&m;ESif h Ak'<0g' rwlnDyk HrSm - A k'<u 0g'a&;&mud k jzpfap/ ody` H




awG @&S dcsufud kjzpfap/ wpfjcm; t&mwpfckckud k jzpfap/ rnfonfh t&mud krqd k w&m;ao zufwG,frxm;=uzd k@&efom a[m=um;awmfrlonf?

oabmw&m;rsm;. aemufud k vd kufaernf htpm; tm&k HcHpm;r_rsm;ud k uif;+idrf;apvsuf/ avmbw%Smud k avsmhcs/ y,fpGef @vsuftjypfrJ haom vltjzpfjzif h rnfod k @rnfyk H rSefuefpGm usif hok H;aexd kifoGm;&rnf qd konfudkom Ak'<u OD;pm;ay;I a[mn$efawmfrlcJ hygonf?Tod k @v#if b0. t"dy g,ftppftrSefud k &SmazGawG @&S dEd kifayonf?

Ak'<w&m;awmft& vufawG @usif hok H;r_onf txl;yif ta&;ygvSonf? avhvmoif,lr_ (y&d,wW d) ud kom rsm;pGmaqmif+yD;/ vufawG @usif hok H;r_ (yËdywW d) ud k vk H;0a&Smifolonf [if;wpfcGufpmr# vufawG @csufjyKwfr_ r&S dbJ csufjyKwfenf;usrf;wG J}uD;xJrS csufenf;rsm;pGmwd k @ud k tvGwf&GwfjyEd kifolESif hwlonf? vufawG @rus pmawG@r#jzif hum;

qmavmifrGwfodyfr_ud k ajzazsmufIr&Ed kif? vufawG @usif hok H;r_onftodOm%f tvif;aygufa&;twGuf r&S drjzpf ta&;ygonf h a&S;ajy;vk dtyfcsufjzpfonf? Zif*d k%f;uJ hod k @aom Ak'<bmom*d k%f;wpfcsKd@wGiftusif hud k todxuf OD;pm;ay;xm;=uonf? Tr#txdyif tusif honfta&;ygaomt&mjzpf.?

ody` H. vkyfenf;vkyf[efu tjyifavmubufod k@ OD;wnfonf? acwfopfody` Hynm&Sifrsm;onf 4if;wd k @. wpfud k,fawmf aumif;pm;a&;twGuf obm0ywf0ef;usifESif h o[Zmwjzpfa&;ud k vspfvsL&_vsuf obm0w&m;ESif h o,HZmw t&if;tjrpfrsm;ud k tjrwfxkwfcs,fvS,f=uojzif h urBmð*d[f=uD; Tr#txdnpfnrf;vm&jcif;jzpfonf?Ak'<0g'. vkyfenf;vkyf[efu twGif;buf (vl @pdwf/raem0dOm%f) od k @OD;wnfonf? twGif;pdwfwk d;wuf zG H @+zdK;a&;ud kom tm&k Hpd kufonf?tajccHyd kif;wGif Ak'<0g'u ae@pOfb0Y }uHK&qk H&onf h jzpf&yftzk HzkH/tajctaetrsKd;rsKd;wd k @ESif h rnfod k@vd kufavsmnDaxGaexd kif&rnfud k oGefoifay;onf? tqif hjrif hyd kif;wGif pdwf"gwf&if husuf wd k;wufa&;


vufawG @avhusif hr_rsm;jzif h rdrdud k,fud krdrd atmifEdkifausmfvGefEd kifap&efvl.}udK;yrf;r_ud k tm;opfavmif;ay;onf?

Ak'<0g'Y y&rwfopPmw&m; jzpfaom edAŠmefud k ud k,fwdkifxd k;xGif;odjrifa&;od k @ a&S;&_onf h &kyfemrfobm0rsm;ud k pl;pk duf&_jrifEd kifpGrf;aom 0dy\emorm"d ysKd;axmifa&; pHepftjynf htpk H&S dayonf?vufawG @qef+yD; ody` Henf;usaom TpHepfrSm pdwf. yuwdtajctaeESif h v_yf&Sm;yk Hrsm;ud k t&S dud k t&S dtwd kif; &_jrifok H;oyf fjcif;yif jzpfonf?a,m*Dyk*~Kdvfonf twGif;pdwfud k owd}uD;pGmjzif h &_rSwf&mwGiftrSm;trSefud k csdefpuf&aomw&m;ol}uD;ESif hwlonfxuf t&S dud kt&S dtwd kif; vufawG @usus avhvmpl;pdkuf&aom ody` Hynm&SifESif hyd kIwlavonf?

bmom,Ofaus;r_rJ h ody` H? ? ud k,fusif hw&m;‘pH’rsm; uif;rJ hojzif hvlom;xkwpf&yfvk H;twGuf ody` Honf tEœ &m,f&S daom t&myifjzpfonf? ae&mwumwGif olrygvsif r+yD;ojzif h bk&ifwpfql ozG,fjzpfvmonf h puf,Eœ &m;ud k ody` Hu wDxGifcJ hjcif;jzpfonf? usnfqefESif hAk H;wd k @um; urBmh uH=urRmud k tqk H;tjzwfay;yd kifcGif h &&S dxm;=uonf htm%m&Sifvlenf;pktwGuf ody` H. vufaqmifrGefrsm; jzpf=uonf?tpGrf;xufvSonf h nLuvD,m;vufeufrsm;/ tqdyf"gwfaiG @vufeufrsm;ESif h yd k;rGm;/ "gwkZD0ponf h vlowfvufeufrsKd;pk Hwk d@ud k xda&mufpGmowfjzwfEd kifa&;twGuf ody` Hynmjzif hyif txl; okawoejyK wDxGifxkwfvkyfxm;jcif;jzpfonf? vlom;trsm;pktzd k @rSm tqd kygvufeufrsKd;pk Hwd k@ud k 4if;wd k @twGufyif ok H;pG J=uvdrf hrnf qd konfud krS a&a&vnfvnfrod&&SmbJ &ifwxdwfxdwfESif h (urBmysufuyfqd k;=uD;ud k) iH H H hvif hae=u&onf? ody` Honf vlom;tm; ud k,fusif hw&m;vrf;n$efcsuf ray;Ed kif&k Hr#ru vl @&rRufrD;v#Hud kyif rD;&S def yd kjyif;atmif avmifpmxd k;ay;vsuf&S donf?




ud k,fusif hw&m;rJ h ody` Honf ysufpD;jcif; t"dy g,fudk fomaqmif+yD; ,if;onf vlom;ud k,fwd kif &SmazGawG @&S dcJ honf h raumif;qd k;0g;

aumif}uD; jzpfvmonf? xk f d @xufqd k;onfrSm tqd kyg raumif;qd k;0g;aumif}uD;u vlxuf tm;oefvmjcif;yifjzpf.f? bmoma&; ,Ofaus;r_/ ud k,fusif hoDv pm&dwWwd k @jzif hom rxdef;csKyfEd kifcJ haomf vlonfraumif;qd d k;0g;. 0g;rsKdpm;aomufjcif;ud kcH&rnf? bmoma&;bufuvrf;nefEd kifr_ r&S dv#if ody` Hu urBm}uD;uf d k zsufqD;ypf&ef +cdrf;ajcmufaeav+yD? wpfck&S donfrSm - od y` H u Ak'<bmomuJhod k @aom bmoma&; rsKd ;ESif h ,S Of wG J (yl;aygif ;aqmif &Guf ) Ed kifrnf qd kygu vlwk d @ &d yf +rKH ajr0okef ud k +id rf ;csrf ;/ vk H +cKH r_wd k @jzif h aysmf &$if zG,f twd +yD ;onfh od &Da*[m aecsif hpzG,furBm tjzpf ajymif ;vJ ypf I &Ed kif ayonf ?

&kyfyd kif;u wd k;wufvmavav pdwfyk dif;u qkwf,kwfav

jzpfaeonf? od k@jzifh ,ae@ urBmhae&m tawmfrsm;rsm;wGif aemufqk H;ay: &kyfyd kif;zG H @+zdK;r_rsm;u emrfyd kif;qd kif&m wefzk d;rsm;ud k v$rf;rd k;oGm;=uav+yD? ody` HESifh bmoma&; yl;aygif;&ef ,ckumvrSmavmuf tylwjyif; vk dtyfonf h acwfrsKd; rnfonf htcgurS r&d ScJ hzl;ay? ody` Henf;rusonf h bmoma&;u tuef;ESif hwl+yD; bmoma&;rJ h ody` Hum;tusKd;ESif h wlavonf?

Ak'<0g'. pGrf;aqmifEd kiftm;? ? Ak'<0g'Y ynm[lonf olwpfyg;'kuQud krdrd'kuQESifhrjcm; oabmxm;Ek difjcif; (u&k%mw&m;) tay: tajccHonf? ody` Hynmum; tEœ &m,f¹yrf;onfh c&D;qk H; yef;wd kifqDod k @ wpf[kefxd k; tajy;ESifvsuf&S donf? od k@jzpfI Ak'<0g'enf;jzif h acwfopfody` H.OD;wnf&mvrf;a=umif; rSefuefatmif jyKjyifay;&rnf? TtwGuf Ak'<"rR. tcef;u¾onf tvGefta&;yg.? tem*gwfwGif awmufajymifvmOD;rnf h vl @,Ofaus;r_}uD;wpf&yfud k wnfaqmuf&mwGif ody` Hqd kif&mokawoeESif h wDxGifr_tyd kif;Y pdwfyd kif;qd kif&mbufrS OD;aqmif vrf;nefr_ud k Ak'<0g'u ay;pGrf;Ed kiftm;&S donf? avmavmqnfwGif tvGef


trif; Ed kifvSonf h wDxGifqef f f;opfr_rsm;. u|efðyr_ud k cH,l&if; ar#mfvif hcsufuif;rJ hovd kjzpfvmaeonf h ody` Hqd kif&mwk d;wufjzpfay:r_rsm;twGuf

oif hawmfonf h OD;aqmifr_ud k Ak'<0g'uay;Ed kifonf?tmvfbmwf td kifpwd kif;u Ak'<bmomtm; *k%fjyKajymqd k&mwGif “acwf opf ody H . vd ktyf csufrsm;ud k jznf hqnf ;ay;Ed kif onf hwpf ckwnf ;aom bmomw&m;rSm Ak'<bmomyif jzpf &rnf ” [kqd kcJ honf? aemufqk H;ay: ody` HawG @&S dr_rsm;ESif h tH0ifcGifusjzpfap&eftwGuf Ak'<0g'tm; rnfonfh jyifqifp&mr# rvk dtyfay? ody` HESih fody` He,fvGef tajctae&yfrsm;yg tusKH;0if+yD;jzpfI Ak'<bmomtaejzif hody` H. a&S @arSmufY rnfod k @r# tav#mhay;p&m rvd kyg? Ak'<bmomonfvl.tZÆwWESif h vl@ywf0ef;usifY od k0Sufudef;atmif;vsuf&S daeOD;rnf hpGrf;tifrsm;ud k &SmazGazmfxkwf&ef vlud ktm;ay;tm;ajrSmuf ðy&if;

bmoma&;ESif h ody` Ht=um;wGif aygif;ul; wHwm;ozG,f jzpfaeayvdrf hrnf?

tumvdu"rR? ? wpfcsKd @aomt&m0wK od k @r[kwf oabmw&m;wpfckonf acwfwpfacwftwGif;/ a'owpfck. abmiftwGif;Yom&Sifoefjzpfwnfwwfonf h oabm&S donf? od k@&mwGif rD;zd kacsmifok H;ypPnf;rsm;teuf qm;. iefaomt&omonf rnfonf ha'o/ rnfonf h umvY rqk dwnfjrJ.? ajymif;vJ ysufjy,foGm;jcif;r&S day? wpfcsKd @aom t&mESif h oabmw&m;wd k @onfvnf; qm;.oabm w&m;uJ hod k @yif tcsdef tuef @towf a'oabmifrsm;ud k ausmfvGefEd kif =uonf?w*d k;/ [d k;rm;ESif h &S dwfpyD;,m;wk d @uJ hok d@aom q&m}uD;rsm;. vuf&mwk d @ud k vlrsKd;/ umvESif h a'ora&G; cHpm; zwf&_I &Ed kifonf? ESpfaygif;2500 - ausmf =umvm+yD; jzpfonf hwk dif Ak'< a'oemawmfrsm;.tºuif;rJ h opPmw&m;awmfrsm;onf vlowW0gwk d @. tusKd;ud k xda&mufpGm o,fyk d;Ed kifqJyifjzpfonf? ,ae@acwfvlom;rsm;tm;vk H;awG @}uKHcHpm;ae=u&onf h qif;&J'kuQ taygif;. ta=umif; &if;Zmpfjrpfud k




Ak'<onf f xd kpOfuwnf;u twdtus axmufjyawmfrlcJ h+yD;jzpfonf?yÉdpPorkyg'f a'oemawmft& tewW. tjzpfud k rodojzif h

t&m&mud k ig/ igh[mponfjzif h wG,fwm jrwfEd k; pG Jvrf;rd=uonf htwGuf 'kuQpuf0d kif;xJrS u|wfcGif h vGwfcGif h r&Ed kif jzpfae=ujcif;jzpfonf? tu,fIom igh[mtjzpfjfzif h odrf;yd kuf pG Jvrf;&atmifigqd konf ht&mud k,fwd k kifu wu,fr&S da=umif; aumif;pGm oabmayguf=urnfqd kygu vlwpfOD;csif;pD. jy\emrsm;rSonf urBmht}uD;rm;qk H;jy\em&yfrsm;txdud kyg tjynf ht0ajz&Sif;Ed kif=urnfrSm aocsmayonf? twWpG Jud k t+yD;owf r[kwfonf hwk dif tenf;i,f y,fazsmufEd kifv#ifyif rsm;pGm csrf;omcGif h&=urnfjzpf.? Oyrm - ightwGuf/ ighwd kif;jynf twGuf/ ighbmom/ igh,Ofaus;r_twGufqd kaom txifpG Jjzif htjzpfonf;pGm wd kufyG J0ifvsuf &S d=uonf h ,ae@acwfvlom;rsm;.&ifxJrS twWpG Jud k ,ckxuf tenf;i,f av#mhcsypfvd kufonfESif h vlud kvltjzpf ormorwfuspGm &_jrif vufcHvmEd kif=urnfjzpfygonf?xd ktcg -

cG Jjcm;qufqHr_ae&mwGif wpfajy;nDðyrljcif;jzif h-trkef;yGm;r_udk arwWmjzif h-tðid;taw; tmCmwud k onf;cHcGifv$wfr_jzif h-usOf;ajrmif;onf h tjrifrsm;ud k oabmxm; }uD;r_jzif h-xdyfwd kuf&ifqd kifr_ud k yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_jzif h-

tpm;xk d; ajymif;vJypf&ef rnfod k @r# cufcJrnf r[kwfawmhay?avmavmqnfwGif urBmtES H @ qd k;0g;pGm &ifqd kifae=u&onf h t=urf;zuf 0g'qd k;. "m;rd k f; jcdrf;ajcmufcHae&csdef frsKd;wGif Ak'<w&m; awmfrsm;.wefzd k;ud k odjrif+yD; azmfxkwfusif hok H;=uygrS pdwfcs&onf h vk k k HðcHr_tppftrSefud k &,lEd kif=uygvdrf hrnf? ,ck a'gufwm eaENmbmo jrefrmjyefqk dvd kufonf h “Ak'<"rR aqG;aEG;csufrsm;”trnf&S d Tpmtkyfi,fwGifAk'<w&m;awmf. wefzk d;ESif h ywfoufI tjrifus,faprnf hf ar;ajzaqG;aEG;csufrsm; rsm;pGmyif yg0ifvsuf&S da=umif; awG @&ygvdrf h rnf?


vlwpfOD;csif;pD. &ifxJwGif +idrf;csrf;rS wpfurBmvk H;+idrf;csrf;a&;&rnf? vGefcJ haomESpfaygif; 2500 - ausmfumvu

Ak'<a[mawmfrlcJ honf h tewW0g'/ arwWm/ u&k%mponf havmuvrf;n$ef; w&m;awmfrsm;onf vl&S dwk dif; vl @jy\em&yfrsm;&S daeOD;rnf h aemifvmrnf hacwftqufqufwGifyg xm0&a&S;ajy;tvif;rD;&_;wefaqmiftjzpf OD;aqmifr_ay;Ed kifOD;rnf omjzpfygownf;?

ေဒါက တာေနႏၵ ာဘာသ

rS Djirf;Religion in a Scientific Age by Ven. Dr. K. Sri Dhammananda.

Gems of Buddhist Wisdom, Published in 1996 by the Buddhist

Missionary Society, Malaysia.



Ak'<0g'qd kwm bmvJ

ar;? ? Ak'<0g'qd kwm bmygvdrf h?ajz? ? Ak'< duae+yD; Ak'<0g'qd kwJ h a0g[m& jzpfvmwmyg? Ak'< d - Ed k;

xjcif;vd k @ t"dy g,f&avawmh Ak'<0g'qd kwm Edk;xjcif;'\eygyJ? od'<wa*gwrqd kwJ h yk*~dKvfud k Ak'<vd k @yJ vlawGu todrsm;=uw,f? Ak'<[m oufawmf 36 ESpf t&G,frSm olud k,fwd kif Ed k;xcJ holjzpf+yD;awmh 'D Ed k;xjcif;'\e (Ak'<0g') qd kwmud k a*gwrAk'<&J @ ud k,fawmfwd kif jzwfoef;vmcJ h&wJ h b0tawG @t}uHKawGtay:rSm tajccH+yD;wnfaqmufxm;wmyJ jzpfygw,f? ,cktcg Ak'<0g'&J @ oufwrf;u

ESpfaygif; 2500 ausmfvmyg+yD? wpfurBmvH k; twd kif;twmt& Ak'<bmom0if OD;a&[mvnf; oef;aygif; 300 ausmfcef @ &S daeygw,f?+yD;cJ hwJ h ESpf 100 cef @u txdawmh Ak'<bmom[m tm&S'\e tqif havmufyJ us,fjyef@Ed kifcJ hwmyg? tckacwfrSmawmh Oa&myESif h tar&duwd k @rSmyg tvGefyJ us,fjyef@pGm vdkufpm;vmae=uyg+yD?


ar;? ? 'Dvd kqd k&if Ak'<0g'[m “zDvd kqd kzD” (Philosophy)

tawG;tac: wpf&yfr#om jzpfygovm;?

ajz? ? zDvd kqd kzD qd kwm zDv (Philo) ESif h qd kzD,m (Sophia) ud k aygif;xm;wmyg? zDvd ku arwWmvd k@ t"dy g,fxGuf+yD; qd kzD,mu

yn mvd k @ teuf&ygw,f? 'ga=umif h zDvd kqdkzD qd kwm ynmESif h ,SOfwJ harwWm/ 'grSr[kwf arwWmESif h ynmygyJ? t"dy g,fzGif hyk H ESpfrsdK;vH k;u Ak'<0g'ud k tjynf ht0azmfnef;Ed kifygw,f? Ak'<0g'&J @ oGefoifcsufu &Sif;vif;wduspGm oabmayguf em;vnfapzd k@twGuf todOm%fynm&J @ tqif hud k tpGrf;ukef jrSif hwifzd k@ óu;pm;&r,f/ owW0gawGtm;vH k;ud k rdwfaqG&if;csmawGvd k oabmxm;Ed kifatmif t=uifemw&m;ESif h arwWmw&m;ud k wd k;jrSif hyGm;rsm;ay;&r,fqd kwmyJ jzpfygw,f? 'ga=umif h Ak'<0g'[mzDvd kqd kzD qd k&ifvnf; [kwfygw,f? zDvdkqd kzD rnfumrwWr#awmhr[kwfbl;/ tjrif hrm;qH k; zDvdkqd kzDvd k @yJ qd k&ygvdrf hr,f?

ar;? ? Ak'<qd kwm uaum b,folygvJ?ajz? ? bDpD 563 ckESpfrSm tdEN d,ajrmufyk dif;u bk&ih frsKd;EG,fxJrSm

uav;i,fwpfOD; arG;zGm;oef @pifcJ hygw,f? ol[m pnf;pdrfOpPmawG tv#Hy,f jynf hpk HpGmjzif h Zdrfusus aexk dif}uD;jyif;vmcJ h&wmyg?'gayrJ h ol[m aemufyk dif;usawmh 'DavmuDpnf;pdrf&dyf+idrfawGESif h vk H+cKHpdwfcs&r_qk dwmawG[m xm0pOf csrf;ajr@aysmf&$ifr_twGuf f tmrcHcsufay;Ek difwJ h t&mawGr[kwfbl;qk dwmuk d odjrifoabmaygufvmcJ hw,f?ywf0ef;usifrSm olawG@jrif}uKHqkHcJ h&wJ h qif;&Jðidjiif&r_'kuQpkawGuvnf;ol @uk d tawmfyJwkefv_yfacsmufcsm;apcJ hw,f? 'geJ @yJ ol[mb0&J @ +idrf;r_ta=umif;cHw&m;uk d &SmazGzk d @qk H;jzwfvd kufw,f? touf 29 ESpft&G,frSm rdef;rESif huav;uk d pGef @+yD;awmh tJ'Dacwf&J @ xdyfwef;bmoma&;acgif;aqmif}uD;awGqDud k enf;cHoif,lzd k @ csOf;uyfcJ hw,f? tJ'D q&m}uD;awGuvnf; ol @uk d zdzdpD;pD; oifjyay;=uygw,f? 'gayrJ h tJ'D q&m




}uD;awGxJrSmuk d,fu b0'kuQawG[m bma=umif hjzpfay:vm&w,f/tJ'D'kuQawGuk d b,fvk dvkyf+yD; ausmfv$m;Ek difrnfqk dwmuk d wwfod em;

vnfol wpfa,mufrSryg0if=uygbl;? aemufqk H; ajcmufESpf=umr#w&m;awGuk d tywfwukwf }udK;pm; tm;xkwf+yD;wJ haemufrSmawmhrodr_arm[awG tm;vH k;ud k y,fazsmufEd kifpGrf;wJ h ^m%fawmf wpfrsdK;ud k olyd kifqd kifvmcJ hygw,f? tJ'Duwnf;up+yD; ol @ud k Ak'< (Ed k;=um;+yD;ol)vd k @ ac:vm=uawmhwmygyJ? bk&m;tjzpfud k a&muf awmfrl+yD;wJ haemufAk'<[m 45 ESpf=um touf&Sifaexd kifawmfrlcJ hygw,f? 45 ESpfwmumvwd kifwd kif olxd k;xGif;odjrifawmfrlcJ hwJh opPmw&m;awmfud k owW0ga0ae,sawGudk a[mnef;acícíwfawmfrl&if; tdEN d,ajrmufyd kif; wpfcGifvH k;ud k c&D;a'opm&D vSnf hvnfawmfrlcJ hyg w,f?

Ak'<&J@ r[mu&k%mawmfESif h onf;cHr_ cEœ œ Dw&m;awmfawGuawmh tH h=o&avmufatmifud k }uD;rm;jrif hjrwfvSygw,f? axmifcsDwJ hvlawGud k wynf hom;orD;awG jzpfvmatmif a[mnefoGefoifawmfrlcJ hygw,f? oufawmf 80 t&G,frSm tdkrif;&if ha&mfr_ESif h emrusef;r_'kuQawGud k cHpm;awmfrl&ayrJ h +idrf;csrf;pGmESif hyJ y&dedAŠmefpH0ifawmfrlcJ hygw,f?

ar;? ? rdef;rESif h uav;ud k pGef @ypf+yD; awmxGufcJ hwm qd kawmhAk'<rSm wm0efrJ h&m ra&mufaybl;vm;?

ajz? ? Ak'<[m ol @rdom;pkud k tvG,fuav;ESif h pGef @ypf&ufcJ hwmawmh r[kwfygbl;? ol @taeESif h aemufqH k; pGef @cG g rjzpfcifrSm

umv tawmf=um pd k;&drfylyef+yD; qkwfqkwfqd kif;qd kif; jzpfaecJ h&wmyg?'gayrJ h ola&G;cs,f qH k;jzwf&rSmu ol[m ol @rdom;pk wpfckwnf;twGufvm;/ wpfavmuvH k; twGufvm; qd kwmygyJ? ol @&J @ }uD;jrwfvSwJ h r[mu&k%m "gwfcHu wpfavmuvH k;twGuf ol@ud k,fol toH k;cs cHoGm;r,fqd kwJ hvrf;ud kyJ aemufqH k; a&G;jzpfapcJ hygw,f? ol @&J @ tepfemcH pGef @v$wf &kef;uefcJ hr_a=umif hvnf; wpfavmuvk H k; tusKd;rsm;


aewkef;ygyJ? ('ga=umif)h 'g[m wm0efrJ h&m ra&mufwJ htjyif r}uKHpzl;xl;uJ}uD;jrwfwJ h pGef @v$wfr_ (r[my&dpPm*)1yJ jzpfygw,f?

ar;? ? Ak'<[m oufawmf xif&Sm; r&S dawmhygbl;? y&dedAŠmefðyoGm;yg+yD/ 'Dawmh b,fvk dvkyf+yD; Ak'<u vlawGuk dtultnDay;Ed kifOD;rSmygvJ?

ajz? ? v#yfppf"gwfuk d wDxGif az:xkwfcJ hwJ h zm&ma'; (Faraday)

uG,fvGefcJ hyg+yD? ol az:xkwfcJ hwJ h v#yfppf"gwfuawmhtusKd;ðyaewkef;ygyJ? vl;0pfypP&Sm (LuisPasteur) qk d&if a&m*g tawmfrsm;rsm;twGuf ukxk H;awGuk d az:xkwf csrSwfcJ hygw,f? ol @&J@ aq;ody` HawG @&S dcsufawGu toufaygif;rsm;pGmuk d u,fwifaeqJygyJ? vD,k dem'k d'g yifcsD (Leonardo da Vinci) &J @ tEkynm ajrmufvSwJ h zefwD;r_awGuvlawGuk d &$ifjrL; wufºuwh J &oawG ay;aewkef;ygyJ? olawmfpifawGESif hol&Jaumif;awG[m vGefcJ hwJ h &mpkESpftawmf=um uwnf;u uG,fvGefcJ h=u+yDjzpfayrJ h h olwk d @ zefwD;cJ h=uwJ h vkyf&yfawGESif h atmifjrif jzpfxGef;r_awGud k rsKd;qufopfawG zwf&_ od&S d&wJ htcg yck H;ajymif; qufcHzk d@ pdwftm;awG xufoefapwkef;ygyJ? tvm;wl Ak'<[m oufawmf xif&Sm;r&S dawmhayrJ h ESpfaygif; 2500-ausmfvm+yD; jzpfonf @wdkif Ak'<&J @ vrf;n$efr_awGu vlawGuk d tusKd;ðyqJygyJ? Ak'<&J@ pHerlemawGuvnf; vlawGuk dtm;wufapwkef;ygyJ? Ak'<&J @ E_wfuywfawmfawG[m vlawG&J @ b0awGuk d tqk d;uae taumif;bufqDok d @ ajymif;vJay;aeqJygyJ? y&dedAŠmefðy

1? orRmoarŠm"dqkyef tavmif;awmfrsm; vd kufemusif h=uHtm;xkwf&onf hyg&rDjznf hjcif;qd kif&m pnf;rsOf;}uD;ig;csuf/ "ey&dpPm* - pGef @Ed kifcJvSpGmaomrif;pnf;pdrf/ &wem qif;jrif;ponfwd k @ud k pGef @jcif;/ t*Fy&dpPm* - ajcvufpaomud k,ft*gFtpdwftyd kif;wd k @ud k pGef @jcif;/ ykwWy&dpPm* - om;orD;wd k @ud k pGef @jcif;/b&d,y&dpPm* - r,m;ud k pGef @jcif;/ ZD0dw y&dpPm* - rdrdtoufud k pGef @jcif;?






0g'awGud k azmfxkwf jyozd k @twGuf trSwfoauFw (Symbols) awGud ktoH k;jyKavh &S d=uygw,f? wmtd kbmom (Taosim) rSm yËdyuQawG

t=um; nDn$wfr#wr_ud k trSwftom;jyKwJ h ,if,ef;(Ying Yang)

ud k toH k;jyKygw,f? qdufcfbmom (Sikhism) rSm qd k&if pdwf0dnmOfuGef@jrL;v_yf&Sm;r_&J @ oauFwtjzpf "m;&Snf (The sword) ud k tok H;ðyygw,f? c&pf,mef bmomrSmawmh c&pfawmf&J @ ouf&S dwnf&S dr_ud kxif[yfapzd k @ ig;&kyf (The fish) ud kok H;+yD;/ c&pfawmf&J@ tepfemcHpGef @v$wfr_ud k azmfusL;zd k @twGuf vuf0g;uyfwd kif =uufajc (The cross)

ud k toH k;jyKygw,f? Ak'<bmomrSmawmh Ak'<[m t&m&m tzufzufu+yD;jynf hpH kwJ h vlom;&J @ tjzpfud k az:jyzd k @ twGuf Ak'<qif;wkawmfawGud ktok H;jyKae=uwmyJ jzpfygw,f? Ak'< a'oemawmft& Ak'<qif;wkawmf[m vlom;&J J @ ta&;ygr_ud k xif[yfapwmvnf;yJ jzpfygw,f? Ak'<0g'[m vlud kom t"duxm;+yD;awmh zefqif;&Sifud k A[k dðywJ h 0g'rsdK;r[kwfygbl;? 'ga=umif hvnf; +yD;jynf hpH kr_ESif h xd k;xGif;odjrifr_udk &SmazGwJ htcg tjyifbuf Am[d& "rRawGxJrSm r&SmbJ ud k,f hcE<mqd kwJ h twGif;buf tZÆwWo¾mefrSmyJ &Sm&r,fqd kwJ @tcsufud kvnf; Ak'<&kyfyG g;awmfud k;uG,fr_u azmfnef;aewmjzpfygw,f? 'Dawmh Ak'<0g'DawG[m zefqif;&SifawG&J @ ud k,fyGm;jzpfwJ h (Idols) awGud k ud k;uG,f=uw,f qd kwmuawmh rrSefuefygbl;?

ar;? ? Ak'<bmom bk&m;ausmif;uefawGrSm Ak'<bmomawG[maiGpuULawGud k rD;&_ d @vd k&_ d @ESif h xl;qef;wJ h trlt&mawGtrsdK;rsdK; vkyfae=uwm awG @&ygw,f? bma=umifhygvJ?

ajz? ? oabmw&m;ud k em;rvnfwJ h tcg t&m&m[m txl ;tqef;awGcsnf; jzpfaerSmygyJ? 'grsdK;awGud k txl;tqef;

vkyf+yD;y,fcsaerJ htpm; 'gawG&J @ twGif;oabm qd kvd kcsufud k em;vnfod&S dvmatmifyJ }udK;pm;oif hygw,f? wpfcgwpfcg wpfcsdK@aom Ak'<bmom0ifawG&J @ vkyf&yfawG[m Ak'<&J@ tqH k;trabmifud k ausmfvGef+yD;


awmh Ak'<0g'ESif h rud kufnDwJ hem;vnfr_vG JrSm;wm/ vl+ydef;óuuf t,lonf;wmawGay:rSm tajccH+yD;vkyfae=uwmawG &S dw,fqd kwm rSefyg

w,f? 'gayrJ h 'Dvd krsdK; a&vd kufvG Jae=uwmawG[m Ak'<bmom wpfckwnf;rSmom r[kwfygbl;? wpfjcm;bmomawG tm;vH k;rSmvnf;yJr=umc% awG@jrif&wwfwmygyJ? Ak'<uawmh tao;pdwf wdwdusus&Sif;vif; a[m=um;cJ hwmygyJ? tjynf ht0 em;rvnf&SmwJ h wpfpH kwpfa,muf twGufa=umif hawmh Ak'<tay: tjypfrzdk@avmufygbl;?'DtcsufESif h ywfouf+yD; Ak'<ud k,fawmfwd kif a[mawmfrlxm;wm&S dygw,f?

“a&m*ga0'emawGud k }udwfrS dwf cHpm;ae&ol vlem wpfOD;onf rdrdteD;tyg;Yaq;q&m}uD; &S dygvsuf aq;ukocH,lzd k@&ef tm;rxkwfbl;qd k&if TonfrSm aq;q&m}uD;&J @tjypfr[kwfay?

tvm;wl udavom a&m*gjzif h zdpD;ES dyfpufr_ '%fudk tvl;tvd Srf h cHae&ol wpfOD;onf Ak'<&J @ ulnD az;rr_ud k &,lzd k@&efvH k @vrxkwfbl;qd k&if TonfrSm Ak'<. 0efwmr[kwfay?”1

Ak'<bmomud kjzpfap/ 'grSr[kwf wpfjcm;bmomw&m; wpfckckud k jzpfap [kwW dywd W wdwdyy vd kufemusif haqmifjcif; r&S dwJholawGutJ'D bmomw&m; tay:rSm rSm;w,frSefw,f qd k+yD; tqH k;tjzwfray;oif hygbl;? Ak'<&J @ rSefuefwJ h w&m;awmfawGud k wwfodem;vnfcsif&if Ak'<pmay ydÉuwfawmfawGud k zwf&r,f/ Ak'<"rRESifh ywfowfvd k @uírf;usifwwfajrmufwJ h yk*~KdvfawGqD csOf;uyf aqG;aEG;&r,f?

1? Zmwuedygw 28-9




ar;? ? Ak'<0g'[m odyfaumif;w,f/ odyfrSefw,fqd k&if Ak'<bmomEd kifiH wpfcsdK@usawmh bmha=umif h qif;&JwGif;eufae

=u&wmygvdrf h?ajz? ? qif;&Jw,fqd kwm pD;ygG;a&; &_axmif h wpfckwnf;u =unf h+yD;ajymr,fqd k&ifawmh [kwfygw,f? Ak'<bmom Ed kifiH wpfcsdK@[m qif;&J=uygw,f? 'gayrJ h qif;&Jw,fqd kwJ h pum;[m b0t&nftaoG;b0wefzd k;edrf hus qif;&JwmrsKd;ud k qd kvd kw,fqd k&ifawmh Ak'<bmomEd kifiHawG[m rqif;&JwJ h tjyif yd kIawmifcsrf;om =uygao;w,f?qd kygawmh tar&du[m urBmrSm pD;yG g;a&;t& csrf;om =uG,f0+yD;vufeufESif h Ed kifiHa&; t&vnf; tiftm;}uD;Ed kifiH wpfck jzpfygw,f?'gayrJ h urBmh'kp&k duf txlajymqH k; Ed kifiHvnf; jzpfygw,f? oef;csDwJ htar&duef ouf}uD; &G,ftd kawG[m olwd k@ om;ajr;awG&J @ vspfvsL&_/pGef @ypfjcif;cH&+yD;awmh bk d;bGm;&dyfomawGrSm txD;usefr_ a0'emESif huG,fvGefae=u&&Smygw,f? t=urf;zufr_ESif h uav;tcGif hta&; csKd;azgufr_awG[mvnf; t"du jynfwGif;a&; jy\emawG jzpfaeygw,f?tdrfaxmifa&;yd kif;rSm qd k&if pH kwG J oH k;wG Jv#if wpfwG Jus E_ef;uuGm&Sif;r_ESif h Zmwfodrf;ygw,f? npfnrf; &kyf&Sifvd k rsKd;awGuawmhaygrSaygygyJ? aiGa=u;t& csrf;om=uyg&J@/ b0wefzd k;t&awmh odyfqif;&J =uygw,f?

aemufOyrm ay;p&m wpfckuawmh pD;yG g;a&;t& aemufususef&pfwJ h jrefrmEd kifiHygyJ? jrefrmhvli,f om;ajr;awGu rdbbd k;bGm;awGud k &k daoav;pm;=uw,f? &mZ0wfjzpfyGm;r_E_ef;uvnf; wpfjcm;Ed kifiHawGESif hpm&if odyfenf;yg;vSygw,f? uGm&Sif;jywfpJr_wd k@/ ud k,f h[mud k,f tqH k;pD&ifr_wd k @ qd kwmawGu r=um;pzl; oavmufygyJ? t=urf;zufr_/ uav;tcGif hta&; csKd;azmufr_ qd kwmawGuvnf; r&S doavmufygyJ? npfnrf; &kyf&Sifvd k[mrsKd;awGESif h umrr_qd kif&m vkyfief;xlaxmifcGif h qd kwmawGuawmh &S duk d r&S d=uygbl;? pD;ygG;a&;zufu acwf


aemufus ae&pfayrJ h b0wefzd k;ESif h ywfoufvd k @uawmh tar&duvd kEd kifiHrsKd;xuf trsm;}uD; jrif hrm; omvGefvSygw,f?

'gayrJ h pD;yG g;a&;&_axmif h wpfckwnf;u =unf h+yD;awmh Ak'<bmom0if Ed kifiHawGud k csrf;om/ qif;&J tqH k;tjzwf ay;vd k =uao;w,f qd k&ifawmh *syefEd kifiHud kyJ jy&ygvdrf hrnf? ckacwf urBmrSm tcsrf;omqH k;ESif h pD;yG g;a&;t& twd k;wufqH k; Ed kifiHrsm; txJwGif *syefEd kifiHvnf; wpfEd kifiHtygt0if jzpfygw,f? tJ'DrSm vlOD;a& 93 &mcd kifE_ef;[mAk'<bmom0iftjzpf cH,lolawGyJ jzpf=uygw,f?

ar;? ? Ak'<bmom0ifawG jyKvkyfwJ h ukod kvfjzpf vkyfief;awG/bmawG ta=umif; r=umc%qd kovd k r=um;od&wmu bmha=umif hygvJ?

ajz? ? Ak'<bmom0ifawG taeESif h olwd k @ jyKvkyfwJ h ukod kvfjzpf vkyfief;awGtwGuf [dwf[efxkwf+yD; yyv$m;v$m; vkyfp&m

rvd kbl;vd k @ cH,lxm;=uwJ h twGufa=umif h jzpf&ifjzpfEd kifygw,f? +yD;cJ hwJ hESpftawmf=umu *syefAk'<bmomacgif;aqmif eDcd k ed&0efEd k (Nikkho

Nirwano) [m bmomaygif;pH k nDnGwfr_ wd k;jrSif ha&; v_yf&Sm;r_twGufwefyJvwGefqk(Templeton Prize)ud k &&S dcJ hygw,f? tvm;wl r=umao;cifuyJ xd kif;&[ef;awmfwpfyg;ud k aq;ajcmuform;awGtay: ol @&J @tusKd;aqmifr_vkyf&yftwGuf =oZmt&S deft0g}uD;vSwJ h r*faq;aq;(Magsaysay Prize) qk csD;jrSif hcJ hygw,f? aemuf xd kif;&[ef;awmfwpfyg;jzpfwJ h t&SifuEœ ,yd0wf (Ven. Kantayapiwat) ud kvnf;aus;vuf awmyd kif;awGu rdbrJ h uav;oli,fawGud k ulnDapmif ha&Smufay;r_ twGuf 1987 ckESpfrSm aemfa0Ed kifiH qd kif&m uav;i,frsm;+idrf;csrf;a&;qk (Norwegian Children's Prize) csD;jrSif hcJ hygao;w,f?

aemuf+yD; tdENd, qif;&Jom;vlxk}uD;twGuf taemufwd kif;Ak'<bmom0ifawGu vkyfaqmifay;wJ h ukod kvfjzpf vkyfief;awG trsm;tjym; &S dygao;w,f? tcrJ h pmoifausmif;awG/ uav;apmif ha&Smuf




a&; ÏmeawG/ aq;ay;cef;awG/ wEd kifwyd kif &yfwnfEd kifa&; twGuftao;pm; pufr_vkyfief;awG xlaxmif ay;=uygw,f? Ak'<bmom0if

awG[mvnf; wpfjcm;bmom0ifawGvd kyJ olwpfyg;ud k ulnDapmif ha&Smufjcif;[m bmoma&; usif hpOfwpfck jzpfw,fvd k @ cH,l=uygw,f?'gayrJ h Ak'<bmom0ifawGu rdrdud k,fud k emrnf}uD;atmifawmhjzif hrvkyfoif h/ od kok dodyfodyf uav;yJ vkyfoif hw,fvd k @ ,lq=uwJ h twGufa=umif h Ak'<bmom0ifawG&J@ ukod kvfjzpf vkyfief;awG ta=umif; r=umc% r=um;=u&wmaerSmyg?

ar;? ? Ak'<bmomrSm *d k%f;uG JawG bma=umif h 'Davmuftxdrsm;rsm;pm;pm; uG Jjym;ae&wmygvJ?

ajz? ? o=um;trsKd;tpm;awG trsKd;rsKd; &S d=uovd kygyJ? o=um;ndK/o=um;jzL/ o=um;r_ef @/ o=um;cJ/ o=um;&nf/ a&cJo=um; pH kvd k @ygyJ?'gayrJ h 'Do=um;rsKd;tpm;awG tm;vH k;[m o=um;awGcsnf;jzpf+yD;awmhcsKd=uwmcsnf;ygyJ? vdk&if vd kovd k enf;vrf;rsKd;pH kESif h toH k;ðyEd kifatmifvd k @ yHkpH trsKd;rsKd;jzif h xkwfvkyfxm;wmyJ jzpfygw,f? Ak'<bmomvnf;'Denf;vnf;aumif; twk dif;ygyJ? ax&m0g' Ak'<bmom/ psefAk'<bmom/ysL;0g;vef; Ak'<bmom/ a,m*gpm&ESif h 0ZD&m,me Ak'<bmom *d k%f;awGvnf; &S dygw,f? 'gawG tm;vH k;[m Ak'<bmomawG jzpf+yD;awmh/vGwfajrmufr_qd kwJ h tESpfom&csif; twlwlyJ jzpf=uygw,f? Ak'<bmom yH kpHawG tckavmuf axGjym; oGm;&wm[mvnf; tJ'D Ak'<bmom*d k%f; xGef;um;wnf&S d&m a'o&J @ ,Ofaus;r_aygif;pH kESif h vd kufavsmnDaxG&S datmifvd k @yJ jzpfygw,f? Ak'<bmom rsKd;qufopfawGESif h

vd kufavsmnDaxG&S dapzd k @ Ak'<"rRud k acwftqufquf t}udrf}udrfteufzGif h,lvmcJ h=uygw,f? tjyifyef;tm;jzif h Ak'<bmom trsKd;trnfawGpH katmif uG Jjym;=uayrJ hvkd @ tESpfom&uawmh opPmav;yg;ESifh r*~if&Spfyg;ygyJ? Ak'<bmom tygt0if wjcm;aom bmom}uD;awGrSmvnf;yJ*d k%f;aygif;rsm;pGm/ tawG;tac: tkyfpkaygif;rsm;pGm uG Jjym;=uwmcsnf;


ygyJ? 'gayrJ h Ak'<bmom pifðydif*d k%f;awG tcsif;csif; wd kufyG Jqifwm/ &efapmifwmawG r&S dcJ h=uovd k tcsif;csif;rvd kvm;wJ h/ trkef;ygG;wJ h tðy

trlawGud kvnf; rjyocJ h=uygbl;? tckacwfrSmqd k&if *d k%f;uG Jtcsif;csif;awG&J @ ausmif;uefbk&m;awGqDud k tjyeftvSef 0ifxGufoGm;vm+yD;awmh twlwuG 0wfjyK=uwmrsKd;awGawmif &S dvmyg+yD? 'Dvd krsKd;onf;cH cGif hv$wfwm em;vnfpmemwmawG[m urBmrSmud k &Sm;&Sm;yg;yg;ygyJ?

ar;? ? Ak'<bmomwpfckwnf;uom jrif hjrwfw,f/ rSefuefw,f qd kawmh wjcm;bmomawGtm;vk H;[m rSm;,Gif;=uw,faygh?

ajz? ? Ak'<w&m;awmfud k em;vnf oabmaygufwJ h b,fAk'<0g'DurSwjcm;bmomw&m;awG[m rSm;,Gif;=uw,fvd k@ r,lq

ygbl;1? wjcm;bmomw&m;awGud k yGif hyGif hvif;vif; xdxdrdrd avhvmqef;ppfvd kwJ h olwpfOD;taeESif h tJonfvd krsKd; rawG;ac:oif hygbl;? rwluG Jjym;wJ h wjcm;bmomw&m;awGud k qef;ppfavhvm&mrSm yxrqH k;odxm;&rnf h tcsufu tJ'DbmomawGxJrSm trsm;tusK d;aqmifr_b,favmufyg0ifovJ qd kwmygyJ? vlom;&J @ rsufarSmuf taetxm;[m auseyfESpfodrf havmufp&m r&S dbl;2 vd k @yJ bmomw&m;awG tm;vk H;u todtrSwf ðyxm;=u+yD;awmhvlom;&J @ vuf&S d taetxm;ud kjrSif hwifcsifw,fqd k&if pdwfxm;ESif h tusif hp&k dufawGud k ðyjyifajymif;vJ=uzd k @ vdktyfw,fvk d @vnf; tm;vk H;uyJ ,k H=unf=uygw,f? arwWm/u&k%m/ cEW D/ apwem/ o'< gESif h vl @usif h0wfawG (*D[d0de,) awG yg0if

1? trSefud k trSeftwd kif; odjrifjcif;uom opPmjzpf+yD; rdrd t,l wpfckwnf;uomrSefuef+yD; wpfjcm;t,lawGtm;vH k; rSm;,Gif;=uonf[k ,ljcif;onf tpGef;a&mufrdp> mt,lwpfrsKd;om jzpfonf?2? 'kuQ HawblruH 0ÃH - bk HoH k;yg;Y jzpf&or# 'kuQe,fxJwGif tygt0ifcsnf;jzpfonf[k Ak'<bmomu ,lqonf?




wJ h ud k,fusif h oduQmw&m;awGud k bmomwd kif; vd kvd kuyJ a[mnef;=u+yD;awmh 'Dw&m;awG&J @ t=uGif;rJ h jzpfwnfr_1 ud kvnf; vufcHxm;

=uygw,f? arwWm/ u&k%m pwJ h 'D"rRa=umif;awGud k az:xkwf&Sif;vif;zd k @twGufawmh oufqd kif&m bmompum;awG/ tac:ta0: awGESif h oauFwawGud k (eD;pyf&m ud k,fydkif[efawGESif h) oH k;E_ef; az:jy=uygw,f? bmoma&;yËdyuQawG/ armufrmr_awGESif h ud k,f hig;ud k,fcsOfr_awG ay:aygufvm&w,f qd kwmuvnf; wpfzufowf usOf;ajrmif;pGm oH k;oyfaz:jy=uwJ h tcgvd krsKd;awGrSmom jzpfwwf=uwmyg?

rwfcGufuav; wpfcGufud k 0d kif;=unf hae=uwJ h vlwpfpkud kyJpdwful;ESif h rSef;q=unf h=uygpd k@? olwd k @txJrSm t*Fvdyf/ jyifopf/ w&kwfESif h tif'd keD;&Sm;vlrsKd; wpfOD;pDwd k@ yg0if=uygw,f? t*FvdyfvlrsKd;u ajymvd kufw,f “'grwfcGufuav;aygh” wJ h? jyifopfu 'gud k y,fcs+yD; tajzay;vd kufw,f “r[kwfao;bl;av/ 'gu wpfaq (Tasse) yJ[m”wJ h?w&kwfuvnf; ol @xifjrifcsufud k az:xkwfw,f “rif;wd k@awG ajym=uwm rSm;w,f/ 'gu aytd (Pei) yg”wJ h? tif'd keD;&Sm;u tm;vH k;ud k[movkyf+yD; ajymcsvd kufw,f “rif;wd k @awG awmfawmf t˜ =uygvm;/'gu u0ef (Cawan) yJav” wJ h?

tJ'DrSm t*Fvdyfu tbd"mefpmtkyf}uD; qG JzGif h+yD; “'DrSmuíefawmf oufaojyEd kifygw,f/ 'g[m cGufuav; (Cup) yJwJ h/uíefawmf htbd"mefu 'Dvd kyJ qd kw,fAs” vd k @ axmufjyw,f? “'gqd kcifAsm; tbd"mefu trSm;}uD;yJ jzpfvdrf hr,f/ bmjyKvd k@vnf;qd kawmhuíefawmf h tbd"mefu 'gud k wpfaq (Tasse) vd k @yJ aoaocsmcsm &Sif;jyxm;w,fav” vd k @ jyifopfu jyefajymw,f? w&kwfu olwd k @ ESpfOD;vH k;ud k avSmifvdkuf+yD;awmh “uíefawmf h tbd"mefu cifAsm;wd k @&J @tbd"mefawGxuf ESpfaygif; axmifcsD+yD; a&S;usw,f/ 'ga=umif huíefawmf h tbd"mefuyJ trSefjzpf&r,f/ +yD;awmh w&kwfpum;ajymwJ h

3? t=uGif;rJ h jzpfwnfr_ (Form of Absolute)


olu urBmrSm vlOD;a& trsm;qH k;rd k @vd k@ 'g[m aytd (Pei) yJ jzpfud kjzpf&r,f” wJ h? tJ'Dvdk 0k dif;zG J @ jiif;cH k ae=uwkef;rSmyJ Ak'<bmom0if

wpfOD;a&mufvm+yD; cGufuav;xJu t&nfud k aomufcsvd kufw,f?+yD;awmhrS “'gud k cifAsm;wd k@u cGufyJac:ac:/ wpfaqyJ qd kqd k/ aytdvd k @yJajymajym/ u0efvd k @yJ oH k;ok H; 'DcGufuav;&J @ &nf&G,fcsufuawmhvlawG toH k;tpG J jyKzdk @ygyJ? tjiif;yGm;r_ud k &yf+yD; aomufyJ aomufoH k;awmfrl=uyg? cdkuf&efyGm;r_ud k z,f&Sm;+yD; a&qmr_ud k jznf hodyfawmfrl=uygvd k @ ajymjyw,f? 'g[m wpfjcm;bmomawG tay:rSm xm;&S dwJ hAk'<bmom&J @ oabmxm;ygyJ?

ar;? ? Ak'<bmom[m ody` Henf;vrf;aum usyg&J @vm;?ajz? ? 'Dtar;ud k rajzcif ody` Hqd kwJ h a0g[m&udk t"dy`g,fzGif hqd k&if

yd kaumif;ygvdrf hrnf? tbd"meftzGif ht& ody` Hqd kwm pHepfwus avhvm pl;prf;&muae &&S dtyfwJ h twwfynm todynmyJ jzpfygw,f? pHepfwusqd k&mrSm a,bk,s obm0 ed,mr oabmw&m;awGud k az:xkwf+yD;/ wu,f ppfrSefwJ h tcsuftvufawGud k vufawG @usus &_jrif prf;oyfr_awGud k tm;ud k;jyKwJ h pHepfyJ jzpfygw,f? tJ'Dvd kpHepftwGif; oGif;,lEd kifavmufwJ h ynmESif h twdtus aoaocsmcsmavhvm ppfaq; cHEd kifavmufwJ h txufuqd kcJ hwJ h wwfodynmawG&J @qif hyGm;ynm&yfawG tm;vH k;[m ody` HyJ jzpfygw,f?

Ak'<bmomrSm 'DzGif hqd kcsufESif h rud kufnDvSwJ h tawG;tjrift,ltqawGvnf; &S daeygw,f? 'gayrJ h Ak'<0g'&J @ t"duuswJ h '\euawmh opPmav;yg; w&m;awmf (The Four Noble Truths) yJ jzpf+yD;

'DopPmw&m;awmf&J @ ‘pH’ awG[m ody` Hynm zGif hqd kcsufawGESif h vH k;0ud kufnDvsuf&S dygw,f? opPmav;yg; teuf yxrqHk; jzpfwJ h 'kuQopPm[m &Sif;vif;jyoEd kifwJ h tawG @t}uHKwpf&yfygyJ? 'kuQ]qif;&Jjcif; tppftrSef jzpfw,fqd kwmud k ud k,fawG @ qH kpnf; jzwfoef;vd k@ &Ed kifygw,f?wd kif;wmcsif hwGufvd k @vnf; &Ed kifygw,f? 'kuQjzpf&jcif;&J @ yuwd




ta=umif;&if;cH jzpfwJ h w%Smork',ud k 'kwd,ajrmuf t&d,opPmrSmazmfjy+yD; 'gud kvnf; yxr opPmESif h tvm;wlyJ &Sif;vif; jyovdk @ &Ed kif

w,f? ud k,fwd kif qH kpnf; jzwfoef;vd k @ &Ed kifw,f? wdkif;wmcsif hwGufvd k @vnf; &Ed kifaumif;ygw,f? qef;jym;&_yfaxG;vSwJ h/ 'grSr[kwf '¾m&DqefwJ h (yl&m%fusrf;vm) a0g[m&awG oH k;+yD; ,kwWdjy &Sif;vif;zGif hqd kzd k@óu;pm;wmrsKd; vH k;0ryg&S dygbl;?

wwd,ajrmuf t&d,opPm&J @ t&uawmh 'kuQ&J @ csKyf+idrf;&m(edAŠmef) eda&m"opPmygyJ? 'kuQ&J @ csKyf+idrf;&mjzpfwJ h 'Dtqif hud k wefcd k;&Sifud k c,vd k@/ ,H k=unfvd k @/ 0wfðyqkawmif;vd k @ &,lEd kifwmrsKd; r[kwfbJ'kuQjzpfyG g;apwJh ta=umif;&if;ud k z,f&Sm;jcif;jzif hom obm0uspGm &&S dEd kifwm jzpfygw,f? 'g[m tvGefw&mrS &Sif;vif; odomvSwJ h tcsufyg? pwkwajrmuf t&d,opPmuawmh 'kuQud k csKyf+idrf;apwJh vrf;pOfr*~opPmygyJ? 'kuQud k csKyf+idrf;apzdk @&ef bmud krS tm;ud k;ðyp&mrvd kyJ t*F g&Spfyg;&S dwJ h vrf;ud kom usif h=uHtm;xkwfzd k @ vd kygw,f? +yD;awmh tJ'Dtusif hw&m;vrf;pOf&J@ vufawG @usr_ud k prf;oyf=unf hzd k@vnf; Ak'<0g'uvrf;zGif hay;xm;ygw,f? zefqif;&Sif tay: ,H k=unf trSDo[J ðyr_awGud k ody` Hynmu ypfy,fovdk Ak'<0g'uvnf; vufoif hrcHygbl;?+yD;awmh p=um0Vm&J @rlv (Origin) ESif h jyÏmef;r_ (working) awGud kobm0ed,mr (Natural Law) t& Ak'<0g'u &Sif;vif;jyoygw,f?

'DtcsufawG tm;vH k;[m Ak'<0g'&J @ wu,f h ody` Henf;vrf;uswJ h tawG;tjrifawGyJ jzpf=uygw,f? wcg Ak'< taeESif h vlawGud k tpOfojzif h owday; E_ d;aqmfavh&S dwJ h tcsufwpfcku “E_ dufE_ dufcíwfcíwfavhvm pHkprf;r_ r&S dyJ rsufuef;,k H=unfr_ud k rðy=uvif h/ wpfpH kwpf&mud k

vufcH ,H k=unftyfonf/ rcHtyfonfud k rqH k;jzwfrD ar;jref;em,l=u/avhvmppfaq;=u/ pl;prf; csif hwGuf=u/ rdrdwd k @. tawG @t}uHKay:Yomtm;ud k;ðy qH k;jzwf=u” qd kwmyJ jzpfygw,f? 'g[m Ak'<ud k,fwd kif&J@ody` HqefwJ h pdefac:oHyJ jzpfygw,f? Ak'<u atmufyguJ hod k @ rdef @awmfrlcJ hygw,f?


jrif&k H =um;&k Hr#jzif h ok d @r[kwf rd&d k;zvm xk H;pHjzpfumr#jzif hvufrcHavESif h/ aumvm[va=umif h od k @r[kwf usrf;pmxJY

vm&S donf[lIvnf; vufrcHavESih f/ wpfqif hpum; =um;umr#jzif h vnf;aumif;/ ta=umif;tusKd; qDavsmfr_ &S dumr#jzif hvnf;aumif; vufrcHavESif h/ =uHpnfpdwful; rSef;qIvnf;aumif;/ olwyg;. pGrf;&nfud k txif}uD;Ivnf;aumif; vufrcHavESif h/ igwd k @.q&mjzpfonf [lonf htawG;ESif hvnf; vufrcHavESif h? Tt&maumif;onf/tjypfuif;onf/ ynm&S drsm; csD;usL;onf ponfwd k@ud k rdrdud k,fwd kif odjrifI vufawG @usif hok H; qnf;yl;aomtcg edAŠmefod k @ a&S;&_ ðy.? xdkvrf;od k@ vd kufygav1?

'ga=umif h Ak'<bmom[m ody` HynmESif h pGyfcíwfwl rud kufnDonf hwd kif ody`Hoabm oufa&mufr_ tjynf ht0 &S dw,fvd k @awmhqd kEd kifygw,f? wpfjcm;bmomawGESif h pm&ifb,fbmomxufrqd kAk'<bmomu yd k+yD;awmh ody` Henf;usygw,f? 20 &mpkacwf&J@ ody` Hu0dwpfOD;jzpfwJ h tJvfbmwf td kif;pwd kif;ef (Albert Einstein) &J @ Ak'<bmomESif h ywfowfwJ h atmufyg xkwfaz:ajymqd kcsufu 'Dtcsufud k yk drd kcd kifrmapygw,f?

“aemifwGif ay:xGef;vmrnf h tem*gwfbmoma&; qd kwmp=um0Vmbmom (Cosmic Religion) yJ jzpf&ygvdrf hr,f/ tJ'D

p=u0Vm bmomqd kwm wpfoD;yk*~vqefwJ h bk&m;(Personal

God) tpG Jabmifud k ausmfvGef&r,f/ w&m;ao 0g'pG JESif hw&m;aobmom&yfynm tpG JawGvnf; uif;&Sif; &ygvdrf h

1? t*F kwfxd k&f ygVdawmf 188




r,f/ obm0ud ka&m "rRud kyg v$rf;ðcHrdwJ h 'Dbmoma&;rsKd;[mt&m&mud k avhvmodjriftyfwJ h tawG @t}uHKawG/ obm0

"rRESif h qufpyfr_&S d+yD; t"dy g,fvnf; jynf h0wJ h nDnGwf pkpnf;r_awGuae ppfxkwf&&S dvmwJ h bmoma&; todpdwftay: tajccHwJ h bmoma&;rsKd; jzpf&ygvdrf hr,f? Ak'<0g'[m'DtcsuftvufawGud k jznf hqnf; ay;Ed kifwJ h pGrf;&nf&S dygw,f?tu,fI rsufarSmufacwf ody` Hynm&J @ vd ktyfcsufawGud kajz&Sif;ay;Ed kifwJ h bmomwpfck &S dw,fqd k&if tJ'Dbmom[mAk'<bmomyJ jzpf&ygvdrf hr,f”?

tajccH Ak'<0g'

ar;? ? Ak'<&J @ t"duuswJ h vrf;nefw&m;awmfawGuaumbmawGygvJ?

ajz? ? bD;0d kif;wpfck&J @ bD;acG (&drf;uGif;) ESif h axmufwef;awG[myk Hawmif;csufrrSm A[d kðy=uovd k Ak'< w&m;awmfawG

tm;vH k;[m jrif hjrwfaom opPmw&m;av;yg;rSmyJ A[d kðy=uygw,f?-tJ'D opPm w&m;[m trsKd;tpm;tm;jzif h av;rsKd; av;pm; &S dwma=umif h av;yg;vd k@ ajym&wmjzpfygw,f?

-tJ'Dw&m;ud k oabmayguf em;vnfol[m jrif hjrwfol jzpfvmygw,f? tJ'ga=umif h jrif hjrwfaomvd k @ 0daooe ðy&wmyg?

-wu,f h yuwd tjzpftwk dif;yJ rSefuefwJ h twGufa=umif h trSefw&m;

(opPm) vd k @ ac:qd k&wm jzpfygw,f?

ar;? ? yxrqH k;aom t&d,opPmw&m;u bmygvJ?ajz? ? b0[m 'kuQ oufoufyJjzpfw,f qd kwJ h tcsuf[m yxr




t&d,opPmygyJ? b,fb0rSmyJjzpfjzpf/ b0wpfckckrSm&Sifoefaexd kifw,fqd k&if qif;&Jjcif; 'kuQqd kwmud k rvG JraoG &ifqd kif&rSmygyJ?

'kuQwpfrsKd;r[kwf wpfrsKd;ud k rcHpm;&bJESif hawmh b,fb0rSmyJ jzpfjzpf&Sifoefaexd kifvd k @ud k r&Ed kifaumif;ygbl;? rtDrom emrusef; jzpf&r_/xdcd kuf'%f&m&r_/ armyef;EGrf;e,fr_/ td krif; &if ha&mfr_awG tjyif aemufqH k; aoa=u ysufpD;&r_pwJ h &kyfyd kif;qd kif&m 'kuQpkawGESif hwuG txD;usefjzpf&wm/ pdwf"gwf usqif;&wm/ pd k;&drf ylaqG;&wm/ pdwfpEd k;paemif hrcsif hr&J jzpf&wm/ a'gojzpf&wmawGvd krsKd; pdwfyd kif;qd kif&m 'kuQawGud kygb0rSm &Sifoefaexd kifol rSefor# awG @}uHKcHpm;ae=u&wmygyJ/

ar;? ? 'g[m tysufjrif 0g' tenf;i,f qef raebl;vm;?ajz? ? tysufjrif0g' (Pessimism) ud k tbd"mefrSm “jzpfp&m

&S dwmawG[m bmyJjzpfjzpf tqd k; taeESif hyJ jzpfay:vmvdrf hrnfvd k @ awG;xifwwfwJ h tusif h/ 'grSr[kwf tqd k;[m taumif;xuf tiftm;owW d yd krd k }uD;rm;w,fvd k @ ,lqwJ h ,H k=unfr_wpf&yf” vd k@zGif hqd kygw,f? Ak'<0g'[m 'D,lqyH k ESpfrsKd;vH k;ESif h reD;pyfovd k aysmf&$ifcsrf;ajr@r_qd kwm &S dw,f qd kwmudkvnf; rjiif;ygbl;? b0rSm b,folurSjiif;uG,fvd k @ r&Ed kifavmufatmifud k rSefuef+yD; odomvSwJ h pdwfyd kif;&kyfyd kif;qd kif&m 'kuQawGESif h &ifqd kifqH kpnf;+yD;awmh ouf&Sifaexd kif=u&wmyJ jzpfw,fvd k @ &k d;&k d;vG,fvG,fav;yJ Ak'<0g'u qd kygw,f? urBmhbmomw&m; trsm;pkawG&J @ t"duuswJ h tajccH oabmw&m;awG[m em;vnfzd k@awmif cufcJvSygw,f? 'grSr[kwf &Sif;vif; az:jyzd k@ud krjzpfEd kifavmufwJ h '¾m&DawG/ ,k H=unfcsuf oufoufawGyJ jzpf=u

ygw,f? Ak'<bmomrSmawmh b,folrS ra&SmifvG JEd kifwJ h tawG @t}uHK awGud k tajcðy+yD; pwifw,f/ vlwk dif; odxm;=uwJ h/ vlwd kif;awG @}uHK jzwfoef;&wJ h t&m ('kuQ) ESif h pwifw,f? +yD;awmh 'D'kuQqd kwJh t&mud kyJ 'Dvlom;awGtm;vH k;u ausmfjzwfzd k @ }udK;pm;ae=uwmyg? tJ'Dvd k


vlwpfOD;csif;pDwd kif;ESif h oufqd kif+yD; y"meuswJ h 'kuQESif h 'D'kuQud k b,fvd k z,f&Sm;ausmfvGefEd kifrSmvJ qd kwJ h tcsufud kyJ wef;wef;rwfrwf pl;pl;

pd kufpd kuf a[mnefxm;wJ h twGufa=umif hrd k @vdk @ Ak'<0g'onfomv#ifwu,fppfrSefwJ h p=um0Vmbmom1 jzpfygw,f?

ar;? ? 'kwd,ajrmuf t&d,opPmw&m;awmfu bmygvJ?ajz? ? 'kwd, opPmuawmh txufu qd kcJ hwJ h 'kuQ[lor#[m

vd kvm; awmif hwr_ w%Smork', ta=umif;cHa=umif h jzpfw,f qd kwmygyJ? pdwfyd kif;qd kif&m 'kuQawGud k &_jrifoH k;oyf =unf h&ifyJ'Dapwodu'kuQ2awG[m w%Sma=umif h b,fenf;b,fyH k jzpfay:vm&w,f qd kwmudk odjrifzd k @ rcufvSygbl;? wpfpHkwpf&mud k wrf;wrf;pG JjzpfaewJ htcg &Edkifajcvnf; r&S dbl;qd k&if pdwf"mwf[m xd k;usoGm;wwfw,f/ wpfpH kwpfa,muftay: ud k,fu jzpfapcsifovd krsKd;jzpfrvmwJhtcg (ud k,f htvd kygrvmwJ h tcgrSm) vnf; pdwfqif;&J&wmygyJ? wpfjcm;vlawGu ud k,f hudk vd kvm;ESpfoufwm/ ck HrifjrwfEd k; wefzd k;xm;awGud k cH,lvd kayrJ h wu,f hb0rSm tJonfvd krsKd;awG jzpfrvmwJ htcgrSmawmh xdcd kufcHpm;=u&ygw,f? vd kvm;wyfrufwJ h twd kif; wpfpH kwpf&mud k vuf0,fyd kifyd kif &&S dwJ h tcgrsKd;rSmawmif tcgcyfodrf;/ tjynf ht0 aysmf&$if auseyfEd kifao;wm r[kwfygbl;? bmjyKvd k @vnf;qd kawmhtJ'D t&mud k &&S d+yD; odyfr=umcifrSmyJ 'gud k +iD;aiG @vm+yD; pdwf0ifpm;r_awG avsmhyg;oGm;wwfw,f? aemufxyf topftqef;awGud kyJwyfrufp ðyvmwwfw,f? 'gha=umif h &k d;&k d;uav; awG;=unf h&ifyJud k,fvd kcsifwJ h t&mud k &&S djcif;qd kwJ h tcsufuawmif cd kifrmwJ h aysmf&$if

csrf;ajr@r_/ pdwfcs&wJ h auseyfESpfoufr_rsKd;ud k jznf hpGrf;ray;Edkifygbl;?'g[m 'kwd, ork',opPm&J @ t"dy g,fyJ jzpfygw,f? 'Dawmh ud k,f

1? vlom;wpf&yfvH k; wpfajy;nD vufcHEd kifwJ h bmom1? pdwfylavmifqif;&J&r_




vd kcsifwJ ht&mud k &,lEd kifa&; wpfckwnf;twGufcsnf; wpdkufrwfrwf&Sm=uHa&;xuf tJ'D vd kcsifr_ud kyJ xdef;csKyfzd k @ óu;pm;ayawmh? tJ'D vd kcsif

r_qd kwmuyJ vl&J @ auseyfa&mif h&Jr_ESif h aysmf&$ifcsrf;ajr@r_awGud k avsmhyg;aysmufqH k;apwm jzpfygw,f?

ar;? ? 'Dvd kcsifr_ qENESif h awmif hwr_w%SmawGu b,fvd kvkyf+yD;&kyfydkif; um,du 'kuQawGud k jzpfyGm;apygovJ?

ajz? ? [d k[m+yD; 'D[m/ 'D[m+yD;awmh [d k[m ponfjzif h b0oufwrf;ESif htr# vd kcsifwufrufr_awGu txl;ojzif h w%SmuowW0gwpfOD; arG;zGm; ay:aygufapavmufwJ h owWdjynfh pGrf;tif wpf&yfud k qufwd kufjzpfapzd k @&ef zefwD;ay;ygw,f? 'Dvd kESif h jyefvnf arG;zGm;vmawmh ud k,fcE<mqd kwmud k ydkifqd kif &&S dvm=uwm jzpfygw,f? a&S @rSmaqG;aEG;cJ hwJ h twd kif;yJ cE<mtdrfud k &vmwm[m 'g%f&m temw&awG/a&m*gb, jzpfyGm;usa&mufr_awGud k rkcs &vG,fjzpfvG,fwJ h cE<mjzpfygw,f? tvkyf'g%fa=umifhvnf;yJ yifyef; arm[d kuf+yD;awmh qif;&JEd kifw,f/ td krif;&if ha&mfr_ '%fud kvnf; cHpm;&w,f/ aemufqH k;rSmawmhaojcif;w&m;ESif h ed*H k;csKyf&wmygyJ? 'g[m b0opfawGud k jzpfapEd kifpGrf;wJ h twGufa=umif h vd kcsifr_ w%Smu um,du 'kuQawGudk jzpfyGm;apyH kjzpfygw,f?

ar;? ? [kwfyg+yD/ 'Dtwd kif;om qd k&if vd kvm;r_ud k &yfqd kif;vd kufwmESif h wpfpH k wpf&mud k b,fawmhrSvnf; &p&mvrf;r&d Sawmhygbl;? 'grSr[kwf atmifjrifr_ qd kwmvnf; b,f awmhrS

&S d=uawmhrSm r[kwfawmhbl;aygh?ajz? ? [kwfygw,f? 'gayrJ h 'Dae&mrSm Ak'<a[mawmfrlwmu

vd kcsifr_awG/ wyfrufr_awG/ ud k,f hrSm &S dESif h+yD;om;ESif h b,fawmhrS rwif;wdrfr_awG/ +yD;awmh yd kI yd kI yd kifqd kifvd kr_awGu 'kuQtaxGaxGud kyJ jzpfyGm;apygw,f? 'ga=umifh 'Dvd kcsifr_ umrdp> ENawG/


vd kvm;awmif hwr_ umrw%SmawGud kawmh &yfqd kif; ypfoif hw,fvd k @a[mawmfrlygw,f? Ak'<u vd ktyfr_1ESif h vd kcsifr_2ud k cG Jjcm;+yD; od=uzd k @/

+yD;awmh vd ktyfwm awGud k }udK;pm;&SmazG jznfhqnf;=uzd k@ESif h vd kcsifwmawGud kawmh wpfpwpfp avsm@cs+yD; ðyjyifoGm;=uzd k @ qH k;rawmfrlyg w,f?vd ktyfcsufuk d jznf hqnf;ay;vd k @ &Ed kifaumif;yg&J @/ 'gayrJ h vd kcsifwmusawmh tqH k;rJ h acsmufwGif;vd kyJwJ h? (b,fawmhrS jznf hrjynf h Ed kifygbl;)?

r&S drjzpfwJ h/ tajccHuswJ h/ jznf hqnf;ay;vd k @vnf; &Ed kifaumif;wJ h vd ktyfcsufawGqdkwm &S dwwfygw,f? tJ'gawGtwGufawmhóu;pm;=uzd k@ oif hygw,f? tJ'De,fy,fud k ausmfvGefwJ h qmavmifrGwfodyfr_awG usawmh wpfpwpfp avsmhyg;oGm;atmifyJ }udK;pm;oif h=uygw,f? vd k&if;ajym&&i f - b0&J @ t"dy g,f/ b0&J @ &nf&G,f&if;u bmwJ hvJ? auseyf ESpfodrf hr_&S d+yD; aysmf&$ifcsrf;ajr@zd k @yJ r[kwfaybl;vm;?

ar;? ? aemifb0ESif h ywfowfvd k@ pum;pyfrd+yDqd kawmh aemifb0&S da=umif; ck difvH kwJ h taxmuf txm;awG bmawGaum&S dygovm;?

ajz? ? &S dygw,f? taxmuftxm;awG wpfyH k}uD;ygyJ? 'gayrJ h'DudpPud k aemufrS us,fus,fjyef @jyef @ aqG;aEG;=u&atmif?

ar;? ? wwd,ajrmuf t&d,opPmu bmygvJ?ajz? ? wwd, opPmuawmh 'kuQud k ausmfvGefvd k @&Ed kifw,f/

'kuQud k ausmfvGef+yD;&if okc csrf;omud kvnf; &Ed kifw,fqd k

wJ h tcsufygyJ? 'DopPm[m opPmav;yg;teuf ta&;tygqH k;vnf;jzpfygw,f? ta=umif;u 'DopPmt& - Ak'<u ppfrSefwJ h oEW dokc

1? tajctaewpfcktwGuf r&S drjzpfvd ktyfr _ (=Need)

2? tawmrowfEd kifonf h qENEd kifiHod k @ vd kufr_ (=Want)




(edAŠmefcsrf;om) ESifh auseyf ESpfoufr_qd kwmawG[m wu,f jzpfEd kifa=umif; tmrcHcsuf ay;xm;vd k@ygyJ?

b0rSm }uHK&qH k&wwfwJ h cHpm;r_ umr*k%f tm&k HawGud ktuef @towfrJ h awmif hwar#mfvif hwmrsKd;awG r&S dapyJ aysmf&$if csrf;ajr@pGm/ b0rSm 0ifvmwwfwJh tcuftcJawGud k a=umuf&G H@pd k;&drfr_awG/remvd k trkef;yGm;r_awG/ pdk;&drfa'gyGwmawGESifh rwk H @jyefyJ cE< D0g'ESif hwnfwnf+idrf+idrf }uH@}uH @ cH+yD;awmh tusKd;rJ hvSwJ h qmavmif rGwfodyfr_w%Smud k y,fpGef@+yD; ae@pOfb0rSm rarhravsmh aewwfxd kifwwf vmatmif avhvmusif hoH k;oGm;r,f qd k&ifawmh b0rSm aysmfaysmf &$if&$ifvGwfvGwfvyfvyf&S drSm trSefygyJ? tJ'DawmhrS b0[m jynf hpH kwJ ht"dy`g,fud k aqmifvdrf hr,f? rdrd wpfOD;wnf;&J @ wpfudk,faumif;qefwJ hvd ktif qENawGud kcsnf; jznf hqnf; ay;aezd k @ odyftcsdef rvd kawmhwJ htwGuf ud k,f hywf0ef;usifu wu,f h tultnD vd kolawGud k ulnDzd k@tcsdefawG yd k&vmr,f? 'Dtajctaeud k fvnf; +idrf;csrf;r_ edAŠmef1 vd k @ac: wmygyJ? tvm;wlyJ pdwfyd kif;qd kif&m apwodu 'kuQawG tm;vH k;uaevGwfajrmufoGm;+yD qd k&ifawmh 'g[m wu,f hedAŠmef tppf ygyJ?

ar;? ? edAŠmefqdkwmbmvJ? edAŠmef[m b,fae&mrSmwnf&S dygovJ?

ajz? ? edAŠmefqdkwm umva'oawGESif h rqd kifwJ h/ umv a'ovGeftajctae wpf&yfyJ jzpfygw,f? 'gha=umif h edAŠmefESif h ywf

oufvd k @ ajymqd k aqG;aEG;zd k@ 'grSr[kwf pOf;pm; awG;q=unf hzd k @ qd kwmawmif tawmfav; cufcJygw,f? pum;vH k;awGESif h awG;qr_awGqd kwm

umv a'o tajctaewpf&yfud k az:jyzdk @ twGufavmufom vH kavmufygw,f? tcsdefumvESif h roufqd kifvd k @ umvvGef tajctaejzpfwJh edAŠmef[m a&G @avsmr_ oabm r&S dygbl;? (ra&G @ravsmyJ

1? 'dÏ"rRedAŠme (rsufarSmuf b0 csrf;om) ud k qd kvd konf? (rm*¾d,okwf)


wnf+rJwJ h oabm - tpPEœ yJ jzpfygw,f)? td krif;&if ha&mfr_/ aoa=uysufpD;&r_awG r&S dwJ h oabm-tpPKwvnf; [kwfygw,f? 'Dvd kESif h edAŠmefqd kwm xm0&oabm jzpfygw,f? a'oESif h roufqd kifwJ h twGufta=umif;w&m;vnf;uif;/ tyd kif;tjcm;vnf;uif;ygw,f? 'ga=umif hedAŠmefqd kwm twWvnf;r[kwf/ tewWvnf; r[kwfwJ h/ uef@owfvd k @r&aumif;wJ h teEœ oabmyJ jzpfygw,f? Ak'<uawmh edAŠmef[mtjrif hjrwfqH k;aomcsrf;om r[moEœ dokc jzpfa=umif; “edAŠmeH y&rHokcH2” vd k @ rdef@awmfrlcJ hygw,f?

ar;? ? 'gayrJ h tJonfvd krsKd; oabmud k aqmifwJ h tajctaewpf&yf &S dw,fqd kwJ h taxmuftxm;aum &S dygovm;?

ajz? ? 'Dvd k taxmuf txm;rsKd;awmh r&S dygbl;? ok d @aomf edAŠmef&S dw,fqd kwmud k aumufcsuf csEd kifygw,f? umv a'o jyÏmef;wJ htwd kif;tq wpf&yf&S d+yD;/ vufawG @ rsufjrif 'dÏ"rRjzpfwJ h 'DurBm}uD;rSmumv a'o jyÏmef;wmud k axmuf&if tJonfvd krsKd; umv a'orjyÏmef;wJ h twd kif;tq taetxm;wpf&yfvnf; &S drSmyJvd k@aumufcsufqG Jvd k@ &ygw,f? 'ghtjyif edAŠmef&S da=umif; taxmuftxm;tcd kiftrm rjyEd kifonf hwd kifatmif edAŠmef&S da=umif; a[mawmfrlcJ hwJ hAk'<jrGufqdkcsufpum;awmfawG &S dygao;w,f? Ak'<u -

“rarG;zGm;awmhjcif;-tZmwd/ rjzpfay:awmhjcif;-tEky g'/rðyjyif rpD&if&jcif;-tocFw/ rpka0; raygif;qk Hawmhjcif;-toEM dp, jzpfaom wpfckaom "rRonf &S d.? tu,fIomT tZmwd/ tEky g'/ tocFwESif h toEM dp, oabmwd k @

onf r&S d=ujim;tH h/ arG;zGm;r_ Zmwd/ jzpfay:r_ Oyg'/ ðyjyifpD&ifr_ ocFw/ aygif;qH kpkpnf;r_ oEM dp, wd k@rS vGwfajrmufjcif;0drkwW d (edAŠmef) [lIvnf; r&S dEd kifay&m? pifppfrlum; tZmwd/

1? "rRy' 204




tEky`g'/ tocFw/ toEM dp, wd k @ (trSefwu,f) &S d=uonfom jzpfaoma=umif h Zmwd/ Oyg'/ ocFw ESif h oEM dp,wnf;[laom oHo&mrS vGwfajrmufjcif; 0drkwW d (edAŠmef) ud kodjrif&&S dEdkifonfomwnf;1” vd k @ rdef @awmf rlcJhygw,f?

edAŠmefudk ud k,fwd kif aygufajrmuf &&S dvmwJ h tcgrSomaumif;pGmem;vnf odjrifvmrSm jzpf+yD;/ edAŠmefr& rcsif; rSmawmh y"metvkyfjzpfwJ h "rRa&; tm;xkwfr_ud kyJ qufvuf vkyfaqmif &ygvdrf hr,f?

ar;? ? av;ckajrmuf t&d,opPmuaum bmygvdrf h?ajz? ? av;ckajrmuf t&d,opPmuawmh 'kuQrS vGwfajrmuf&mod k @

OD;wnfwJ h vrf;pOf jzpfygw,f? tJ'gud kyJ tcsuftvuft*F g&yf&Spfck yg0ifwJ htwGuf tÏ*õ ur*fvdk @ ac:wGif+yD;/ tJ'DtxJrSmorRm'dÏd-rSefuefpGm odjrifjcif;/ orRmouFy`-rSefuefpGm }uHpnfjcif;/orRm0gpm-rSefuefpGm ajymqd kjcif;/ orRmurREœ -rSefuefpGm jyKvkyfaqmif&Gufjcif;/ orRmtmZD0-rSefuefpGm toufarG;jcif;/ orRm0g,mr-rSefuefpGm tm;xkwfjcif;/ orRmowd-rSefuefpGm owd&S djcif;/orRmorm"d-rSefuefpGm wnf=unfjcif;wd k @ jzpfygw,f? Ak'<bmomusif hpOfxJrSm tJ'D&Spfyg;[m t"dutm;jzif h yg0if+yD;/ tJ'D usif hpOf&Spfyg;ud kyJ jynf hpH konfxuf jynf hpH katmif }udK;pm; usif haqmif&ygw,f?ynma&;/ uk d,fusif hpm&dwW/ vlr_a&;/ pD;yGm;a&;ESif h pdwf"mwfa&;&m pwJ hb0&J@ ta&;ygwJ h rsufESmpm toD;oD;rSm r*~if&Spfyg;[m t"du ae&mu yg0ifaewmud k awG @jrifEd kifygw,f? 'ga=umif h vlwpfOD; aumif;rGefwJ h

b0wnfaqmufzd k @ESif h pdwf"gwf tqif htwef; jrif hrm;vmzd k @ twGufvd ktyfwJ h t&mawGtm;vH k;[m r*~if&Spfyg;xJrSm yg0ifaeygw,f?

2? O'geygVawmf - 80

zefqif;&Sif t,ltqESif h Ak'<0g'

ar;? ? Ak'<bmom0ifawG[m zefqif;&Sif (God) bk&m;ocifud kvufcH=uygovm;?

ajz? ? vufrcH =uygbl;? 'DtwGuf ta=umif;tcsufawG

trsm;}uD;yJ &S dygw,f? bmomud k;uG,fa&;ESif h oufqd kifwJ htawG;tac: (Religious Idea) awG/ txl;ojzif h zefqif;&Sif t,ltq(The god idea) [m a=umuf&G H @pd k;&drfjcif;uae+yD; pwif ay:aygufvmcJ hwm jzpfw,fvd k @ acwfopfvlr_a&; ynm&SifawG/ pdwfynm&SifawG,lq=uovd kyJ Ak'<uvnf; 'Dtwd kif; ,lqawmfrlcJ hygw,f?

A[k H a0 o&%H ,Ed œ / yAŠwmed 0emedp/tm&mr&kuQapwsmed/ rEk\m b,wZ… dwm2?

a=umufpdwfr$ef;aewJ h vlawG[m olwd k @ txGÉftjrwfxm;wJ h

awm/ awmif/ opfyif}uD;awGqD oGm;=uw,f? olwd k@ ud k;uG,f&m apwDawGqD csOf;uyf=uw,f?

1? "rRy'- 188




a&S;OD;vl[m ol @tzd k @ &eftEœ &m,fawG 0d kif;aew,f qd kwmuk dod&S dcHpm;cJ h&ygw,f? om;&Jwd&dp> mefawGud k a=umuf&w,f? tpma&pmrjynfhpH kr_/ xdcd kuf'%f&m&&S dr_ESif h a&m*gb,usa&mufr_ pwmawGud kawG;yl&w,f? rd k;}udK;ypfwm/ v#yfpD;vufwm/ rD;awmifaygufuG JwmpwmawGvd k tpOfojzifh }uHK&wwfwJ h obm0 tEœ&m,fawGud kvnf;a=umuf&G H @cJ h&wmygyJ? 'Dvd kESif h vH k+cKHpdwfcs&r_ud k b,frSmrS &SmrawG @Ed kifjzpfaewJ h a&S;OD;vl[m zefqif;&Sift,ltqud k awG;q,lcJ hwmyJ jzpfygw,f? &nf&G,f&if;uawmh at;at;vlvl aevd k@&wJ h tajctaersKd;rSm csrf;ajr@ aysmf&$ifapzdk @/ tEœ &m,fESif h &ifqd kif&wJ htcg pGrf;tm;owW dawGud k jznf hqnf;ay;zdk @ESif h uaomif;ueif; tajctaersKd;rSm oufom&m&apwJ h ESpfodrf hr_ay;zd k @ twGufygyJ? ,ae@rsufarSmuf acwfrSmvnf;yJ vlawGqd kwm tusyftwnf; qd kufwJ h tcgrsKd;rSmom yd k+yD;awmhbmoma&;orm;awG jzpfvmwwf=uwm awG @Ed kifygw,f? bk&m;wpfql'grSr[kwf bk&m;trsm;tjym; ud k;uG,fjcif;jzif h b0ud k &ifqd kif&mrSm vd ktyfwJ h tiftm;awGud k &&S dvm=uw,f qd kwmvnf; =um;rdygvdrf hrnf?vd ktyfwJ htcg qkawmif;w,f/ awmif;wJ htwd kif;vnf; jynf hwJ htwGuftJ'Dbk&m;ud kyJ txl;ðyud k;uG,f=uwmjzpfw,fqd kwJ h &Sif;vif;csuf ay;wmud kvnf; =um;rdygvdrf hr,f? 'D tcsuf awG tm;vH k;u zefqif ;&Sif (Á\&ed rRme) 0g'[m a=umuf &G H @jcif ;ESifh pd k;&G H @od rf i,f jcif ;awGud kwk H @jyef wJhtaeESif h ay:vmwmyJ jzpf w,f qd kwJ h Ak'<a'oemawmf &J @tqk d trd ef @ud k axmuf cH csuf ay;ae=uovd kygyJ ?

Ak'<[m ta=umuf w&m;awGud k em;vnf oabm ayguf vm atmif }ud K;pm;=uzd k @/ avmb&rRuf awGud k avsmhcs=uzd k @ESif h b,f vd krS

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em;vnf oabmaygufr_ ynmESif hom tpm;xd k; ajzod rf hay;awmf rlcJ hygw,f?

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wJ h taxmuftxm; r&rcsif; zefqif;&Sif0g'ud k vufrcHEd kifygbl;?zefqif;&Sif 0g'ud k Ak'< vufrcH&wJ h wwd, ta=umif;w&m;

uawmh 'Dvd krsKd; ,H k=unfr_awG[m rvd ktyfwJ h twGufa=umif hygyJ?wpfcsKd @uawmh p=um0Vm}uD;&J @ tpud k &Sif;jyzd k @twGuf zefqif;&Sifbk&m; vd ktyfw,fvk d @ tqd kðy=uw,f? 'gayrJh 'g[m ajymoavmuf




trSefESif h eD;pyfwmawmhjzif h r[kwfygbl;? ody` Hynmu p=um0Vm}uD;b,fvd k ay:xGef;cJ hw,f qd kwmud k zefqif;&Sif0g'ESif h vH k;0 qufpyfr_r&S dyJ ausausvnfvnf &Sif;vif; az:jyxm;+yD;yg+yD? aysmf&$ifcsrf;ajr@+yD;t"dy`g,f&S dwJ h b0wpfck yd kifqd kifzd k@ twGuf zefqif;&Siftay: ,Hk=unfr_&S drS jzpfr,fvd k@ qd kolawGvnf; &S dygw,f? 'g[mvnf; 'Dtwd kif; r[kwfbl;qd kwm vlwd kif; odomEd kifwJ h udpPyJjzpfygw,f? ajrmufrsm;pGmaomAk'<bmom0ifrsm;tjyif oef;ESif hcsDwJ h bk&m;rJ h 0g'DawGESifh vGwfvyfpGmawG;ac:olawG tm;vH k;[m zefqif;&Siftay: ,H k=unfr_ r&S d=uyJESif hwefzd k;&S d&S d aysmfaysmf&$if&$ifESif h b0t"dym,f jynf h0pGmaexd kifvsuf &S d=uygw,f? wpfcsKd @u'Dvd kvmao;w,f? tm;enf;wJ hvlom;[m ol @[molulnDu,frzdk @&m tif;tm;awmif hwif;r_ r&S dwJh twGuf bk&m;ocif&J @wefcd k;owW d pGrf;tifawGtay: ,k H=unf tm;xm;zd k@ vd ktyfw,fwJ h?'Dt,ltq[mvnf; obm0 rusvSygbl;? oH k;r&avmufatmifuk d,fvuft*F g roefpGrf;olawG/ }uD;rm;wJ h taESmif h t,Suft[ef@twm; jy\em&yfawGESif h &ifqd kifae&olawG[m b,fbk&m;ud krS ,H k=unfcsufr&S dbJESif h olwd k @ ud k,fyd kifpGrf;tif/ ud k,fyd kif &kef;uefv_yf&Sm;r_awG oufoufESif hyJ tJ'Dt&mawGud k ajz&Sif;ausmfv$m; oGm;Ed kif=uw,fqd kwJ h yk*~KdvfawG&J @ jzpf&yfawGud kvnf; r=umc% =um;od=u&rSmyg?vlud k u,frapmifha&Smufay;zd k@twGuf zefqif;&Sif bk&m;[m vd ktyfw,fvd k @ wpfcsKd@u qd kvmjyefao;w,f? 'DtawG;uawmh wuU duqefwJ h u,fwifjcif;t,ltq1 ud k vufcH,H k=unfxm;ol twGufomud kufnDrSmyg? Ak'<bmom0ifawGuawmh txufyg tqd kud k vufoif hrcH=uygbl;? rdrd&J @ pdwfxm;ud k jzLpifatmif vkyfzd k @/ tuef @towfrJ h

arwWmESif h u&k%mw&m;awG wdk;yGm;apzd k @ESif h tºuif;rJ h jynfh0wJ h ynmjrif hrm;jynf hpk Hapzd k @&eftwGuf vlom;wd kif;rSm pGrf;tm;ud k,fpD yg&S dvm

1? wuU du0g' ] u,fwifjcif; tr_ud k vkyfaqmif&eftwGuf u,fwifwwfolu,fwif&Sifbk&m;&S d&ef vd ktyfonfqd konf h wuU du t,ltq


=uw,fqd kwJ h tcsufud k Ak'<[m ol @&J @ ud k,fawG @ tawG @tñuHESif h ,SOf+yD;odjrifawmfrlcJ hygw,f? Ak'<[m aumif;uifbH kawGqD a&mufaewJ h tm&k Hpd kufr_ (ar#mfvif hcsuf) awGud k ESvk H;om;awGqD ta&muf a&$ @ajymif;ay;awmf rlcJ hygw,f2? vl[m rdrdud k,fud k rdrd em;vnf oabmaygufwJ hynmjzif homv#if }uHKqH kae=uwJ h b0'kuQawG/ tcuftcJawGud k ajz&Sif;Ed kifrSm jzpfw,fvd k@ Ak'<u =uyfrwf vrf;nefawmfrlcJ hwmyJ jzpfygw,f? (Ak'<[m vlom;ud k u,fwif&Sifwpfql taeESif h u,fwifcJ hwmrsKd; vH k;0r[kwfygbl;)?

ar;? ? zefqif;&Sifbk&m;om r&S dcJ h&k d;rSef&if 'Dp=um0Vm}uD; b,fvdkay:xGef;vmwmygvdrf h?

ajz? ? 'Dar;cGef;ud k tajzxkwfzd k @ }udK;pm;=uwJ h '¾m&D yH kaqmifr_awG/ Zmwfvrf; ZmwfuGuf qifr_awGuawmh bmomwd kif;

vd kvd krSm &S d=uwmygyJ? vlawG bmrSrnfrnf&& todOm%f rzGH @ +zdK;ao;wJ h [d ka&S;a&S; acwfumvawGwkef;uawmh 'Dvd k '¾m&D yH kaqmifr_awG[m p=um0Vm}uD; (b,fvd kay:vmovJqdkwJ h ar;cGef;twGuf) vH kavmufwJ h tajzjzpfcJ hygw,f? tckacwfvd k &lyaA'/ euQwWaA'/ blrdaA'pwJ h o dy HynmawG xGef;um;+yD;jzpfwJh 20 &mpk acwfrSmawmhjzif hody` HawG @&S dcsufawGu tJ'D '¾m&DawGud k acszsuf z,fxkwfypfvd kufyg+yD? ody` Hynmu zefqif;&Sif tawG;tac:tay: vH k;0 tajcrðyyJp=um0Vm}uD; pwifcJ hyH kud k &Sif;jyxm;+yD;yg+yD?

ar;? ? p=um0Vm}uD; pwifyH kESif h ywfowfvd k @ Ak'<uaum b,fvd k

rsm; rdef @=um;awmf rlcJhygao;ovJ?

1?zefqif;&Sif. aumif;uifbk H rSaeI u,fwifr_tay: ,k H=unfol tjzpfrSonfrdrd d. pdwfxm; jzLpifr_tay: tajccHonf @ aumif;uH/ qd k;uHwk d @. aumif;usKd;/qd k;jypftay:rSmom ,k H=unftm;xm;avh&S doltjzpf tjrifajymif;vJvmapjcif;?




ajz? ? pdwf0ifpm;zd k@aumif;wmu p=um0Vm}uD; pwifyH kESif hywfoufvd k @ Ak'<&J @ &Sif;vif;csufawG[m ody` HynmtjrifawG

ESif h vH k;0eD;yg;avmuf ud kufnDaejcif;ygyJ? t*~nokwf1rSm p=um0VmESif hywfoufvd k @ Ak'<a[mawmfrlyH ku - “p=um0Vm}uD; ysufpD;oGm;w,f/+yD;awmh ra&wGufEd kifavmufwJ h ESpfawG toacsF=um+yD;awmhrS tck&S daewJ h taetxm;rsKd; jzpfvmatmif wa&G @a&G @wjznf;jznf;csif; jyefvnf jzpfay:vmcJh&wmjzpfw,f? ueOD;owW0gtrsKd;tpm;awG[ma&rsufESmjyifay:rSm pwifjzpfwnfvmcJ h=uw,f? wpfcg aemufxyfESpfawG toacsF=um+yD;awmhrS &d k;pif;wJ h ouf&S drsKd; b0uae+yD; trsKd;trnfpH k axGjym;wJ h owW0gawG tqif hud k wa&G @a&G @csif; csDwufvmcJ h=uwmjzpfw,f? 'DjzpfpOfawGtm;vH k;[m tqH k;tprJ h vnfywf+yD; obm0ta=umif;w&m;awGESif htnD qufvuf jzpfysufvd k @ ae=uwmyJ jzpfygw,f”wJ h?

ar;? ? zefqif;&Sif xm0&bk&m;wnf&S dr_twGuf taxmuftxm;wpfpH kwpf&m r&S dbl;qd k&if qef;jym;wJ h obm0vGefudpPawGtwGuf b,fvd k ,lqygovJ? odyg&ap?

ajz? ? qef;jym;wJ h 'Dobm0vGef udpPawG[m zefqif;&Sif xm0&bk&m;ocifawG trSefwu,f wnf&S dr_twGuf oufao

taxmuftxm;awGyJ jzpfw,fqd k+yD; ,H k=unfae=uolawG trsm;tjym; &S dygw,f?

a&m*gukoaysmufuif;r_ jzpf&yfwpfck ta=umif; cef@rSef;ajym

qd kr_awG =um;&wwfygw,f? q&m0efawGqDuwduswJ h axmufcHxGufqk dcsufrsKd;usawmh b,fawmhrSr=um;&wwfygbl;? wpfpk Hwpfa,mufud k ab;tEW&m,fuae qef;qef;jym;jym;u,fwifcJ hw,fqd kwJ h wpfqif h

2? t*~nokwW - 'DCedum, - 27 ?


pum;rsKd;ud k =um;&wwfyg&J @/ tJ'Dta=umif;ESif h ywfoufvd k @ b,fvd kjzpfysufcJhw,fqd kwJ h rsufjrifxkwfazmfajymqd kwmrsKd;ud kawmh r=um;&wwfygbl;? 0wfðyqkawmif;jcif;jzif h emrusef;jzpfaeolwpfOD; usef;rmvmcJ hw,f/ ud k,fvuft*F gawG oefpGrf;oGm;w,fqd kwJ h aumvm[vajym=uwmawGvnf; =um;&wwfygw,f? tJ'DtwGuf "gwfrSef&d kufjywmud k rjrifbl;ovd k q&m0ef olemðyawG&J @ axmufcH ajymqd kwmrsKd;vnf; r=um;&wwfygbl;? tJ'Dvd k cef @rSef;ajymqd kr_awG/ wpfqif hpum;awGESif h aumvm[vawGud k cd kifvk HwJ h taxmuftxm;awGtjzpfESif hawmh tpm;xk d;ajymqk dvd k @r&ygbl;? jzpf&yfqef;awGtwGufcd kifrmwJ h taxmuftxm;qd kwmuvnf; r&S doavmufygyJ? wpfcgwpfcg tJ'Dvd k &Sif;rjyEd kifwJ ht&mawGjzpfysuf+yD; qef;qef;jym;jym;jzpf&yfawG ay:vmwwfwmuvnf; trSefyJjzpfygw,f? 'gayrJ h tJ'DudpPrsKd;awGud k &Sif;rjyEd kifwm[m zefqif;&Sifbk&m;&S da=umif;ud k oufaoxlwmr[kwfbJ vlom; awG&J @ todOm%f rjynf @0r_ud kyJ oufaoxlwmjzpfygw,f?

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p=um0VmESifhywfoufvd k@ vl@todOm%f wd k;wufjynf h0vmwJ h wpfae@rSm &Sif;rjyEk difao;wJ h obm0vGef jzpf&yfqef;awG&J @ ta=umif;&if;rSefawGud kvnf; vlom;awGem;vnfEk difpGrf;&S dvmrSm trSefygyJ?




ar;? ? xm0& bk&m;ocifrSm yH ko¾mefawmf &S dw,fvd k @ wpfcsKd @u,k H=unf=uw,f? 'g[m jzpfEd kifygovm;?

ajz? ? 'Dvd kawmhjzif h r[kwfao;ygbl;? wacwfwkef;uurBm}uD;[mjym;csyfcsyfyJ jzpfw,fvd k@ vlawG tm;vH k;avmufu xifjrif

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ar;? ? [kwfyg+yD/ zefqif;&Sif bk&m;ocifud k r,H k=unf/ vufrcH=ubl;qd k&if Ak'<bmomawG bmud krsm; ,H k=unf=uygao;ovJ?

ajz? ? vlud kyJ ,H k=unfwJ h twGuf zefqif;&Sifud k Ak'<bmomur,H kwmyg? “vl”/ vl @tjzpf (Human Being) [m wefzd k;

}uD;+yD;awmh ta&;vnf;ygw,f/ Ak'<qd kwJh tzufzufu jynf hpH kwJhvlom;&J @ tjzpfod k @wd kifatmif wd k;wufjrif hrm;Ed kifwJ hpGrf;tif vlrSm&S dw,fvd k @ ,H k=unfw,f/ vlom;[m odrSm;awGa0r_ESif h qifjcifwH kw&m;uif;rJ hr_awG jzpfay:Ed kifao;w,fvd k @vnf; ,k H=unfw,f/ Ak'<bmom0ifawG[m t&m&mwd kif;ud k t&S dud kt&S dtwd kif; &_jrifok H;oyfavh &S d=uygw,f? trkef;yGm;jcif;ud k arwWmESif h/ pdwfqd k;jcif;ud k pdwf&Snfonf;cH r_ESif h/trsufod k &efòi;xm;wwfjcif;ud k oabmxm;}uD;r_ESif h/ remvd k r&_pdrf hwwfwmawGud k oem;nSmwmwwfjcif;ESif h tpm;xd k; ajymif;vJypf

&r,f/ Ak'<&J @ pHerlemawGudk twk,l+yD; "rRrdwfaqGawG&J @ ulnDyH hyd k;r_/vrf;nefr_awGtwdkif; }udK;pm;oGm;=ur,fqd k&if vlwd kif; vlwd kif;[mtxufuqk dcJ hwJ h tJ'D arwWm/ cEœ D/ &ufa&mr_/ oem;=uifemr_pwJ husif hpOfawGud k usif haqmifvd k @ &Ek difw,fqd kwm Ak'<bmom0ifawGu,H k=unfygw,f?


'Dae&mrSm Ak'<u rdef@awmfrlonfrSm-

“vlom;ud k olud k,fwd kifrSvG Jvd k@ b,folurS ru,fEd kifbl;?u,fq,fEd kifol u,frEd kifol&,fvd k @ &S dud kr&S dbl;? vl[mvrf;ay:ajccs+yD; ud k,fwdkif av#mufoGm;zd k @ vd ktyfw,f?Ak'<&SifawGuawmh olav#muf&rnf h vrf;ud k &Sif;vif;nef;jyEd kif&H kygyJ1” wJ h?

1? "rRy'- 165



ig;yg;oDv

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vufrcHbl;qd kawmh Ak'<bmom0ifawGtzd k@ trSm;trSefud kb,fvdk odjrifvufcH=uygovJ?

ajz? ? vdkvm;wyfrufr_ avmb/ pdwfqd k; cufxefr_a'goESif hodrSm;awGa0r_ arm[awGtay: tajccH+yD; jzpfay:vmwJ h ud k,f/

E_wf/ pdwfv_yf&Sm;r_(uHok H;yg;) awG tm;vH k;[m edA ŠmefESif h a0;onfxufa0;apwJ htwGuf qd k;0g;vSygw,f? &ufa&mpGm v–'gef; pGef@}uJr_ 'ge/tusKd;vd k jzLpifwJ h arwWm/ usKd;a=umif; qifjcifwwfwJ h ynmawGtay: tajccHwJ h ud k,f/ E_wf/ pdwf vkyf&yfawG tm;vH k;[m edAŠmefoGm;&mvrf;a=umif;ud k ulnD&Sif;vif;ay;=uwJ htwGuf aumif;jrwf rSefuef=uygw,f?

xm0&ocif zefqif;&Sifud kA[d kðywJ h bmoma&;awGrSm trSm;trSef cG Jjcm;odjrifa&;qd kwm tJ'D bk&m;awG&J @ ynwfawmfawGxJrSmvmwJ h pHawGESif h nS d+yD;awmhrSyJ rSm;w,f/ rSefw,fvdk @ ,l&wm jzpfygw,f? vlud k A[d kðywJ h Ak'<bmomvd k bmomrsKd;rSmawmh rdrdud k,fud k rd frdeufeuf &_ dif;&_ dif; odjrifem;vnf wwfvmatmif tod^m%fyd kif;ud k


wpfqif h+yD;wpfqif h jrSif hwifay;&ygw,f? 'Dvd k ud k,f h[mud k,fodjrifoabmaygufr_tay:tajccHwJ h ud k,fusif hw&m;rsKd;uom ynwfawmfvmtrdef @twd kif;vd kufem&wJ htusif hrsKd;xuf yd k+yD;awmhcd kifrmvSygw,f?

'Dvd kESif h Ak'<bmom0ifawG[m trSm;trSef a0zef cG Jjcrf;+yD;od&S dzd k @ twGuf atmufyg tcsufoH k;csufud k &_iJ h+yD; vkyfaqmif=u&ygw,f? 'gawGuawmh -

(1) &nf&G,f&if; apwem (The Intention)

(2) tusKd;quf urRzv (The Effect)

(3) vkyfaqmifr_ urR (The Act) wd k@ ygyJ? ('gawG[muHwpf&yf txajrmufatmif ðyvkyfjzpfwJ h ae&mrSm yg0ifwJ h tyd kif;awGygyJ)?

apwem/ tusKd;qufESif h vkyf&yf/ 'DoH k;csufvH k;[m tJ'DuHud kðyvkyfol ud k,fwd kifESif h oufqd kif+yD;/ tusKd;qufuawmh ðyvkyfol tjyif

(ywf0ef;usifu) wpfjcm;olawGESif hyg qufpyfaeygw,f? (ywf0ef;usiftay:rSm vnf;yJ uHtusKd;ay;[m &d kufcwfwwfwJ h oabmygbJ )?

tu,fI v–'gef;csifwm/ v_ dufvS Jcifrifcsifwm/ todOm%fynmud k jrwfEd k;cH krifwmawGtay:tajccHwJ h &nf&G,f&if;apwemuaumif;aew,fqd k&if - 'Dapwemu rdrda&m olwpfyg;yg yd kIyd kItwd kif;xuftvGef v–'gef;jzpfatmif/ rsufESmcsKdom ysLiS g azmfa&GwwfvmatmifESif h ynmOm%f todw&m;ud k yd krdkwefzd k;xm;wwfvmatmiftxd wGef;tm;ay;w,fqd k&if 'g[m tjynf ht0 zG H @òz;wm/aumif;jrwfwm/ oDvtusif hESif h jynf hpH kwmawG jzpfvmwmygyJ?

'Dae&mrSm (E_ dif;,SOf pOf;pm;&rnf h) rwluG Jjym;wmav;awG &S d

ygao;w,f? wpfcgwpf&HrSm ud k,fu apwemaumif;ESif h vkyfaqmifvd kufwm jzpfayrJ h rdrda&m olwpfyg;yg b,folrS tusKd;rxl;yJvnf; jzpfwwfygw,f? wpfcgwpf&Husawmh apwemu aumif;rGefvSwm r[kwfayrJ h 'Dvkyf&yfu wpfjcm;olawGud k tusKd;ðy&if ðyaewwfygao;w,f?wpfcgwpfavrSmawmh apwemaumif;ESif h aqmif&Gufjzpfwm ud k,fu




awmh tusKd;&S dyg&J@/ wpfyg;olawGtwGuf taESmif ht,Suf jzpf&if jzpfaewwfygw,f? 'Dae&mrSm ud k,f&J @ vkyf&yfurRxJrSm taumif;tqd k;a&m,Suf yg0ifaewmrsKd; jzpfaewwfygw,f? ('ga=umif h vd k&if;ud kqd k&&if) apwemud ku qd k;aew,f/ tJ'Dapwemqd k;ESif h aqmif&GufwJ htwGuf rdrdESif holwpfyg;b,fol @ud krS tusKd;rðybl;qd k&if - 'g[m pifppfqd k;wm/ rSm;,Gif;azgufjyefrrSefuefwmygyJ? apwemu aumif;aew,f/apwemaumif;ESif h aqmif&GufwJ htwGuf rdrda&m olwpfyg;yg tusKd;rsm;=uw,fqd k&if 'g[m pifppf tjynf ht0 aumif;jrwfrSefuef+yD;razgufjyefwmygyJ?

ar;? ? 'gqd k Ak'<bmomrSm ud k,fusif hqd kif&m usif hxH k;wpf&yf&S dygao;ovm;?

ajz? ? &S dygw,f? ig;yg;oDv[m Ak'<bmom&J @ tajccH ud k,fusif h

oDvygyJ?(1) ouf&S dowW0gawGud k owfjzwfwm 'grSr[kwf

nSOf;qJES dyfpufwmawGud k a&Smif&Sm;jcif;/(2) cd k;0Suf vdrfnmr_ rðyjcif;/(3) umr*k%fudpPawGrSm azgufjyefusL;vGefr_ rðyjcif;/(4) vdrfvnf ajymqd kr_ rðyjcif;/(5) t&ufESif h rl;,pfaq;0g;rsm; roH k;pG Jjcif;wd k@ygyJ?

ar;? ? 'gayrJ h wpfcgwpfav owfjzwfr_[m vd ktyfw,f qd kwmaocsmygw,f? a&m*gawG jzpfyGm;apEd kifwJ h yd k;r$m;awGud k

ES drfeif; acszsuf&wmawG/ ud k,f hud k owfawmhr,f wuJuJvkyfaewJ h olud k ckcH&wmrsKd;awG vd ktyfvm&ifaumb,fvdkygvJ?


ajz? ? 'Dvd kar;cGef;rsKd; ar;wJ hvltzd k@awmh owfjzwfr_qd kwm vd ktyfaumif; vd ktyfrSm trSefygyJ? 'gayrJ h 'Dyd k;r$m;awG/ rdrduk d

owfawmhrnf h wuJuJ vkyfaewJ h yk*~KdvfawG&J@ udpPud kaum xnf hrpOf;pm;awmhbl;vm;? rdrd[m touf&Sif aexd kif&wmud k jrwfEd k;ovd kyJolwd k @awG[mvnf; touf&Sif aexd kifvd k=uolawGcsnf;ygyJ? ul;pufa&m*gyd k;awGud k ES drfeif;acszsufzd k@ qH k;jzwfvd kufwJ htcg ol @&J @apwemxJrSm tqd k;ESif htaumif; tm;+ydKifa&m,Suf+yD; yg0ifae=uw,f? 'Dvd kvkyfwm ud k,f htwGufawmh aumif;yg&J @ tvkyfcH&ol tzd k @rSmawmh raumif;&k d; trSefygyJ? 'ga=umif h 'Dtaetxm;rsKd;rSm owfjzwfr_qd kwm vd ktyfaumif;vd ktyfrSm jzpfayrJ h 'g[m pifppf aumif;wJ hoabmawmh r[kwfygbl;?

ar;? ? Ak'<bmom0ifawG[m yk&GufqdwfESif h =urf;yd k;awGud kawmif

odyfnSmwmavh &S d=uw,f qd kwmuaum b,fvd kygvJ?ajz? ? Ak'<0g'DawG[m owW0gawGtm;vH k; tay:rSm cG Jjcm;r_r&S dyJ

wajy;nD wpfoabmwnf;xm;+yD; cH krifoem;wwfwJ hu&k%m w&m;rsKd;ud k yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfavh &S d=uygw,f? Ak'<0g'DawGuawmh 'DurBm}uD;uk d ouf&S doufrJ h t&mawGtm;vk H; wajy;nD pkaygif;jzpfwnfvsuf &S d=uwJh urBmjzpfw,f/ t&m0wKawGESif h owW0gawGtm;vH k;rSm ae&m (ud k,fyd kif&yfwnfcsuf) ESif h tvkyf (ud k,fyd kifaqmif&Gufcsuf) ud k,fpD &S d=uw,fvd k @ &_jrif=uygw,f? obm0&J @[efcsufnD jzpfwnfr_ud k vlom;awGu wdrf;yg; ysufpD;apwmwd k @/azmufvS Jazmufjyef jzpfapwmwd k @ rvkyfrdcifrSm vlom;taeESif h owd

}uD;pGm xm;oif hw,fvd k @ cH,l=uygw,f? awmawmif a&ajr obm0ud kajrvSefzsufqD;+yD; ud k,f hvd kb jynf h0a&; wpfckwnf;ud kom t"duxm;wJ h/ jyefvnfysKd;axmifa&;qd kwmrsKd;ud k vk H;0*&krxm;bJ obm0t&if; tjrpfawGud k Ed kifvd krif;xuf zsufvd kzsufqD;vkyf+yD; tºuif;rJ hnSpfxkwf ok H;pG Jae=uwJ h a'owcsKd @qDu tusif hp&d kufqd k;awGud k




=unf hyg? (tJ'Da'oawGrSm) obm0u (vlud k) jyefvnfwGef;vSefvmyg+yD/ avxktv$m[mvnf; tqdyfoif hvmaew,f/ jrpfa&awG[mnpfnrf;vmae=u+yD; aemufqH k;rSm jrpfa=umif;awG aumoGm;=uw,f/vSywJ h owW0grsKd;aygif;rsm;pGmawG aysmufqH k;oGm;=uw,f/ awmawmifawG wd kufpm;ðyef;wD;vm+yD;/ &moDOwkawGvnf; ajymif;vJazmufjyefrrSefuefawmhygbl;? tu,fI vlawGuom 'Dvd krsKd; ES drfeif;zsufqD;owfjzwfr_awGud k enf;enf;yg;yg; jzpfjzpf qifqifjcifjcif &S d=ur,fqd k&if'Davmuf qdk;0g;wJ h tajcrsKd;txd qd kufa&mufzG,f&m r&S dygbl;?vlom;awGtm;vH k; ouf&S davmuud k yd krd kwefzdk;xm;wwfwJ h tusif hwd k;yGm;vmatmif óu;pm;oif h=uyg+yD? 'gu yg%mwdygw qd kwJ h yxroduQmyk'f&J@ qd kvkdcsufygyJ?

ar;? ? wwd, oduQmyk'fu rSm;,Gif;azmufjym;wJ h umrusL;vGef

wmrsKd; rðyvkyf&vd k @ qd kxm;w,f? rSm;,Gif;azmufjyefwJ humrusL;vGefr_ qd kwmuaum b,fvd kygvJ?

ajz? ? vdrfvnfvSnf hjzm; pnf;&H k;w,f/ umrudpP ta=umif;ðy+yD;aiGnSpfw,f/ 'grSr[kwf twif;tusyfðy+yD; wpfpH k

wpfa,mufud k umr qufqHw,fqd k&if 'gawG[m rSm;,Gif; azmufjyefwJ h umrr_awGygyJ? tdrfaxmif&SifwpfOD; taeESif huawmh ud k,f h&J @tdrfaxmifzuftay: opPmapmif hodyghr,fvdk @ xm;&S dcJ hwJ h uwdu0wfud kvnf; csKd;azmuf&ma&mufwJ htwGuf f wpfjcm;wpfa,mufESif hazmufjym;w,fqd k&if rSm;,Gif;wJ h umrr_ (umarokrdp> mpm&) ygyJ? 'g[m ud k,f h&J @tdrfaxmif zuftay:rSm opPmr&S d uwdrwnf&mvnf; a&mufygw,f?

vdifudpP qd kwm wu,fqd k vlESpfOD;t=um; wu,fcspf=uwm/&if;ES D;=uwmud k azmfaqmifwmyJ jzpfoifhygw,f? 'Dvd krsKd; wu,fwrf;cspfcif&if;ES D;=uawmhrSvnf; pdwfcsrf;omr_ tjynf ht0 &S d=urSmjzpfygw,f?


ar;? ? vufrxyf&ao;yJESif h vdifudpP jzpfyGm;wmrsKd;uaumrSm;,Gif;wJ h umrr_yJwJ hvm;?

ajz? ? ESpfOD;om;t=um; tjyef tvSef oabmwlcspf=unf&if;ES D;r_(trSef wu,f ,H k=unfpdwfcs&r_) &S d=uw,f qd k&ifawmh

'g[m rSm;,Gif;wJ htr_ r[kwfawmhygbl;? od k @ayrJ hvnf; &kyfoabmt&vdifqufqHw,fqd kwm rsKd;yGm;apwwfwJ h udpPjzpfw,fqdkwmud k rarhoif hygbl;? vufrxyf&ao;yJESif h trsKd;orD;wpfOD; ud k,f0ef &S dvm+yDqd k&if odyfcufcufcJcJ ajz&Sif;&wJ htjzpfrsKd; a&mufoGm;wwfygw,f?'ga=umif h qifjcifajrmfjrifavh &S dolawGuawmh vufrxyfrcsif; vdifudpPrðy=uwm taumif;qH k;yJvdk @ cH,l=uygw,f?

ar;? ? vdrfnm ajymqdkw,f qd kwmuaum b,fvd kygvJ? vdrfrajymyJ aevd k@aum jzpfEd kifajc &S dyg&J @vm;?

ajz? ? wu,f hud k rvdrf rnm r+zD;r+zef;yJESif h aexd kifvd k @ud k rjzpfEd kifavmufwJ h vl @r_tod kif;t0d kif;ESif h vkyfief;cGifrsKd;rSm usifvnf

&w,fqd k&ifawmh tJonfavmuf xdwfvef @p&maumif;avmufatmifqd k;qd k;0g;0g; jcpm;aewJ h taetxm;rsKd;ud k ajymif;vJ pGef@cG goif hygw,f?tcuftcJawGESif h }uHK&wJ htcg twwfEdkifqH k; rSefrSefuefuef &k d;&d k;om;om;ESif h vufawG @usus ud kifwG,f ajz&Sif;avh&S dol[m Ak'<0g'D/ Ak'<bmom0ifygyJ?

ar;? ? aumif;yg+yD/ t&ufaomufwmESif h ywfoufvd k@ enf;enf;yg;yg;uav; aomufwmqd k&ifaum (ud k,fusif hoDvudk)

odyfxdcd kufEd kifyghrvm;?ajz? ? vlawG t&ufaomuf=uw,fqd kwm t&omcHzd k @ twGuf

r[kwfygbl;? wpfa,mufwnf; aomufw,fqd k&ifwif;usyfwJ h tajctaeawGuae w'*Ftm;jzif h vGwfajrmufr_ &&S dzd k@twGuf aomufwmjzpfw,f? trsm;ESif haomufwmusawmh tJ'D




vlawGESif h wpfoabmwnf; jzpf+yD; vd kufavsmnDaxG jzpfapzd k @ twGufaomuf=uwmyJ jzpfygw,f? t&ufqd kwm enf;enf;yg;yg;uav;aomufwmESif hyJ todpdwfud k uwdrf;uyg; jzpfap+yD; owdvufvGwfjzpfwwfygw,f? trsm;tjym;aomufwmqd k&ifawmh vH k;0ysufpD;oGm;rSmygyJ?

ar;? ? rjzpfpavmufuav; aomufwmESif hawmh oDv[m rysufpD;Ed kifbl;vd k@ xifygw,f? ysufEd kifygao;ovm;? aomufwmuvnf; wu,f henf;enf;yg;yg; qd k&ifayghav?

ajz? ? ysufEd kifygw,f? 'Dtenf;tusOf;uav;ud kawmifraomuf& raeEd kifbl;qd k&if tJ'DoduQmyk'f aqmufwnfr_

ESif h qH k;jzwfcsufcsr_[m rcd kifrmvd k @yJaygh? b,fvd kvJ cd kif&J @vm;?

ar;? ? ig;yg;oDv qd kwm wm;jrpfcsuf oufoufcsnf;yJvm;?bmawG rvkyf&/ b,f[mawG a&Smif&rnf qd kwmcsnf;yJzdajym+yD;awmh bmawG b,f[mawGawmhjzif h vkyf&r,fqd kwm rsKd;uaum rygbl;wJ hvm;?

ajz? ? ig;yg;oDv[m Ak'<bmom&J@ tajccH ud k,fusif hw&m;ygyJ?ig;yg;oDv&J @ tus,ft0ef;[m Tr#wGifom r[kwfao;yg

bl;? vl[m trltusif hqd k;awGud k (ud k,fwdkif) odjrif+yD; tJ'gawGud k&yfqd kif; a&Smif=uOfjcif;jzif h tpysKd;&ygr,f? 'Dtcsufu ig;yg;oDv[mbm twGufvnf; qd kwJ h tajzygyJ? trltusif hqd k;awGud k &yfqd kif;+yD;wJ haemufrSmawmh trltusif haumif;awGud k wd k;yGm;ðyvkyfzd k@ pwifygawmh?

Oyrm jy&&if pum;ajymqd kr_ 0pDuH qd kygawmh rkom;ajymqd kwmud ka&Smif=uOfjcif;jzif h pwif&ygr,f? tJ'Daemuf oif hawmfwJ h tcsdef(tajctae) rSm rSefaompum;ud k El;nh HodrfarG @pGm ajymqd kwwfvmatmif avhusif h,l&r,fvd k @ Ak'<u rdef@awmfrlcJ hygw,f?


“rkom;ajymqd kr_ud k a&Smif=uOfjcif;jzif h opPmpum;ud k qd koljzpfvmw,f? tm;ud k;xd kufol/ ,H k=unfpdwfcs&ol/ rS Dcd kxd kufoljzpfvmw,f? olrsm;awGud k xdcd kufepfemapEd kifwJ h *k H;acsmpum;ud k a&Smif=uOfjcif;jzif h wnf=unfol jzpfvmw,f?olESpfOD;t=um; em;vnfr_ vG JwmawG jzpfvmatmif 'Dpum;[d kajym/ [d kpum; 'DajymrsKd; rajymbl;? roif hrwif hjzpf+yD;uG Jjym;aeolawGud k jyefvnf &if=um;aphay;+yD; rdwfaqGawG=um;rSmawmh yd krd kcd kifrmvmatmif aqmif&Gufay;avh &S dw,f?nDnGwfat;csrf;r_ud kyJ =unfEl;ESpfouf jrwfEd k;ol jzpfw,f?ol @ajympum;awG&J @ OD;wnfcsufuvnf; nDnGwfa&;ygyJ?=urf;wrf;&k dif;jywJh pum;rsKd;uk d a&Smif=uOfjcif;jzif h ol@pum;awG[m tjypfuif;wJ hpum;/ em;0ifcsKdwJ@pum;/ uef @uGufp&mr&S dwJ hpum;/ ESvHk;om;ud k &k dufcwfapwJ hpum;/ ,Ofaus;

zG,f&mwJ hpum;/ vlrsm;pk oabmusavmufwJ@pum;awGjzpfvmwmygyJ? odrfzsif;wJ hpum;awG G Gud k a&Smif=uOf+yD;awmhtcsdeftcgESif hvd kufzufwJ hpum;/ rSefuefwh h Jh h hpum;/ "rRESif hpyfvsOf;wh Jpum;/ Oya'o (usif hpOf/ pnf;urf;/ vkyfenf;vkyf[ef) ESif h pyfvsOf;wh Jpum;/ ta&;yg+yD; wefzd k;&S dwh J pum;/tcgtcGif hoif h+yD; a=umif;uskk k kKd;qDavsmfwJ h h pum;/ vd k&if;uswJ hpum;rsKd;awGud k ajymqd kavh&S dol jzpfvmw,f1?”

1? rZP sdredum,-179



wrvGef

ar;? ? vlom;[m b,fuae vmcJ h+yD;awmh b,fqDud koGm;rSmygvJ?

ajz? ? 'Dtar;twGuf jzpfEd kifajcu oH k;rsKd;&S dygw,f? zefqif;&Sifud k,H k=unfolawGuawmh - owW0gawGud k rzefqif;cifrSmvl[m ray:aygufao;yJ bk&m;ocif&J @/ bk&m;ocifawG&J @ zefqif;vd kwJ hqENjzpfay:r_uaewqif h vlay:aygufvmcJ h&wm jzpfw,fwJ h/ 'Dvd kESif hol[m ouf&S daexd kifoljzpfvm+yD; aexd kif&wh J b0rSm bmud k,H k=unf+yD;bmawG aqmif&Gufw,fqdkwh J tcsufay: rlwnfvsuf xm0&aumif;uifbk H/ 'grSr[kwf xm0& i&Jbk HqDud d k oGm;rSmyJwJ h? vlom;0g'DawGESifh ody`Hynm&SifawGuawmh obm0 ta=umif;w&m;awGa=umif h vlowW0gawG ay:aygufvmcJ h=uw,f/ ouf&Sifaexd kifw,f/aoqH k;w,f/ +yD;awmh tpaysmufoGm;awmhwmygyJwJ h? Ak'<bmom

uawmh 'Daz:jycsuf ESpfrsKd;vH k;ud k vufrcHygbl;? yxr t,ltqu,H k=unfr_ESif ha&m tusif hp&d kufESif hyg oufqd kifwJ h ar;cGef;aygif;rsm;pGmud kay:xGufvmapygw,f? oef @pifrGef jrwfwJ h bk&m;ociftaeESif h trSefwu,fom owW0gawGud k zefwD;aewm jzpfw,fqd k&if a=umufp&maumif;avmufatmif yH kysufyef;ysufESif h arG;zGm;vmolawG/ wpfcsKd@u


arG;csdefrwd kifrD aooGm;=uovd k/ wpfcsKd @usawmh vaphvd k @arG;vmwmawmif taoyJ arG;vmjyefw,f? 'gawGud k b,fvd kjzpfw,fqd kwm&Sif;jyzd k@awmifrSyJ cufcJvSygw,f? zefqif;&Sif0g' taeESif h &Sif;jyzd k@ cufvSwJ h aemuftcsuf wpfckuawmh vlwpfOD;[m urBmay:rSm vl @oufwrf; ESpf 60-70 r# ouf&Snfaexd kif+yD; 'DumvtawmtwGif; olvkyfcJ hwJ @raumif;wmawG twGuf i&JrSm xm0& 'kuQawGud k (rqH k;wrf;)cHpm;&awmhr,fqd kawmh 'g[m enf;enf;uav;rS w&m;&m usyH kray: ygbl;? 'Dvdk ESpf 60-70 r# umvtwGif; bk&m;w&m;ud k r,H k=unfcJ h&k HESif h 'grSr[kwf tusif huav; raumif;cJ h&H kESif hyJ xm0&'kuQawGud k(eif haeatmif) rcHpm;xd kufao;ygbl;? tjyeftvSeftm;jzif h vl @oufwrf; tESpf 60-70 r# umvtwGif; aumif;aumif;rGefrGef aexd kifcJ h&H kr#uav;jzif h aumif;uifbk HrSm trw okcawGud k xm0& cHpm;&zd k @qd kwJ htwGufvnf; yrm%enf;aew,f qd kwmygyJ?

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ud kawmh &kyfEG,fwJ h pdwf&J @yHko¾meftjzpfESif h xnf h oGif;ajymqd kzd k @uawmh cufwkef;ygyJ?

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ajz? ? b,fbk HÏmerSmoGm;jzpfr,f/ b,fb0 taetxm;rsKd;ud k

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ar;? ? 'gqd k&if vl&J @ uHw&m;ucsnf; vlud k tqH k;tjzwfay;wm

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ajz? ? odyfvkyfEd kifwmaygh? rSefuefwJ h tm;xkwfr_ (orRm0g,mr)1

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a0ae=uOD;rSmyg? tJonfvd krsKd; pG JuyfaewJ h tusif hqd k;awGqd kwmu=umav pGef @y,fzd k @ cufavygyJ?

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ajz? ? wrvGefb0ESif h ywfoufvd k @ Ak'<bmomawG&J @ t,ltqud k






ajz? ? t,lonf;r_ (Superstition) qd kwmud k tbd"mefu= a=umif;usKd; qufEG,fr_ay:wGif tajcrcH/ 'dÏ"rR tajctaeawG

ud kvnf; y"merðybJ arSmftwwfwd k @/ rsufvSnf hwdk @ qd kif&mawGrSmvd ktawG;pdwful; oufoufay:rSmom tajcðyawG;ac:wJ h ,H k=unfr_vd k @zGif hqd kygw,f? rm&fewf&S da-umif;ESif h ywfoufvd k @ ody` Hynm&Sif wpfOD;OD;upl;pl;pd kufpd kuf avhvm+yD;a&;om; az:xkwfcsuf wpfckckud k xkwfjyEd kifr,fqd k&ifawmh rm&fewf,H k=unfr_[m t,lonf;r_ r[kwfawmhbl;vd k @vufcH&ygvdrf hr,f? 'gayrJ h rm&fewfESif hywfoufvd k @ tJ'Dvd k avhvm pl;prf;wJ hokawoersKd;vkyf=uwm r=um;rdao;ygbl;? 'Dvd krsKd; udpPawGud k avhvmzd k @&efvnf; b,fody`Hynm&SifurS wul;wuðy+yD; 'kuQcHcsifrSm r[kwfygbl;? 'ga=umif h rm&fewf&S da=umif; taxmuftxm;r&S dbl;vd k@yJ qd k&ygvdrf hr,f? 'gayrJ h aqG;aEG;cJ h=u+yD;wJ htwd kif;yJ wrvGefb0qd kwJ h t&m[mtrSefwu,f jzpfysufvsuf&S dw,fvd k @ ,lq&wJ h taxmuftxm;awmh

&S dygw,f? 'gha=umif h wrvGefb0qd kif&m ,k H=unfr_[m jzpf&yfrSeftaxmuftxm; tenf;i,fay:rSm tajccHw,fqd k&ifyJ 'g[m t,lonf;r_vd k@ rqd kEd kifawmhygbl;?

ar;? ? aumif;yg+yD/ 'gqd k&if wrvGefb0ud k ,H k=unfvufcHwJ hody` Hynm&Sif wpfa,mufwavaum &S dygao;ovm;?

ajz? ? &S dygw,f? oluawmh 19 - &mpk +Adwdo# ynma&;pHepfESif hody` Hbmom&yfud k rdwfqufay;cJ hol aomrwfpf [wfpfav

(Thomas Huxley) yJ jzpfygw,f? ol[m 'g0if oD0&Dud k umuG,fajymqd kay;wJ h yxrqHk;aom ody` Hynm&Sifvnf; jzpf+yD;awmh vl0ifpm;udpP[m

rsm;pGm jzpfEd kifajc&S dwJ h t,ltq wpf&yfjzpfw,fvd k @ ,H k=unfolvnf;jzpfygw,f? ol @&J@ emrnfausmf pmtkyfwpftkyfjzpfwJ h Evolution and

Ethics and other Essays pmtkyfxJrSm tckvd k a&;om;cJ hygw,f?“,if;wd k @. rl&if;usrf;pmrsm;xJwGif (rwluG Jjym;pGmjzif h)rnfod k @yif &S dESif hae=uonfjzpfap/ b0ul;ajymif;jcif; udpPY


um; jAm[R%0g'ESif h Ak'<0g'tawG;tjrifrsm;rSm p=um0VmjzpfpOfrSonf vlom;jzpfpOf tygt0iftxd tusKd;t=umif;qufpyfr_&S d&S d ,kwW dusus azmfjycsufrsm;ud k pkpnf;xm;onf ht"dy g,frsm;jzif h wnfaqmufxm;=uavonf? r#r#ww&S dvSonf h Tazmfjycsufonf wpfjcm;aom bmomt,l0g'qd kif&m oD0&Drsm;xuf rsm;pGm qDavsmfr_&S dygonf? aygh&$wfpGmawG;ac:oH k;oyfwwfolrsm;rSty tajccHvG JrSm;aeonfh ,lqcsuf wpf&yftjzpf Tt,ludk rnfolurS ysuf&,fðyvdrf hrnfr[kwfay? qif huJ ajymif;vG Jr_ jzpfpOf oD0&DuJ hod k@yif T b0ul; '\eonfvnf; jzpf&yfrSef e,fy,fxJY tajcðyxm;avonf? tjiif;yGm;r_ud k nS dE_ dif;jcif;jzif h ajz&Sif;Ed kifovd kTb0ul;udpPYvnf; qif huJajymif;vJr_ oD0&DuJ hod k @yiftvm;wl tajz&Smr_rsKd;udk &,lEd kifygw,f?”

ody` Hynm&Sif td kifpwk dif;&JŒ rdwfaqGwpfOD;jzpfwJ h emrnfausmfqd G'fcsfvlrsKd; euQwWaA'ESif h &lyaA'ynm&Sif ygarmuQ *lpw-zfpx&efbm-*f (Gustaf Stromberg) uvnf; wrvGefb0qd kif&m t,ltqwpf&yfud k atmufygtwd kif; az:xkwfa&;om;cJ hygw,f?

“vlom;[m urBmajrjyifay:rSm aemufxyfwpf}udrf jyefvnf 0ifpm;vmEd kifw,f/ r0ifpm;Ed kifbl; qdkwJ h tcsufay:rSmtjrifawGtrsKd;rsKd; uG JvG Jae=uygw,f? 1936-ckESpf rSmawmhtdEN d,tpd k;& tm%myd kifawGu odyfpdwf0ifpm;zG,faumif;wJ h udpPwpf&yfufd k tptqk H; pl;prf;azmfxkwfcJ h=uygw,f?

o#Eœ Da'0D (Shanti Devi) qk dwJ h a'vD òrdŒolav;wpfOD;[molrud k tckb0rSm rarG;zGm;rD wpfESpfcefŒu a'vDuae rd kif500 uGma0;wJ h rkwW&ma'orSm aemufqH k; jzpfysufcJ hwJ holr&J @twdwfb0a[mif;ud k rSefuefpGm azmfxkwfajymqd kEd kifcJhygw,f? tJ'D b0wkef;u olrcifyGef;ESif h uav;&ŒJ emrnfawG/




aexd kifcJ hwJ h tdrfyH kpHESif h b0jzpfpOfawGud k ajymjycJ hygw,f?pH kprf;a&;aumfrD&Sifu olrud k aqGa[mif; rsKd;a[mif;awGqDac:aqmifoGm;+yD; awGŒqH kay;awmh olr&JŒajym=um;csufawGtm;vH k;[m rSefuefa=umif; aqGrsKd;awGu 0efcH ajymqdkcJ h=uygw,f? tdEN d,u vlawGtwGufawmh vl0ifpm;udpPqd kwmtqef;tjym;vd kŒawmif r,lq=uygbl;? 'gayrJ h tJ'Drdef;uav;&JŒ b0a[mif;u jzpf&yfrsm;pGmud k trSeftwd kif;rSwfrdaeao;wmud kawmh wth Hw=o jzpf=u&ygw,f?(b0ul;ayrJ h) rSwfOm%f[m rarhraysmufwJ h obm0 &S dw,fqd kwJ h t,ltqud k 'Djzpf&yfESif h wjcm;tvm;wl jzpf&yfawGucd kifrmatmif tm;jznf hay;wJ h om"uawGyJjzpfw,fvd k @,lqEd kifygw,f”?

xif&Sm;wJ h +Adwdo# ody` Hynm&SifwpfOD; jzpf+yD;awmh,leufpud k (UNESCO) tzG J @}uD;&J @ nef=um;a&;r–;csKyfvnf; jzpfwJ hygarmuQ *sL;vD,ef[wfpfav (Prof. Julian Huxley) uvnf; wrvGefb0[m ody` HtjrifESif h vH k;0 wxyfwnf;usw,fvd k @ ,lqygw,f?

“txl;ðy xkwfvkyfxm;onf h xkwfv$if h ud&d,muwdusonf h a=u;eef;wpfapmifud k xkwfv$ifh ouJhok d @ aovGef+yD;aemuf wpfenf;enf;tm;jzif h xkwfv$wftyfaom xm0&wnfjrJaom 0dnmOftwWabm qd konf ht&mud k vufrcHEd kifp&m ta=umif; vH k;0r&S dyg? óu;rJ ha=u;eef;pmonf toGifopf

&kyfzG J@pnf;r_wpfck tjzpfjzif h vufcHpufud&d,mESifh qufoG,frdonf h tcgwGifrSom (a=u;eef;pm tjzpfrSonf &k d;&d k;)pmwpfapmif jyefjzpfoGm;onf qd kwmud k owdcsyf&rSm jzpfygw,f? xk denf;twd kif;yJ owW0gwd k @. odpdwf0dnmOf jzpfay: vmyk HESif h ywfoufI wpfenf;enf;tm;jzif h &kyfuvmyf


taeESif h jzpfay:rvmrcsif; awG;awmr_/ cHpm;r_[lIvnf;vH k;0 r&S dEd kifay? u|Ef kyfwd k@. emrfcE<mrsm;onf trSefwu,fjzpfwnfvsuf &S donf[lIyif pOf;pm;I r&Ed kifavmufatmifud k &kyfcE<mrsm;ay:wGifom rS Dcd kae&ayonf? pifppf emrfcE<m[lonf cE<m pifppfr[kwfbJ jzpfwnfr_ oufoufomjzpfacsonf? (a=u;eef;pmud k &k d;&d k;pm tjzpfjzif h) v$ Jajymif;vufcH&,lonf h pufod k @ a&S;&_xkwfv$if honf h a=u;eef;pmwpfapmifuJ hod k@yif (rdbavmif;rsm; jzpf=uonf h) trsKd;om;trsKd;orD;wd k @tm; tvm;wl qufoG,fr_ud k jzpfay:apaomxkwfv$if hyk H wpfrsKd;ud k u|Ef kyf pOf;pm;=unf hrdayonf? od k @&mwGif vltrsm; jrifom odomonf htwd kif; emruQE<mtm;vufcHonf h ud&d,mpuftjzpf toH k;awmfcHrnfh tqd kygwpfpH kwpf&mESif h qufoG,frdjcif;jzif h todpdwf trSefwu,f

ay:xGef;rvmrcsif; p=um0VmtES H @ ysH@vGif haernf h toD;oD;aom erlem twWabmrsm;rSty aojcif;. aemufuG,f0,fbmrS r&S day?

tar&duef pufr_enf;ynm&Sif [ife&Dazmh'f (Henry Ford) wd k fŒvd kodyfvufawGŒqef+yD; urBmod ausmf=um;olawGuawmif wrvGefb0&J h jzpfEd kifajc &S dyH kawGud k awG@&S dcJ h=uygw,f?

wrvGefb0 t,ltq[m zefqif;&Sif0g' ( theistic idea)

ESif haomfvnf;aumif;/ &kyf0g' (Materialistic idea) ESif h aomfvnf;

aumif; rwlnDrlI aemifb0rSm vlom;&J h wd k;wufa&;twGufxyfqif h tcGif htvrf; (Second chance) ay;xm;ygao;w,f? 'DtcsufawGa=umif h azmh'f[m wrvGefb00g'udk pdwfyg0ifpm;cJ hwm jzpfygw,f?olu tckvd kqdkcJ hygw,f?




“uíefawmf h touf 26-ESpf t&G,frSm vl0ifpm; t,ltqud k vufcHjzpfcJ hygw,f? 'Dvk d vufcHzd k@twGuf bmoma&;t&S deft0g v$rf;rdk;cH&wmrsKd; vH k;0 r&d ScJ hygbl;? vkyfief; tawGŒtñuHuawmif auseyfr_tjynfŒt0 ray;Ek difcJ hygbl;? rsufarSmuf b0uae pkpnf;jzwfoef;cJ h&wJ h tawGŒ tñuHawGud kaemifvmrnf hb0rSm csok H;vd k@ r&Ed kifaumif;bl;qd k&if tvkyfqd kwmvnf; tv[\ygyJ? vl0ifpm;udpPud k awGŒ&S d&wm[m p=um0Vm&JŒ jzpfpOfud k awGŒ&S d&ovk dygyJ? ud k,fh&J @ tawG;tac: tawG @t}uHKawGud k wd k;wufaumif;rGefvmatmifvkyfzd k @&m tcGif htvrf;&S dao;w,fvd k @ oabmaygufvd kufygw,f? tcsdefumvqd kwJ h t&mrSm &Snfvsm;r_/ wd kawmif;r_qd kwJ h tuef @towf r&S dygbl;? ('ga=umif hvnf;) u|efawmf[m tcsdefem&D vufwH&@J aus;u|efb0rS vGwfajrmufcJ h&yg

w,f? yg&rD (xl;c|ef xufjrufr_) qd kwm[mvnf; tawG @tñuHwpf&yfygyJ? wpfcsKd @uawmh 'g[m (zefqif;&Sifay;tyfcsD;ajrSmufwJ h) vuf aqmifyÀm/ 'grSr[kwf yifud k,fpGrf;&nfyJjzpfw,fvd kŒ xifjrif=uyk H&ygw,f? pifppfrSmawmh 'g[mb0tqufqufuae ygvmwJh/ &if husufwJ h tawGŒtñuHawG&JŒ tusKd;qufyJjzpfygw,f? wpfcsKd @olawG[m wpfjcm;olawGxuf yg&rD&if hoef=uavawmh ydkrd k+yD; todºu,f=uwmaygh? u |efawmf htzd kŒawmh vl0ifpm;udpPawGŒ&S dcsufud k tawmfav; =unfEl;ESpfodrf hr_ jzpf&ygw,f? tckaqG;aEG;cJ hwmawGESif hpyfvsOf;vd kŒ rSwfwrf;rSwf&mawG &S d=u&ifvnf; vlawG&JŒ

pdwfxJ oufom&mav; &=uavatmif pmtjzpfa&;=uprf;yg? u|efawmf h taeESif h &Snfvsm;/ &if husufwJ h b0tjrifESif h,SOfwJ h +idrf;csrf;r_&oud k wjcm;vlawGud kvnf; r#a0ay;vd kygw,f?”


'Dawmh - wrvGefb0qd kif&m Ak'<bmom a'oemawmfawGud kaxmufcHcsufay;wJ h ody` Htaxmuftxm;wcsKdŒ &S duk d&S dygw,f? Ak'<bmom&J @ wrvGefb00g'[m,kwW dwefwJ h tjrifjzpfwJ htjyif/ zefqif;&Sif0g'ESif h &kyf0g'awGu tajzray;Ed kifwJ har;cGef;awGud k ajzqd kaewmyJ jzpfygw,f? tm;wufoa&mvnf; &S dvSygw,f? xyfqif h tcGif htvrf;(Second Chance) r&S d/ 'Db0rSm vkyfrdrSm;cJ h+yD;wJ h trSm;awGud k jyefjyifcGif hr&/ 'Db0u &,lcJ hwJ ht&nftcsif;awG/ tpGrf;tpawGud k yk drd kaumif;rGef wd k;wufatmif vkyfzd k@&efvnf; tajctaeray;awmhwJ h b0oD0&DrsKd;xufqd k;wm b,frSm &S dygOD;rSmvJ? Ak'<&J @ tqd kt&awmh 'Db0rSmedAŠmef r&Ed kifao;bl;qd k&ifawmifrS aemufaemifb0awGrSm qufvufóu;pm;oGm;Ed kifwJ h tcGifhtvrf;&S dao;w,f? tckb0rSm vkyfrSm;rdxm;wmawGud k aemufb0rSm jyefvnfðyjyifcGif h&Ed kifao;w,f? vkyfrSm;rdcJ hor#awGxJu trSefoifcef;pmud k xkwf,lEd kifao;w,f? 'Db0rSmrvkyf

Ed kifcJ h/ r&,lEk difcJ hwmawGud k vmrnf hb0rSm vkyf,lvd k @&Ed kif ao;wmyJwJ h?uJ - b,favmufaumif;wJ h a'oemawmfygvJ?



urRÏmef;bm0em

ar;? ? bm0em yGm;rsm;r_ qd kwmu b,fvd kygvJ?ajz? ? bm0em yGm;rsm;w,fqd kwm pdwf&J @ vkyfyH kud kifyH kawGud k tod

&S d&S dESif h ajymif;vJypfzd k@ óu;pm;wmyJ jzpfygw,f?

w&m;tm;xkwfr_ (Meditation) qd kwmud k ygVdbmomtm;jzif h bm0emvd kŒac:+yD;/ wd k;yGm; atmifvkyfjcif;/ wd k;wufyGm;rsm;apjcif;vd kŒ t"dy`g,f&ygw,f?

ar;? ? w&m;tm;xkwfr_[m odyfta&;ygygovm;?ajz? ? [kwfygw,f? ta&;}uD;wJ h udpPwpfckygyJ? b,favmufyJ

taumif;jzpfapcsifwJ h qENxufoefygap/ ,cif h,cifuvkyfenf;vkyf [efawG twd kif;yJ vkyfud kifqk H;jzwfjzpfatmif wGef;yd k @aewJ hqENw%Sm tpG JawGud k ry,frvSefEdkifrcsif; b,ftajymif;tvJrS jzpfvmrSmr[kwfygbl; ? Oyrm - rdef;rtay: onf;cHcGif hv$wfEd kifr_ acgif;yg;wJ h vl

wpfOD;[m olŒ[mol oabmaygufvmwma=umif h cktcsdefup+yD; ig[mud k,f hrdef;rtay: onf;cHcGif hv$wf+yD;awmh nSmnSmwmwmyJ qufqHawmhr,fvd kŒ yd kif;jzwfxm;w,fqd kygawmh/ 'gayrJh aemufwpfem&Davmuft=umrSmyJ ol[m rdef;rud k t&ifutwd kif; atmfaigufawmhwmygyJ?'Dvd kjzpf&wm[m owdvpfoGm;vd k @ jzpfygw,f? onf;cHwwf favhr&S dwJ h


a'gou ol rodvd kufyJESif hud k jzpfay:vmcJ hwmjzpfw,f? w&m;bm0emtm;xkwfr_u tckvd kpG JuyfaewJ h pdwftpG Jtvrf;awGud k y,fpGefŒ&mrSmvd ktyfwJ h todpdwf"gwfESif h pGrf;tifawG wk d;wufjzpfay:vmatmif tul

tnDay;ygw,f?

ar;? ? urRÏmef;w&m; tm;xkwfwm[m tEœ &m,f &S dEk difw,fvd kŒ=um;zl;ygw,f? [kwfrSefygovm;?

ajz? ? touf&Sifzd kŒtwGuf qm;"gwf vd ktyfwm rSefayrJ h qm;tav;csdef wpf uDvd k*&rfud k wpf}udrfwnf;ESif h pm;ypfvd kuf

r,fqd k&ifawmh aoEd kifygw,f? tvm;wlyJ ,aeŒacwfrSm vlvlolol&yfwnfEd kifa&;twGuf armfawmfum;[m r&S drjzpf vd ktyfvSygw,f? 'gayrJ h ,mOfpnf;urf; rvd kufembl;/ 'grSr[kwf rl;aewkef; um;armif;r,fqd k&ifawmh um;qd kwm tEœ &m,f&S dwJ h ,Eœ &m;wpfck jzpfoGm;Edkifygw,f?

w&m;tm;xkwfr_qd kwmvnf; 'Denf;twk dif;ygyJ? pdwf"gwf=uH @cd kifa&;twGuf w&m;bm0emyGm;rsm;tm;xkwfr_[m r&S drjzpfvd ktyfvSygw,f?'gayrJ h rd kufrJvG JrSm;wJ h enf;vrf;awGESif hom tm;xkwfr,f qd k&ifawmhtcuftcJawGESif h wd k;rSmygyJ? wcsKdŒvlawGrSm odrfi,fwJ hpdwf/ ta=umif;rJ h a=umufpdwfESif h pdwfupOfŒuvsm;jzpfr_awGvd krsKd; tcuftcJawG&S dwwf=uygw,f? w&m;tm;xkwfwm[m olwd k@awG&J @ tcuftcJawGud kcsufjcif;vufiif; ukpm;ay;rSmyJvd k @ ,lqxm;=uw,f/ olwd k@ pwiftm;xkwf=uw,f/ wpfcgwpfcgrSmawmh olwd k @awG[m yd krd kqd k;0g;wJ h tcuftcJawGESif h &ifqd kifwwf=u&ygw,f? udk,f @rSm 'Dvd ktcuftcJawGom &S dcJ hvd k @&S d&if q&m0ef&J @ tultnDud k t&if&,l+yD;awmhrS w&m;tm;xkwf

wmu yd kaumif;ygw,f? aemuf wcsKd @usawmh ud k,fwwfEd kifwmxufyd kyd k+yD;awmh tm;xkwf=uw,f? wjznf;jznf;csif; wqif h+yD;wqif h tm;xkwf&r,f@tpm; odyf}uD;rm;wJ h pGrf;tifawG ok H;ðzef;+yD; tcsdefawGt=um}uD; tm;xkwf=uavawm@ r=umcifrSmyJ ajcukefvufyrf;usoGm;wwf=uygw,f?



76 a'gufwm eaENmbmo (umvwwWm;)

'gayrJ h w&m;tm;xkwf&mrSm ñuH&wJ h tcuftcJ trsm;pkuawmh om;yd kufaumif bm0em (Kangaroo Meditation) vd k @ ac:&rnf h[d kpyfpyf 'Dpyfpyf tm;xkwfenf;a=umif h jzpf&wmrsm;ygw,f? wpfcsKd @

vlawGu q&mwpfOD;OD;qDoGm;enf;cH+yD; tJ'Dq&mhenf;uav;twd kif;vd kufvkyf=unf hw,f? wpfcg pmtkyfxJrSm enf;emuav;wpfcsKd @ zwf&wmESif h 'Denf;uav;ud kvnf; prf;=unf hjyefw,f? wpfywfcef @ =umawmh emrnfausmfurRÏmemp&d, q&mwpfOD; olwd k @òr@uav;qDud k ºuvmwmESif h tJ'Dq&m&J @ enf;awGESif h t&ifu &xm;+yD;om; enf;uav;awGud k aygif;pyfa&mar$+yD;awmh tm;xkwfzd k @ vkyfjyefyga&m? 'Dvd kESif hodyfr=umcifrSmyJ olwd k @&xm;wJ h enf;awGu (tarbkwf csnfiifovd k)ajz&Sif; r&Ed kifavmufatmifud k &_yfaxG;oGm;wwf=uygw,f? om;yd kufaumif ckefovd kyJ enf;wpfckuae aemufenf;wpfck/ q&mwpfOD;uaeaemufq&mwpfOD; ponfjzif h tm;xkwf=uwm[m rSm;,Gif;vSygw,f?

pdwfyd kif;qd kif&m tcuftcJ wpfpH kwpf&mvnf;r&S d/ obm0uswJh enf;rSefvrf;rSef twdkif;vnf; tm;xkwfwm jzpfw,f qd k&ifawmh w&m;bm0em yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfjcif;qd kwm[m rdrdud k,fwd kiftwGuf rdrdvkyfEdkifwJ htaumif;qH k; tvkyfud k vkyfjzpfjcif; tppfygyJ?

ar;? ? urRÏmef; trsKd;tpm;u b,favmuf&S dygovJ?ajz? ? urRÏmef;tm;xkwfol a,m*DwpfOD;csif;pD taeESif h xl;uJ+yD;

&S dwwfwJ h tcuftcJawGud k ajz&Sif;ay;Ed kifatmif 'grSr[kwfwpfOD;csif;&J @ oD;oef @pDjzpfwJ h pdwftaetxm; (p&k duf) tvd kuf wd k;wufr_&S datmif pDpOfxm;wJ h urRÏmef;trsKd;trnf tawmfrsm;rsm;ud k Ak'<

a[mawmfrlcJ hygw,f? 'gayrJ h toH k;trsm;qH k;ESif htoH k;tusqH k; urRÏmef;awGuawmh tmemyge\wdESif h arwWmbm0emwd k @yJ jzpf=uygw,f?

ar;? ? tmemyge\wdud k tm;xkwfvd kw,fqd k&if b,fvd ktm;xkwf&ygovJ?


ajz? ? vG,fulwJ h enf;tqif huav;awGESif h pwif&ygvdrfhr,f?'gawGuawmh tusOf;csKyfajym&&if yD (P) av;vH k;ygyJ?

Place - ae&m/ Posture - ud k,f[eftaetxm;/ Practice - vufawG @ tm;

xkwfavhusif hyH kESif h Problems - tcuftcJrsm; jzpf=uygw,f?(1) ae&m - w&m;tm;xkwfzd k @ oif hawmfwJ h ae&mrsKd; jzpfzd k @

vd ktyfygw,f? odyf+yD;awmhvnf; qlqlnHnH r&S d(jzpfEd kif&if vHk;0eD;yg; wdwfqdwf+idrfoufwJ h)/wpfjcm; taESmif ht,Suf qd kwmvnf; r&S dwJ htcef;wpfcef;vd k ae&mrsKd;aygh?

(2) ud k,ftaetxm; - oufawmif houfom &S dwJ hud k,ftae txm;ud k a&G;cs,f+yD; xdkif&ygw,f?(trsm;tm;jzif hawmh) wifysOfacG+yD; xk difwm[maumif;wJ h taetxm;ygyJ? xd kifwJ htcg acgif;tH k;vd k

tcif; xlxlwpfckay:rSm xd kifcsvd kufyg? a=umud kqef@+yD; ud k,fae rwfrwfxm;/ vufawGud kwifyv†ifacGay:rSm &G&Guav; cs+yD; rsufvH k;ud knSifompGm rS dwfxm;yg? a=umud k rwfrwfqef @xkwfvd k@&avmufwJ h ukvm;xk difay:rSmvnf; xd kifr,fqd k&ifxk difEd kifygw,f?

(3) vufawG @tm;xkwfyH k - ususee xd kif+yD;wJ h aemufrSmawmh wu,f htm;xkwfr_ pwifyg+yD? rsufvH k;uav;rS dwf+yD;xd kifcsvd kufwmESif h xGufav 0ifav&J @ v_yfcwfr_ay:rSmom pl;pd kufodrSwfvd k @ ae&ygr,f? touf±–&_ dufr_

ud k a&wGuf odrSwfvd k@ jzpfap/ 'grSr[kwf (touf ±ª±_ dufr_ud k vd kuf+yD; jzpfay:aewJ h) 0rf;Ad kuf&J@ ydefr_ azgif;r_ud kjzpfap owdESif h &_rSwf&ygr,f?

(4) tcuftcJ - pwiftm;xkwf+yDqd kwmESif h twm;tqD;tcuftcJawGESif hawmh awG@rSmygyJ? cE<mud k,ftES H @




[d kae&m onfae&mawGu ,m;,Hwm/ 'l;acgif;uanmif;ud kufvmwmrsKd;awG awG @&wwfygw,f? 'Dvd kjzpfvm+yDqd k&if v_yf&Sm;r_ wpfpH kwpf&mrðybJ

cE<mud k,fud k azmhazmhuav;xm;+yD; aeomatmifóu;pm;&if; toufudkyJ pl;pd kuf+yD; rSefrSef ±–±_ dufaeyg?pdwfxJrSm tawG;rsKd;pHk 0ifa&mufvmwwf+yD;touf±ªr_tay: pl;pd kufxm;wJ h owduav;ysH @vGif hxGufoGm;wwfygao;w,f? xGufav0ifavud kyJtm&k Hpl;pd kuf ±ªrSwf&if; onf;nnf;cHwJ h enf;ESifhomay:vmor# tcuftcJawGud k vGefajrmufEdkifygw,f?'Denf;twd kif; qufoGm;&ifawmh aemufqH k;rSmtawG;0ifa&mufr_uvnf;yJ avsmhyg;oGm;r,f/tm&H kpl;pd kufr_zufu yd krd ktm;aumif;vm+yD;awmh

pdwf&J @euf±_ dif;wJ h +idrfoufat;csrf;r_ud k&&S doGm;Ed kifygw,f?

ar;? ? w&m;tm;xkwf&mrSm b,favmuf=um=umtm;xkwfoif hygovJ?

ajz? ? pwiftm;xkwfwJ h yxrygwfrSm wpfae@ud k 15 - rdepf/aemuftygwfawGrSm wpfywf ig; rdepfpD tcsdefud k wd k;jrSif h,l

+yD; 45- rdepfa&mufatmiftxd wd k;jrSif htm;xkwfyg? ae@pOfyk HrSeftm;xkwfjzpfwJ h &ufowWygwf tenf;i,f t=umrSmyJ pl;pd kuftm; aumif;vmwm pwifawG @jrif&ygvdrfhr,f? tawG;ysH@vGif hr_awG enf;onfxuf

enf;vm+yD; wu,f h at;csrf;+idrfoufr_orm"d &Ed kifygw,f?

ar;? ? arwWmbm0em yGm;w,fqd kwmuaum b,fvdkygvJ? b,fvk drsm; vufawG@ usif haqmif&ygao;ovJ?


ajz? ? tmemyge\wd urRÏmef;ESif h tom;us+yD;awmh tJ'Dtmemyge\wdud kyJ yk HrSeftm;jzif h qufvuf yGm;rsm;tm;

xkwfae+yDqd k&if arwWmbm0emud kvnf; pwiftm;xkwfvd k@ &yg+yD?

tmemyge\wd tm;xkwfvd k @ +yD;qk H;wJ htcgwd kif; arwWmbm0emud kwpfygwf ESpf}udrf/ oH k;}udrfcef @pD tm;xkwfoif hygw,f? yxr taeESif hrdrdud k,fud k rdrd tm&k Hðy+yD;awmh tckvd k arwWmyGm;oif hygw,f? ig[musef;rmaysmf&$ifygap/ +idrf;at;csrf;omygap/ tEœ &m,fuif;ygap/ ighESvk H;om;Y trkef;w&m;uif;+yD; arwWmw&m;jzif h &$rf;pd kjynf hòz;ygap qd kwJ hpum;rsKd;ud k ud k,f h[mud k,f pdwfESif h &Gwfqd k+yD;awmh yGm;rsm;&ygw,f?tJ'DaemufrSmawmh

- ud k,fu cspfESpfvk dvm;tyfwJ h (yD,) yk*~Kdvf/- rcspf rrkef;/ r&if;ES D;wJ h (rZÆ) yk*~Kdvf/- ud k,fESif h trkef;yGm;aewJ h &efol (a0&D) yk*~Kdvf awGuk d

wpfrsKd;+yD; wpfrsKd; tpOftwd kif; wpfOD;csif;pD txufu qd kcJ hwJ h arwWmyGm;rsm;enf;twd kif; rdrdud k,fESif h xyfwl yGm;rsm;&ygw,f?

ar;? ? 'Dvd k arwWm bm0em yGm;rsm;jcif;jzif h b,fvd krsKd; tusKd;aus;Zl;awG &&S dEd kifygao;ovJ?

ajz? ? arwWmbm0emudk rSefuefwJ h pdwfxm;ESif h yH krSefom yGm;rsm;r,fqd k&if odyf+yD;awmh tðyoabmaqmifwJ h tvm;tvm

aumif;awGud k awG @jrif&rSmjzpfygw,f? (yxr taeESif h) rdrd[m rsm;pGmcspfcifESpfvd kzG,faumif;ol/ tjypfuif;oltjzpf ud k,f h[mud k,fxifjrifvmrSm jzpfygw,f? ud k,fu cspfESpfvd kvm;wJ h yD,yk*~KdvfawG

tay:rSm xm;&S dwJ harwWm[mvnf; yd krd k+yD; jrif hrm;wd k;yGm;vmwmud kjrifawG @&ygvdrf hr,f f? tjrifoabmxm;csif; rwd kufqd kifolawGESif ha&m/ud k,fESif h rywfoufbJ bmodbmom aeolawGESif hyg &if;ES D;cifrifvm+yD;awmh rdwfaqGjzpfvmwmud kvnf; ud k,fawG @}uHK&rSmjzpfygw,f?wpfcsKd @yk*~ dKvfawG tay:rSm ud k,fuxm;&S dcJ hwJ h raumif;pdwf raumif;




}uHawG 'grSr[kwf rcHcsifpdwf awG[mvnf; avsmhyg;oGm;+yD;awmhaemufqH k; tJ'Dvd k pdwfrsKd;awG vH k;0aysmufuG,foGm;wmud k awG @Ed kifygw,f? arwWmyGm;rsm;wJ htcg ud k,fodxm;wJ h aexd kifraumif;ol/

raysmfr&$ifEd kif jzpfaewJhol/ tcuftcJ &ifqdkifae&olawGud kvnf;xnf hoGif;yGm;rsm;vd k@ &Ed kifygao;w,f? +yD;awmh oufqdkif&m yk*~ dKvfawG&J @ tajctaeawG ododomom wd k;wufaumif;rGefvmwmud kvnf;t}udrf}udrf awG@&OD;rSmyJ jzpfygw,f?

ar;? ? 'gu b,fvd k jzpfEd kifzG,f &d SygovJ?ajz? ? xdkufxd kufwefwef wd k;wuf aumif;rGefvmwJ htcg

pdwf[modyftm;aumif; xufjrufwJ h vufeufud&d,mwpfck jzpfoGm;ygw,f? rdrd&J @ pdwfpGrf;tifud k owdrl avhvm+yD; wpfjcm;yk*~ dKvfawGqD yd k@v$wfEd kifr,fqd k&if pdwf&J @ pGrf;tm;[m tJ'Dyk*~ dKvfawG

tay: tusKd;oufa&mufr_&S dEk difygw,f? 'Dvd krsKd; ud k,fawG@jzpf&yfawGawmif }uKHaumif; }uHKzl;=urSmyg? vlawGjynf husyfaewJ h tcef;wpfckxJa&mufaewkef; wpfpH kwpfa,mufu ud k,f hud k =unf haew,fvd k @ txifa&mufvmw,fqd kygawmh/ vSnf hywfod kif;0d kif; =unf hvd kufawmhrSaocsmoGm;w,f? [kwfyg&J @/ wpfpH kwpfa,mufu ud k,f hud k p˜ aewmyJ? 'g[mwpfjcm; yk*~ dKvfwpfOD;&J @ pdwfpGrf;tifud k uk d,fu b,fvd k vufcHxdodvd k@ &Ed kifw,fqd kwJ h oabmjzpfygw,f? arwWmbm0em yGm;rsm;w,fqd kwmvnf; 'Dtwd kif;ygyJ? wpfjcm;yk*~ dKvfawG tay:xm;&S dtyfwJ htðyoabmpdwfawGud k arG;jrLw,f/ +yD;awmh 'gud k ud k,fu arwWmyGm;rnf holawGqD wjznf;jznf;csif; yd k@v$wfw,f/ 'gygyJ?

ar;? ? w&m;tm;xkwfwwfatmif oifjyay;rnf h q&mqd kwmaum vd ktyfygovm;?

ajz? ? q&m&,fvd k@ owfowfrSwfrSwf vd ktyfwmawmhjzif h


r[kwfygbl;? w&m;tm;xkwfr_ESif h &if;ES D;u|rf;0if+yD;om; yk*~ dKvfawGqDu teD;uyfoifjyay;r_ud k &,lwmuawmh yd kaumif;wmaygh? wpfck qd k;wmu ud k,fbmvkyfaevd k @ vkyfaerSef;awmif rodwJ h &[ef f;yk*~Kdvf/ vl

yk*~Kdvf fwcsKd @u olwd k @ud k,folwd k @ urRÏmemp&d,tjzpf cH,lae=uwmawG awG @&S daewmygyJ? 'ga=umif h emrnf*k%fowif;aumif;+yD; r#r#wwok H;oyf/ qk H;jzwfwwfwJ h q&mrsKd;/ Ak'<pmayt&mrSmvnf; u|rf;u|rf;usifusif&S dvSwJ h yk*~KdvfrsKd;ud k a&G;jzpfatmif óu;pm;zd k @ygyJ?

ar;? ? pdwfa&m*guk q&m0efawG/ pdwfynm&SifawGuawmifw&m;tm;xkwfr_uk d us,fus,fjyef @jyef@ tok H;csae=u+yDvd k@=um;&ygw,f? 'gaum [kwfygovm;?

ajz? ? [kwfygw,f? tcktcg w&m;tm;xkwfr_ud k xda&mufwJ hpdwfukxk H; wpf&yftjzpf vufcHvm=uyg+yD? ta=umajy

avsmh+yD; em;em;aeae oufawmif h oufomjzpfapzd k @/ a=umufpG Ja&m*g1awGud k y,fazsmufzd k @/ ud k,f h&J htodpdwfud k jyef+yD;awmh aqmufwnfzd k @&ef (vd ktyfwJ h) udpPawGrSm usef;rma&;vkyfom; (pdwfuk q&m0ef)rsm;pGmwd k @[m w&m;tm;xkwfap+yD;ukwJ h enf;ud k tok H;ðyae=uyg+yD?vlom;&J h pdwf"mwfyd kif;a&;&mrSm Ak'<&J h Om%ftajrmf tjrifawmf[m[d k;a&S;a&S; acwfawGu tusKd;aqmifawmfrlcJ hovd kyJ tckacwfrSmvnf; tusKd;ðyay;aewkef;ygyJ?

1? Phobias - wpH kw&mud k pG Jvrf;+yD; tvGeftrif; a=umufwwfrkef;wwfonf hpdwfa&m*grsm;? Oyrm - Hydrophobia a&a=umufwwfwJ h acG;&l;jyefa&m*g?



u&k%mESif hynm

ar;? ? u&k%mESif h ywfoufwJ h ta=umif;t&mawG/ ynmESif houfqd kifwJ h tcsuftvufawGud k Ak'<bmom0ifawGqDur=umc% qd kovd k =um;&ygw,f? 'Da0g[m& ESpfvH k;&J @

t"dy` g,fubmygvJ?ajz? ? wpfcsKd @aom bmoma&; w&m;awGu oem;=uifemwwf

jcif; u&k%mESif h tusKd;vd kcifrifr_ arwWmudk (odyftoGifwl+yD;) odyfta&;ygwJ h pdwfyd kif;qd kif&m t&nftaoG;awGtjzpf vufcH,lqxm;=uyg&J @? 'gayrJ h qifjcifawG;ac: odem;vnfr_qd kwJ h ynmwd k;wufatmifawmh vrf;zGif hray;=uygbl;? tusKd;oufa&mufr_uawmhodyfoem;nSmwmwwfol wpfOD;taeESif h ol[m odyfpdwfxm; aumif;ayrJ h &d k;t˜ol/ ynmenf;ol/ 'grSr[kwf todOm%fuif;rJ hol tjzpfESif hpcef;odrf;&wmygyJ?

ody` Hynmvdk wpfjcm;aom awG;ac:ajrmfjrifr_ qd kif&m pHepf

awGuawmh u&k%mtygt0if tm;vH k;aom pdwf&J @ tðytrl(apwoduf) awGud k xdef;csKyfxm;wJ h tajctaersKd;rSmrSyJ ynmud ktaumif;qH k;tqif h wd k;wufatmif vkyfEd kifr,fvd k@ ,H k=unf=uygw,f?'Dt,ltqa=umif h jzpfay:vm&wJ h tusKd;qufuawmh ody`Hynm[mtusKd;ðyr_awGESifhtwl xd k;azmuf0ifa&muf ae&m,lvmw,f? tJ'D


tcgrSm ody` Hqd kwm vlom;tusKd;ud k aqmif&ef twGufom jzpfw,f/vlud k xdef;csKyfjc,fvS,fzd k @ r[kwfbl;qd kwmudkawmif arhoGm;=uw,f?tEkjrLAH k;ESif h ppfrufa&;&m pwmawG wd k;wuf jzp fxGef;vmatmif ody` H

u0dawGu olwd k @&J@ pGrf;tm;awGud k b,favmuftxd tm;opfavmif;Ed kif=uOD;rSmygvdrf h ? (txufu qd kcJ h JwJ h) bmoma&;awGu a=umif;usKd;qifjcifr_ESif h wwfodem;vnfr_awGud k arwWmESif h ,H k=unfr_vd k w&m;awG&J @ tEœ &m,fawG tjzpf &_jrif=uygw,f? (olwd k @ twGufawmh arwWmESif h,H k=unfr_ o'< guom t"duus+yD; ynmu 'Davmuf ta&;rygbl;)?ody` Hynm &_axmifhu =unfh&ifawmh 'DarwWmESif h ,H k=unfr_ qd kwmawG[m a=umif;usKd; qifjcifwwfr_ESif h "rR"dÏmefusr_ twGuf t[ef @twm;awGyJvd k@ jrif=uygw,f1? 'ga=umif hvnf; ody` Hynmzufu wd k;wufvmwmESif htr# bmoma&;zufrSmawmh csKd@,Gif; qkwf,kwfvm&wm jzpfygw,f? (txufu qd kcJ hwJ h bmoma&;awGESif h rwlnDwJ h) Ak'<bmom

taeESif huawmh u&k%ma&m ynmyg wd k;wuf&r,f/ tºuif;rJ h r#r#ww&S d+yD;/ +yD;jynf hpk HwJ holrsKd; jzpf&r,fvd k@ oGefoifay;ygw,f? t,ltqoufoufa=umif hcsnf; r[kwfbJ b0tawG @tñuH tay:rSm tajccHwma=umif hvnf; Ak'<bmom[m ody` Hynm&J @ apma=uma0zefr_ESif h prf;oyfppfaq;r_awGud k pdefac:&JwJ h bmomyJ jzpfygw,f?

ar;? ? Ak'<bmom w&m;awmft& ynmqd kwmuaumb,fvdkygvJ?

ajz? ? tjrif hrm;qk H;ynmqd kwm tm;vk H;aom ocF g&w&m;awG[m pifppftm;jzif h rjynf hpk Hr_ ('kuQ)/ tcd kuftwef @r#om

jzpf+yD; rcd kifjrJwJ h (tedpP)/ tpk d;&wmr[kwfwJ h (tewW) oabmawGr#om jzpfw,fvd k @ &_jrifwmjzpfygw,f? 'Dvd kem;vnf oabmayguf&_jrifwm[m tºuif;rJ h vGwfvyfr_yJ jzpf+yD;awmh edAŠmefvd k @ ac:qd k&wJ h

1? bmoma&;ESif h ody` Hynmwd k @&J @ tpGef;wpfzufpD a&mufae=uyk H jzpfygw,f?




wu,f hvk HjcKH pdwfcs&r_/ wu,f h aysmf&$ifcsrf;omr_qDud k OD;wnfaewmyJjzpfygw,f? 'gayrJ h Ak'<ud k,fawmfwd kifu 'Dtjrif hqk H;ynmtqif hESif hpyfvsOf;+yD; odyfrsm;rsm;pm;pm; a[m¹rufawmf rrlcJ hygbl;1? olrsm;awG

ajymwJ htwd kif; vG,fvG,fuav;ESif h ,k H=unfw,fqk d&ifvnf; 'g[mwu,f hynmppfppf r[kwfao;ygbl;? ppfrSefwJ h ynmqd kwmu rdrdud k,fud k rdrd wd kuf&d kuf odjrifem;vnfwmyJ jzpfygw,f? tJ'Dtqif hrSmawmh ynm[m usOf;ajrmif;r_r&S dbJ yGif hvif;r_&S dvmw,f/ w,loefqk H;jzwfwmxuf ywf0ef;usifu tjrifawGud k xnf hoGif;qk H;jzwf fwmrsKd;jzpfvmw,f/ ud k,f htjriftxif usOf;usOf; uav;ud k zufwG,fqkwfud kif ae&wmxuf ud k,ftjrifESif h rudkufnDwJ h jzpfpOfjzpf&yfawGud kvnf; owdjyK pdppfok H;oyfwwfvmw,f/ tay:,H tjrifESif h wiful;qk H;jzwfwm/ bufvd kufwmrsKd;awGxuf yd kjyD; "rR"dÏmefusus &_jrifwwfvmw,f? yxrqk H; t}udrftjzpf ñuH&wJ h 'grSr[kwf pdwfv_yf&Sm;zG,f

taumif;qk H; t&mawGud k (rpOf;rpm;) vufcHwmrsKd;awGxuf tcsdef,l oH k;oyf+yD;awmhrS tjrifawG/ ,H k=unfcsufawGud k wnfaqmufwwfvmw,f? udk,f ht,ltqESif h wu,f hjzpf&yfu wjcm;pD/ rud kufnDa=umif; odvm&wJ h b,ftajctaersKd;rSmrqd k ud k,f ht,ltqud kpGef @v$wfzd k@ toif h&S dvmw,f? ðyEd kifcJwJ h tckvd k qHk;jzwfr_awGud kðyEd kifpGrf;&S dwJ h yk*~ dKvfuom wu,f hynm&S doljzpf+yD;/ trSefw&m; (opPm)ud k em;vnfwJ h tqif hud k pifppf aygufajrmuf a&muf&S dolvnf;

2 ? TY ynmtjym;ok H;yg;&S dyk Hud k odxm;oif h.? 1-okwr,ynm ] olwpfyg;xHrS=um;jrif /oif,ljcif;jzif h &aomynm/2 - pdEWmr,ynm ] rdrduk d,fwd kif=uHpnf

awG;ac:I&aomynm/ 3 - bm0emr,ynm ]bm0emyG g;rsm;r_jzif homxk d;xGif;odjrifI &Ed kifaomynm? a[majymjyo&k H oufouf fjzif h r&Ed kifud k,fwd kifpd kufxkwfusif h=uHjcif;jzif hom aygufajrmufodjrifEd kifaomt&mjzpfITtjrif hqk H; bm0emr,ynm twGuf wd kuf&k duf - eDwwenf;tm;jzif h rsm;pGma[mawmfrrljcif;jzpfonf?


jzpfygw,f? ajymwJ htwd d kif;vd kufem&wJ h ,H k=unfr_oufouf enf;vrf;u bmrScufcufcJcJr&S dygbl;? Ak'<&J @ r*~ifvrf;pOfrSmawmh jywfom;&JwJ h - owW d/ xdef;odrf; atmif htnf; onf;nnf;cHEd kif&nf&S dr_ - cEœ D/

ðyvG,fjyifvG,fr_ - rk'kESif h tqif hjrif hwJ h todOm%f - ynmawG & S dzd k @vd ktyfvSygw,f?

ar;? ? 'Dtqif h a&mufEd kifwJh olu r&S doavmuf enf;yg;vdrf hr,fvd k @ xifygw,f? vltenf;i,fr#om usif hoH k;vd k@&wJ hbmomqd k&if Ak'<bmom&J @ OD;wnfcsufu b,fvd kygvJ?

ajz? ? [kwfygw,f? vlawGtm;vH k;uawmhjzif h Ak'<0g'ud k usif hoH k;zd k @tckxd tqifoif h rjzpf=uao;ygbl;? 'ga=umif h vlawGtm;

vk H; vd kufemusif hok H;Ed kifatmif/ cyfvG,fvG,fuav;ESif h em;vnfEk dif&if+yD;a&mqd k+yD; trSefw&m;tay: tajcrcHwJ h bmoma&;rsKd;ud kom oif

=um;yk d @csay;oif hw,fqd k&ifawmh tJ'g[m odyf&,fp&maumif;rSmygyJ?Ak'<0g'&J @ OD;wnfcsufu opPmodwJ h tqif hxd aygufajrmufzd k @ygyJ? 'gayrJ h'Db0'Dud k,f&J @ tjzpfESif h tJ'Dtqif hxd raygufa&mufEdkifao;&if awmifrSyJ vmrnf hb0wpfckckrSm aygufajrmufodjrifEd kifzd k @twGuf tqifoif h jzpfoGm;Ed kifygw,f? oif hawmfwJ h vrf;n$efr_awGud k &,lEd d kifvk d @ rdrd&J h todOm%f tqif htwef;ud k jrSif hwifEd kifolawG[mvnf; trsm;tjym;ygyJ?Ak'<0g'DawG[m wjcm;yk*~KdvfawGESif h w&if;wES D; +idrf;+idrf;csrf;csrf; "rRa&;&mawGud k ol @tjrif ud k,f @tjrif nS dE_ dif;ES D;aESmavh&S d=uwm[mtJ'DtwGufa=umif hygyJ? Ak'<u r[mu&k%mawmfESif h ,SOf+yD; owW0g a0ae,sawGud k oGefoifay;awmfrlcJ hwmyg? (jrwfAk'<usif hxk H; ESvk H;rl=uwJ h) Ak'<

0g'DawGuvnf; u&k%mw&m;ESif hyJ "rRud k vufqif hurf; jzef @csdvm=uwm jzpfygw,f?




ar;? ? 'gqd k u&k%myGm;rsm;yH k ta=umif;qD a&mufyg+yD?Ak'<a'oemawmf tvd kus u&k%mw&m;qd kwmuaumb,fvdkygvJ?

ajz? ? vl@p&d kuf&J @ todOm%fyd kif; qd kif&mrSm ynmjyÏmef;ovd kyJcHpm;r_yd kif; qd kif&mrSmawmh u&k%mu jyÏmef;ygw,f?

u&k%m[m ynmvd kyJ vd kvm;tyfwJ h vl@t&nftaoG; wpf&yfjzpfygw,f? u&k%m (Compassion) qd kwJ h a0g[m&ud k Co + Passion qd kwJ ha0g[m& ESpfvH k;ESif h aygif;pyfxm;wmyg? Co - twlwuG + Passion -jyif;jywJ h cHpm;r_vd k @ t"dyg,f&+yD; Compassion - olwpfyg; 'kuQud k rdrd'kuQESif hrjcm; wpfoabmwnf;xm; cHpm;jcif; ]u&k%m1 jzpfvmygw,f? wpfpH kwpfa,muf 'kuQa&mufaewmud k awG@&wJ htcg ol @ae&mrSmud k,fomqd k&if b,favmufcHpm;&rSmvJqd kwJ h ud k,fcsif;pmpdwfESif htJ'Da0'emud k ajzazsmufay;zkd @ 'grSr[kwf avsmhyg;oGm;apzd k @ tm;xkwf

w,fqd k&if 'g[m u&k%mygyJ? 'Dawmh Ak'<bk&m;&SifrSm&S dwJ h t&nftaoG;awGvd kyJ rdrd. tusKd;ud k r#a0ay;r_/ wpfyg;olawGudk tm;ay;ESpfodrf hr_/ ud k,fcsif;pmr_/ a=umif h=upd kuf+yD; apmif ha&Smufwwfr_pwJ haumif;jrwfwJ h vl @t&nf taoG;awG[m u&k%mapwoduf&J @ t*F g&yfawGyJjzpf=uygw,f?

u&k%mw&m; vufud kifxm;ol wpfOD;taeESif h wjcm;olawGud kta&;w,lðy+yD; cspfcifwm[m ol @ud k,fol tav;xm;+yD; cspfcifwwfwmuae pwifw,fvd k@ rSwf,lEd kifygw,f? ud k,f h[mud k,f wu,fem;vnf oabmaygufcJ hvd k @&S d&if wpfjcm;olawGud kvnf; wu,fpmemem;vnfed kifrSmyg? rdrdtwGuf b,ft&m[m taumif;qH k;jzpfovJ

qd kwmud k od&S dcJ hvd k @&S d&if wpfjcm;olawGtwGufvnf; bmtaumif;qH k;

1? y&'kauQ orawW om"leH reH twWem0d, ud&d,wDwd u&k%m(] olawmfaumif;wd k @. ESvk H;om;Y olwyg;'kuQud k ud k,f h'kuQESif hrjcm;cHpm;apwwfonf htwGufa=umif h u&k%m[kac:onf?)


jzpfr,f qd kwmud k od&S dEd kifrSm jzpfygw,f? ud k,f htwGuf cHpm;ovd kyJolrsm; twGufvnf; pmemcHpm;Ed kifygw,f? 'ga=umif h Ak'<0g't& wpfpH kwpfa,muf&J @ pdwfyd kif;qd kif&m wd k;wufaumif;rGefa&;[m wpfjcm;olawG

&J @ omr_emr_ud k &_iJ hwwfr_ESif h qufpyfjzpfay:wwfwmrsKd; jzpfw,fvd k @qd kygw,f? Ak'<&J@tckb0jzpfpOf(Ak'<0if)ud k =unf h&ifyJ 'Dtcsuf[may:vGifvSygw,f? Ak'<[m ol @ud k,fusKd; (Ak'<wp&d,) twGuf ajcmufESpf=um=um óu;pm;usif haqmifawmfrlcJ h+yD;/ bk&m;tjzpf a&mufawmfrl+yD;wJ haemuf b0wpfav#mufvHk;umvrSmawmh vlom;avmuwpfckvH k;&J @tusKd;oufouftwGufyJ pGrf;aqmifay;awmfrlcJ hwmjzpfygw,f?

ar;? ? udk,f htusKd; vkyfaqmifvd k @+yD;awmhrSyJ olrsm; tusKd;ud ktaumif;qH k; jzpfatmif aqmif&Gufay;Ed kifr,f qd kcJ h&if'g[m wpfud k,faumif;qef&m ra&mufaybl;vm;?

ajz? ? trsm;tusKd;aqmifr_ qd kwmESif h wpfud k,faumif;qefr_qd kwmud k wpfckESif hwpfck[m qef @usifbuf jzpfw,fvd k @

csnf; &_jrifwwf=uygw,f? 'DudpPrSm Ak'<0g'uawmh rdrd&,f/ olwpfyg;&,fqd k+yD; wuG Jwjym;pDtaeESif h &_jrifraebJ wpfom;wnf; (wajy;tnD) tjzpf oabmxm;ygw,f? olwyg;ud k rdrdESif hxyfwl wpfwef;wnf; wpfoabmwnf;xm;Ed kifvk d @&S d&if ud k,f husKd; ud k,f hpD;yGm;ud k wu,fwrf; aqmif&Gufw,fqd kwm[m wpfjcm;olawG&J @ tusKd;pD;yGm;ud kaqmif&Guf&mvnf; a&mufwmygyJ? 'gurS u&k%mppf u&k%mrSef jzpf+yD; Ak'<a'oemawmfqd kwJ h rud kÉfo&zlay:rSm u&k%mw&m;[m tvSyqH k;aom ausmufrsuf wpfyGif hyJ jzpfygw,f?



oufowfvGwf

ar;? ? Ak'<bmom0ifwpfOD;[m oufowfvGwf pm;oif hw,fr[kwfygvm;?

ajz? ? oufowfvGwfqd kwm rvd ktyfvSygbl;? Ak'<udk,fawmfwd kifu oufowfvGwfok H;cJ hwm r[kwfovd k ol @wynf hom;awG

ud kvnf; oufowfvGwform;awG jzpf=uzd k @ a[mnefawmfrrlcJ hygbl;?tcktcgrSm Ak'<bmom0ifaumif;yDowJ h oufowfrvGwfolawG renf;vSygbl;?

ar;? ? tom;ig;pm;w,f qd k&if owW0gwpfOD; aoqH k;&r_twGufpm;oH k;olrSm oG,f0dkufaomtm;jzif h wm0ef&S d&ma&mufygw,f? 'g[m yg%mwdygwqd kwJ h yxroduQmyk'fud kcsKd;azmuf &maum rusaybl;vm;?

ajz? ? [kwfygw,f? tom;ig;pm;oH k;ol[m tJ'Dom;aumif aoqk H;&r_twGuf oG,f0dkufaomenf;ESif h wpfpdwfwpfyd kif;tm;

jzif h wm0efruif;ygbl;? 'gayr J h oufowfvGwfpm;&ifvnf; 'Dtwd kif;ygyJ? opfoD; opf&GufawGrSm tayguftyJ h rygbJESif h yef;uefxJ pdrf;zyfvwfqwfpGm a&muf&S dvmEk difatmif pd kufysKd;olu pd kufcif;awGxJyd k;owfaq; tqdyf &nfawG zsef;ay;&w,f? wpfcg vlawG ok H;pG Jae


=uwJ h cg;ywfóu;wd k@/ vufqG Jtdwfwd k @ vkyfzd k @ om;a&awG/ qyfjymtqDxkwfvkyfa&;ESif h wjcm; axmifcsDwJ h tvm;wl xkwfukefjyKvkyfr_awGtwGuf wd&dp> > > mef awGud k owfjzwf=u&w,f? wpfenf;r[kwf

wpfenf; - wjcm;owW0g wpfOD;OD; aoa=u&r_ESif h oG,f0d kufaomtm;jzif h rqufpyfyJESif hawmh touf&Sif &yfwnfzd k @qd kwm[m jzpfud krjzpfEk difwJ h udpPygyJ? 'g[m 'kuQopPm&J @ o&kyfouef wpfckr#om jzpfygw,f? (avmurS rxGuf ajrmufEd kifao;or#) avmuDb0jzpfpOf[mokcrzuf 'kuQoufoufr#om jzpfygw,f? ig;yg;oDv yxroduQmyk'fud k aqmufwnf&mrSm owW0gawG aoqk H;&r_twGuf ud k,f htaeESif hwd kuf&d kufwm0ef fr&S d&avatmif óu;pm;apmif hxdef;zd k@yJ vd ktyfygw,f?

ar;? ? r[m,me Ak'<bmomawGuawmh tom;rpm;=uygbl;?ajz? ? 'g rrSefuefygbl;? w&kwf r[m,me Ak'<bmomawGu

oufowfvGwfpm;wmud ktxl;tav;xm;=uayrJ h *syefESif hwdAuf r[m,meawGuawmh bkef;=uD;a&m wum/ wumrawGygtom; pm;=uygw,f?

ar;? ? 'gayrJh Ak'<bmom0if wpfOD;qd k&ifawmh (bmyJjzpfjzpf)oufowfvGwf pm;oif hw,fvd k @ ,lqrdygw,f?

ajz? ? yk*~Kdvf ESpfOD;&d Sw,fqd kygawmh? wpfOD;u wu,f h wdwdususoufowfvGwform;? 'gayrJ h ol[m wpfud k,faumif;qef

w,f/ av;pm;p&mqd kvd k @ bmrSvnf;r&S dbl;/ aumufuspf,kwfrmw,f/aemuf wpfOD;u oufowfvGwform;awmh r[kwfbl;? 'gayrJ h olu

wjcm;olawGud k nSmwmwwfw,f/ av;pm;zd k @vnf; aumif;w,f/ r#r#ww&S d+yD; =uifemwwfw,f? uJ - 'Dvd komqd k&ifaum olwd k @ESpfOD;teuf b,folu yd k+yD;awmh Ak'<bmom0ifaumif; wpfOD;jzpfrSmygvJ?




tar;yk*~Kdvf? ? ('Dvd komqd k&ifawmh) av;pm;avmufwJ h*k%f&S dol/oem;nSmwmwwf folu yd kjyD;awmh Ak'<bmom0ifaumif; yDowmaygh?

tajzyk*~Kdvf? ? bma=umif hygvdrf h?

tar;yk*~Kdvf? ? 'Dvk dyk*~KdvfrsKd;u pdwf"gwfa&;&m t& jrif hrm;w,fqd kwmodomwJ h twGufa=umif hrd k @aygh?

tajzyk*~Kdvf? ? rSefygw,f? tom;rpm;wJ h yk*~Kdvf[m pdwfxm;,kwfnH @ol jzpfEd kifao;ovd k/ tom;pm;ayrJ h

pdwfxm;jzLpifjrif hjrwfolvnf; jzpfEk difygao;w,f? Ak'<a'oemawmft& ESvk H;&nf oef @pifjrif hrm;a&;uom t"dujzpf+yD;awmh/bmpm;w,f/ bmrpm;bl;qd kwJ htcsufu ta&;rygvSygbl;? tom;vk H;0rpm;a&;ud k tav;xm;=uoavmuf wpfud k,faumif;qefwm/

av;pm;avmufwJ h *k%f&,fvdk @ r&d Satmifuk d ,kwfnh Hwm/ &ufpufwwfwm/ remvd k0efwd k usOf;ajrmif;wmawGusawmh tm&k Hrpd kuf=uwJ hAk'<bmom0ifawGvnf; trsm;tjym;ygyJ? wk d;wufaumif;rGefvmatmif vkyfzk d@&m rvG,fulvSwJ h ESvk H;om;awGud k vspfvsL&_xm;=u+yD;awmh bmrScufcufcJcJ r&S dvSwJ h tpm;taomufav;ud kyJ &r,f&Smae=uwmomjzpfygw,f? 'ga=umif h tom;pm;ok H;olyJjzpfjzpf/ tom;a&Smif=uOfolyJjzpfjzpf Ak'<0g't&qk d&ifawmh pdwfxm;jrif hjrwfa&;uomt"du ta&;t}uD;qk H;vd k @ rSwf,loif hygw,f?

uHESif h=urRm

ar;? ? arSmftwwfwd k @/ aA'if/ ,=wmwd k @ESif h ywfoufvd k@uaumAk'<u b,fvd krdef @=um;awmfrlcJ hygovJ?

ajz? ? Ak'<u a&S;jzpf twyfa[mjcif;/ tumtuG,f vufzJ G@aqmifjcif;/ ajr=uH (taqmufttk HtwGuf ae&ma&G;ay;)

jcif;/ edrdwfzwfjcif;/ r*Fvm&S dwJh tcsdeftcga&G;ay;jcif;pwmawG[m t,lonf;r_ oufoufr#om jzpfw,fvd k @ owfrSwfawmf frlygw,f? ol @&J @wynf @ om0uawGud kvnf; 'D Dvd kudpPrsKd;awGud k tavhtvmrðy=uzdk @twdtvif;yJ wm;jrpfawmfrlcJ hygw,f? Ak'<u 'gawGud k twwfi,f(Low Arts) awGtjzpf a[mawmfrlcJ hygw,f?

“TavmuY Trnfaom twwfi,frsKd; (atmufvrf f;)wd k @ud k aqmif&Gufjcif;jzif h toufarG;r_ðy=uwJ h or%jAm[R%awGvnf; &S d=uw,f? rSm;,Gif;wJ h toufarG;r_awGjzpfwJ h tJ'Dtwwfi,fqdkwmawGuawmh vuQ%m ta&;ta=umif;ud k =unf h+yD; uHtqd k;taumif;ud k a[mjcif;/ edrdwfaumufjcif;/ tdyfrufzwfjcif;/ uHedrfholtm; uHaumif;atmifðyjyif (,=wmacs) ay;jcif;/ uHapmif h ewforD;qDrSm qkawmif;ay;jcif;/ vmbfcHwh J ajruGufa&G;ay;jcif; pwmawGygyJ?




&[ef;a*gwruawmh 'Dvd krsKd; twwfi,fawGESif h rSm;,Gif;pGmtoufarG;jcif;awGud k a&Smif=uOfawmfrlw,f?”1

ar;? ? Ak'<u 'Davmuf wdwdusus a[mxm;ygvsufESif h vlawGu'gawGud k bmha=umif h vd kufpm; ,k H=unfae=uwmygvdrf h?

ajz? ? 'DvlawG&J @ avmb}uD;r_/ a=umuftm;}uD;r_/ rodawGa0r_wk d @a=umif hygyJ? Ak'<w&m;awmfawGud k em;vnfoabmayguf

vmwmESif h wpfòydifeufwnf; puULp/ owWKpuav;awG/ *gxmrEœ eftwd ktpuav;awGud k ,kH=unftm;xm;&wmESif hpm&if rdrd&J @ jzLpifwJ hESvk H;om;u ydkjyD;awmhawmif tumtuG,f ay;Ed kifao;w,fqd kwmvdyfywfvnfoGm;=urSmyg? 'Dvd koabmaygufoGm;olawG[m tJ'D *gxm/rEœ ef/ ,=wmpwmawGud k tm;rud k;=uawmhygbl;? Ak'<a'oemawmfawGt&awmh/ ud k,fusif hoDv&S dwm/ oem;nSmwmwwfwm/ wwfod em;

vnfwm/ onf;cHwwfwm/ cGif hv$wfwwfwm/ &ufa&mwwfwm/opPmapmif hodwmpwJ h wjcm;aumif;jrwfwJ h *k%f&nfawG &S dwmuyJvluk d trSefwu,f tumtuG,fay;+yD;awmh wu,f h tvm;tvmaumif;awGud k zefwD f;ay;Ed d kifpGrf;&S dw,fvd k @qd kygw,f?

ar;? ? taqmifvufzG J@awG[m wu,f pGrf;w,f/ rpGrf;bl;qd kwmodyg&ap?

ajz? ? taqmifvufzG J@awG a&mif;cs+yD; toufarG;aewJ h yk*~KdvfwpfOD;ESif h todtu|rf; jzpfzl;ygw,f? olu ol @vufzG J @awG

[m uHaumif;atmif/ tvm;tvmawG aumif;atmif pGrf;aqmifay;

Ed kifw,fvd k @ qdkygw,f? +yD;awmh rif;[m eHygwfoH k;ckud k a&G;,lzd k @ pGrf;aqmifEd kifvdrf hr,fvd k @vnf; tmrcHygw,f? 'gayrJ h pOf;pm;p&maumif;wmu olajymwJ htwd kif;om trSefwu,f jzpfcJ hvd k @&S d&if ol ud k,fwd kif

1? 'DCedum,/ y- wG J 9-12


usawmh bma=umif h oef;ºu,folaÏ;wpfOD; jzpfrvm&wmvJ? ol @&J @vmbfac:vufzG J@awGom wu,f tvkyfvkyfw,f/ pGrf;w,fqd k&ifol @taeESif h bma=umif h xDt}udrf}udrf rayguf&wmvJ? ol uHaumif;

wmqd kvd k @ ol @arSmfvufzG J@awGud k rd kufrJpGm 0,f,ltm;ay;ae=uwJ hazmufonfawG &S daeao;wm wpfckavmufyJ &S dygw,f?

ar;? ? uJ-'gqd k&if/ uHa=umifh jzpfwm/ uHaumif;wm qd k+yD;ajymvd k @&Ed kifwJ h t&mrsm; aum&S dygao;ovm;?

ajz? ? uHaumif;jcif; (Luck) qd kwJ h a0g[m&ud k “yk*~ dKvf wpfOD;wpfa,muftwGuf taumif;tqd k; bmyJjzpfjzpf jzpfor#

ta=umif;w&m;uawmh uHyJ/ 'g[m uHtvSnf htajymif;a=umif hjzpf&wm/ =urRmudk,fu n_d;vd k @/ vef;vd k @ jzpf&wmvd k@csnf;yJ worwfwnf; ,lqwJ h,Hk=unfr_” vd k @ tbd"mefu zGif hqd kygw,f?

Ak'<uawmh 'Dvd k uH,H k 0g'rsKd;ud k tjywftowf y,fcsawmfrlcJ hw,f? t&m&mwd kif;rSm tJ'Dt&m jzpfysufzdk @&eftwGuf wduswJ hta=umif;w&m;wpfck 'grSr[kwf ta=umif;w&m;awG trsm;tjym;&S d+yD;awmh tJ'Dta=umif;w&m;ESif h tusKd;w&m;[m qufpyfaewmyJ(ta=umif;uif;+yD; jzpfw,fqd kwmud k r&S dbl;) vd k @ rdef @awmfrlcJ hygw,f?Oyrm ajym&&if - aexd kif raumif;/ rtDrom jzpfvmw,fqd k&if tJ'Dvd k jzpf&atmif vH kavmufwJ h ta=umif;w&m;&S dw,f? vl @cE<mud k,fESif ha&m*gyd k;awG xdawG @r_&S d&r,f/ a&m*gyd k;awG 0ifa&muf+yD; ajcukyf,lEd kifavmufatmif cE<mud k,f tm;enf;aewmjzpf&r,f? (tJ'DtajctaerSmaexk difraumif;bl;qd kwmjzpfvmwmygyJ)? tJ'DjzpfpOfrSm a&m*gyd k;awG0if

a&mufvmr_/ cE<mud k,f tm;enf;aer_qd kwJ h ta=umif;w&m;ESif h aexd kifraumif;jzpfr_qdkwJ h tusKd;w&m;wd k @t=um;rSm wduswJh qufpyfr_&S daeygw,f? bma=umifhvJqd kawmh a&m*gyd k;awG[m cE<mud k,fxJ0ifa&mufvm+yD;aemuf rlvuwnf;u cE<mud k,fxJrSm &S daewJ h a&m*g




+yD;pHepf t%kZD0&kyf (Cell) awGud k wd kufcd kufw,f/ 'Dwd kufyG Ja=umif h aexd kifraumif;jcif;qd kwm jzpfvm&jcif; jzpfw,fvd k @ odxm;vd k @ygyJ?

'gayrJ h/ pma=umif; ao;ao;av;awG a&;xm;wJ h puULp

av;awGud k 0wfqifwm (aqmifwm) ESif hyJ csrf;omvmw,f/ pmar;yG Jatmifw,fqd kwJ h jzpfpOfESpfck t=um;rSmawmh b,fqufpyfr_ud krS &SmrawG @Ed kifbl;? Ak'<0g'&J @ tqd kuawmh - ta=umif;w&m;wpfcku 'grSr[kwf ta=umif;w&m; trsm;tjym;u tusKd;w&m;wpfckud k jzpfay: apwmyJ jzpfw,f? uH&,f/ tcGif htvrf;&,f qd kwmawGa=umif hjzpfvmwm r[kwfbl;? uHaumif;w,f qd kwmud k pdwfyg0ifpm;olawGuaiGawG/ pnf;pdrfOpPmawG wpfyHkwpfacgif;}uD; &,lEd kifa&; twGufcsnf;tpOfojzif h vH k;yrf;ae=uw,f? Ak'<uawmh ESvk H;om;ESif h pdwf"gwfwd k;wufzd k@uom yd kta&;}uD;a=umif; rdef@¹rufawmfrlcJhygw,f? Ak'<rdef @¹rufawmfrlwmu -

“E_wfr_ vufr_wd k @Y av;eufpGmoif,lI aumif;pGm u|rf;usifwwf fajrmufjcif;/ aumif;pGmusif f haqmifjcif;/ aumif;rGefpGmajymqd k qufqHjcif;wd k @onf taumif;qk H;aom }uD;yGm;a=umif; r*Fvmjzpfay.?”

“trdtbwd k @tm; jyKpkvkyfau|;jcif;/ om;r,m;wd k @tm;csD;ajrSmufaxmufyH hjcif;/ tjypfrJ haom toufarG;jcif;wd k @onfvnf; }uD;yGm;a=umif; r*Fvmrnfay.?”

“ay;urf;csD;jrSif hjcif;/ w&m;ojzif husif haqmifjcif;/ aqGrsKd;Omwdwd k @tm; ulnDapmif ha&Smufjcif;/ tjypfuif;rJ haom tðytrlwd k@ud kom vkyfaqmifavh&d Sjcif;wd k @onfvnf; }uD;yGm;a=umif; r*Fvmrnfay.?”


“raumif;r_wd k @rS uif;a0;atmif a&Smif=unfjcif;/ t&ufaopm aomufpm;r_wd k @Y tavhtx rjyKjcif;/ w&m;oabmwd k @Y rarhravsmhjcif;wd k@onfvnf; aumif;jrwfaom }uD;yGm;

a=umif; r*Fvmrnfay.?”

“olwxl;wd k @Y &d kaoav;pm;or_jyKjcif;/ ud k,f hud kudk,f ESdrh fcspGm jyKrlwwfjcif;/ a&mif h&JvG,fjcif;/ ol @aus;Zl;ud k odwwfjcif;/ tcgtm;avsmfpGm w&m;em,lavh&S djcif;wd k @onf aumif;jrwfaom }uD;yGm;a=umif; r*Fvmwd k @aywnf;?1”

1? okwWedygw/ 216 - 265



Ak'<bmom0ifaumif;wpfOD;

ar;? ? tck aqG;aEG;cJ hwJ h ta=umif;t&mawGtm;vk H; pdwfyg 0ifpm;p&mawGcsnf;ygyJ? Ak'<bmom0ifaumif; wpfOD; b,fvd k

vkyf+yD; jzpfvmEk difw,fqd kwmvnf; &Sif;vif;prf;ygOD;?ajz? ? Ak'<vufxufawmfwkef;u Oygvdqd kwJ h yk*~KdvfwpfOD;&S dcJ hw,f?

(wpfae@rSm) bmomjcm;wpfOD;jzpfwJ h tJ'Dyk*~Kdvf[m Ak'<ESif h0g'csif; ,SOf+ydKiftEk dif,l+yD; Ak'<tm; oluk d;uG,fwJ h bmom1ok d @ pnf;&k H;oGwfoGif;&atmifqd k+yD; Ak'<txHawmfok d @ a&muf&S dvmcJ hygw,f? 'gayrJ htJ'Dvd kaqG;aEG;+yD;wJ haemufrSmawmh Ak'<tay: odyf=unfnd kav;pm;oGm;wma=umif h csufcsif;yJ ol[m Ak'<om0u wpfOD;tjzpfcH,lzd k @ qk H;jzwfvd kufygw,f? Ak'<u -

“oif hawmfwJ h pk Hprf;avhvmr_ud k ðyygOD;/ oif hvk dxif&Sm;wJ h

yk*~KdvfwpfOD;tzdk @ pl;prf;qifjcif+yD;rS qk H;jzwfvkyfudkifoif hw,f” vdk @rdef @ awmfrlvd kufw,f?

2? *sdef;bmom


“t&Sifa*gwr/ oif havsmfwJ h pl;prf;qifjcifr_udk jyKygOD;vd k@rdef@awmfrlwJ h twGufa=umif hvnf; tu|Ef kyf taeESif h tvGef @tvGefrSyJ xyfavmif;I ESpfaxmif;tm;& jzpf&ygao;w,f?

wjcm;wjcm;aom bmom *k d%f;q&m}uD;awGuawmhtu|Ef kyfvdkvlud kom wynfhtjzpf odrf;oGif;Ed kifr,fqd k&ifOygvd[m ighwd k @&J @wynf@ jzpfvm+yD qd k+yD; wpf+rdK@vk H;tES H @aºu;a=umf=urSm rvG JygyJ? 'gayrJ h 'Dae&mrSmawmh t&Sifa*gwru oif havsmfwJ h pH kprf;qifjcifr_ud k ðyOD;avmh/ oif hvd kxif&Sm;oltzd k @ pl;prf;qifjcifr_ðy+yD;awmhrS vkyfjcif;[maumif;w,fvd k @ qd kazmf &ao;w,f2” vd k @ Oygvdu av#mufxm;ygw,f?

Ak'<0g'rSm em;vnfr_ynm[m ta&;tygqH k;aom t&mygyJ?

'Dvd kem;vnfr_&atmif tcsdef apmif hwefapmif h&w,f? 'ga=umif h pdwfapm+yD;awmh Ak'<bmomxJ r0ifvd kufygESif hOD;? tcsdef,l+yD;awmh ar;cGef;awGxkwf/ tajz&Sm/ tjyefjyef tvSefvSef oHk;oyf+yD;awmhrS qH k;jzwfcsufcsyg?Ak'<uawmh wynf haemufvd kuf rsm;wmavmufud k vk dvm;awmfrrlygbl;?ola[mwJ h w&m;a'oemawmfawG tay:rSm wu,f vufawG @ususav;av;eufeuf qifjcifor_ðy+yD;wJ haemufrS em;vnf oabmaygufvd k@vk dufemusif haqmifwJ h olrsKd;awGud kom vd kvm;awmfrlwm jzpfyg w,f?

ar;? ? 'Dvd krsKd; av;av;eufeuf pH kprf;qifjcif+yD;wJ haemufAk'<w&m;awmf awGud k vufcHEd kifwm awG @&S d&vk d @ Ak'<

bmom0ifwpfOD; tjzpf cH,lvd kw,f qdk&ifaumb,fvdk vkyf&yghrvJ?

1? OygvdokwW----379




ajz? ? 'gqd k&if - Ak'<bmom bkef;}uD;ausmif;wpfausmif;qDod k@ 'grSr[kwf Ak'<bmom tpkta0; wpfckqDod k@ oGm;a&muf

qufoG,fyg/ olwd k @ESif h tjrifcsif; zvS,fyg/ Ak'<a[m w&m;awmfawGud k

xyfavmif; oif,lyg/ tJ'g taumif;qH k;ygyJ? tm;vH k; tqifoif hjzpf+yDqd kawmhrS o&%*k HoH k;yg; aqmufwnfvd kufwmESifh yDjyifwJ h h Ak'<bmom0ifaumif; wpfOD; jzpfoGm;awmhwmygyJ?

ar;? ? o&%*k H oH k;yg; qd kwmuaum bmawGygvJ?ajz? ? o&%*k H (]ud k;uG,ftm;xm;p&m) qd kwmu vlawG pdwf

"mwfn_ d;i,f+yD; olwkd @vk HðcHpdwfcs&r_&S dzd k @ vd ktyfwJ h tcgrsKd;rSmcsOf;uyfavh&S d=uwJ h t&mygyJ? 'Dtm;xm;p&m o&%*k HawGqd kwmuawmh yH kpHtm;jzifh trsKd;pH kygyJ? vlawGqd kwm &$if&$ifysys r&S dwJ h tcgrsKd;rSmolwd k @&J @ rdwfaqG taygif;toif;awGqDud k csOf;uyf=uw,f? pd k;&drfpdwf

wd k @ a=umufpdwfwd k @ r$ef;aewJ h tcgrsKd;rSmqd k&if vG JrSm;wJ h ar#mfvif hcsufawG/ ,k H=unfr_awGqDud kawmif a&mufoGm;wwfao;wmyJ? aocgeD; usawmh xm0&aumif;uifbH kqd kwJ h t&mrsKd;ud kawmif t,lpG J+yD;awmhtm;ud k;oGm;Ed kifao;w,f? 'gayrJh Ak'<uawmh 'gawGtm;vH k;[m wu,f hvufawG @usr_tay: tajccHwJ h vH kðcHaEG;axG;r_rsKd;ud k ay;Ed kifpGrf;wJ h t&mawG r[kwfao;a=umif; tckvd k rdef @awmfrlcJ hygw,f?

“'gawG[m ppfrSefwJ h/ jrif hjrwfwJ h tm;ud k;p&m (o&%)tppf awGr[kwf/ 'kuQtm;vH k;rS vGwfajrmufapwJ h t&mawGvnf; r[kwf=u”?

“Ak'< "rRESif h oHCmqd kwJ h ud k;uG,fp&m oH k;rsKd;ud k ,k H=unfud k;uG,fjcif;/ qif;&Jr_ 'kuQopPm/ 'kuQawGud k jzpfapwJ hta=umif;cH ork',opPm/ 'kuQawGuae uif;a0;wJ h'kuQcsKyf+idrf;&m eda&m"opPm/ tJ'D eda&m"&J@ ta=umif;cH


r*~if&Spfyg;qd kwJ h r*~opPm/ 'DopPmav;yg;ud k odjrifem;vnfoabmaygufjcif;awGuom wu,fppfrSefwJ h ud k;uG,fp&m/tjrif hjrwfqH k;jzpfwJ h tm;xm;p&m/ 'kuQqif;&JawG tm;vH k;

uae vGwfajrmufapwJ h rS Dcd kp&mtppf}uD; jzpfw,fvd k @ a[mawmfrlcJ hygw,f1?”

Ak'<ud k ud k;uG,fwm[m Ak'<ud k,fawmfwd kif odjrifawmf rlcJ hwJ hopPmOm%fawmfESif h tzufzufu +yD;jynf hpH kwJ hvlom;&J @ tjzpfud k Ak'<a&muf&S dawmf frlcJ hovd k rdrduk d,fwd kifvnf; &,lEd kifw,fqk dwJ h ,k H=unfr_ud k jzpfapygw,f?

"rRud k ,H k=unfudk;uG,fwm[m r*~if&Spfyg; vrf;pOfay:rSm rdrdb0ud k wnfaqmufa&;/ opPmav;yg;ud k odjrifem;vnfa&;twGufyJjzpfygw,f?

oHCmud k ,H k=unfud k;uG,fwm[m r*~if&Spfyg; vrf;pOfud kvufawG @ usif haqmifawmf rlae=uwJ h oHCmawmfawGtm;vH k;&J @ txHrSyH hyd k;/ aphaqmfay;r_ESif h OD;aqmifvrf;nefr_ud k cH,lwmyJjzpfygw,f? 'Dvd ko&%*k H oH k;yg;ud k cH,laqmufwnfvd kufwmESif h Ak'<bmom aumif;wpfOD; jzpfvm+yD;awmh edAŠmefod k @ a&S;&_wJ h r*~ifvrf;ay:rSm yxrqH k;aomajcvSrf;wpfvSrf;ud k vSrf;csvd kufol jzpfoGm;ygw,f?

ar;? ? oifhb0rSmaum o&%*k H oH k;yg;ud k pwifaqmufwnf+yD;uwnf;u b,fvd k tajymif;tvJawGrsm;&S dygao;ovJ?

ajz? ? vGefcJ hwJ h 2500 ausmf twGif;rSm ra&wGufEd kifavmufatmif rsm;jym;wJ h olawmfpifAk'<bmom0ifawG&J @ enf;vrf;twd kif; ygyJ? rdrdtaeESif hvnf; Ak'<w&m;awmfawG[m -

1? "rRy' 189 - 192




- cufcJ=urf;wrf;r_awG=um;rSm todw&m; tvif;a&mifud k aqmif=uOf;ay;w,f?

- t"d y g,fuif;rJ hvSwJ h b0ud k t"dy` g,fawGESif h jznf hay;w,f?- rdrdb0ud k OD;aqmif vrf;nefzk d @ nSmwmwwfr_/ oem;=uifemwwfr_

pwJ h ud k,fusif hw&m;awGud k oGefoifay;w,f?- aemifvmrnf hb0rSm pdwfxm;jzLpifr_ESif h +yD;jynf hpH kr_awGud k b,fvd k

&,lEd kifw,f qd kwmudkvnf; oGefoifay;ygw,f?

tdEN d,&J @ a&S;acwf uAsmq&m wpfOD;u Ak'<ta=umif;atmufygtwd kif; pyfqd kcJ hygw,f?

“Ak'<ud k ud k;uG,fqnf;uyfjcif;/

Ak'<*k%fawmfud k csD;usL; zG J@qd kjcif;/Ak'<ud k csD;ajrSmuf ylaZmfjcif;/Ak'<"rRud k vd kufemusif hok H;jcif;qd kwm -orRm'dÏda&S;oGm;&S dwJ h ðyrlusif haqmifjcif;ygyJ? ”

'DzG J @qd kcsufwpfckvH k;ud k rdrd odyfoabmusygw,f?

ar;? ? u|efawmf hud k olud k;uG,fwJ h bmomod k @ ul;ajymif;zk d @tjrJwrf; óu;pm; odrf;oGif;aewJ h oli,fcsif;wpfOD;&S dygw,f? ol @bmomw&m;ud k rdrdu vH k;0pdwf0ifpm;vd k@

r&wJ h ta=umif; ajymjyayrJ h ol @taeESif h rdrdud krcG JEd kifbl;jzpfaejyefw,f? tJ'g b,fvd k vkyf&yghrvJ?ajz? ? oifh taeESif h yxrqH k; em;vnfxm;&rSmu 'Dvl[m

oif h&J @ ppfrSefwJ h rdwfaqGaumif;wpfOD; r[kwfbl;qd kwm


ygyJ? rdwfaqGaumif; wpfOD;omqd k&if oif[m bmyJjzpfaeae t&S dud kt&S dtwd kif; vufcHEd kif&r,f? +yD;awmh oif hqENud k todtrSwfðy tav;xm;rSmyJ? rdrdtjrif ajym&&ifawmh 'Dyk*~ dKvf[m oif hud k ol@bmomxJ

odrf;oGif;pnf;&H k;Ed kifa&;twGuf rdwfaqGa,mif aqmifxm;wJ h rdwfaqGwk oufoufyJ jzpfygvdrfhr,f? oif htay: olwd k @&J@ qENud k twif;jyÏmef;zd k @ óu;pm;olawG[m b,fawmhrS oif h&J @ ppfrSefwJ h rdwfaqGaumif;awG jzpfrvmEd kifbl;qd kwm rSwf,lxm;oif hygw,f?

ar;? ? 'gayrJ h olu rdrdtm; olud k;uG,fwJ h bmomud kolESif htwlwuG yg0ifudk;uG,fapcsifwmyJjzpfw,fvd k@qd kaejyefygw,f?

ajz? ? rdrduk d;uG,fwJ J h bmomw&m;ud k wpfjcm;olawGud k r#a0ay;jcif;[m rGefjrwfygw,f? 'gayrJ h/ r#a0jcif; (Sharing) ESif h

twif;jyÏmef;jcif; (Imposing) [m rwlnDbl l;qd kwmud k oif hrdwfaqGoabmaygufyk H r&ygbl;? rdrdrSm yef;oD;wpfvk H;&S dw,fqd kygawmh/ tJ'Dyef;oD;&J @ wpfjcrf;ud k oifhud kr#ay;w,f? oifuvnf; vufcHw,f? 'g[mr#a0r_ygyJ? 'Dvk dr[kwfbJ oifu u|Efkyfuk d tckvd kajymvmw,fqdkygawmh- u|efawmfawmh enf;enf;pm;xm;+yD;yg+yD/ 'gayrJ h 'Dyef;oD;jcrf;av;ud kawmh vufcHapcsifygw,fqd k+yD; vufrcHrcsif; twif; wd kufwGef;vmw,fqd k&if 'gud k r#a0jcif;vd k@ ajymvd k @r&awmhygbl;?

oif hrdwfaqGvd k vlpm;awGu r#a0r_wd k @/ arwWmwd k @/ oabmxm;}uD;r_wd k @vd k pum;vk H;vSvSawGud k wGifwGifok H;+yD; olwd k@&J h r&d k;om;r_ud k zk H;uG,fzk d @ óu;pm;wwf=uw,f? 'gayrJ h b,favmufyJ tajym

aumif;aumif;/ olwd k @&J @ trlt&mawGu tcsKd;ajyrSm r[kwfovd kqd k;wmuawmh qd k;aerSmygyJ/ wud k,faumif;qefw,fqd kwmvnf;ay:vGifaerSmygyJ?

ar;? ? 'gqd k&if ol @ud k b,fvd kvkyf f cG JcGm&ygrvJ?




ajz? ? 'gu tvG,fuav;yg? yxr - oif hud k,foif igbmvd kcsifwmvJ qd kwm ud k,h fpdwfud kud k,f &Sif;&Sif;uav;xm;vd kuf

prf;yg? 'kwd, - pdwfxJrSm qk H;jzwfxm;wJ h twd kif; wd kwdk&Sif;&Sif;yJ ol @uk d

ajymjyvd kufyg? wwd, - 'DudpP tay: rif;b,fvd k ,k H=unfovJqd kwJ htar;rsKd; ('grSr[kwf) rif;[m u|EfkyfESif htwl awG @qkHyG Jwufa&mufvd kwJ hqEN bmha=umihf r&S d&wmvJqd kwJ h ar;cGef;rsKd; ol @bufu ar;vmwwfygw,f? 'Dvk dom ar;vmcJ h&if tpwkef;u qk H;jzwfxm;wJ h twk dif;yJ&Sif;&Sif f;vif;vif;/ ,Of,Ofaus;aus;ESif h cyfwnfwnfav;yJ xyfajymjyvd kufyg?

“tckvd k oif h&J @ zdwfac:r_ twGuf aus;Zl;awmh wifygw,f/'gayrJ h u|Ef kyftaeESif h oif h&J @qENESif htnDawmh ryg0ifEd kifbl;?”“bma=umif hygvJ”“'guawmh u|Ek fyfudpP oufoufyJ/ u|Efkyf rvmcsifbl;?”

“'DawG @qkHyG JrSm vlawmfvlaumif;awG awmfawmfrsm;rsm;wufa&muf=urSm?”“,k Hawmh,k Hygw,f? 'gayrJ h vd kufrvkyfEkdifygbl;? 'gygyJ?”“u|Ek fyfu oifhud k k tav;xm;vd k @ tckvk d ac:wmyg?”“oifu tckvk d tav;xm;az:&vd k @ 0rf;omygw,f? 'gayrJ h/u|Ekfyf ryg yg&apeJ@” tu,fI oif hbufuom &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;/ pdwf&Snf vuf&Snf/ wnh fwnf hrwfrwf xyfajym+yD;yg0ifaqG;aEG;zd k @ jiif;vd kuf&if aemufqk H;rSmawmh ol@bufuvufav#mhoGm;rSmyg? 'Dvd kvkyf&wm[m enf;enf;awmhrsufESmylp&maumif;ygw,f? 'gayrJ h wpfjcm;olawG tay:rSm

rdrd&J@ ,k H=unfcsufawG/ qENawGud k twif;wk dufwGef; jyÏmef;ay;vd k @r&aumif;bl;qd kwm vlawGodxm;zd k@ txl;yJta&;}uD;vSygw,f?


ar;? ? Ak'<bmom0ifawG taeESif huaum wpfjcm;bmom0ifawGud k rdrdwk d @&J @ Ak'<"rRud k r#a0 oif hygovm;?

ajz? ? [kwfygw,f? r#a0oif hwmygyJ? Ak'<bmom0if trsm;pk[m

r#a0wmESif h twif;wd kufwGef;jyÏmef;wm rwlbl;qd kwmud kaumif;aumif;oabm ayguf=uw,fvk d@ xifygw,f? Ak'<0g'qd kif&mta=umif;t&mawGud k vlawGu ar;=uw,fqd k&if ajymomajymyg?rar;&ifawmif ajymwef ajym&rSmygyJ? wu,fvd k @ vlawG&J @ tajymtqd ktok H;tE_ef;awG/ tðytrlawGu aqG;aEG;csuftay: vufoif @rcHbl;qd kwm tcsufjyae&ifawmh olwk d @qENud kyJ OD;pm;ay;yg?

aemufwpfcsuf owdcsyf&rSmu "rRa&;&mawGud k today;jzef@a0&mrSm a[majymjyor_enf;ESif h jzef @a0wmxuf vufawG @ usif hok H;r_enf;ESif h jzef @a0wmu yd krd k dxda&mufw,fqd kwmygyJ? "rRta=umif;oGefoifjyo&mrSm- tpOfojzif h "rR"dÏmefusus/ nSifnSifomom/

pdwf&Snfvuf&Snf/ tav;teuf w&d kwao&d Sygap? "rRtvif;[mud k,f&J @tajymtqd kESif h aqmif&Gufðyrlor#aom vkyf&yfawG&J@ a&S;ajy;taeESif h vif;vufawmufyEk difygap? oifa&m u|Ek fyfyg "rRa&;&mawGud kaumif;pGm wwfod+yD;/ tjynf @t0 usif hokH;r,f/ wpfjcm;olawGud kvnf;apwemt&k d;cH oufoufjzif h jzef@a0ay;r,fqd k&if tm;vk H;twGuftuskKd;xl; teEœ ud k rvG Jwrf;&,lEd kif=urSmyJ jzpfygw,f?



Preface to Revised Edition

This book was first written in 1987 in response to theincreasing interest in Buddhism amongst

Singaporeans. To my surprise and delight, it has

turned out to be very successful. The Buddha

Dhamma Mandala Society, Singapore, alone has

printed 30,000 copies and it has been translated into

several languages including Tamil, Chinese and

Nepali. Requests to for copies have come from as far

away as Australia, Argentina and the Seychelle

Islands. In July this year, I visited a remote hermitagehigh in the Himalayas in Ladakh only to discover that

the abbot had not only read Good Question, GoodAnswer but greatly appreciated it. All this had

convinced me that this little book's

style and contents has filled an important need and

that revision and enlargement would enhance its

value. Hence this new edition. Those wishing to

reprint "Good Question, Good Answer" or translate it

may do so without writing for permission. However,

we would appreciate it if you send us two copies and

let us know how many copies have been printed.

Ven. S. Dhammika

Singapore 1991

[01]

What is Buddhism?-ooOoo-

QUESTION: What is Buddhism?

ANSWER: The name Buddhism comes from the word 'budhi'

which means 'to wake up' and thus Buddhism is the philosophyof awakening. This philosophy has its origins in the experience

of the man Siddhartha Gotama, known as the Buddha, who was

himself awakened at the age of 35. Buddhism is now 2,500 yearsold and has about 300 million followers worldwide. Until a

hundred years ago Buddhism was mainly an Asian philosophy

but increasingly it is gaining adherents in Europe, Australia andAmerica.

QUESTION: So Buddhism is just a philosophy?

ANSWER: The word philosophy comes from two words 'philo'

which means 'love' and 'sophia' which means 'wisdom'. So



philosophy is the love of wisdom or love and wisdom, both

meanings describe Buddhism perfectly. Buddhism teaches that

2 What is Buddhism?

we should try to develop our intellectual capacity to the fullest so

that we can understand clearly. It also teaches us to develop love

and kindness so that we can be like a true friend to all beings. SoBuddhism is a philosophy but not just a philosophy. It is the

supreme philosophy.

QUESTION: Who was the Buddha?

ANSWER: In the year 563 B.C. a baby was born into a royal

family in northern India. He grew up in wealth and luxury but

eventually found that worldly comforts and security do notguarantee happiness. He was deeply moved by the suffering hesaw all around and resolved to find the key to human happiness.

When he was 29 he left his wife and child and set off to sit at the

feet of the great religious teachers of the day to learn from them.

They taught him much but none really knew the cause of humansuffering and how it could be overcome. Eventually, after sixyears study and meditation he had an experience in which all

ignorance fell away and he suddenly understood.

From that day onwards, he was called the Buddha, the AwakenedOne. He lived for another 45 years in which time he travelled all

over the northern India teaching others what he had discovered.His compassion and patience were legendary and he had

thousands of followers. In his eightieth year, old and sick, but

still happy and at peace, he finally died.

QUESTION: Wasn't it irresponsible for the Buddha to walk

out on his wife and child?ANSWER: It couldn't have been an easy thing for the Buddha

to leave his family. He must have worried and hesitated for a

long time before he finally left. But he had a choice, dedicating

himself to his family or dedicating himself to the whole world. In

the end, his great compassion made him give himself to the

whole world. And the whole world still benefits from his

What is Buddhism? 3

sacrifice. This was not irresponsible. It was perhaps the most

significant sacrifice ever made.

QUESTION: The Buddha is dead so how can he help us?

ANSWER: Faraday, who discovered electricity, is dead, but

what he discovered still helps us. Luis Pasteur who discoveredthe cures for so many diseases is dead, but his medical

discoveries still save lives. Leonardo da Vinci who created

masterpieces of art is dead, but what he created can still uplift

and give joy. Noble men and heroes may have been dead for centuries but when we read of their deeds and achievements, wecan still be inspired to act as they did. Yes, the Buddha is dead

but 2500 years later his teachings still help people, his example

still inspires people, his words still change lives. Only a Buddha

could have such power centuries after his death.

QUESTION: Was the Buddha a god?

ANSWER: No, he was not. He did not claim that he was a god,

the child of a god or even the messenger from a god. He was aman who perfected himself and taught that if we follow his

example, we could perfect ourselves also.

QUESTION: If the Buddha is not a god, then why do people

worship him?

ANSWER: There are different types of worship. When someone

worships a god, they praise him or her, making offerings and ask

for favours, believing that the god will hear their praise, receive

their offerings and answer their prayers. Buddhists do notindulge in this kind of worship. The other kind of worship is

when we show respect to someone or something we admire.

When a teacher walks into a room we stand up, when we meet a

dignitary we shake hands,when the national anthem is played wesalute. These are all gestures of respect and worship and indicate



our admiration for persons and things. This is the type of worship

Buddhist practise. A statue of the Buddha with its hands restedgently in its lap and its compassionate smile reminds us to strive

4 What is Buddhism

to develop peace and love within ourselves. The perfume of

incense reminds us of the pervading influence of virtue, the lampreminds us of light of knowledge and the flowers which soon

fade and die, reminds us of impermanence. When we bow, weexpress our gratitude to the Buddha for what his teachings have

given us. This is the nature of Buddhist worship.

QUESTION: But I have heard people say that Buddhists

worship idols.

ANSWER: Such statements only reflect the misunderstandingof the persons who make them. The dictionary defines an idol as"an image or statue worshipped as a god". As we have seen,

Buddhist do not believe that the Buddha was a god, so how could

they possibly believe that a piece of wood or metal is a god? All

religions use symbols to express various concepts. In Taoism, theying-yang is used to symbolise the harmony between opposites.In Sikhism, the sword is used to symbolise spiritual struggle. In

Christianity, the fish is used to symbolise his sacrifice. And in

Buddhism, the statue of the Buddha also reminds us of thehuman dimension in Buddhist teaching, the fact that Buddhism is

man-centred, not god-centred, that we must look within notwithout to find perfection and understanding. So to say that

Buddhist worship idols is not correct.

QUESTION: Why do people burn paper money and do all

kinds of strange things in Buddhist temples?

ANSWER: Many things seem strange to us when we don't

understand them. Rather than dismiss such things as strange, weshould strive to find their meaning. However, it is true that

Buddhist practice sometimes has its origin in popular superstition

and misunderstanding rather than the teaching of the Buddha.

And such misunderstandings are not found in Buddhism alone, but arise in all religions from time to time. The Buddha taught

with clarity and in detail and if some fail to understand fully, the

Buddha cannot be blamed.There is a saying:

What is Buddhism? 5

If a man suffering from a disease does not seek treatment even when there is a physician at hand, it isnot the fault of the physician. In the same way, if a man

is oppressed and tormented by the disease of

defilements but does not seek the help of the Buddha,that is not the Buddha's fault. -- JN 28-9

Nor should Buddhism or any religion be judged by those whodon't practise it properly. If you wish to know the true teachings

of Buddhism, read the Buddha's words or speak to those who

understand them properly.

QUESTION: If Buddhism is so good why are some Buddhist

countries poor?

ANSWER: If by poor you mean economically poor, then it is

true that some Buddhist countries are poor. But if by poor youmean a poor quality of life, then perhaps some Buddhist

countries are quite rich. America, for example, is aneconomically rich and powerful country but the crime rate is one

of the highest in the world, millions of old people are neglected

by their children and die of loneliness in old people's homes,domestic violence and child abuse are major problems. One in

three marriages end in divorce, pornography is easily available.Rich in terms of money but perhaps poor in terms of the quality

of life. Now if you look at some traditional Buddhist countries

you find a very different situation. Parents are honoured andrespected by their children, the crime rates are relatively low,

divorce and suicide are rare and traditional values like

gentleness, generosity, hospitality to strangers, tolerance andrespect for others are still strong. Economically backward, but perhaps a higher quality of life than a country like America. But



even if we judge Buddhist countries in terms of economics alone,

one of the wealthiest and most economically dynamic countriesin the world today is Japan where 93% of the population callthemselves Buddhist.

6 What is Buddhism?

QUESTION: Why is it that you don't often hear of charitable work being done by Buddhists?

ANSWER: Perhaps it is because Buddhists don't feel the needto boast about the good they do. Several years ago the Japanese

Buddhist leader Nikkho Nirwano received the Templeton Prizefor his work in promoting inter-religious harmony. Likewise a

Thai Buddhist monk was recently awarded the prestigious

Magsaysay Prize for his excellent work among drug addicts. In

1987 another Thai monk, Ven.Kantayapiwat was awarded the Norwegian Children's Peace Prize for his many years work helping homeless children in rural areas. And what about the

large scale social work being done among the poor in India by

the Western Buddhist Order? They have built schools, child

minding-centres, dispensaries and small scale industries for self-sufficiency. Buddhist see help given to others as an expression of their religious practice just as other religions do but they believe

that it should be done quietly and without self-promotion. Thus

you don't hear so much about their charitable work.

QUESTION: Why are there so many different types of

Buddhism?

ANSWER: There are many different types of sugar: brown

sugar, white sugar, rock sugar, syrup and icing sugar but it is allsugar and it all tastes sweet. It is produced in different forms so

that it can be used in different ways. Buddhism is the same: there

is Theravada Buddhism, Zen Buddhism, Pure Land Buddhism,

Yogacara Buddhism and Vajrayana Buddhism but it is allBuddhism and it all has the same taste - the taste of freedom.

Buddhism has evolved into different forms so that it can be

relevant to the different cultures in which it exists. It has been

reinterpreted over the centuries so that it can remain relevant toeach new generation. Outwardly, the types of Buddhism may

seem very different but at the centre of all of them is the Four

Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path. All major religions,Buddhism included, have split into schools and sects. But thedifferent sects of Buddhism have never gone to war with each

What is Buddhism? 7

other and to this day, they go to each other's temples and worshiptogether. Such tolerance and understanding is certainly rare.

QUESTION: You certainly think highly of Buddhism. I

suppose you think your religion is right and all the others are

wrong.

ANSWER: No Buddhist who understands the Buddha's

teaching thinks that other religions are wrong. No one who, has

made a genuine effort to examine other religions with an openmind could think like that either. The first thing you notice whenyou study the different religions is just' how much they have in

common. All religions acknowledge that man's present state is

unsatisfactory. All believe that a change of attitude and

behaviours is needed if man's situation is to improve. All teachan ethics that includes love, kindness, patience, generosity andsocial responsibility and all accept the existence of some form of

Absolute.

They use different languages, different names and different

symbols to describe and explain these things; and it is only whenthey narrowmindedly cling to their one way of seeing things that

religious intolerance, pride and selfrighteousness arise.

Imagine an Englishman, a Frenchman, a Chinese and an

Indonesian all looking at a cup. The Englishman says, "That's a

cup ". The Frenchman answers, "No it's not. It's a tasse ". The

Chinese comments, You're both wrong. It's a pet ". And the

Indonesian laughs at the others and says "What fools you are. It's

a cawan ." The Englishman gets a dictionary and shows it to



the others saying, "I can prove that it is a cup . My dictionary

says so". "Then your dictionary is wrong", says the Frenchman

"because my dictionary clearly says it is a tasse ". The Chinese

scoffs at them. "My dictionary is thousands of years older than

yours, so my dictionary must be right. And besides, more people

speak Chinese than any other language, so it must be a pet ".

While they are squabbling and arguing with each other, a

8 What is Buddhism?

Buddhist comes up and drinks from the cup. After he has drunk,

he says to the others, "Whether you call it a cup , a tasse , a

pet or a cawan , the purpose of the cup is to be used. Stop

arguing and drink, stop squabbling and refresh your thirst". This

is the Buddhist attitude to other religions.

QUESTION: Is Buddhism scientific?ANSWER: Before we answer that question it would be best to

define the word 'science'. Science, according to the dictionary is:

"knowledge which can be made into a system, which dependsupon seeing and testing facts and stating general natural laws, a

branch of such knowledge, anything that can be studied exactly".There are aspects of Buddhism that would not fit into this

definition but the central teachings of Buddhism, the Four Noble

Truths, most certainly would. Suffering, the First Noble Truth, isan experience that can be defined, experienced and measured.

The Second Noble Truth states that suffering has a natural cause,craving,which likewise can be defined, experienced and

measured. No attempted is made to explain suffering in terms of

a metaphysical concept or myths. Suffering is ended, accordingto the Third Noble Truth, not by relying on upon a supreme

being, by faith or by prayers but simply by removing its cause.

This is axiomatic. The Fourth Noble Truth, the way to endsuffering, once again, has nothing to do with metaphysics but

depends on behaving in specific ways. And once again behaviour

is open to testing. Buddhism dispenses with the concept of asupreme being, as does science, and explains the origins andworkings of the universe in terms of natural law. All of this

certainly exhibits a scientific spirit. Once again, the Buddha's

constant advice that we should not blindly believe but rather

question, examine, inquire and rely on our own experience, has adefinite scientific ring to it. He says:

"Do not go by revelation or tradition,do not goby rumour, or the sacred scriptures, do not go

What is Buddhism? 9

by hearsay or mere logic, do not go by bias

towards a notion or by another person's

seeming ability and do not go by the idea 'He is

our teacher'. But when you yourself know that a thing is good, that it is not blameble, that it is praised by the wise and when practised and

observed that it leads to happiness, then follow

that thing." So we could say that althoughBuddhism in not entirely scientific, it certainly

has a strong overtone and is certainly morescientific than any other religion. It is

significant that Albert Einstein, the greatest

scientist of the twentieth century said of Buddhism:

"The religion of the future will be a cosmicreligion. It should transcend a personal God

and avoid dogmas and theology. Covering bothnatural and spiritual, it should be based on areligious sense arising from the experience of

all things, natural and spiritual and ameaningful unity. Buddhism answers this

description. If there is any religion that would



cope with modern scientific needs, it would be

Buddhism."

-ooOoo-

[02]

Basic Buddhist Concept-ooOoo-

QUESTION: What are the main teachings of the Buddha?

ANSWER: All of the many teachings of the Buddha centre on

the Four Noble Truths, just as the rim and spokes of a wheelcentres on the hub. They are called 'Four' because there are four of them. They are called 'Noble' because they ennoble one who

understands them and they are called 'Truths' because,

corresponding with reality, they are true.

QUESTION: What is the First Noble Truth?

ANSWER: The First Noble Truth is that life is suffering. Tolive, you must suffer. It is impossible to live without

experiencing some kind of suffering. We have to endure physicalsuffering like sickness, injury, tiredness, old age and eventually

death and we have to endure psychological suffering like

Basic Buddhist Concepts 11

loneliness, frustrations, fear, embarrassment, disappointment,

anger, etc.

QUESTION: Isn't this a bit pessimistic?ANSWER: The dictionary defines pessimism as 'the habit of thinking that whatever will happen will be bad,' 'or 'The belief

that evil is more powerful than good.' Buddhism teaches neither

of these ideas. Nor does it deny that happiness exists. It simplysays that to live is to experience physical and psychological

suffering which is a statement that is so obvious that it cannot bedenied. The central concept of most religions is a myth, a legend

or a belief that is difficult or impossible to verify. Buddhism

starts with an experience, an irrefutable fact, a thing that allknow, that all have experienced and that all are striving to

overcome. Thus Buddhism is truly a universal religion because it

goes right to the core of every individual human being's concern

with suffering and how to avoid it.

QUESTION: What is the Second Noble Truth?

ANSWER: The Second Noble Truth is that all suffering is

caused by craving. When we look at psychological suffering, it iseasy to see how it is caused by craving. When we want



something but are unable to get it, we feel frustrated. When we

expect someone to live up to our expectation and they do not, wefeel let down and disappointed. When we want others to like usand they don't, we feel hurt. Even when we want something and

are able to get it, this does not often lead to happiness either

because it is not long before we feel bored with that thing, lose

interest in it and commence to want something else. Put simply,the Second Noble Truth says that getting what you want does not

guarantee happiness. Rather than constantly struggling to getwhat you want, try to modify your wanting. Wanting deprives us

of contentment and happiness.

QUESTION: But how does wanting and craving lead to

physical suffering?

12 Basic Buddhist Concepts

ANSWER: A lifetime wanting and craving for this and that and

especially the craving to continue to exist creates a powerful

energy that causes the individual to be reborn. When we are

reborn, we have a body and, as we said before, the body issusceptible to injury and disease; it can be exhausted by work; itages and eventually dies. Thus, craving leads to physical

suffering because it causes us to be reborn.

QUESTION: If we stop wanting altogether, we would never

achieve anything.

ANSWER: True. But what the Buddha says is that when our

desires, our craving, our constant discontent with what we have

and our continual longing for more and more does cause ussuffering,then we should stop doing it. He asks us to make a

difference between what we need and what we want and to strive

for our needs and modify our wants. He tells us that our needs

can be fulfilled but that our wants are endless - a bottomless pit.There are needs that are essential, fundamental and can be

obtained and this we should work towards. Desires beyond this

should be gradually lessened. After all, what is the purpose of

life? To get or be content and happy.

QUESTION: What or where is Nirvana?

ANSWER: It is a dimension transcending time and space andthus is difficult to talk about or even think about. Words andthoughts being only suited to describe the time-space dimension.

But because Nirvana is beyond time, there is no movement and

so no aging or dying. Thus Nirvana is eternal because it is

beyond space, there is no causation, no boundary, no concept of self and not-self and thus Nirvana is infinite. The Buddha also

assures us that Nirvana is an experience of great happiness. Hesays:

"Nirvana is the highest happiness".

(Dhammapada 204 )

Basic Buddhist Concepts 13

QUESTION: But is there proof that such a dimension exist?

ANSWER: No, there is not. But its existence can be inferred. If

there is a dimension where time and space do operate and there is

such a dimension - the world we experience, then we can infer that there is a dimension where time and space do not operate - Nirvana. Again, even though we cannot prove Nirvana exists, we

have the Buddha's word that is does exist. He tells us:

"There is an unborn, a not-become, a not-made, a not-compounded. If there were not,

this unborn, not-made, not-compounded, therecould not be made any escape from what is

born, become, made, and compounded.Therefore is there made known an escape from

what is born, made, and compounded." -- Ud

80

We will know it when we attain it. Until that time, we can

practise.

QUESTION: What is the Fourth Noble Truth?



ANSWER: The Fourth Noble Truth is the Path leading to the

overcoming of suffering. This path is called the Noble EightfoldPath and consists of Perfect Understanding, Perfect Thought,Perfect Speech, Perfect Action, Perfect Livelihood, Perfect

Effort, Perfect Mindfulness, and Perfect Concentration. Buddhist

practice consist of practising these eight things until they become

more complete. You will notice that the steps on the NobleEightfold Path cover every aspect of life: the intellectual, the

ethical and economic and the psychological and thereforecontains everything a person needs to lead a good life and to

develop spiritually.-ooOoo-

[03]

Buddhism and the God-idea-ooOoo-

QUESTION: Do Buddhist believe in god?

ANSWER: No, we do not. There are several reasons for this.The Buddha, like modern sociologists and psychologists, believed that religious ideas and especially the god idea have

their origin in fear. The Buddha says:

"Gripped by fear men go to the sacred mountains, sacred groves, sacred trees and shrines". - Dp 188

Primitive man found himself in a dangerous and hostile world,

the fear of wild animals, of not being able to find enough food, of injury or disease, and of natural phenomena like thunder,

lightning and volcanoes was constantly with him. Finding nosecurity, he created the idea of gods in order to give him comfort

Buddhism and the God-idea 15

in good times, courage in times of danger and consolation

whenthings went wrong. To this day, you will notice that people

become more religious at times of crises, you will hear them saythat the belief in a god or gods gives them the strength they needto deal with life. You will hear them explain that they believe in

a particular god because they prayed in time of need and their

prayer was answered. All this seems to support the Buddha’steaching that the god-idea is a response to fear and frustration.The Buddha taught us to try to understand our fears, to lessen our

desires and to calmly and courageously accept the things we

cannot change. He replaced fear, not with irrational belief but

with rational understanding.The second reason the Buddha did not believe in a god is because there does not seem to be any evidence to support this

idea. There are numerous religions, all claiming that they alone

have god’s words preserved in their holy book, that they aloneunderstand god’s nature, that their god exists and that the gods of

other religions do not. Some claim that god is masculine, some

that she is feminine and others that it is neuter. They are allsatisfied that there is ample evidence to prove the existence of



their god but they laugh in disbelief at the evidence other

religions use to prove the existence of another god. It is notsurprising that with so many different religions spending somany centuries trying to prove the existence of their gods that

still no real, concrete, substantial or irrefutable evidence has been

found. Buddhists suspend judgement until such evidence is

forthcoming.The third reason the Buddha did not believe in a god is that the

belief is not necessary. Some claim that the belief in a god isnecessary in order to explain the origin on the universe. But this

is not so. Science has very convincingly explained how theuniverse came into being without having to introduce the god-

idea. Some claim that belief in god is necessary to have a happy,

meaningful life. Again we can see that this is not so. There are

millions of atheists and free-thinkers, not to mention manyBuddhists, who live useful, happy and meaningful lives without

16 Buddhism and the God-idea

belief in a god. Some claim that belief in god’s power is

necessary because humans, being weak, do not have the strengthto help themselves. Once again, the evidence indicates theopposite. One often hears of people who have overcome great

disabilities and handicaps, enormous odds and difficulties,

through their own inner resources, through their own efforts andwithout belief in a god. Some claim that god is necessary in order

to give man salvation. But this argument only holds good if youaccept the theological concept of salvation and Buddhists do not

accept such a concept. Based on his own experience, the Buddha

saw that each human being had the capacity to purify the mind,develop infinite love and compassion and perfect understanding.

He shifted attention from the heavens to the heart and

encouraged us to find solutions to our problems through self-

understanding.

QUESTION: But if there are no gods how did the universe

get here?

ANSWER: All religions have myths and stories which attemptto answer this question. In ancient times, when many simply did

not know, such myths were adequate, but in the 20th century, in

the age of physics, astronomy and geology, such myths have been superseded by scientific fact. Science has explained theorigin of the universe without recourse to the god-idea.

QUESTION:What does the Buddha say about the origin of

the universe?

ANSWER: It is interesting that the Buddha’s explanation of the

origin of the universe corresponds very closely to the scientificview. In the Aganna Sutta, the Buddha described the universe

being destroyed and then re-evolving into its present form over a period of countless millions of years. The first life formed on the

surface of the water and again, over countless millions of years,

evolved from simple into complex organisms. All these

processes are without beginning or end, and are set in motion bynatural causes.

Buddhism and the God-idea 17

QUESTION: You say there is no evidence for the existence

of a god. But what about miracles?ANSWER: There are many who believe that miracles are proof of god’s existence. We hear wild claims that a healing has taken

place but we never get an independent testimony from a medical

office or a surgeon. We hear second-hand reports that someonewas miraculously saved from disaster but we never get an eye-

witness account of what is supposed to have happened. We hear rumours that prayer straightened a diseased body or strengthened

a withered limb, but we never see X-rays or get comments from

doctors or nurses. Wild claims, second-hand reports and rumoursare no substitute for solid evidence and solid evidence of

miracles is very rare.

However, sometimes unexplained things do happen, unexpected

events do occur. But our inability to explain such things does not prove the existence of gods. It only proves that our knowledge is

as yet incomplete. Before the development of modern medicine,

when people didn’t know what caused sickness people believed

that god or the gods sent diseases as a punishment. Now weknow what causes such things and when we get sick, we take



medicine. In time when our knowledge of the world is more

complete, we will be able to understand what causes unexplained phenomena, just as we can now understand what causes disease.

QUESTION: But so many people believe in some form of

god, it must be true.

ANSWER: Not so. There was a time when everyone believedthat the world was flat, but they were all wrong. The number of

people who believe in an idea is no measure of the truth or falsehood of that idea. The only way we can tell whether an idea

is true or not is by looking at the facts and examining theevidence.

QUESTION: So if Buddhists don’t believe in gods, what do

you believe in?

18 Buddhism and the God-idea

ANSWER: We don’t believe in a god because we believe in

man. We believe that each human being is precious andimportant, that all have the potential to develop into a Buddha – a perfected human being. We believe that human beings can

outgrow ignorance and irrationality and see things as they really

are. We believe that hatred, anger, spite and jealousy can bereplaced by love, patience, generosity and kindness. We believe

that all this is within the grasp of each person if they make theeffort, guided and supported by fellow Buddhists and inspired by

the example of the Buddha. As the Buddha says:

"No one saves us but ourselves,

No one can and no one may.

We ourselves must walk the path,

But Buddhas clearly show the way".

-- Dp 165

-ooOoo-

[04]



The Five Precepts-ooOoo-

QUESTION: Other religions derive their ideas of right and

wrong from the commandments of their god or gods. You

Buddhists don't believe in a god, so how do you know right

from wrong?

ANSWER: Any thoughts, speech or actions that are rooted in

greed, hatred and delusion and thus lead us away from Nirvanaare bad and any thoughts, speech or actions that are rooted ingiving, love and wisdom and thus help clear the way to Nirvana

are good.

To know what is right and wrong in god-centred religions, all

that is needed is to do as you are told. But in a man-centredreligion like Buddhism, to know what is right and wrong, youhave to develop a deep self-awareness and self understanding.

And ethics based on understanding are always stronger than

those that are a response to a command.

20 The Five Precepts

So to know what is right and wrong, the Buddhist looks at three

things - the intention, the effect the act will have upon oneself

and the effect it will upon others. If the intention is good (rootedin giving, loving and wisdom), if it helps myself (helps me to be

more giving, more loving and wiser), then my deeds and actions

are wholesome, good and moral. Of course, there are many

variations of this. Sometimes I act with the best of intentions butthey may not benefit either myself or others. Sometimes myintentions are far from good, but my actions helps others

nonetheless. Sometimes I act out of good intentions and my acts

help me but perhaps cause some distress to others. In such cases,

my actions are mixed - a mixture of good and not-so-good. When

intentions are bad and the action helps neither myself nor others,such an action is bad. And when my intention is good and myaction benefits both myself and others, then the deed is wholly

good.

QUESTION: So does Buddhism have a code of morality?

ANSWER: Yes it does. The five precepts are the basis of

Buddhist morality. The first precept is to avoid killing or harming living beings. The second is to avoid stealing, the third

is to avoid sexual misconduct, the fourth is to avoid lying and thefifth is to avoid alcohol and other intoxicating drugs.

QUESTION: But surely it is good to kill sometimes. To kill

disease-spreading insects, for example, or someone who is

going to kill you?

ANSWER: It might be good for you. But what about that thing

or that person? They wish to live, just as you do. When you

decide to kill a disease-spreading insect, your intention is

perhaps a mixture of self-concern (good) and revulsion (bad).The act will benefit yourself (good) but obviously it will not benefit that creature (bad). So at times it may be necessary to kill

but it is never totally good.

The Five Precepts 21

QUESTION: You Buddhists are too concerned about ants

and bugs.

ANSWER: Buddhists strive to develop a compassion that is

undiscriminating and all-embracing. They see the world as a

unified whole where each thing and creature has its place and

function. They believe that before we destroy or upset nature'sdelicate balance, we should be very careful. Just look at those

cultures where emphasis is on exploiting nature to the full,

squeezing every last drop out of it without putting anything back,

conquering and subduing it. Nature has revolted. The very air is becoming poisoned, the rivers are polluted and dead, so many



beautiful animal species are extinct, the slopes of the mountains

are barren and eroded. Even the climate is changing. If peoplewere a little less anxious to crush, destroy and kill, this terriblesituation may have not arisen. We should all strive to develop a

little more respect for life. And this is what the first precept is

saying.

QUESTION: The Third Precept says we should avoid sexual

misconduct. What is "sexual misconduct"?

ANSWER: If we use trickery, emotioal blackmail or force to

compel someone to have sex with us, then this is sexualmisconduct. Adultery is also a form of sexual misconduct

because when we marry we promise our spouse that we will be

loyal to them. When we commit adultery we break that promise

and betray that trust. Sex should be an expression of love andintimicy between two people and when it is it contributes to our mental and emotional well-being.

QUESTION: Is sex before marriage a type of sexual

misconduct?ANSWER: Not if there is love and mutual agreement betweentwo people. However, it should never be forgotten that the

biological function of sex is to reproduce and if an unmarried

woman becomes pregnant it can cause a great deal of problems.

22 The Five Precepts

Many mature and thoughtful people think it is far better to leave

sex until after marriage.

QUESTION: But what about lying? Is it possible to live

without telling lies?

ANSWER: If it is really impossible to get by in society or business without lying, such a shocking and corrupt state of

affairs should be changed. The Buddhist is someone who

resolves to do something practical about the problem by trying to

be more truthful and honest.

QUESTION: Well, what about alcohol? Surely a little drink

doesn't hurt!

ANSWER: People don't drink for the taste. When they drink alone it is in order to seek release from tension and when they

drink socially, it is usually to conform. Even a small amount of

alcohol distorts consciousness and disrupts self-awareness.

Taken in large quantities, its effects can be devastating.

QUESTION: Drinking a small amount wouldn't be really

breaking the precept, would it? It's only a small thing.

ANSWER: Yes, it is only a small thing and if you can't practiseeven a small thing, your commitment and resolution isn't very

strong, is it?

QUESTION: The five precepts are negative. They tell you

what not to do. They don't tell you what to do.

ANSWER: The Five Precepts are the basis of Buddhist

morality. They are not all of it. We start by recognizing our bad

behaviour and striving to stop doing it. That is what the Five

Precepts are for. After we have stopped doing bad, we thencommence to do good. Take for example, speech. The Buddhasays we should start by refraining from telling lies. After that, we

should speak the truth, speak gently and politely and speak at the

right time. He says:

The Five Precepts 23

"Giving up false speech he becomes a speaker

of truth, reliable, trustworthy, dependable, he

does not deceive the world. Giving upmalicious speech he does not repeat there what

he has heard here what he has heard there in

order to cause variance between people. Hereconciles those who are divided and bringscloser together those who are already friends.



Harmony is his joy, harmony is his delight,

harmony is his love; it is the motive of his speech. Giving up harsh speech his speech isblameless, pleasing to the ear, agreeable,

going to the heart, urbane, liked by most.

Giving up idle chatter he speaks at the right time, what is correct to the point, about

Dhamma and about discipline. He speaks

words worth being treasured up, seasonable,reasonable, well defined and to the point ".

-ooOoo-

[05]

Rebirth-ooOoo-

QUESTION: Where do beings come from and where are

they going?

ANSWER: There are three possible answers to this question.

Those who believe in a god or gods usually claim that before an

individual is created, he/she does not exist, then he/she comes

into being through the will of a god. He/she lives their life andthen, according to what they believe or do in their life, theyeither go to eternal heaven or hell. There are others, humanists

and scientists, who claim that the individual comes into being at

conception due to natural causes, lives and then at death, ceases

to exist. Buddhism does not accept either of these explanations.The first gives rise to many ethical problems If a good god reallycreates each of us, it is difficult to explain why so many people

are born with the most dreadful deformities, or why so many

children are miscarried just before birth or are still-born. Another problem with the theistic explanation is that it seems very unjust

that a person should suffer eternal pain in hell for 60 or 70 years

Rebirth 25

of non-belief or immoral living. Likewise, 60 or 70 years of goodliving seems a very small outlay for eternal bliss in heaven. for

what he/she did in those years on Earth The second explanation

is better than the first and has more scientific evidence to support

it but still leaves several important questions unanswered. Howcan a phenomenon so amazingly complex as consciousnessdevelop from the simple meeting of two cells, the sperm and the

egg? And now that parapsychology is a recognised branch of



science, phenomena like telepathy are increasingly difficult to fit

into the materialistic model of the mind.

QUESTION: How does the mind go from one body to

another?

ANSWER: Think of it being like radio waves. The radio waves,

which are not made up of words and music but energy atdifferent frequencies, are transmitted, travel through space, and

attracted to and picked up by the receiver from where they are broadcast as words and music. It is the same with the mind. At

death, mental energy travels through space, is attracted to and picked up by the fertilised egg. As the embryo grows, it centres

itself in the brain from where it later broadcasts itself as the new

personality.

QUESTION: Is one always reborn as a human being?

ANSWER: No, there are several realms in which one can be

reborn. Some people are reborn in heaven, some are reborn in

hell, some are reborn as hungry ghosts and so on. Heaven is not a

place but a state of existence where one has a subtle body andwhere the mind experiences mainly pleasure. Some religionsstrive very hard to be reborn in a heavenly existence mistakenly

believing it to be a permanent state. But it is not. Like all

conditioned states, heaven is impermanent and when one’s lifespan there is finished, one could well be reborn again as a

human. Hell, likewise, is not a place but a state of existencewhere one has a subtle body and where the mind experiences

mainly anxiety and distress. Being a hungry ghost, again, is a

26 Rebirth

state of existence where the body is subtle and where the mind is

continually plagued by longing and dissatisfaction.

So heavenly beings experience mainly pleasure, hell beings andghosts experience mainly pain and human beings experience

usually a mixture of both. So the main difference between the

human realm and other realms is the body type and the quality of

experience.

Buddhism offers the most satisfactory explanation of where

beings come from and where they are going. When we die, themind, with all the tendencies, preferences, abilities andcharacteristics that have been developed and conditioned in this

life, re-establishes itself in a fertilised egg. Thus the individual

grows, is re-born and develops a personality conditioned both by

the mental characteristics that have been carried over. And by thenew environment, the personality will change and be modified

by conscious effort ;and conditioning factors like education, parental influence and society and once again at death, re-

establishing itself in a new fertilised egg. This process of dyingand being reborn will continue until the conditions that cause it,

craving and ignorance, cease. When they do, instead of being

reborn, the mind attains a state called Nirvana and this is the

ultimate goal of Buddhism and the purpose of life.

QUESTION: What decides where we will be reborn?

ANSWER: The most important factor, but not the only one,

influencing where we will be reborn and what sort of life we

shall have, is karma. The word karma means action and refers toour intentional mental actions. In other words, what we are isdetermined very much by how we have thought and acted in the

past. Likewise, how we think and act now will influence how we

will be in the future.The gentle, loving type of person tends to be reborn in a heaven

realm or as a human being who has a predominance of pleasantexperiences. The anxious, worried or extremely cruel type of

person tends to be reborn in a hell realm or as a human being

who has a predominance of painful experiences. The person who

Rebirth 27

develops obsessive craving, fierce longings, and burning

ambitions that can never be satisfied tends to be reborn as ahungry ghost or as a human being frustrated by longing and

wanting. Whatever mental habits are strongly developed in this

life will continue in the next life. Most people, however, are

reborn as human beings.



QUESTION: So if our lives are determined by our karma,

can we change it?

ANSWER: Of course we can. That is why one of the steps onthe Eightfold Path is Right Effort. It depends on our sincerity,

how much energy we exert and how strong the habit is. But it is

true that some people singly go through life under the influence

of their past habits, without making an effort to change them andfalling victim to these unpleasant results. Such people will

continue to suffer unless they change their negative habits. Thelonger the negative habits remain, the more difficult they are to

change. The Buddhist understands this and takes advantage of each and every opportunity to break mental habits that have

unpleasant results and to develop mental habits that have

pleasant and happy results. Meditation is one of the techniques

used to modify the habit patterns of the mind as does speaking or refraining to speak in certain ways, and acting or refraining to actin certain ways. The whole of the Buddhist life is a training to

purify and free the mind. For example, if being patient and kind

was a pronounced part of your character in your last life, such

tendencies will re-emerge in the present life. If they arestrengthened and developed in the present life, they will re-emerge even stronger and more pronounced in the future life.

This is based upon the simple and observable fact that long

established habits tend to be difficult to break. Now, when you are patient and kind, it tends to happen that you

are not so easily ruffled by others, you don’t hold grudges, people like you and thus your experiences tends to be happier.

Now, let us take another example. Let us say that you come into

life with a tendency to be patient and kind due to your mental

28 Rebirth

habits in the past life. But in the present life, you neglect to

strengthen and develop such tendencies. They would graduallyweaken and die out and perhaps be completely absent in the

future life. Patience and kindness being weak in this case, there is

a possibility that in either this life or in the next life, a short

temper, anger and cruelty could grow and develop, bringing withthem all the unpleasant experiences that such attitudes create. We

will take one last example. Let us say that due to your mental

habits in the last life, you came into the present life with thetendency to be short-tempered and angry, and you realise thatsuch habits only cause you unpleasantness and so you make an

effort to change them. You replace them with positive emotions.

If you are able to eliminate them completely, which is possible if

you make an effort, you become free from the unpleasantnesscaused by being short tempered and angry. If you are only able to

weaken such tendencies, they would re-emerge in the next lifewhere with a bit more effort, they could be eliminated

completely and you could be free from their unpleasant effects.

QUESTION: You have talked a lot about rebirth but is

there any proof that we will be reborn when we die?

ANSWER: Not only is there scientific evidence to supportBuddhist belief in rebirth, it is the only after-life theory that hasany evidence to support it. There is not a scrap of evidence to

prove the existence of heaven and of course evidence of

annihilation at death must be lacking. But during the last 30

years parapsychologists have been studying reports that some people have vivid memories of their former lives. For example,in England, a 5 year old girl said she could remember her other

mother and father and she talked vividly about what sounded like

the events in the life of another person. Parapsychologists werecalled in and asked her hundreds of questions to which she gave

answers. She spoke of living in a particular village, in whatappeared to be Spain. She gave the name of the village, the name

of the street she lived in, her neighbours’ names and details about

her everyday life there. she also tearfully spoke of how she had

Rebirth 29

been struck by a car and died of her injuries two days later.

When these details were checked, they were found to beaccurate. There was a village in Spain with the name the child

had given. There was a house of the type she had described in the

street she had named. What is more, it was found that a 23 year

old woman living in the house had been killed in a car accidentfive years before.



Now how is it possible for a five year old living in England who

had never been to Spain to know all these details? And of course,this is not the only case of this type. Professor Ian Stevenson of the University of Virginia’s Department of Psychology has

described dozens of cases of this type in his books. He is an

accredited scientist whose 25 year study of people who

remember former lives is very strong evidence for the Buddhist

teaching of rebirth. (See "Twenty Cases Suggestive

of Reincarnation and Cases of Reincarnation

Type", University Press of Virginia, Charlotteville,

USA, 1975) .

QUESTION: Some people might say that the socalled ability

to remember former lives is the work of devils.

ANSWER: You simply cannot dismiss everything that doesn'tfit into your belief as being the work of devils.

When cold, hard facts are produced to support an idea, you mustuse rational and logical arguments if you wish to counter them --not irrational and superstitious talk about devils.

QUESTION: You say that talk about devils is superstitious.

Isn't talk about rebirth a bit superstitious too?

ANSWER: The dictionary defines superstition as a belief which

is not based on reason or fact but on an association of ideas, as inmagic. If you can show me a careful study of the existence of devils written by a scientist I will concede that belief in devils is

not superstition. But I have never heard of any research into

devils; scientists simply wouldn’t bother to study such things, soI say there is no evidence for the existence of devils. But as we

have just seen, there is evidence which seems to suggest that30 Rebirth

rebirth does take place. So if belief in rebirth is based on at leastsome facts, it cannot be a superstition.

QUESTION: Well, have there ever been any scientists who

believe in rebirth?ANSWER: Yes. Thomas Huxley, who was responsible for

having science introduced into the 19th century British school

system and who was the first scientist to defend Darwin’s

theories, believed that reincarnation was a very plausible idea. Inhis famous book "Evolution and Ethics and other Essays", he

says:" In the doctrine of transmigration, whatever its origin,

Brahmanical and Buddhist speculation found, ready tohand, the means of constructing a plausible vindication

of the ways of the Cosmos to man....yet this plea of

justification is not less plausible than others; and none

but very hasty thinkers will reject it on the ground of inherent absurdity. Like the doctrine of evolution itself,that of transmigration has its roots in the world of

reality; and it may claim such support as the great

argument from analogy is capable of supplying ".

Then, Professor Gust Stromberg, the famous Swedishastronomer, physicist and friend of Einstein also found the idea

of rebirth appealing:

"Opinions differ whether human souls can bereincarnated on the earth or not. In 1936 a very

interesting case was thoroughly investigated and reported by the government authorities in India. A girl

(Shanti Devi from Deli) could accurately describe her

previous life (at Muttra, five hundred miles from Deli)which ended about a year before her 'second birth'. She

gave the name of her husband and child and described

her home and life history. The investigating commission

brought her to her former relatives, who verified all her statements. Among the people of India reincarnations

Rebirth 31

are regarded as commonplace; the astonishing thing for them in this case was the great number of facts the girl







ANSWER: You would follow this easy steps: the four Ps:

place, posture, practice and problems. First, find a suitable place, perhaps a room that is not too noisy and where you are not likelyto be disturbed. Second, sit in a comfortable posture. A good

posture is to sit with your legs folded, a pillow under your

buttocks, your back straight, the hands nestled in the lap and the

eyes closed. Alternatively, you can sit in a chair as long as youkeep your back straight.

Next comes the actual practice itself. As you sit quietly with your eyes closed you focus your attention on the in and out movement

of the breath. This can be done by counting the breaths or watching the rise and fall of the abdomen. When this is done,

certain problems and difficulties will arise. You might

experience irritating itches on the body or discomfort in the

knees. If this happens, try to keep the body relaxed withoutmoving and keep focusing on the breath. You will probably havemany intruding thoughts coming into your mind and distracting

your attention from the breath. The only way you can deal with

this problem is to patiently keep returning your attention to the breath. If you keep doing this, eventually thoughts will weaken,

your concentration will become stronger and you will havemoments of deep mental calm and inner peace.

QUESTION: How long should I meditate for?

ANSWER: It is good to do meditation for 15 minutes every dayfor a week and then extend the time by 5 minutes each week until

you are meditating for 45 minutes. After a few weeks of regular

daily meditation you will start to notice that your concentrationgets better, there are less thoughts, and you have moments of real

peace and stillness.

36 Meditation

QUESTION: What about Loving Kindness Meditation?

How is that practised?

ANSWER: Once you are familiar with Mindfulness of

Breathing and are practising it regularly you can start practisingLoving Kindness Meditation. It should be done two or threetimes each week after you have done Mindfulness of Breathing.

First, you turn your attention to yourself and say to yourself

words like "May I be well and happy. May I be peaceful and

calm. May I be protected from dangers. May my mind be freefrom hatred. May my heart be filled with love. May I be well and

happy." Then one by one you think of a loved person, a neutral person, that is , someone you neither like nor dislike, and finally

a disliked person, wishing each of them well as you do so.

QUESTION: What is the benefit of doing this type of

meditation?

ANSWER: If you do Loving Kindness Meditation regularly andwith the right attitude, you will find very positive changes taking place within yourself. You will find that you are able to be more

accepting and forgiving towards yourself. You will find that the

feelings you have towards your loved ones will increase. Youwill find yourself making friends with people you used to be

indifferent and uncaring towards, and you will find the ill-will or resentment you have towards some people will lessen and

eventually be dissolved. Sometimes if you know of someone

who is sick, unhappy or encountering difficulties you can includethem in your meditation and very often you will find their

situation improving.

QUESTION: How is that possible?

ANSWER: The mind, when properly developed, is a very powerful instrument. If we can learn to focus our mental energy

and project it towards others, it can have an effect upon them.

You may have had an experience like this. Perhaps you are in a

crowded room and you get this feeling that someone is watchingyou. You turn around and, sure enough, someone is staring at

Meditation 37

you. What has happened is that you have picked up that other person’s mental energy. Loving Kindness Meditation is like that.



We project positive mental energy towards and it gradually

transforms them.

QUESTION: Do I need a teacher to teach me meditation?

ANSWER: A teacher is not absolutely necessary but personal

guidance from someone who is familiar with mediation is

certainly helpful. Unfortunately, some monks and laymen setthemselves up as meditation teachers when they simply don’t

know what they are doing. Try to pick a teacher who has a goodreputation, a balanced personality and one who adheres closely

to the Buddha’s teachings.

QUESTION: I have heard that meditation is widely used

today by psychiatrists and psychologists. Is this true?

ANSWER: Yes, it is. Meditation is now accepted as having ahighly therapeutic effect upon the mind and is used by many professional mental health workers to help induce relaxation,

overcome phobias and bring about self-awareness. The Buddha’s

insights into the human mind are helping people as much todayas they did in ancient times.

-ooOoo-

[07]

Wisdom and Compassion-ooOoo-

QUESTION: What do the terms wisdom and compassion

mean in Buddhism?

ANSWER: Some religions believe that compassion or love (the

two are very similar) is the most important spiritual quality butthey fail to develop any wisdom. The result is that you end up

being a good-hearted fool, a very kind person but with little or nounderstanding. Other systems of thought, like science, believe

that wisdom can best be developed when all emotions, including

compassion, are kept out of the way. The outcome of this is thatscience has tended to become preoccupied with results and has

forgotten that science is to serve man, not to control anddominate him. How, otherwise could scientists have lent their

skills to develop the nuclear bomb, germ warfare, and the like.Religion has always seen reason and wisdom as the enemy of

emotions like love and faith. Science has always seen emotionsWisdom and Compassion 39

like love and faith as being enemies of reason and objectivity.And of course, as science progresses, religion declines.

Buddhism, on the other hand, teaches that to be a truly balanced



and complete individual, you must develop both wisdom and

compassion. And because it is not dogmatic but based onexperience, Buddhism has nothing to fear from science.

QUESTION: So what, according to Buddhism, is wisdom?

ANSWER: The highest wisdom is seeing that in reality all

phenomena are incomplete, impermanent, and not self. This

understanding is totally freeing and leads to the great securityand happiness which is called Nirvana. However, the Buddhadoesn’t speak too much about this level of wisdom. It is not

wisdom if we simply believe what we are told. True wisdom is todirectly see and understand for ourselves. At this level then,

wisdom is to keep an open mind rather than being closed-

minded, listening to other points of view rather than being

bigoted; to carefully examine facts that contradict our beliefs,rather than burying our heads in the sand; to be objective rather than prejudiced and partisan; to take time about forming our

opinions and beliefs rather than just accepting the first or most

emotional thing that is offered to us; and to always be ready tochange our beliefs when facts that contradict them are presented

to us. A person who does this is certainly wise and is certain toeventually arrive at true understanding. The path of just believing

what you are told is easy. The Buddhist path requires courage,

patience, flexibility and intelligence.

QUESTION: What is the point of Buddhism if only a few

can practice it?

ANSWER: It is true that not everyone is ready for Buddhism

yet. But to say therefore that we should teach a religion that isfalse but easily understandable so everyone can practise it is

ridiculous. Buddhism aims at the truth and if not everyone has

the capacity to understand it yet, they perhaps will be ready for it

in their next life. However, there are many who, with just the40 Wisdom and Compassion

right words or encouragement, are able to increases their

understanding. And it is for this reason that Buddhists gently andquietly strive to share the insights of Buddhism with others. The

Buddha taught us out of compassion and we teach others out of

compassion.

QUESTION: What, according to Buddhism, is compassion?

ANSWER: Just as wisdom covers the intellectual or

comprehending side of our nature. Like wisdom, compassion is

uniquely human quality. Compassion is made up of two words.

'co' meaning together and 'passion' meaning a strong feeling. Andthis is what compassion is. When we see someone is in distressand we feel their pain as if it were our own, and strive to

eliminate or lessen their pain, then this is compassion. So all the best in human beings, all the Buddha-like qualities like sharing,

readiness to give comfort, sympathy, concern and caring - all are

manifestations of compassion. You will notice also that in the

compassionate person, care and love towards others has itsorigins in care and love for oneself. We can really understandothers when we really understand ourselves. We will know

what’s best for others when we know what’s best for ourselves.

We can feel for others when we feel for ourselves. So inBuddhism, ones own spiritual development blossoms quite

naturally into concern for the welfare of others. The Buddha’slife illustrates this very well. He spent six years struggling for his

own welfare, after which, he was able to be of benefit to the

whole of mankind.

QUESTION: Isn’t it selfish to say that we are best able to

help others after we have helped ourselves.

ANSWER: We usually see altruism, concern for others before

oneself, as being the opposite of selfishness, concern for oneself before others,. Buddhism does no see it as either one or the other

but rather as a blending of the two. Genuine self-concern will

gradually mature into concern for others as one sees that others

are really the same as oneself. This is genuine compassion.Wisdom and Compassion 41

Compassion is the most beautiful jewel in the crown of the

Buddha’s teaching.-ooOoo-



[08]

Vegetarianism-ooOoo-

QUESTION: Buddhists should be vegetarians, shouldn’t

they?

ANSWER: Not necessarily. The Buddha was not a vegetarian.He did not teach his disciples to be vegetarians and even today,

there are many good Buddhists who are not vegetarians.

QUESTION: If you eat meat you are indirectly responsible

the death of a creature. Isn’t that breaking the first precept?

ANSWER: It is true that when you eat meat, you are indirectlyand partially responsible for killing a creature but the same is

true when you eat vegetables. The farmer has to spray his crop

with insecticides and poisons so that the vegetables arrive onyour dinner plates without holes in them. And once again,

animals have been used to provide the leather for your belt or handbag, oil for the soap you use and a thousand other products

Vegetarianism 43

as well. It is impossible to live without, in some way, being

indirectly responsible for the death of some other beings. This is

just another example of the First Noble Truth, ordinary existenceis suffering and unsatisfactory. When you take the First Precept,

you try to avoid being directly responsible for killing beings.



QUESTION: Mahayana Buddhists don’t eat meat ...

ANSWER: That is not correct. Mahayana Buddhism in Chinalaid great stress on being vegetarian but both the monks, laymen

and women of the Mahayana tradition in Japan and Tibet usually

eat meat.

QUESTION: But I still think that a Buddhist should be

vegetarian.

ANSWER: If there was a man who was a very strict vegetarian

but who was selfish, dishonest and mean, and another man whowas not a vegetarian but who was thoughtful of others, honest,

generous and kind, which of these two people would be the

better Buddhist?

QUESTION: The person who was honest and kind.

ANSWER: Why?

QUESTION: Because such a person obviously has a good

heart.

ANSWER: Exactly. One who eats meat can have a pure heart

just as one who does not eat meat can have an impure heart. Inthe Buddha’s teachings, the important thing is the quality of your

heart, not the contents of your diet. Many Buddhists take great

care never to eat meat buy they are not concerned about beingselfish, dishonest, cruel or jealous. They change their diet which

is easy to do, while neglecting to change their hearts, which is adifficult thing to do. So whether you are a vegetarian or not,

remember that the purification of the mind is the most important

thing in Buddhism.-ooOoo-

[09]

Good Luck and Fate-ooOoo-

QUESTION: What did the Buddha teach about magic and

fortune telling?

ANSWER: The Buddha considered such practices as fortunetelling, wearing magic charms for protection, finding lucky sites

for buildings, prophesising and fixing lucky days to be uselesssuperstitions and he expressly forbade his disciples to practise

such things. He called all these things 'low arts'.

"Whereas some religious men, while living off food provided bythe faithful make their living by such low arts, such wrong meansof livelihood as palmistry, divining by signs, interpreting dreams,

bringing about good or bad luck, picking the lucky site for a

building, the monk Gotama refrains from such low arts, suchwrong means of livelihood".

Good Luck and Fate 45

QUESTION: Then why do people sometimes practise such

things and believe in them?

ANSWER: Because of greed, fear and ignorance. As soon as people understand the Buddha’s teachings, they realise that a

pure heart can protect them much better than bits of paper, bits of



metal and a few chanted words and they no longer rely on such

things. In the teachings of the Buddha, it is honesty, kindness,understanding, patience, forgiveness, generosity, loyalty andother good qualities that truly protect you and give you true

prosperity.

QUESTION: But some lucky charms do work, don’t they?

ANSWER: I know a person who makes a living selling luckycharms. He claims that his charms can give good luck, prosperityand he guarantees that you will be able to pick three numbers.

But if what he says is true then why isn’t he himself a multi-millionaire? If his lucky charms really work, then why doesn’t he

win the lottery week after week? The only luck he has is that

there are people silly enough to buy his magic charms.

QUESTION: Then is there such a thing as luck?

ANSWER: The dictionary defines luck as 'believing that

whatever happens, either good or bad, to a person in the course

of events is due to chance, fate or fortune'. The Buddha deniedthis belief completely. Everything that happens has a specific

cause or causes and there must be some relationships betweenthe cause and the effect. Becoming sick, for example, has

specific causes. One must come into contact with germs and

one’s body must be weak enough for the germs to establishthemselves. There is a definite relationship between the cause

(germs and a weakened body) and the effect (sickness) becausewe know that germs attack the organisms and give rise to

sickness. But no relationship can be found between wearing a

piece of paper with words written on it and being rich or passingexaminations. Buddhism teaches that whatever happens does so

because of a cause or causes and not due to luck, chance or fate.

46 Good Luck and Fate

People who are interested in luck are always trying to get

something,usually more money and wealth. The Buddha teaches

us that it is far more important to develop our hearts and minds.

He says:

Being deeply learned and skilled; being well-

trained and using well-spoken words - this isthe best good luck. To support mother and father, to cherish wife and child and to have a

simple livelihood - this is the best good luck.

-ooOoo-



[10]

Becoming a Buddhist-ooOoo-

QUESTION: What you say so far is very interesting to me.

How do I become a Buddhist?

ANSWER: Once there was a man called Upali. He was thefollower of another religion and he went to the Buddha in order

to argue with him and try to convert him. But after talking to theBuddha, he was so impressed that he decided to become a

follower of the Buddha. But the Buddha said:

"Make a proper investigation first. Proper investigation is good for a well-known personlike yourself."

"Now I am even more pleased and satisfied when the Lord says to me: 'Make a proper

investigation first.' For if members of another

48 Becoming a Buddhist

religion had secured me as a discipline they

would have paraded a banner all around the

town saying: 'Upali has joined our religion.'

But the Lord says to me: Make a proper

investigation first. Proper investigation is good for a well-known person like yourself."

In Buddhism, understanding is the most important thing andunderstanding takes time. So do not impulsively rush into

Buddhism. Take your time, ask questions, consider carefully, and

then make your decision. The Buddha was not interested inhaving a large number of disciples. He was concerned that

people should follow his teachings as a result of a carefulinvestigation and consideration of the facts.

QUESTION: If I have done this and find the Buddha's

teaching acceptable, what would I do then if I wanted to

become a Buddhist?

ANSWER: If would be best to join a good temple or Buddhist

group, support them, be supported by them and continue to learn

more about the Buddha's teachings. Then, when you are ready,you would formally become a Buddhist by taking the Three

Refuges.

QUESTION: What are the Three Refuges?

ANSWER: A refuge is a place where people go when they are

distressed or when they need safety and security. There are many

types of refuges. When people are unhappy, they take refugewith their friends, when they are worried and frightened, they

may take refuge in false hopes and beliefs. As they approachdeath, they might take refuge in the belief in an eternal heaven.

But, as the Buddha says, none of these are true refuges because

they do not give comfort and security based on reality.

Becoming a Buddhist 49

Truly these are not safe refuges,

not the refuge supreme.



Not the refuge whereby one is

freed from all sorrow.

But to take refuge in the Buddha, the Dhamma and the Sangha

and to see with real understanding

the Four Noble Truths,

Suffering, the cause of suffering,the transcending of suffering and

the Noble Eightfold Path that leadsto the transcending of suffering,

This indeed is a safe refuge,

it is the refuge supreme. It is the refuge whereby one is

freed from all suffering.

Dp 189-192

Taking Refuge in the Buddha is a confident acceptance of thefact that one can become fully enlightened of the fact that one

can become fully enlightened and perfected just as the Buddha

was. Taking Refuge in the Dhamma means understanding theFour Noble Truths and basing one's life on the Noble EightfoldPath. Taking Refuge in the Sangha means looking for support,

inspiration and guidance from all who walk the Noble Eightfold

Path. Doing this one becomes a Buddhist and thus takes the first

step on the path towards Nirvana.50 Becoming a Buddhist

QUESTION: What changes have taken place in your life

since you first took the three refuges?

ANSWER: Like countless millions of others over the last 2500

years, I have found that the Buddha's teachings have made senseout of a difficult world, they have given meaning to what was asenseless life, they have given me a humane and compassionate

ethics with which to lead my life and they have shown me how I

can attain a state of purity and perfection in the next life. A poet

in ancient India once wrote of the Buddha:

To go to him for refuge, to sing his praise, todo him honour and to abide in his Dhamma is

to act with understanding.

I agree with these words completely.

QUESTION: I have a friend who is always trying to convert

me to his religion. I am not really interested in his religion

and I have told him so but he won't leave me alone. What can

I do?

ANSWER: The first thing you must understand is that this

person is not really your friend. A true friend accepts you as youare and respects your wishes. I suspect that this person is merely pretending to be your friend so he can convert you. When people

are trying to impose their will on you they are certainly not

friends.

QUESTION: But he says he wants to share his religion with

me.

ANSWER: Sharing your religion with others is a good thing.

But I suggest that your friend doesn't know the difference between sharing and imposing. If I have an apple, I offer youhalf and you accept my offer, then I have shared with you. But if

you say to me "Thank you, but I have already eaten" and I keep

Becoming a Buddhist 51

insisting that you take half the apple until you finally give in tomy pressure, this can hardly be called sharing. People like your



'friend' try to disguise their bad behaviour by calling it 'sharing',

'love', or 'generosity', but by whatever name they call it, their behaviour is still just rude, bad manners and selfish.

QUESTION: So how can I stop him?

ANSWER: It is simple. Firstly, be clear in your mind what you

want. Secondly, clearly and briefly tell him so. Thirdly, when he

asks you questions like "What is your belief on this matter?" or "Why don't you wish to come to the meeting with me?", clearly, politely and persistently repeat your first statement. "Thank you

for your invitation but I would rather not come"."Why not?"

"That is really my business. I would rather not come."

"But there will be many interesting people there."

"I am sure there will be but I would rather not come.""I am inviting you because I care about you.""I am glad you care about me but I would rather not come."

If you clearly, patiently and persistently repeat yourself and

refuse to allow him to get you involved in a discussion he willeventually give up. It is a shame that you have to do this, but it is

very important for people to learn that they cannot impose their beliefs or wishes upon others.

QUESTION: Should Buddhists try to share the Dhamma

with others?

ANSWER: Yes, they should. And I think most Buddhistsunderstand the difference between sharing and imposing. If

people ask you about Buddhism, tell them. You can even tell

them about the Buddha's teachings without their asking. But if, by either their words or actions, they let you know that they are

not interested, accept that and respect their wishes. It is also

important to remember that you let people know about theDhamma far more effectively through your actions than through preaching to them. Show people the Dhamma by always being

52 Becoming a Buddhist

considerate, kind, tolerant, upright and honest. Let the Dhammashine forth through your speech and actions. If each of us, you

and I, know the Dhamma thoroughly, practise it fully and share it

generously with others, we can be of great benefit to ourselvesand others also.

-ooOoo-

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