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Governing the Games: the Olympics and risk Will Jennings University of Manchester Funded through the ESRC Research Fellowship: ‘Going for Gold: The Olympics, Risk and Risk Management’ (RES063270205).

Governing the Games: the Olympics and risk · 2015-09-07 · ‘the world’s largest peacetime event’ •The Beijing 2008 Olympics: –28 sports, 302 events, 37 competition venues,

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Page 1: Governing the Games: the Olympics and risk · 2015-09-07 · ‘the world’s largest peacetime event’ •The Beijing 2008 Olympics: –28 sports, 302 events, 37 competition venues,

Governing the Games: the Olympics and risk

Will Jennings

University of Manchester

Funded through the ESRC Research Fellowship: ‘Going for Gold: The Olympics, Risk and Risk Management’ (RES‐063‐27‐0205). 

Page 2: Governing the Games: the Olympics and risk · 2015-09-07 · ‘the world’s largest peacetime event’ •The Beijing 2008 Olympics: –28 sports, 302 events, 37 competition venues,

“Security and risk management are part of the Olympic package – as well 

as for almost every national and international gathering today.”

(Richard Pound)

Page 3: Governing the Games: the Olympics and risk · 2015-09-07 · ‘the world’s largest peacetime event’ •The Beijing 2008 Olympics: –28 sports, 302 events, 37 competition venues,

The management of risk structures both organisation and operation of each Games as well as the public 

experience and historical verdicts on its success. 

Page 4: Governing the Games: the Olympics and risk · 2015-09-07 · ‘the world’s largest peacetime event’ •The Beijing 2008 Olympics: –28 sports, 302 events, 37 competition venues,

>Outline

1. Research context– Risk and modernity.

– The risk management of everything: the rise of formal control mechanisms in government and the private sector. 

2. The Olympics and risk  

3. Governing the Games: organisational responses to risk. 

Page 5: Governing the Games: the Olympics and risk · 2015-09-07 · ‘the world’s largest peacetime event’ •The Beijing 2008 Olympics: –28 sports, 302 events, 37 competition venues,

>Definitions & Debates

• Risk: the probability of occurrence of an event multiplied by losses associated with it.

= (probability of event) x (impact of event)

• Risk management: process consisting of goal‐setting, information‐gathering and behaviour‐modification.

Page 6: Governing the Games: the Olympics and risk · 2015-09-07 · ‘the world’s largest peacetime event’ •The Beijing 2008 Olympics: –28 sports, 302 events, 37 competition venues,

>Risk and Modernity

• A new era of extreme events and risks? (e.g. Beck 1992; OECD 2003; Lagadec and Michel‐Kerjan 2005; Lagadec 2007). 

• Events such as: Chernobyl nuclear disaster 1986, Sarin nerve gas attacks on the Tokyo Subway in 1995, September 11, 2001 terror attacks, power outages in North America August 2003, Hurricane Katrina in September 2005, and the Credit Crunch of 2008/09. 

Page 7: Governing the Games: the Olympics and risk · 2015-09-07 · ‘the world’s largest peacetime event’ •The Beijing 2008 Olympics: –28 sports, 302 events, 37 competition venues,

>Context

• Discovery of probability (Hacking), rise of quantification (Porter), professionalization of risk analysis as a generic practice since the 1960s (Hacking), emergence as “a new religion” (Bernstein).

• Environmentalism and the precautionary principle (e.g. BSE), corporate scandals (e.g. Enron), terrorism (e.g. 9/11), effects on organisation’s reputation (e.g. Shell and Brent Spar, Toyota brakes defect).

Page 8: Governing the Games: the Olympics and risk · 2015-09-07 · ‘the world’s largest peacetime event’ •The Beijing 2008 Olympics: –28 sports, 302 events, 37 competition venues,

>The Risk Management of Everything

• Risk has increasingly been integrated into organisation in both the public and private sectors.– Business: the rise of audit and formal controls (Power 1997; 2004; 2007). Organisations turned ‘inside out’ in response to risks.

– Public policy: the rise of internal controls and monitoring mechanisms. Self‐regulation of government (Hood et al. 1999). Growth of the regulatory state (Majone 1994; Moran 2003).

• In fields such as: counter‐terrorism, energy, financial markets, transport and public health.

Page 9: Governing the Games: the Olympics and risk · 2015-09-07 · ‘the world’s largest peacetime event’ •The Beijing 2008 Olympics: –28 sports, 302 events, 37 competition venues,

Is risk just everything that can go wrong?

Page 10: Governing the Games: the Olympics and risk · 2015-09-07 · ‘the world’s largest peacetime event’ •The Beijing 2008 Olympics: –28 sports, 302 events, 37 competition venues,

‘the world’s largest peacetime event’

• The Beijing 2008 Olympics: – 28 sports, 302 events, 37 competition venues, 16 days of competition, 204 NOCs, 11,000 athletes, 5,500 officials and coaches, 2,500 referees and judges, 20,500 media, 70,000 volunteers, 4 million spectators, estimated global television audience of 4.7 billion.

• Risks include: infrastructure, finance, health and safety, operations, security, environment, power supplies, legacy, transport, revenue.  

Page 11: Governing the Games: the Olympics and risk · 2015-09-07 · ‘the world’s largest peacetime event’ •The Beijing 2008 Olympics: –28 sports, 302 events, 37 competition venues,

>Some Examples of Olympic Risk

London 1908 Natural disaster (eruption of Mount Vesuvius).

Munich 1972 International terrorism (Munich Massacre).

Montreal 1976 Public debt ($1 billion deficit).

Seoul 1988 Doping (Ben Johnson scandal).

Atlanta 1996 Transport and logistical problems.

Sydney 2000 & 

Salt Lake City 2002Gift‐giving and corruption scandals. 

Page 12: Governing the Games: the Olympics and risk · 2015-09-07 · ‘the world’s largest peacetime event’ •The Beijing 2008 Olympics: –28 sports, 302 events, 37 competition venues,

>The Myth of Olympic Exceptionalism

• The myth of Olympic ‘exceptionalism’ – the idea that each Games is unique. 

• But… universal themes of Olympic policy and organisation – financial controls (London 1908 and 2012), stadium construction (Athens 1896 and 2004), geo‐politics (Berlin 1936, Moscow 1980, Los Angeles 1984) and global recession (Los Angeles 1932 and London 2012). 

Page 13: Governing the Games: the Olympics and risk · 2015-09-07 · ‘the world’s largest peacetime event’ •The Beijing 2008 Olympics: –28 sports, 302 events, 37 competition venues,

“Many suggestions have been made for providing the large sum of money necessary to carry out adequately any celebration of the 

Olympic Games in modern times. If the question of finance has proved difficult in the past, that difficulty is not likely to diminish in the future, for Olympic balance‐sheets, like other budgets, are in the habit of proving 

their healthy existence by a vigorous growth.”

(Official Olympic Report, London 1908)

Page 14: Governing the Games: the Olympics and risk · 2015-09-07 · ‘the world’s largest peacetime event’ •The Beijing 2008 Olympics: –28 sports, 302 events, 37 competition venues,

>Decision‐Making Biases 

• Optimism bias concerning risks and benefits: bid documents “the most beautiful fiction”.

• Risk discounting: difficulty of predicting future outcomes over 15‐20 year project timeline.

• Risk aversion:  zero tolerance to reputational risk (IOC) and security threats (governments).

• ‘Normal accidents’: unexpected interaction of complex systems, cascades, chain reactions.

Page 15: Governing the Games: the Olympics and risk · 2015-09-07 · ‘the world’s largest peacetime event’ •The Beijing 2008 Olympics: –28 sports, 302 events, 37 competition venues,

>Organisational Responses to Risk

• Since the 1970s, a number of distinct trends have influenced Olympic governance of risk: – Economic evaluation and transfer of risk to the market (commercialisation, contracting out).

– Regulation, audit and risk management in government and business. 

– Transnational networks of regulation and risk management. 

– Securitization and state interventionism.

Page 16: Governing the Games: the Olympics and risk · 2015-09-07 · ‘the world’s largest peacetime event’ •The Beijing 2008 Olympics: –28 sports, 302 events, 37 competition venues,

>Insurance

• A long‐established tool of risk management at the Games (e.g. London 1908, Berlin 1936). 

• Broadcasters (e.g. NBC cover with Lloyds of London after US boycott of Moscow 1980).

• Organizing Committees (e.g. Salt Lake City 2002 purchased cover from Lloyds).

• IOC now purchases insurance against natural disaster or terrorism (e.g. $6.8m premium for Athens 2004, $9.4m for Beijing 2008). 

Page 17: Governing the Games: the Olympics and risk · 2015-09-07 · ‘the world’s largest peacetime event’ •The Beijing 2008 Olympics: –28 sports, 302 events, 37 competition venues,

>Risk Assessment 

• IOC Candidature Questionnaire and Procedure –and Evaluation Commission– task is “to make a qualitative assessment of risk” (IOC 2004). 

• Regular monitoring and evaluation of progress by the IOC Coordination Commission.

• Probabilistic methodologies (e.g. evaluation of the London 2012 budget by PwC in 2003).

• Risk assessments now widespread in planning (e.g. environment, security, health & safety).

Page 18: Governing the Games: the Olympics and risk · 2015-09-07 · ‘the world’s largest peacetime event’ •The Beijing 2008 Olympics: –28 sports, 302 events, 37 competition venues,

>Public/Private Risk Transfer

• State‐owned enterprises (e.g. Barcelona 1992: HOLSA, Beijing 2008: CITIC/BSAM) or private sector delivery partners (London 2012: CLM).

• Hedging against foreign currency revenues (e.g. LOCOG) and risk transfer agreements with venue developers (e.g. Vancouver 2010).

• Transfer to the market can bring risk (e.g. the shortfall in private financing of London 2012’s Olympic Village).

Page 19: Governing the Games: the Olympics and risk · 2015-09-07 · ‘the world’s largest peacetime event’ •The Beijing 2008 Olympics: –28 sports, 302 events, 37 competition venues,

>Olympic Risk Management 

• Increasing use of risk management in Olympic governance and organisation of the Games:– U.S. Olympic Committee: first formal use of risk management in the 1980s.

– Los Angeles 1984 and Atlanta 1996: small risk management teams.

– Sydney 2000: government‐led management of financial and security risks, combined with SOCOG risk management. 

Page 20: Governing the Games: the Olympics and risk · 2015-09-07 · ‘the world’s largest peacetime event’ •The Beijing 2008 Olympics: –28 sports, 302 events, 37 competition venues,

>Olympic Risk Management 

• Increasing use of risk management in Olympic governance and organisation of the Games:– Salt Lake City 2002: ‘risk assessment approach’ to security. 

– Vancouver 2010: comprehensive implementation of Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) by VANOC.

– London 2012: risk management prevalent across the whole Olympic programme – strategy (GOE, Cabinet Office), delivery (ODA), security (Home Office), operations (LOCOG).

Page 21: Governing the Games: the Olympics and risk · 2015-09-07 · ‘the world’s largest peacetime event’ •The Beijing 2008 Olympics: –28 sports, 302 events, 37 competition venues,

>Limits of Risk‐Based Organisation

• Formal risk management does not account for reputational risk in all cases.

“… the Atlanta experience showed the media can play an important role in defining the perception of the success or otherwise of the Games” (Luckes 1997)

• Risk assessments are not always consistent: i.e. differences due to functional priorities (e.g. ‘acceptable risk’ is different for security compared to construction) or time scale.

Page 22: Governing the Games: the Olympics and risk · 2015-09-07 · ‘the world’s largest peacetime event’ •The Beijing 2008 Olympics: –28 sports, 302 events, 37 competition venues,

>Conclusions & Future Questions

• The management of risk structures both the organisation and operation of each Games as well as the public experience and historical verdicts on its success. 

• Are trends in the Olympic management of risk predictable and exogenous? Does risk‐based thinking lead organisation to be turned ‘inside out’ in over‐sensitivity to reputational failure?

• At what point do the costs of risk mitigation outstrip their economic benefits? What price an Olympic ‘no risk policy’?

Page 23: Governing the Games: the Olympics and risk · 2015-09-07 · ‘the world’s largest peacetime event’ •The Beijing 2008 Olympics: –28 sports, 302 events, 37 competition venues,

Governing the Games: the Olympics and risk

Will Jennings

University of Manchester

Funded through the ESRC Research Fellowship: ‘Going for Gold: The Olympics, Risk and Risk Management’ (RES‐063‐27‐0205).