B.A.R.C-958

GOVERNMENT OF INDIA

ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION

PROGRESS REPORT OF THERADIATION TECHNOLOGY & INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS SECTION

ISOTOPE GROUPFOR THE PERIOD ENDING AUGUST 1977

Compiled and Edited byA. D. Naik, A. N. Roy and A. B. Majali

BHABHA ATOMIC RESEARCH CENTRE

BOMBAY, INDIA1977

B. A.R. C. -958

GOVERNMENT OF INDIAATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION

in

U

PROGRESS REPORT OF THERADIATION TECHNOLOGY & INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS SECTION

ISOTOPE G IOUPFOR THE PERIOD ENDING AUGUST 1977

Compiled and Edited by

A. D. Naik, A. N. Roy and A. B. Majatl

BHABHA ATOMIC RESEARCH CENTREBOMBAY, INDIA

1977

C O N T E N T S

Title Pam No.

FOREWORDSECTION It RADIATION TECHNOLOGY

1.1 Design and Development of Irradiatcrst

1.1.1 Development work on Ganma Chamber-900 and T-1Gamma Chamber-4000A.

1.1.2 Development effort on commercial scale T-2irradiatore for sterilisation of medical

products and hospital supplies.

1*2 Allied Developments»

1*2.1 Design and modification of 100,000 Cl sourcesstorage flask for PA KBIT irradiator T-4

1.2.2 Design of transport^cum-transfer cask for

for 120,000 Ci Cobalt-60 source T-6

1.2.3 Development of box testing station T-7

1.2*4 Semi-automatic remote welding machine forsealed radiation sources. - T-9

1*2*$ Remotely opertted leak detection set-up for T-10sealed radiation sources.

1*2*6 Development of pneumatic pressure-suction T-10system for gamma irradiation of samples ifaHIRUP souce storage pool.

1.2.7 Radiation dosimetry studies for ISOMED T—11

1.2*6 Use of semi conductor diodes as dositaeter T-15in high gamma irradiation field.

1.2*9 Large scale production of go-no-go mdiation T-16indicator labels*

1*2*10 Operational experience with IS0W2D T-18

1.2.11 Hot-Cell eervloes. T-19

1»3 Radiation Processing

1.3.1 Development of wood-polymer composites T-19

1.3.2 Radiation polymersation of e.crylamide T-23

1.3.3 Radiation curing of latex T-25

1.3.4 Irradiation of sewage-waste T-26

SECTION 2 % INEOSTRIAL APPLICATION

2.1 Radiography

2.1.1 Evaluating of indigenous selenium coated plates R-1for xeroradiography

2.1.2 Efficiency of intensifying screens in R-3isotope radiography.

2.1.3 Reproduction of radiographs. R-5

2.1.4 Hot radiography R-6

2.1.5 Static charge depositing systen for xeroradiogr»phyR-8

2.1.6 Radiography camera Model-IRCX"150 R-6

2.1.7 Lightweight iridium camera for pipeline inspection R-9

2.1.8 Uranium shielded iridium camera R-10

2.1.9 Mini X-ray instrument R-10

2.1.10 Labograph R-11

2.1.12 Specialised radiography applications R-12

2*2 Isotope Instruments

2.2.1 Scan converter inspection system 1-1

2.2.2 A semi conductor radiation detector with J-2avalanche dharacteristics

2.2.3 Digital preset control for isotope radiography 1-4

2.2.4 Development of ion mobility analyser 1-5

Ill

2*2*5 Smoke detector development

1. Design improvements on twin chamber deteotors 1-6

2* Smoke detector pexfoxnance evaluation 1-7

3« Held installations and operation 1-6experiences on smoke detectors.

4* Development of control consoles for smoke 1-9detection systems.

2*2*$. Characterisation of thermoelectric modules 1-10for radioisotopic power generator system.

2*2*7 A dual action solid state fire alarm 1-13

SECTION 3» TRAINING AMD EDUCATION

3*1 Training Course in Industrial Isotope Badiographjr 1-1

SECTION 41 LIST OF FUBlIC/iTIOHS

FOKEWOBP

Tke report briefly outlines the activities of tke Radiation

Technology and Industrial Applications Section for tke period ending

August, 1977. Major effort of tke section during tke period was

expended in developing appropriate technology for tke utilisation of

intense radiation sources of cobalt-60 and otker radieisetepes at Billion

curie level, expected from tke power reactors in a pkaaed nanntr beginning

from tke middle of 1977. A significant development in tkis fieli vas

tke completion of studies and design engineering for an economic scalo

process irradiator for tke radiation Btorllisatioa #f medical products

which would bring.down both,the investment and tke unit processing cost.

In addition, work kas been taken up for tke setting up of cebalt-60

irradiation facilities for sources upto 300,000 Gi level, botk in India

and abroad. These facilities include one at Srinagar, Kashmir and tke

otkera at Jakarta, Indonesia and at Rangoon, Burma.

A notable contribution nade in tke area of radiation process

developnent wortk mentioning trae the practical demonstration of the

superiority of the new material "wood-polymer oompesites" for application

in chemical industry, textile industry, flooring and eleotrlcal

industries. Over 3 tonnes of WPC materials of different sizes and skapos

were processed for field evaluation by agencies concerned. As a result

of wkidk a leading wood processing industry in Kerals is investing over

Ra.10 lakks on an experimental scale 100 kilo ourio cobalt-^0 faoility

wkick is being designed and installed by tkis Section and duo to be

commissioned by tke ond of 1977*

Tke team working en industrial instruments and safety devices

using radieiaetepes has successfully completed a commercially viable

design ef a sm«ke alara systeia and demonstrated its efficiency both

from the peint ef view of its sensitivity ef detection and ef ita

larg« «cal» application^ thrtugk aotual eite installations at a number ef

computer centres aud public utility areas ef importance.

Towards promoting tke utilisation of radiation aeuross i«

reeearok, iaduetry and technical institutions, work OH limited* scale

production and supply of irradiation units euok at gsKina ckaubera,

zmdiagrapky caaeias and otker mdioisotope iaetrumeatB iras beiRg

oontiiued. Tke demand for these units had growm rapidly during tkio

period and an appropriate method consistent witk radiation safety is

being examined for the trff.wjfar of techaology an* prodwctioH of tkese

isotope-housed uxLtn outsit.* tuo ambit of BAEC 30 *r, to conserve our

liaitei reseurcea i'er ieval'tyasntoS. work,

The report alse ccotaico infarmttioa 911 «ur current programme

of trai«i«g in inotApe radlo^m-»by .tor ti3<* procitftioji o.f application of

radioisotopes in industry nilh utmost safety and of «tk«r dovelopaestal

work Including xert ra^itsgrapkj, sci.n con^ex-tcr uystemt abo. aiaed at

furtkering tke technology is. our

fj) I 1A/\ < W V A llu

( K. Krishnamurthy)Head, Hadiation Technology &InduBtrlal Application Section

SECTION 1 t RADIATION TECHNOLOGY

1,1. DESIGN & DEVELOPMENT OF IRRADIATOHS

1,1*1. Development work an Gamnft Chamber—OOP and Qmaa ChmfaM?—AOQO A

P.B. Verma, K.3. Aggarwal & A.D. Nalk.

Anong the researoh lrradlatora the Gamma Chaabere, due to

their Inherent simplicity, have all along been •ought by a large numbar

of ueere. In view of this new designs of Genoa Chariber-4000 A and

Gamn Chambar-900 have been brought out whloh has a auoh lower

•anufaoturing ooat and a better stability and integrity for safe

transportation*

The figures T 1 & 2 show the modified and improved version

of OC-400OA and GC-900.

The overall height of the unit is considerably reduced and

is now nore oonvenlent for plaoeoent and reaoval of samples in the

unit* further^ installation and of aalntenanoe requlxenents have been

brought down considerably.

The soundness of the design of these units in regard to the

integrity of the shield and oontaimnent of the xadioaotlve Material

has been repeatedly proved in two road aeoidents of severe nature*

The latter aocident ooourred in Mivoh this year near Hulk on the

Boabay-Agra National Highway* In spite of the head-on-collision of

the carrier with anbther lorry* the aaln unit oontaininff 5000 Ci of

oobalt-60 and weighing about 5 tons rssalned absolutely intaot*

1*1.2, Development effort on commercial scale irradlators forof medl.ca], pro^q^g & hospital autraliaa

K.Krl8hnamurthy$ >A.J>. Nalk| D.S. Iavale; K.D. Nayak*

High aouroe utilisation efficiency and low processing ooat

ax* two important factors to be considered in the design of a

oonoeroial process irradiator. Initially, inprovemsnts and

Innovations in the design of PANBIT and 1SQMBD, the two lrradiators

of established effieacy were considered*

The design for a continuous conveyor system with the produot-

ahuffle system of the PANBIT irradiator scaled-up to J tier continuous

operation* waa worked out. This way, the source utilisation effiolenoy

waa estimated to go up to about 11& This system waa considered to be

technically feasible, but not good enough from eoonomio point of view

and therefore was not pursued further*

In the next stage an adaptation of the ISOMED design with

several improvements waa considered* Extensive studies on the dose

distribution pattern in the various sections of the ISOMBD conveyor

had indicated that the aouroe utilisation oould be improved by

reducing the number of passes and Increasing the height of the

carriers of the ln-cell conveyor. ftg*?3 showfegthe Modified lay-out

for the eonveyor was therefore studied, the other three aspects

considered for ioprovements were -

T-3

1. Inoreasliij th3 labyrinth conveyor speed to 4 times,

which v,ould reduce the product hold up and minimise

the pauses in the irradiation cycle which result into

problems in dose estimation*

2* Simplified design for the box transfer and the linear

transfer systems, and

3* Elimination of the expensive plus door by a provision of an

extended labyrinth for access for personnel*

In the simplified box transfer system, shown in the lover part

of the Fig* T 4 » two carriers simultaneously move out of the conveyor

line but to levels differing by one shelf height so that, the loading,

off-loading and the box-transfer are all accomplished by just one set

of pushers*

The new linear transfer system is located outside the cell for

simpler construction.

However, in spite of all these improvements the total plant

cost is considered to be prohibitive for economic application of

radiation sterilisation in our country*

Taking ail these factors into consideration* an entirely new

design for a medium scale irradiator named as ISOPAN, has now been

evolved as shown in Fig.T 5*

T-4

The maximum source capacity of this irradiator would be

400*000 ouries of cobalt-60. The total plant cost ia estimated

to be only 1/3 rd that of ISOMED. i>r» main features of this design

•re i-

1* Inexpensive roller oonveyorB: for the entire product

handling system,

2* Total elimination of linear transfer «*e to the inherent

nature of the conveyor,

3« Box transfer system located right ihsltte the oell for

•voiding any break in the irradiation oytfto,

4. Elimination of expensive oonorete doc* by a provision of

labyrinth aocesa into the cell, and,

H» Twin pool under water soon* stooge t» eiapllfy the

souroe loadthg.

1.2. ALLIED DEVELOPMENTS

1*2.1. Design and modification of 100.000 Cla souroes storage flaskfor PANBIT Irradiator

P.B. Vermaj Satyaranjant K.S.

The design of the lead flask for housing 100,000 ois souroe

for PAKBIT irradiator has been done taking into consideration the

ruggedness of the whole system including the souroe cage aounting

device as per stringent international transport requlxeaent for

zadioaotive material, maximum allowable radiation exposure on th*

T-5

surface of the flask, product dose uniformity and finally heat

dissipation factor from flask surface. Based on the above

factors the flask has been developed not only 'or.its use as an

irradiation facility but also as a transport cum-storage

oontainer. She design of the flask involves (a) the development

of source cage cylinder of 15 cm* dia. mounting 24 standard

oobalt-60 source pencils of 30-40 ei/gm ap. activity having total

strength of 100,000 Cis. (b) the use of multiple paths of

radiation technique for arriving at the appropriate lead shielding

of the flask for maximum permissible radiation exposure lii-its.

A oontainer was therefore fabricated as per the above

design and shielding tests were being carried out for check up of

actual performance criteria. However, in a test with 2900 Cis

•ouroe loading it was observed to have significant radiation

leakage from some selected points* The problem \-oS studied la detail and

finally the permissible radiation exposure limit was achieved with

the appropriate change* in the shield conditions of the flask*

la the original unflnned design the surface temperature

of the flask was found to be around 98°C for 100,000 CL load which

was auoh higher than the International permissible limit of 0O°C

for transport purpose*

Accordingly finned tube heat exchanger with natural air as

heat transporting, medium on the surface of the lead flask for

100,000 <̂ is, as shown la Fig, T6 has been developed based on

T-6

olassioal heat transfer equation. The design temperature of the

flask has been arrival at 59°C by way of Increased eurfaoe

through 36 number* of longitudinal fins of 100 •» vide aad

10 •• thickness*

1.2.2. Beslaa of transport-oum-transfer oask for 120.000 01Cobalt-60 souroes

S.S. Tatel

The development of such oasks involves various design

parameters like appropriate lead shielding as per international

regulation for maximum permissible radiation exposure, determination

of outer shell thickness based on standard technique of punotnre

test and free-drop teat* application of olassioal heat transfer

theory an-i equation to conform to the strict regulation of maxima

attainable temperature of 82°c at the surface of the flask.

Significant increase in the capacity of the oask is also possible

with the help of soft wooden crate having adequate ventilation*

A transport-oum-transfer cask h*s been designed for

cobalt-60 souroes upto 120,000 Cis for use in XSOJBD typ« irradiation

facilities.

T-7

She specifications of the flask la detailed below i-

Technical Data

Design capacity for Co-60

Cask weight

Outside dlaeneions (on) approx.

Inner oavlty {«•&) approx.

Minima equivalent lead shield

Expected surface dose

Expeoted radiation level at 1 mter

External surface temperature

Source * ° * temperature

- 125*000 Ci

- 9700 kg.

- 900 0 x 1400 &

- 260 J* x 700 L

- 302 an.

- 30 ar^nr.

- 7 ar/hr.

- 82*0

- 400°C

Work is underway to develop adequate fire shield on the

cask against any possible fire hazard.

1 •2*3. Development of box testing station

K.D. Kayak; *.K. Mhikaryj P.*. Varkey & A.D. flaik

Irradiation of medical produots in ooaaereial irradiator

deaands striot oonforalty of standard packages in the oonveying

sjrstea. The need tor weight and diaensional checking of such packages

to be irradiated in such plants, as in ISOMED, has therefore been

felt.

Accordingly the box testing devioe has been developed whioh

coaprises gravitgr roller conveyor for aumal single>tier staoking of

paokagest a delevator, a gauging box aranted on a weighing arrangeaent

together with another set of gravity roller oonveyor for reoeiviaf

T-8

the teated paokagos as shown in

The principle of operation involves the ataoked boxes on

the feeder oonveyor to be released into the delevator one at a tiae

through the actuation of stopper solenoid valve followed by i

a) Sensing1 of length parameter of the box with the help of

photo cell device*

b) lowering and pushing of the paokage into the gauging box

frame with the help of two hydraullo cylinders plaoed

vertically and horizontally respective for sensing of

width and height parameters of the box by Halt awitoh

pair Installed on the gauging bo*.

o) Measurement of the weight of the box through the coupling

of weighing machine with the gauging bex.

The tested but aooeptable boxes subsequently pushed Into

another aet of gravity roller stacking oonveyor for finaT Mutual

unloading'*

The eleotrloal systea installed involves fault finding

operation panel control unit aa well aa audio alam devioe to signal

any faulty non-standard paokage for aanoal rejection. Slaple and

oheap gravity roller eonveyora together with aid* guide rollers and

adjustable supports have been installed in plaoe of power rollers In

the oonvaying line. Wooek la alao underway for the developaent

autoaatio rejeotlen systeej of any faulty paokagee*

T-9

1«2.4. Semi automatic remote weldinff machine fogsealed radiation sources

K. Venkatacharyuluf P.B. V«ra»| A.K. AdhlJcary.

preparation of the radiation source* for large radiation

plant* involves repeatative seal welding of stainless steel

encapsulation of identioal sizes, in autoaatlo reaote welding unit

has therefore been developed whioh ensure* preset control pattern

for the welding ourrent and the argon gas flow during the w»ldia« ogrole.

The welding technique used is cased on a process reported earlier

and on the praotioal data on the welding prooess provided by the

Prlaary Isotopes Seotion. A u the operations after the souroe oapsule

is plaood in the welding oolleot till the ooapletion of the weld are

fully automated*

M g . T8 shows the set up of suoh assembly. The unit Is

totally based on indigenous components. A number of test speolasn

war* welded using this set up and varying the operation paraasters

suoh as 1) Current 2) R.PJI. 3) Eleotrode shape and else

4) <*• flow 5) Cooling tias 6) instance Bleotrode to job gap

7) Staple preparation and design, and options oondltlons for aohieving

eotmd weldings have been established.

The welds were tested by MMfxig radiographyt liquid per-

aeability and a»ttalograf)igr» a M w e M found satisfactory.

T-10

1.2.5. Remotely operated leak deteotion set up forsealed radiation sources

, P» Sri Bamkriehna & P.B. Verna

Deteotion of possible leaks for checking the integrity of

remotely welded stainless capsules containing radioactive souroes

is of great importance.

In view of the high sensitivity (about 10** atm. eo/seo.

for 0.03 to 0.005 yum diameter of leak) reported for the helium

•ass spectrometer leak detection, a remotely operated leak deteotion

•et up using this technique is being developed*

Fig. T9 shows the schematio lay-out of the set up. Helium

is filled in the source encapsulation before putting the radioactive

•ouroe in and remotely welded. 3he source unit is then pressurised in

• chamber with helium, the excess helium is flushed out with Nitrogen

and finally chamber ie conneoted to the Helium leak detector* Die

remotely operated test chamber has been fabricated and is under tests*

"1.2.6, Development of pneumatic pressure-snotlon system for gammairradiation of samples in HIRUP source storage poolK.D.Nayakj A.K.Adhikaryj A.D. Naik.

In view of the faot that single line carrier system has the

advantage of leas apace requirement attenrpta have been made to develop

such a device to be installed in the waterpool source storage facility

at HIRUP for researoh and development activity. Accordingly, a system

of pressure-suction pneumatic oonveyor to oarry/suok the sample oapsule

made of Aluminium (25 am dia* x 40 am* x 25 gm.wt) to/from the high

T-11

intensity irradiation zone has been developed as shown in

This system comprises a lift of 6 metres height fitted

with one cone valve, two-way solenoid valves, and a blower of

I46O litxe/min capacity as per flow diagram. % e whole set tip is

ooupled with a control circuit for automatio operation of capsule

for irradiation purposes.

The principle of operation involves loading of the capsule

in the cone valve manually, positioning of the valve, followed by

switching on of the blower which guides the capsule through path *

to the irradiation zone at the bottom of the pipeline. After

irradiation exposure, as controlled by preset timer, the capsule is

brought back to the oone valve for manual unloading. In this reverse

mechanism the suction operation is achieved through alternate pathway

i.e. through path II. The whole operation of this to and fro movement

of the sample capsule Involves only 4 seconds.

' Further work is in progress for the development of re^eat-

oyole irradiation of the sample with pre-determined time interval

as well as development of coupling of data-logging system through the

teleprinters for long term routine experiment.

1.2.7. Badiation Dosimetry studies for I3OMBD

K.Eriehnamurthyi S.V. Kavadaj Deo Duttj & P.G. Ifethew

Work has been undertaken (a) to develop suitable industrial

dosimeters, (b) analysis of dosimetry problems arising out of long

tine ixradiation-ouB-lnterruptlon of exposure as in ISOMED and

f-12

•ad posnible solution thereof and (o) finally to carry out routine

doslaetry follow up work.

1« Routine dosimetry service

Dooimetry of 15 gamma oharabers at the time of their insta-

llation was oarrled out and a total of about 500 measurements have

been aade for this dosimetry.

Calibration and deoay ourves for Perspex-HX dosimeters were

being supplied to ISQMBD quarterly. The routine dosimetry faollity

Is also extended to ISOMBD.

2* Industrial Doaf retry

2*1* Conmerelal Psranex as an InduatrJ.aj, Dptilmeter

Th» suitability of oommeroial perspex as a dosimeter in place

of imported perspex-HX dosimeter was studied and the results were

found to be encouraging. The calibration ourves for oonmeroial

perspex at various dose rates indioate that the dosimetry response la

slallar to that of Perspex HX, The deoay charaoteristios af various

teapemtures are also comparable to that of Perspex HX, Also the

study of post Irradiation decay oharaoterictios show negligible

deoay for dosiaeters, stored at 0°C after Irradiation.

2*2* Bffy?tstability of Perspex HX dosimeters

It the thiokness of Perspex dosiaeters of the saae baton

varies by about + 20& the need to study the effeot of thiokness on

the response and post irradiation stability have been fait*

Observations were mode by irradiating the parspex pieoe* in aA.

film ohamber (0.5 Mrad/hr) and also In ISOMBD (o.O2 to 2 Ifead/hr.).

The results as given in Figs. Ti1 & 12 «how that thinner dosimettirs

decoy faster and response of dosimeters varies with thickness. These

effects are probably due to oxygen diffusion fading during and after

exposure of the dosimeters to the radiation field.

2»3# Red and Amber perspex dosimeters of BKAEA and use ofindigenous densitometer

A comparitlve study of Red and Amber perspex dosimeters with

olear perspex HX dosimeter was made* for standardisation* For a

given dose (2.8 Hrads In about 100 hours), the dose recorded by

Red Bsrspex dosimeters is 50# higher and Amber perspex dosimeters

is 25$ lower than that recorded by clear perspex dosimeters.

A simple indigenous densltoaeter was used Instead of the

oostly speotrophotometer for such study*

3» Poalmetrr Problem* t» ISOMBD

In View of long time irradiation-oum-interruption/of exposure

systea as in ISOMBD the use of Perspex BX dosimeters due to its

decay characteristics may not indicate the correot dose. In order

to oonfirm this and to find out the magnitude of the error involved*

oyole wise dosimetry of ISOMBD was carried out. The dose distribution

in individual oyoles is shown in

T-14

A comparison of the sura of the dose* of the individual oyeles

with the dose reoeived by a perspex HX dosimeter, whioh ha*

gone through the same number of cycles 1* given in table-^2* .

tt can be seen from Table-2 that the dose recorded by the

dosimeter which has gone through all the five cyoles is about

2O3& less than the actual dose. This is ascribed to the decay in

optical density caused by oxygen diffusion during irradiation*

To understand this oxygen diffusion decay behavitur, the irradiation

of perspex dosimeters in evaouated polythelene bag* ha* been

carried out. The dose given by such perspex dosimeter* which have

gone through all the five cycles is shown in the last column of

t»ble-T2.

TABU3-T1

Dosimeter used - Perspex HX, Batch 3, 1am

1 Cycle}

1 I

! n1 XIX

i ^!; V

Dose in M rads J

0.40 1•

0.80 •1 - 3 < > j0.72 I

0.36 :

T-15

TABLE-T2

Cyoles

I+II

I+II+III

I+II+III+IV

I+II+III+IV+V

p ~ ~ — — — — ---—..-..._,! Sum of the dosesI of individual

oycles from table-Ti

1.33

2.58

3.22

1

3.58•

1

irradiation field

' Dose givenby dosimeter

1.20

2.50

2.67

2.80

dosimeter in, h

Dose given bydosimeters inevacuated ipoly-thelene bag.

3.3

K.S. Aggarwal & A«R« Kaiurkar

The work has been undertaken to develop simple and fast

dosimeter for routine dose measurement in large commercial/pilot

plant gamma irradiator. Based on other reports, semi conductors

diodes have been tried to find out their suitability for suoh

purpose. The principle involves the measurement of lonisation current

of semioondootor diode in nanometer range, which is dose dependent..

Accordingly, a series of experiments were being carried out at

different dose rates using various types of locally available diodes

and the results are shown in H « . TI3. It appears that the diodes

of different specifications respond in different way although, their

response is directly proportional to lite dose rate. It it also

interesting to note the response for the same dose rate ohanges

T-16

with different voltage/current rating.

Therefore the- d;cnV;s -f same rating have been chosen

and their dose rate response behaviour was studied as shown In

Vig, 714, Hie result shows some variations at high dose rates

than at low dose rates within the diode of same specification.

Iron these studies it nay be concluded that the semiconductors

of the same specifications giving same current response can be

chosen ;for routine dosimetry work if calibration against standard

dosimeter Is carried out.

Work is also underway to stjdy the effect of cumulative

dose effect on the performance of the semi conductor after

repeated Irradiation exposure.

1,2,9. Large scale production of go-no-go radiation indicator label*

D.S. Iavale

large scale irradiation of medical products demands the

Incorporation of radiation sensitive indicator labels (go-no-go)

into individual pre-packaged product for :its Irradiation identification.

For such purpose these Indicator buttons were being imported froa

oountries like U.K* and the U.S.A. in view of heavy demand and

saving of foreign exchange by stopping import of these label* fox

this process as well a* for many other prooessfti, attempt* have been

made for Indigenous development and mass production of such labels*

The development of dye-Incorporated PVC-ooated radiation sensitive

label* Involves ttes-s different stages - vie*

a) selection of proper quality paper

b) devolopsmt of djs eneftig nil drying awhine ftar thinvallbzm coloured dye ooat on suitable paper.

o) development of punching •srihlns for unifoxa circular

label*.

Based on extensive study it wae fount that oloae grain

etnioture ant non-absorption property of the paper la essential for

obtaining eaooth,unlforai and glated ooatfng of VK baaed ooloured

dye dolotioa. if tar thorough e«r**ninff of varioue eomaevolal gsadea

on* each variety nuely, ehimo-art ptpev( taoked on eilioon ooatad

releaaa paper «ae found *oitable for auoh purpow.

paper-taps reel wae then Mounted and ooated in the awchlne

ae shown in Fi«.T15. Ihe prinoiple of operation involve* the unifora

application of ooloured dye (0.1 an thlok) of appropriate viscosity

on the paper tape moving at a epeed of 1 •eter/alnata, through the

adjuetaent of the slit opening of the applleator* % i e ia followed

by drying of th* tape at 9CW la 1.5 eatre loaf heated tunnel and

winding on a pulley for subeeqoent operation In punching awohine

shown in Tig, Ti6.

In this operatiom oiroolar battone of 11n«# 41M are pqnohedoat at the sate of 70 etrofeee/ata by tte proper adjostaent of •prlacloaded poach b^oek, oaa and the epeed of the tape. Care has beentaken ao that only upper part of the leadaata (ohroao-art) ia ptnohedkeeping the Supporting paper in taet* itntUy th* punched tattoneafter getting aeparated frosj wasta paper are «otni over pulley for

T-18

Sube«quent n«". A preset elactro-nwchantoal counter is attached

lo the mchin* for recording the number of button* as well as

•utoaatlo stoppage of machine,

1.3,10* Operational experience with ISOMED

A.D. Nalkj D.S. I«vale> K.Krishnanurthy

Operational experience with the ISCWBD plant during the last

throe years has given us an opportunity to taokle soas difficult but

Interesting problems*

A serious problem arose in April 1977 *htn about 70,000 ourlss

of oobalt-60 were to be loaded into the I30MBD eouroe plaque. Ttg.TlJ

•hows souroe loading here is a blind operation* Sh* parts in the

transport container and the oell wall, the loading tube, and the sours*

housing tubes of the souroe plaque have to be accurately in alignaent

for ensuring safe operation. Xa this lnstanoe, during the duaay

trials, the souroe plaque was found to the severely out of alignment

as Is depioted in the right hand oorner of the figure. The oause of

the tut was unknown. The situation was serious as it was impossible

to load, or even unload any souxoe in thai oondition.

In* task of unloading, froa ths misaligned souro* plaque,

the 21 souro* pencils loaded 4 years ago, and then repairing th*

daaaged souroe syttea to restore it* norsml funotioning was finally

•oooaplished with oomplete safety by using speoially d*sl«ned gadgets

and a olosed oirouit television*

T-io.

1.2,11, Hot-Call 3ervloea

V.A. Sathyaranjan, (J. Chandran & K.3.

«HlRt/P Itot-ooll faolllty provides a elean handily

capacity upto a million ouries, of oobalt-60. A total of about

,0*52 Million euriea of oobalt-60 were belt* handled durlnf this

period, Table-Tj and Table-T4 aunmerleee the Major )*ndling

•peratlone undertaken In reoent tinea*

1. J,.. HAWATtOlT PR0CBS3IH0

1*3*1 • ^evelopnent of wood-polyer oonpoiei,te»»

A.B. *

In view of the excellent asohanloal propertiee of

four aajor areas of large soale Industrial applloatlon were explored.

They azet

Chemical industry - for oorroslon reeietanoe

Flooring induatr/ * durable flooring

Textile industry - shuttle* & peras

Eleotrioal applications- HT insulators for ao traotlon

n Chemloal Industry}

In the first study, for an in-plant evaluation of the oorroslon

resistance WFC node plates and frames were prepared and tasted for

their performance in the thorium plant of the Indian Save Sartha Sitd*

T-20

The testier lasted fcr f-bout three years. The keen interest and

support by the Works Manager of Indian Bare Earths is gratefully

•okaowledged hero.

The results of the test are shown in the F1£.T18.

Thus WFC teak lasted for over 28 months In the hydroxide

press, while natural teak could last for about 6 Months.

Interestingly enough, the WFC teak oould outperform even pine wood,

the ohoioe tinber, for aold handling by 600?o.

In view of the benefits, a move to replace all the wooden

plates and frames by WPC has been nade by the Indian Rare Barths

authorities.

WFC in -the flooring Industry t

Our test resardlns the durability of VFC yielded excellent

results (as shown in Table ^3); thus while "lOOjJ of some natural wood

was destroyed within three years, a naximun of &f> loss was reoorded

in the oase of W K . in view of this fact a parquet flooring of WFC

nade from anjan, behera, biroh, haldu & tendu,all non-durable speoies

was installed in the exhibit room of the Isotope Group, to test the

lUng tern abrasion resistance, dimensional stability and the wear-tear

properties. The flooring has maintained its exoellent finish for the

last 18 wraths in spite of minima care and a few unexpected water

floodlngs.

T-21

Effect of environment on the durability of

Ho

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

*

• Tinber species

Rubber wood.

Boon

Haldu

Chir *

Silver oak

Red Cider

Mango

Gurjan

White Cider

Treated with oopper

Bolyner

loaditig in

72

1.16

43

73*

31

22

51

28

13

-chrom arsenat*. i

Percentage

Controls

100

2.8

20.9

5.4*

5

56.8

58.9

38.0

5.6

loss.WPC

5.4

2.3

3.1

5.4*

4.6

5.00

8.0

3.2

2.6

against biologioal agent*.

g the fxtllo industry

Far the third major application ef WfCf« laigw wtmAvr ot

shuttles and perns for usefor both synthetic and eotten flbreu

«a« prooessed* Extensive trial* wore oarried out in active

oollaboration of textile industry. WXC shuttles * • » letter than

thoM aad* from natural wood but w»rt found to be lower in density

and impaot strength. However, V K has been found extreaely good

for synthetio fibre perns*

WH? mM hlah tension Inaulmtari t

About ten,WPC^hl«h tension insulators have been pxosessed

at the request of the Western Hallways, for eleotrleal tests with a

view to using them In the proposed 22 KV AC traotlon for BoabsgrrSabataatl

sector. The insulators have been tested upto 50 W at VJTI. Further

tests are being carried out* .

A technitma for praier

Hie teohnique of radiation polylterlsatlon of aonoaere in

wood oan be extreasly useful to preserve Uie wooden.objeots of artlstlo

and historical value* Two driftwood eoulptures by an ealnent artist

were reoently treated by this teohnique.

For all these applications sere than 3 *•"»• °f mod-polyaer

oowposites were prooessed. The teohnioal and practical pxoblewa

encountered In soallnf-up a laboratury proeess to a produot evaluation

stage has been suocessfully ooapleted.

T-23

An Impregnation plant,(Plg.T19)to prooeaa about 300 kg/batoh

Of WC, adequate for a EHBttT type Irradiation facility hae b««n

deafened and being lnstai led* Hie facility will greatly help to

develop thta technology through pilot aoale operation for immediate

ooanerolal exploitation*

1.3.2. Radiation Folywwriaatlon of Aerylaide

A.B. Ma jail I p«°« Mathswf Deo Dutt & K.^rlahna«urthy

Poly aorylaalde la a widely c««<i water aoluole polyaer

In the i-

1) Seoondary oil reoorery operational Aa a drngf reduolns agent

2) Atper and pulp lnduatzy

3) Dranitn nlnlng opeiatlona t Aa a flocbulant and waatewater treataent

Die polyaer auat ibe devoid of oroae-llnklnff and nuat have

* aoledular" weight of 3 Billion or aore for all thtae applloationa*

A varletgr of •ethode ualng varloua Initiators la need for the

polyaeriaatlon of aorylmide, whloh la a very f aat reaotlon* Radiation

polyatrlaatlon of aorylaaide haa earlier been Inveatlgated (1) (2)*

Rowerert the prooeaa oontrol detaila and the aoleoular weight

oroaa-llnkinff data are not available.

With a view to developing • total prooeaa, the polyaariaatlon

ot aorrlamlde waa studied in detail.

T-24

Ths radiation was employed only aa a Initiator and. the hsat

of polyntrisation was oonssxvtd to tht Maxim* possible wrttnt,

and tht affaot of various paramttrs was studied. 1h» rtsultt

art briefly presented in Vablo *S and Tf,

Kb.

1.

2 .

5.

4.

5.

Iffeot

£ waterw/tr

2.5

5

10

50

50

of water on the radiationof Aorylanide

Gaama dost,M.rad forInitiation

0.51

0.20

0.05

0.01

0.07

Btroontl,^poljaeri

96.0

95.2

86.1

77.t

75.4

Table-T-7

poljraerlsetlon

if* Ivmeotage ofLeatlen oress-linked

polyatr

54

52.4

55.7

66.2

65.8

Bffsot of anlons of inoreasii^ aoidltjr

Reagant Sos«,N.rad jt oonvsrsion % otoss-linldiiffor Initiation

»aF 0.11 55 21

KaCl 0.15 27 50

VaBr 0.06 51 5

» aft. it QJ& solutions of salts n r i ussd for 0.5 *>1. of

T-25

Th« temperature w»e aml-tored with a thenoeoqple* Hie

Initiation prooees w»e atopped «hen a 2°C rise was observed In

£0 M O .

In another serJes 61* aolutlon of eerylaaide In water

waa adjuated to pB-15 and mis irradiated* About 05^ oonvereion

and ooleoular weight of A# 5 million wae obtainad. It waa also

obMrvad that «h* rate of polymerieation lowered with do»e rate*

tbe jhenomnen is being studied further.

Initial expariaent* have shown that a 100jt linear polyaer

of low noleeidn wei^kt ( < 10^) ia forned when polyaerisattoB is

earried out to Ihe presence of a traoe of aethanol 1 water (SOtSK))inog atmosphere.

1.3.J. Radiation ouriny of l»t»»

Dso Dutt| A*B* Majallwara

Saturel latex and eos«ulated Utex^lrradiated, with oobalt-60

g u m rays. A very low oross-link densily was obtained at a dose

of 1-2 M rade* A wmadmm oroas-linkins was observed at 12 M.rads.

HEFEREWJE3I

1) Baysil, B. , BaUantine, 2>, & Coloabo, P,

J . Poly. s o i . M , 117 (1960)

2) Jmdner, T.A,t and Morawets, R«f

J . Poly. Sol. 45. 475

T-26

of

(A.I. Boy & K.Krishnamurthy)

Another very fascinating and potential field of application

It the Sewage-Sludge-iiygienisation through irradiation treatment

process. Oonventional methods of treatment, as praotised by

aunioipal authorities, as veil as further processing like, heat

treatment, oheaioal treatment eto. do not ensure adequate safety

froa publio health sanitisation point of view.

The use of ionising radiation of digested sewage sludge

is frat from such demerits and instead gives rise to a clean

tnvlrwsatnt and batter recovery of by products based on well

documented faotsi (a) radiation rtnatvoys miorobial life and thus

dlslnfeat oontanimted sewage waste (b) radiation lower ohealoal

and bioohemioal oxygen demand ( COD & J»D)t which are index of

pollution and (o) radiation modifies sludge characteristics thereby

enhances filtration rates through greater dewatering properties.

Preliminary work has shown about 20$ improvement In sludge

settling time at 0.2 M.rad dose. Analysis of sewage sludge,

equivalent ooorersion to national level and corresponding economio

values of this valuable by-product has been oomputed and this amounts

to millions of rupees as shown in table-^8 whloh oould otherwise be

recovered by this process. Work is also underway to establish the

process parameters under local conditions and oonoeptual design of

pilot plant lrradiator for generating engineering data for suoh

process is In progress.

TABIg-Tft

Icoowny of digested aomg* alndf*

Constituent* Aaounta* ga/llter

byproduota

Iitreg«n 1«O

Ihoiphatvt 0.5

Potwh 0.80

a* fcrUllatr aat

Bqulvmltnt ofcountry'• annualoutput^ tonnsa

18 X 105 » .8 X 105 ts«a

9x 105

3(ot n o

foal

•aluai InBup##a

MllUoo

800

TOO

300

•Orgwilo Bitter 6.50

*Ca, %, S, Ha, Cl Smll awrant

Fuel g%» 180 aUlionou.ft/daj

* Ds«d a* soil condltiontr.

T-28

Major Work Carrie! in HIRPP Hot-laboratory (January 1975 * June 1977)

lo. lype of Job Bo. ofUnits

Description ofJob

Activityhandled

j

i DateI Proa - To

1 .

2.

SitftiA. CHAMBER900

12

CHAMBER4OO0/40OOA

S i U i * CELL220/200

TKLETHERAFY

OH u s

5. ISCMED SOOBCELQIDIBG

21

Secondloading

Source cleaningmeasurement,loading andtnloading

28,000Curies

10,000Curies

8,500Curie*

$0,000Curie*

Welding, Cleaning, 54,300Measurement, Loading Curie*and unloading 9 Coup-Operation ait*

rod*

January »75to June '77

200 en15.11.76220 en23.12.76

January '75to June '77

May '77

Remarks

1) Ifeit (4000A) sent t o SUMS

2) Only two unit sent toout-side party

1) Some problea eaownteredwhile unloading ft.C.200-Oltiaately each pencilswere removed seperately.

2) Special tool* v*x« aade todo the d> or* operation.

1) Special tools were nadefor loading and unloadingoperation*

1) PreBent ac t iv i ty1,33t57O Curies

2) Underwater storing donewhile rectification ofsources frame at ISCMS9

T-29

6 . P A I B I T SODBCS1O1DDTO

7« Co-60 BADIOGRA.-

rar

Second Welding* detainsloading aeasuremeat and

loading

- Loading, unloadingExtraction ofstuok op sourcesand rectification

21,000Caries12 Pencils

March '77

Januarj '75to June '77

1) Present activity48,000 Curie*

1) Some imported caoeraanamely MDIC0N, OBBITaCItwere bandied in addi t iont o CBC, UBO&BAPH, CfiC-2,and other Cameras

•.Shielding Testcarrici oat for8.C.9OO

Vestesrcied oat for1AI» Abeorberle t f lMk

O.abieldiBc Testf or Ieatro>Cell

20 Bos. Using G.C900 2,000 Curiessource pencil of activitiesBadionetxio used for thisMeasurements were purposecarried out to findoat flaws la Bellays

Secaaber «75

•75

Badioaetr /

T-30

D.Shielding Testcarried forPAHBIT flask

3 Hos. Hadiom«tiy 3,000 CuriMfor test used

March '77

E.Dosimetzy of 6X. 14,0001 in progress

Dosiaetiy, source 2,200 Curies June '77distribution pattern for test usedstudy

1.Experimental studiescarried out to reducestressing froa the topcentre of the flask,to make the designreqnireaent for1,00,000 Curie*

1.To find out thedifference in doserate obtained due tothe increase indianeter of the •euro*cage.

J.Heliability teatof "HOTAI"

Q.Obdexwater cutting -of Co-60 rodtrials

H•Power souxoe ~

Helmability Teat

Cutting trialcarri«4 in pool

Teaperature•easureaent

1,000 Curies

1976

1975

1976

I.For use in fiAEECOf

1.Using Teletherapysources temperatureBeasurcKent anddesign studiescarried out*

T-31

Table-4

cv* Type of Job Description of Jobno*

1. MISCELLANEOUS WOHK a. Maintenance of water pool(Hot-Cell, ll.S.M'e e t c .

b. Designing of necessarytoo ls for resets operationIn Hot-Cell.

2 . OAMU CHaMBU Testing and Ins ta lUt ion ofIHSTilLATICai O.C's to thw

partial*

GAMMA CHAMBER-4000 A(NEW MODEL)

1.2 M

1.3 M

0-4 M

FIG. T-1

GAMMA CHAMBER 900

(NEW MODEL)

IRRADIATION

FIG. T-2

CONTINUOUS CONVEYOR SYSTEM

FOR'PAN BIT1

(Under development}

BOX TRANSFER SYSTEMS

FIG. 1-t

MEDIUM SCALE IRRADIATORfor

STERILISATION OF MEDICAL SUPPLIES

Offloading conveyor

Source rack

Inner water- pool

Source transfer tubes

• Outer water lank

FIG. T-5

Panbit flask (Modified)

Lead ring

Additional lead plug

Fins

FIG. T-6

BOX TESTING STATION

1) FEEDER CONVEYOR

2) DELEVATOR

D STOPPER

A) WEIGHING SCALE

GUAGING BOX

STACKING CONVEYOR

FIG. T-7

REMOTE WELDING UNIT (AUTOMATIC)

nnnnnnr[Pwwr |"!id eydI supply I conUdltr

'rieUnttl Currtntcontrolfr mocMn*

Argon eyllndw

Gat •elwnNd valv*Gat

Eltctrod*

pencil

Chuck

FIG. T-B

REMOTELY OPERATED LEAK DETECTION SYSTEMFOR WELDED RADIOACTIVE CAPSULES

CLAMPET PISTON

AIR FROM COMPRESSOR

PRESSURE VE5SAL

SOURCE PENCIL

D 0 , 0+ » »

iOLSYSTEN

HELIUMLEAK DETECTOR

\ SOLINOID VALVECLAMPET BOOSTER

PNEUMATlC PISTON.

HELIUM NITROGEN

FIG. T-9

PRESSURE-SUCTION CONVEYOR SYSTEM

SOLENOID VALVE

WATER POOL

LOWER

SOLENOID VALVE

PATH T

PrtTH I I

FIG. T--.0

"1" y~DECA¥ CURVES FOR PERSPEX-HX DOSIMETER!__ ! I (BATCH-4) With varying thickness

I I I* RRADIAtED ' IN s ISOME.0~ ' ,

I i f T|M= SETTING : 14 5 mmI

—fr

- -_ .

IRRADIATION StO s AGO rtrs

JRR^DtATIQN ENDED s r 10 hrs OH 10 3

IRRADIATION" TIME; s i 76 hrs

0.89 mm0 34mm

UOOnun

- • I . . . - . . . ; . - •

ifcrsKjr

SilHH J | j | ! ; | l;;;"ii-<j=JH

DOSE RATE»CURRENT RESPONSEWITH DIFFERENT SPECIFICATIONS

500-

UJ300«

u»200-S

100-

6CURRENT IN AMPS X 10

FIG. T-13

DOSE RATE &CURRENT RESPONSEOF SEMICONDUCTORS WITH SAME

SPECIFICATIONS (EC 103)

500

c 400

30O

UJ 20O

1 100

I 2 3 I . 5CURRENT IN AMPS X t5 —

FIG. T-M

LABEL PUNCHING UNIT

(T)"Cam

(?) Punch

(3) Preset counter

© Feed rollers

(5) Separating peg

(f) Label tape

© Waste tape(S) Coated tape roll

® Top*

(S) Container fluid*

(c) Container

(§) doctor's knltf

( D Backing plat*

1) Applicator

2) Drying tunnels

?) Ft*d rollers

Winding rolls

DYE COATING UNITFI6. T-16

SOURCE LOADINGISOMED

DISCHARGE ROD

SOURCE PLAQUE

SOURCE STORAGE PIT

LOADING TUBE

SOURCE CONTAINER

ROD

2a-

20-

if)X

12

Performance of WPC filter press, platesand frames in the Thorium plant of

rIndian Rare Earths Ltd.

Control untreated teakr*WPC Teak

n

28-

20

Afraiine condition(up to5*/«NaOH)

Acidic conditions.1O7.H2SCA,2O% HCI

" Control.untreated pine

r WPC from pine

r-WPC from teak

The quantity of WPC processed : 0-7 Ton

Tot a! number of tests. 35Polymer loading - Teak - 5 to 10 */opolymer loading - Pine -70 to 80 %

FIG T-18

S-1Monomerstoragetank

tOOOL

5-2Monomerstoragetank

1000L

Mixingtank

750L

S-3Monomerstoragetank750L

Moisturetrap

cImpregnatorA50L

ISump tank

750L

N2 gascylinders

Vacuumpump

IMPREGNATION PILOT PLANT(WPC) FI6. 7-19

CROSS LINKING OF NATURAL RUBBERUNDER GAMMA IRRADIATION

Natural Latex-Density of Cross Link

Natural Latex •/• Cross Linking

Coagulated Latex Density of Cross Link

Coagulated Latex •/# Cross Linking

•140

120

100

1 8 0

18 60Su

20

010 20 30

Dost(Mrad)

80-ii

6b.'

40 1

20

PIG. 1-20

2 . INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS

2.1 RADIOGRAPHY

2*1*1 Bvaluat iea Of IntUggnwa Se l ea iua Ceatei P la tea

G.C.Daa) B.N.Deakpaaie} anil B.H. Waaerkar

Tke exteneiea ef xeregrapajr te iaiuatrial raiiefraphjr will

•ake availatle a iapi4 aai swr* •••sitiv* tccaaique at a eeaaia'exably

lever oeat. The aivantagea ef xerera4iegrapk7 arei

K» iaric reen facility

Reuaable platea

7»xy faet ]»x»ceasiaf

Permaaeat image

Direct viewiMg ef iaag»

Suyerler reealutiea

Hiali centraat

laexyeasive (erfiaary payer caa be u«ei f e r recerliaff.)

Witk a Tie* te ievelep a t e t a l xer*ra4iegrayk]r ayetea fer

iaetefea t tke iadigeaeua xerexi^f equiaaeat aai oateriale are beiaff

a tut i e l ia ieptk. A* a f i r s t stnp im tai* tl ireotiea, aa eraluatlea ef

iaiigeaeua aeleniun plates was cnrrJ<r< eut. Seleaiua platea with a

eeat iaf taickaeaa ef 47, 70. 95 t 120. 140 mioreas were epecial iy

•Btaiaei., Tke oeatiaf taiokaena waa aeatmrei witk XKF aai beta back

•eatte.? teokaiquea. aai waa feuai i a geei agreaBeat.

H-2

Chart* build-up and decay ckaraeteriatica »f the platea.

Tke •lactxic potential developed was Boaaured with a atatio

charge aeteri ia a epecially deaigsed ckanber ia a ceaataat geeaetry.

Flg.R-1 akawa a plot of oaxiBUB potential developed against coating

tkickaesa. Ike saturation yateatial iacxeaaea liaearly witk tke

eaatiar tkiokaaaa nata 130 mioraaa.

Tka plattB wera allawet to iiecharge ia tka dark. Tka

lark 4iaekarca curvea for tka iaiiviiual platea axe araaaatai la Fif.R.-2

Bata of aiacharga retucei witk tke increaas ia the ooatiag taiokaeas}

inlioatiac that thioktr oaatiaga are a«vaatag«ou8.

Oaana raiiatioa aaa the Voltage reapaaBO of tka alateat

Tka aecay of rosidual poteatial of a charged xoreratiofrapkic

ytate expeaea ta (anna rays ia governed by the ejcsoitential aquatiaa:

v - v.i-^'T - Eeaidual potential

Vkore t To • Iaitial patential

B • Constant for a given plato

T - Thioknoss r>£ the

fl«.B-3 skawa tka plat of lee: plftto T«lta«« affaiuct gaana raiiation

<aaaf for Taxioua coating: thioknesee.?. The i>s:ttia,J. neuliaear reapeaae

eaa b« attributed to initial aocay or faster <nrk disohargo* The alapaa

are prepeztioaal ta ceatia* tkiokaeaa and have a oouataat Talu* of

(4.7X1O*4)/ aiorea, ia tka xaa(a of tkiokasae from 95 ta 145 micreaa.

Tka in|t okaracterietio ourrea in Pif.E-4 ware ottaiaed tgr

paattiaf the plate potoatial against tka logarithm of ozpoaure, while

H-3

avtke everall oeatraat is gives byl Q - •

i

Tke ceatrast values are preesated and lie betweea 0.1 - 1.0.

Hewever tkere is a preaeunced increase ,ia centrast ever a sharp

beuadary due te electrostatic effect duriag tke inage develepneat

•kick ia turn imparts better discentibility ef detail te a

Tku» a oeatiRff tkiokaeaa ef 70-200micreas was feuai

eaaential fer geei xeiwxadiegrapky. (See Table R-1). Tke quality «f

iadigeaeus plates aeeas furtker inpreveneat regariiag tke ceatiag

uaiferaity ani surface fiaiak.

Cereaa iiacharge uait

A cereaa 4isckaree unit te vary tke eperatienal paraaeters

la beiag aevelepea as. tke ceonercial uaita ef preset type te aet have

prcvisiea fef varying the epemtienal cenaitiens.

Tke xereraciegxapks were cenparable ir defioitiei aaa ietaila

te kig* quality raiiefrapks ettaiaea with fine graia films. Hewever

tke re is a pessibility ef gettiag 'gkest inuiges1 due te iaclemplete

•iaokarge.

2.1.2 Efficiency Of Intensifying Screens la Isetene Ha<ie<rrapkyi

G.Singkj R.R. Wamerkar

Metallic soreens, especially ef heavy metals are reutiaely

empleyei ia isetepe r*<ie«rapky. (1) Tke iateasificatiea actiea ef tke

aoreeas witk X-raya kaa been stuaiei earlier (2,3) kewever 4ata are net

available regarii«g tke isetepic gamna rays. I* ezier te threw nere

light en tke a»«e ef actiea ef tke metallic screens ia iaetepe radi»grapky

aetail study was uaaertakea ef tke bekavieur ef netallio acreeaa ia fil«

Uaokeaiag*

Qptl

TABLE R-1

Salaniiw Coating Thicknesa for Xeroradiographr'

81. Bo.

1

Hadlatlon

Co-60

Source Energy

1.17,

MEV

1.53

•

Thickness Bang*of SelenituiKicrona.

200

2

3

4

5

6

Ir-192

Ta-170

Imr241

1-125

X-ray Mohine

0.30 -0.60

0.084

0.060

0.027,0.035

80 kvp

WBLE-H-2

130-200

70 - 100

40 -80

40-80

40 - 80

Berroduction of radiofraoha

81. Original Bxposnie tiae Density of Expoeun tine Density ofBo. radiograph for interaediate interaediate for comrerting the negative

density positive. positive into negative copy.copy.

1

2

9.

4.

5.

6,

1.6

1.8

2.1

2.2

2.6

3.0

20 second*

M

*

60 "

N

H '.

2.9

2.4

1.9

2.2

1.2

.65

80 seccnds •

m

n

n

10 «

n

1.3

2.1

2.4

2.5

3.2

4.2

Taa experlaeatal werk kelyei ia uaierataailag ef tke eeaalex

aaaeoiatei witk the lateaeii>lBg aetiea ef tke aetal fella ia

gun* xaMegrapay. Beaiiaa tale, tke 4ata geaeratei la tke abeve

experlaeata ceuli be ef a practical value te tke uatxa ef iaoteye

n4ie«T«ftkjr ia tkeix laaveotiM wexk. W«,H-3 and B-4 ahc* the aeulta.

2.1.3 Eeareiuotica ef ifcale«ra»ha - H.H.We«oxter and H.l.Malhotr*

A xaiiagsaak beiag a aegativa laac* itaelf, its furtker

repwiuotieli aa aattker negative image feaea a ao«b#r «f frebleaa, :

•a tke etker kaai tkexe ia aa iaoxeaeiag 4eaaai far referenoe zaiiegn?'aa

la atatrfaxiisatiea aai zmttlae iaaveotiea werk. Tie caia prefclea la

refteiuotiea ef tke a4iegrapka la tke oeaateaalaf af cailagnak tlla

teaaitjr nklek oauli be aa kigk aa 5 te tke vketegxajkio fila ieaalty

ef abeut 1 witkeut aaexifloiag tke fiaer qualitiea ef tke erigiaal.

Ike zailegxaak oaa be «e*iei ia aegative iaage eitker by xeaartlag ta

apeoial fra41egxafk 4uflioatiag filaa* er by uaiag aa latezMiiate

»eaiti»e. •*• ' . . ,,.. ' i:..

A otes «e4ge ef kaeva deaeity waa uee* te oarer a tiit

xaage af xailegTavaa. Ike iatemeiiate peait'iva aai aegatita oefiea

ware •reaaoee la tke fellewiag eriert

.1) laiirWual iatexM«iate yealtlTea with axpaaoxt tlata

ef 20^0 aa« 60 aeoeaia ware •Me*

ll) ftrea eaok ef tke abera iatentHiate «ealtir«at fear

eetaxate aegatiTea were vzedueei fer eayemr* tiaa ef

10, 501 66 aai 80 neoenia xeapectively.

B-6

Tke f l la eeneitlea wexa meaeuree la al l tka expeaurea

with a 'Tketevelt' aenBifceBeterr, Agfa-Ceveart 0-4 f i la waa feuae

aultabla far al l tka expeeurea. The f i lm vara expeeee ta UV l l fkt , and

W«t-e FuvlHov pxeceaaei. The reaulta are auaaariaea la Tabla-R-2 a>ui

I1f.E-5, 6, 7, aai 8.

By uaing tkia tachaiqua a aet af weM raaiegraphe aa4 a faw

eaatinff xattlegzmpha kava baen auooeaafully ra»ra<ueei« Tkeaa kara baa*

fauaa very naeful la tka practice of later*ratatlea.

2.1.4 Hat Raeie«apky

R.R.Wanorkar H.K. Halkatrai and N.S.Jagaaia.

Eaiiejraphlc ezanlnatlan•af intanaaly raaieaptlva aeuroea

uaiac external laeteyic aeuroea - Hat raiieffraph) la aa ianraluable

teal ta aaoertaln tka iategrity ef railaactlra aaterlala la aealaa

aaaeabliea. Iaapectien ef apaat reaoter fuel pine kaa beea imf «itk

MUtrana. Co-60 aluga alaa kara bean raeieffraphlcally iaapeotei vitk

X-ray BaeklBaa. ia effert waa amaa ta atu<y the techalque af kat

raeiegxayky uaiac laetapa Seurcea.

Tka e^eriaeiital aat up la ahewn In Pig.R-9. Aa aae oaa

ezyeot tka abjeot lnage aa tke raeiegraph will be heavily fa^gaA iua ta

extraaeeua raciatiea frea the abjaot. Ta lBprara tka quality ef tka

laate a auaber af ckeaioal reaueeza ware eapleye4. Table B-3

fire* tka ceaparative parfaraaaea ef a few reauoara. in Affa-6eraart

5-7 fila. waa eapleyet tkzau^iaut.

Buriag furtker ezperlsaBtatiea, Ir-1?2 raJiagraakr aauroea'- . • • ? ( . . . " . * • • • - .

featalaei la aeuroe pantlla wara xa41agrapke4 «ltk aaatkac Ir-192 aanxoa.

H-7

D M effaot ef eaaplaatiaaa ef rariaua aaurce ta flla an* abjeot to

fill iiatanoea en tke axfeaure vaa stuaiai.

TABLE R-3

81* Bttucar laatapeI*. Sturoa

Bx»»aur» aaoaaaazgr far Rainetiaaa f i la iaaaltT af 2.0 QualityDaaa in xala Tiaa ia alaa.

1.

2.

3.

4*

5.

6.

K*«ak-B-2

" -B-4A

* -1-5

" -E-e

" -a-23

Uar'akaraaaiaairtauotr.

Ir-192

Ir-192

Ca-60

Ir-192

Ir-192

150

55

265

100

100

25-100

10

30

10

80

2-8

45-18

10jt rariatiaa, faat

tJaifara^ bat alaw

10J6 yaxiatiaa, faat

8j( Tariaiiaat alaw

10jt rariatiaat rarjrfaat.

1OJ< raiy alaw

lafawnoaat

1 • "Ui« of Copper1 Bera«w and lead filtexs for ootalt-60 radiography"

Xatarial Sraloation" 22 P.189-192 (1971

2. "Fundaaantal action of lntenaifying aoraana"

Katarial Svaluation i p.23 ( 1949)

3* "Hatal lntaaifylBf aoraana for xadiogxaphy"

Brlt.J. Hon.OaatxuotiTa Taating U t pp*55-59» (1971)

R-e

2.1.5 Btatic Ckante B w i l t i n g i y i t w F»r Xerara*iegra»k3r

A.K.Aakikary

A kigk veltage (10 kv) cereaa eieckarge ualt far electre atatia

ekarge aepeaitiea • • pkete oaaauctive aeleaiua platea aaa beea ievelepei*

Tke unit prevlaee f#r tke variatiea ef tke eptiaiziag paraeetere rig.

ofcargiBg tin*, ckarglng v«ltaj«, grli Yvltage, anl plateCioi^tanc*.

l\irtk«r teats o« tk« unit are in pxvgx«sa.

2.1.6 Baai»graplcr Caa«ia Mc4«l-IRCX-150

O.C. Batlskt D.C. Ikarj S.S.Patelj a.D.Naikj H.B. Wan«rkar

Tk« i«vel«pm«nt tf a ra*i»gmphy tcokaiqut wltk a 20 Ci Ir-192

uuro*t spvoially c«v«l«p«4 f«r tkt iaspeotira «f aircraft •*gL»9»t

wktr* tk« ••urce kaa t» bt p»«iti««< in a cavity, ««ep iasi<« tha

aaa b*«* r*part«i tazliax.

la via* »f tka great «oep* fer tke uae ef tkia teckaique la

•tker aiailar aituatienat tke Radiegrapky Canera IRCX-150 keueiag a

150 01 Ir-192 aeuxoe kaa beta 4evel»pe«, aa akrra ia Hf.R-9. la tali

•yattBf uallke etker eaaexaa, tke aeuroe attacke* te tke leaaiag tip

ef tke trivia* teleflex oaUe ami aeviae ia a flexible eeniuit oaa be

*eaitie>e4 la aay deal red feaitlea, witaia J.J aatrea tx»m tke oaatra,

wltk a IriTlag gear place* ever 9 Mtera away. Fellewiag are tke aaia

features ef tke naitt

1) Fig tail aaeeabljr (PTi). H r R - 1 0 * E-11.

The aeuxoe oapaule aa< tke oeupllag eleatat are

attacked te eitker eai ef tke pleoe ef teleflex oable

by erlaplag. Tke oriapea jeiat aaa tke oeupliag are

eeaigaea te aafely wttfiataat a pull ef 5 kg. Tke

cauyliac eta be tiaaagaget aaly wkaa tke cabla la

•at af tka canduit.

2) Safaty lacki Fi«.R-12

Tkia quick relaaaa lack rataiaa tk« H A la lackea yaaitiaa

witkia tka akial* aa« yeiaite it'a m w m t aaly «k*» tk«

itlafltx iriY* oabl* i« oauplW t* tk« PTA.

3) Drira «tar I Fig, R-13

Tkla taablta •ffaxtltaa an* aaaatk aavanaat af tka aauroa

by tka telaflax ariTa by taxaiaff a kaaila. A ai«it»l oauatar

iaalcates tka axtaat af aartaaat af tkt iauroa, wall* n i

mat c*aaa ligkta iaiioata vkatkar tka aauroa la cut af akial4

•x fully la akiala.

i) FTA tzaaayart flaaki Iif.R-14

Tkia flaak aaablaa aaay raplroaaaat af tka PTA far aauroa

raylaaiakaaat at tka aita witkaut aaoaaaitatiaff kaailiaf af

uaakiaUaa aauroaa.

2*1.7 ^iktwalakt Irlalu^ Caayaa far Pi»aliaa ftaaaot^aa

O.C. Batiaki F.A. Varkay

A lit̂ it waitfit aal oaayaet oaaaxa with tuagataa allay M

pkiaUiac aatarial la baiag i f U f i with a rlair ta aaatlar tka aaala

af xaiiagxmyky waric aa laaf ylya llaaa* Tka 4«al«a Ircalaff af tkia ualt

ia uaiar yrayaratiaa aai tka fabrloatiaa yraoaiura la baiaf warkai ant

wltk a yarty ia Faaaa wka ayaoialiaaa ia yawaav aatalluxtioal yraeaaa

•f fabAaatiaa af tuagataa caat.

R-10

k.1.8 Uraaiua Bkisldea1 Irjgtua Casern (UIR-192)

G.C. Batiekj S.C.B^rj B.E. W&merkar

le fulfil tke meed ef compact light weigkt radiefrapky camera*

wkiel are at present imperted, iavelepmeiit ef a skieldiaff bleok fer tke

IECX-150 type camera wits depleted uraiiuB intead «f l«a* at tke

•klcldiif naterlal has been undertake* i» o*llab«ratiM wltb tk» Itcaio

Futla DivisiM.

Tk» castabl* refractory n«ul«y aa« tke wctdaii fa t ten f*r

oaftiaf tkt *aia uraaian akield, witk a Zircalley tub* f*r tke S-*kaye4

oarlty kare beea tried tut.

2.10. Mlmi X-Rar Iartruneat

X* Krl»k«anurtkjrj V.P. Deskmukk

AM ia«t«p* X-Hay iBBtrunent, weigking less tkaa 100 gm aid

eayabl* ef keuainf abeut 1 curie ef Iedi»e-125 kaa bees develeyed far

US* i> •ftoifio apvlicatiena auok at dectal radiegrapky, Maunesraphy

•tt4 lainstxial radiegrapky ef ligkt mettls.

fif.Er15 skttrt tke iatenal c»a»tructie» ef tke instzuneoit.

Tke tiay i tune i t Bade ef am 1-125 ocEj>eun<3 iaeerporated i» a «rlaas

•atrix te •iNiaiae eelf-abeerjitien an«! U< ?»vide higk integrity.

Ike tkiela la a eaall oyliaeer ef tuagst»» alloy and i s prevldod

witk 60* *y»x amcle oealoal epeaiae, fer exyeaure. Tke aeuxoe la

•ere! frea "eff" te "beaa-ea" yesitiea nt Tioe reraa by a ball-peiat

yea MOkaalaa.

Xufi i f ferloea suck «• X-ray f i l« , yelanlc f i la aid aelealua

ylate nave beta used te eraluate tka yaraaeterc suok M expeaure time*

detail, aeMitiTity, oeatraat e t c , ebtalaable witk tke uait.

R-11

2.1.10 Labagrark

JL oempact ss#lf ccattiiiae ujiit far tkt aeaeaatratien. aai

teaokiBf ef tk« iaetep* ra«i»gia.pky teckaique la a laberatery kaa been,

eevelepee*

Fig.R»i6 akewa a out away view ef tk« uait. Fif.E-17 »k«w«

tk« ••uree ktusisg «itk axitmrt aaokaaiaa wkil* Pis.H-18 it»ict« tka

••urea kalaer witk an ioilcatvr Ian* •iuulatiaff tka raaiatiai baaa

far aattiag up aa axptriaant*

Tke uiit ia i*aiguei far kauaiNf 50 ouriaa af Ir-192 u «

fraviiaa far a aaxlmua axpaauz* area af 200aa z 200an at a aauroa ta

fila aiataica af 600i». Tke axyeaura tiae ia autaaatloally caatrallai

by aa atjuatabla preset I tiaer.. .Tke expeaei fila ia aaaually yreoeaaea

tkrauck rubber glevtB ia a eark ckaaber (aijaiaiae tke expeaure okaaber)

previiet witk preceasiag aelutieaa aaiataiaei at 20*C.

Tke unit eoeupiea a fleer apace ef leaa tkaa 1 aq.aetre aa«

ia aafe te ke place* ia aay laberatery *x effioe witkeut apecial

preoautieae, aai reqairea 220 velta A.C. paver supply. Ike expeaure

fulla tke aeuree te aafe peaitiea la tka oaaa af pewer failure.

H-1?

2.1.11 fta«i»i»trlo TeekaiouB F»r H»m»OTnit.Y T«tlag Of Caatalaar Flaaka

F T Higk Iat«a»ity Ra«iati>a Sauicaa.

K.S. i«ar*al» A.R. Kalurkar» & F.V. Kulkarai

x A laif* auabar af a camfact ixxaiittiaa units auck aa OC-9OO,

OC-4000 ate. ax* yxaaueaa la tka aaotita. 1 kaaafwaua aad «alf*xB

•alaldiaf far taaaa ualte la a mat fax tka aafaty af raaiatia* trazkaxa

aaa aolaatiata. Tka caataiaar flaaka af tkaaa lrra«i*t«r« ata rautiaaly

^aaitaxai uaia« tkie taokaiqna. '

.A bata-gaaaa f xaba ,ia oalibrataa wlik a aarlaa af laa! flataa

aat a cavity af kaam flKaaalaaa. 7ka axyaxiaaatal Mt-ua i t akawa

la flf.B-19*

A aallbratiaa ouxva akava ia Fif.E-20 i s 4nwa btsci • • tka

faaulta.

Walla t«at±«f tka laaa flaak, tka aMtira aerfaea ia aayyai aa

akaira IB tka Ti«.l-21, tka iaairirtuai aagnaat ia tkaa maltartl witk tka

bata-fuaa *rcba« aftar iaaartiaf * Oa-̂ 0 aauxoa ia tka caatxa af tka

-flaak. Tk» xaaiinca ax« \bm ^renazvd As*' tk» ^xvaaaen aid aatHra af aa/

aaatiaf aafaot ean aaaily be 4«>texiaiacdl fairly aooomtaiy with tka kaly

af taa ealiteatiaa

2.1*18 p»aoialliaa

A f»w i^aartMt apaoific yca'clana takaa uj »t tka iaataaoa

af tka variaui iaauatxiaa* axa naatiaaaa balavt

1. Baaiaaatxia axaaiaatlaa af a fxaotlaaatiac t*w«r at Lnba Xaiia

Idrttaa, Baabay

T.I. JaykuMr.) 0«8.SiB«4i

Tka caaaity aa« viaoaaity «t aa ail fxaotiaa fzaa a alatillatlaa

R-13

tewer (See Table R-5) were feuad te be ceasistently lewer tkaa tke

calculate* value. Dielecatiea ef tke baffle trays was suspected fer

suek abseraal eccureace.

TABLE R-5

DETAILS OF THE TOWER

1. Material ef ceastructiea - Steel plate 16 nm thick

2. Baffle trays " " 2 an thick

3. Claddiag - Glass weel 80 u

4. Diuuieis - 26 M length, J.5 M sl*s

A radieaetrlc surrey ef tke tewer was carried eut witk a 10 Ci

Ir-192 seurce aai a beta-gamoa ceustrate eeter.

Fif.R-22 skews tke aetails ef tke tewer, wkile Fig.R-23 skews

tks experlaestal set-up. Tke results are presentee la Fig.R-24.

Tke survey iaeioatei tke tisleoatiea ef tke bettea tray fren its

•emal pesitiea. Tkis was subsequently eeafiraes whea tke usit was

pkysically exaaiaei euring tke repairs.

2. Raeiegiaphy ef RCC Structure At Tke Berivali Telepkeiie Exchange:

R.N. Seskpaate; T.K. Jeykuear; O.S. Siagk

Detailed erawiags ef pesitiea aaa size ef tke steel reiMferoemeats

are accessary fer tke extension ef any RCC structure. Siace these were

set available, isetepe raAiegrapky was employee1 fer tkis purpese at tke

instance ef F&T department fer tkeir expansiea sf Berirli Telepkene

Ezckange facility. A 10 Ci Ce-60 seurce tegetker witk fast medical

H-14

X-ray * i l« *«• •mpl'yed. Size and leoatiea ef tke steel reiaferceaeat

were determined witkia + 2f> aocuraoy wkiok Is feuad adequate far tk l s

purpese.

3. Use ef gamma - back scatter tkiokaess gaugiag teckalque

fer ctrresiea estimation, at Oberei Skeratea Hetel

T.I. Jeykumar) O.Siigk

1 keavy leakage ef water threugk tke ckillei water vipeline

ef tke air cenaitieaiag plant at Oberei Skeratea Hetel was aetioed.

Ike leaks were attributes te cerresiea ef tke pipeline sue tw aixiag ef

SOg fren tke flue gases ia tke water nyet«n,Bi«ce tke ceeliag tewer aai

tke eutlet ef tke fuxaaoe flue gases were lecatea aajaoeat te sack etker

at apprexiaately sane elevatiea ef 115 H.

Twe seotieis ef tke kigk pressure pipeliae carrying ckillei water

were examiaes te estinate tke extent ef oexreaiea by gamna back scatter

taickaess gauging.

Ultraaeaio teckaique was fauna unsuitable because ef tke euter

surface beiag painted and tho l^terr^.l surface beiag cerreded. Tke

figure skews tke experimental o«t :xp .53d c?.iibrati«a curve.

R-15

4. Besides these a few »tker iastancas »f specialise*

at* listed bel»w ia fable fi-6.

TABLE R-6

Specialised Radiography A»»licatioa>

61* OrganisationMo.

Material Inspected Source Remarks

1.

2.

3.

4*

5.

6.

7.

ISBD

Indian Havy

H-5 Project

RiFF, Kota

Indian Railway

Hindustan SteelRourkela

Guest KeenWilliams

Rocket-fuel

Rivetted Joints ofboilers,propellerblades,submarineheader.

Calendria, Welds,Uranium castings,Transport-flask leadshield

Haematite concretetest blocks

Thermite weld joint

Trunion-ring castingof L-D convertor

Retort vessel

Ir-192

Ir-192

Ir-192

Co-60

Ir-192

Ir-192

Co-60

Co-60

for honogenity

*

for integrity

Thickness measure-ment.

Variation of plate potentialwith thickness of Se coating

15

ia5 1.0

ib)

5 os

01

Charging tlm> 8»»codt

20 40 60 60 100 120 140 160

THICKNESS OF St COATING ( In micron*>FIG. R-1-

DARK DISCHARGE CURVES

10 20 30 40 SO 60 70

OCCAY TIME <Minut»«)

PIG. R-2

80

u:

3-0

2-5

20

1-5

1.0

05

FILM-AGFA GEVAERT D7SOURCE- IRRIDIUM 192NO OBJECrDENSITY 20

FRONT SCREEN

0-

BACK SCREEN,

3U0

2.5

2.0

1-5

10

1-0 20 30 40 50 60 7-0 80 90ATOMIC NUMBER

1.0

0 20 40 60 60 tOOATOMIC NUMBER

GRAPH BETWEEN INTENSIFICATION FACTORAND LEAD SCREEN THICKNESS.

FIG. R-3

ELECTRON ABSORPTION C0'WV6SIN ALUMINIUM.

r 100

Due to —directgamma rays

20 40 60 80 100MILLIGRAMS PER SQUARE Cm.

FIG. R-4

130 150

PRODUCTION OF INTERMEDIATE POSITWE

Exposure - Ultraviolet-RadiationFilm-Agfa gevaert D4

4.0

3.5

3.0

• 2.50•5

5 2.0

oo6 1-5

1.0

o—»60 Sees.40 »20 ••

10 1-5 2 25 3O.D of original-ve

FIG. R-5

3.5

PRODUCTION OF NEGATIVE COPY-

.6

From intermediate positiveof 20 seconds exposureExposure-Ultraviolet RadiationFilm-Agfa gevaert 04

1.0 1.4 1.8 2.2 2.6 3.0 3.4 3.80-D Of Intermediate + ve

FIG. R-6

PRODUCTION OF NEGATIVE COPY-

4.6

4.2

3.6

3.4

* 3.0

u

oa.w

3 2.2ad

1.8

1.0

.6

.2

OfFrom intermediate positive

I seconds exposuresure - Ultraviolet Radiation- Agfa gevaert D*

U 1.8 2.2 2.6 3^0»0.D. Of intermediate +ve

FIG. R-7

3^4 3TB

PRODUCTION OF NEGATIVE COPY

From intermediate positiveof 60 seconds exposureExposure - Ultraviolet RadiationFilm-Agfa gevaert DA

©—*10 Sees.»30 "

1.4 1.6 * 2.2 2.6 3.0—*»0.D Of intermediate f v«

FIG. H-8

G3

3.S

©GEAB BOI

© GEAR BOX HANDLE

© TS1POC STAKB

© CONNECTING CABLE

© COUPLING

© FRONT END BOB

© SOURCE cmoe CONDUIT

0 BACK END CONOUT

® MAIN BODY

® TROLLV WHEEL

© HOOK FOR MECHANICAL LIFTING

© TROLLV

@ BACK END BOB

© PIG TAIL ASSEMBLY LOCK

@ INDICATING LAMP'SOURCE EXPOSED'

© THOU* HANOLE

© ACCESSORIES BOX

(5) PIG TAIL ASSEMBLY

lridium-192 CAMERA ASSEMBLYIRCX-16O

HG. R-9

44444444k

252

1) Source2) Source capsule

3) Teleflex cable4) Ball stopper

5) Female coupling6) Male coupling

PIG TAIL ASSEMBLY (PTA)

FIG. R-10

'WSMSutssMtuttmstttnsmtL252 '

(a)

(y Mol* coupling

(z) Fwnoto coupling

® toll stopper

0 T«t«fl« caM*

(9) Satire* copault

(5) Sourc*

(b)

(c)

r—tfki1

(d)

SOURCE PIG TAIL ASSEMBLY (PJA)FIG. R-11

1) Dicky lock key2} Dicky lock3) Retainer ring,4) Female coupler5) (PTA) Male coupling6) Male coupler7) (PTA) Female coupling8) Blind cap9) Holder

Flexible conduitIt) Teleflex cable

PIG TAIL ASSEMBLY LOCKFIG. R-12

DRIVING UNIT INCORPORATING INDICATION LAMPSAND REVERSIBLE COUNTER

INDICATION LAMP

GEAR CASING

FIO. R-13

-290

(T) COVER Q) HANDLES © CAP©SOURCE PK3 TAIL ASSEMBLY (PTA)@ SCREW LOCK (?) PAD LOCK

Lead Pot For IRCX-150

FIG. R-U REF 1699

SOURCE CONTROLSEXPOSURE CONTROLS

iiiiiiiiiiliiiiiiiilliiiii;;: : : • • • : • • : • • • ; • • • • : : : • • : : • : : :

SOURCE HOUSINGAND SHIELD

DARK ROOM'

LABOGRAPH

SOURCE CONTAINER WITH DRIVE MECHANISM

© SOURCE DRIVE SYSTEM.

<D SOURCE IN SHIELD CONDITION.

(3) SOURCE IN EXPOSED CONDITION.

(A) EXPOSURE COLLIMATOR.

FIG. R-17

SOURCE HOLDER

33=JJL

15 0 mm263 mm

SOURCE LOCATIONEXPOSURE: AREA INDICATING LAMPCOUPLING FOR DRIVE SYSTEM

FIG. R-18

EXPERIMENTAL SET UP FOR RADIOMETRY

ANALYSER ft SCAIER DETECTOR HEAD'

OBJECT-̂

(Lead 9plates.each pi 25 mmthick)

• The detective Plate has a holt ot 20 mm tfand is shifted to various positions from 1to9

FIG. R-19

SOURCE

CONTAINER

(Sourc* Exposed)

RESPONSE OF THE DETECTOR W.R.T. LOCATION OFTHE FLAW (DISCREMINATED ENERGY-U7 MEV )

100

M

C75

c9

onSO

Material© - 2 0 mm 0(2)-2 0mm 0

-20mm 0-20 mm 0

: Lead 2 25 mm Thick6mm deep flaw12.5 mm deep flaw25 m m deep flaw37.5 mm dt*p ftaw

SODistance of the flawobject (In mm)

100 ISO ' 200from Inner surface (source side) of the

FIG. R-20

Lead filled container withmarkings for Radiometry

FIG. R-21

FEEDENTRYNOZZLE

LIQUIO LEVEL

.STEAMNOZZLE

FIG. R-22

SK€TCH-2RAO1OMETRY SURV.EYTR T 5 0 ( J B O TOWER)

SOURCE 5IDED

FIR 2B

DETECTOR SIDE

A \ VTRAV# U

TRAY # 3

TRAY # 2

-22|-20

iF-16

12

i I

V.LLJ

FIG. 2A

I—I

x.---

FIG. R-23

SKETCH 3

RADIOMETRY SURVEYT-101 (LUBE VAC TOWER)

Set of '<«^ to SOVrtf fonl>O»( *t

SX11CH-4ftAOlOIETfy SIMViV

T-'OC

c 7 f 9 toON TIC COLUMN

FIG. R-24

2.2 ISOTOPE INSTRUMENTS

2*2*1 Scan Converter Inspection Syaten

6.S. Ramakrishna} R.S. Deehpandet D.Ranganathanj &

K.Kriahnamurtky•

la view of the need for a simple and rapid, on-line

radiegraphic inspection set-up for industrial products, development

•f a "flying spot scan conversion system", aiming towards automation

•f industrial radiefraphy has been undertaken.

The BChenatic «f the system is shewn in Fig.I-1.

Fer seurce ef radiation, initially a 100 KV potential industrial

x-ray equipnent will be used and later en will be adapted fer isrtepio

seurces.

The principle *f cperatien involves generation *f a fine flying

spot of radiation by the vertical cellimater and a horizontal bea>

chopper wheel driven by a synchronous motor. The b e u scans the

object vertically, while it moves horizontally on a conveyor. The

emerging signal is detected by scintillation detector which has detection

efficiency of about ifjfr compared to film which is a poor radiation

detector with efficiency of about 1$.

The electrical signal output from the detector i» related

to the intensity of the attenuated beam and is stored in a special

merery device,while the sequential scanning is in progress. The stored

information is displayed on a conventional Television Monitor for

image visualization and subsequent analysis

1-2

Xaitial etuiiee *f raiiatiea eaergjr, <••• requirement,

i*t*ot*r okaraoterlatiaa ani electrealoe requirement k M beea oeayletei;

tkt ekaraoterieyloe ef tke ayatea art i k m la tabl* 1-1.

Zayertant features t* net* are the tetal i*e* reoeivei by tke

•kj**t baiaf leaa taaa a few aB aai tk* tiae required fer eoaaalag baia^

af tka evier ef few aeoeaia.

Aa «x»eriaeatal aat u» wltk a 30 oa l*aft 1*8 ca f plaatic

•oiatlllater aai a aultable yk»teauitl»li*r tub* aaaeabl/ kaa been

4*r*l*yH| wail* tk* 4*aiga ef tke yulae yreeeaaiac f neaerjr aterage

aoi ta* aoaaaia« beaa geaexater oenaiatlnc af * vertical celllaater

aai okayyar wkeel aaaeably ia la yregraaa.

0.8* Saaakziakaaf D. Sanganatkaa| K« Kriaanaaurtky

tk* leaifa aai iereleyarat af a aelii atat* raiUtiea ieteoter

fer lew *a*zg]r raii&tiea i*t*oti*n uyta 100 kerv baavi ea th* iatemal

avalaaok* aultiylioatlen ia aeaioeaiuoter* kaa Vaaa takaa ay. Tkia la

ia Ti«» *f tk* B M I fer a reliable aai kl«% oeuat xata oayabillty

ietucter fer ia*t*y* ayylioatiea la iaiuetrlea. Ike feature* ef tke

ieteoter arei

Higk oouatiag rate capability

Qeti lew eaeray reayenae

Higk aanaitivity

Wii* t*ay*ratur* rang*

Waiewleaa aatur*

Mialatuz9f reliable, leag l i fe it lew o*at

100 Mo/a

few KeV t* 100 K*T

Miltlylioatlra uyt* 103

Uyt* 100*C

1-5

The arelininary design «f ta» ••IK atata deteoter deTeleaed

and fabricated ia ech«m*tically shewn in Fig. 1-2.

The device is batdc&lly a P N atructure aillcaa diedcu

It la feraed frea a H-tyve wefer af resiativity 40-49 eha-ca, 25 aa die . ,

and 400 thick. A degenerately d«*ed P+*regien ia feraed ia the wafer

tj iiffuaiBg bazaa at 1150'C far 14 hra. ta get diffueiea death af 50/4,

when the iaciteat xaiiatiaa thrau^i the eatxanoa wia4av pra4uoea

frimajr alaotxaa - hale aaixa in the ir lft ragiaa. By ahataaaak

teohoique aa< oheaioal atohiag yxeceae centaur aagla af leaa t a n 90*

omit Ht be ebtaiaei. Lew centaur angle waa feua* eaaentiol ta kaap

high iatenal f ial i aaoeaaary far aralanoha aotlaa urt law aarfaoa

fi«14 ia areyent auxfaoa bzaakiewa af the 4evloe.

la aohiere thia a cenbinatlea af aeohaaloal barallBf aa4 ohealoal

etehikf wta trie* am4 feua* auocaeaful ia abtaiaiag a laairai aagla af

5* ia 7*. f*e leakage current ef the aevicea waa abeut 200/4A at 2130 V.

High avalanche Yeltage at lew leakage ourrent waa feua4 aaaentlal far

lav neiae, while high internal electric field af the azwar af 150 ta 200

kr/ca waa required t*r okarge aultialicatiaa due ta laaaot iealsatlaa*

Aa eatraaoe wiadew af 5 M *i*« ••* 25/4 thick waa fened ta reduce the

dead layer. The entranoe windew waa oaated with geld by Tacuua

araaaratlaa and the oaat«»urad aurfaca with BTV xubaer t ta aiaiaiaa

the leakage ourreat. The beraa diffused devioea ware fabricated at the

TUB, Jelid State Dericea Labaratery and the Oalliua diffuaed dericea

ware abtaiaed frea aa eutaida agency with cellabentive efferta.

1-4

Mart tkaa 40 atttottra wtrt fabrloatt* tkua but taly tw«

•tvltta oiull ackitvt tkt atalztc aralanokt ekaraottrlatloa. Tkt

•ytolfltatitia tf tkt dtriot art «lTta la Tablt X-2 vkUt it» aralaMlit

tkaraottrlttlo i t pxttftnttc la tkt fifuxt I-J-.

TABU 1-2

Sttelficatitai t f tht AT*l>nckt Ptttottr.

1. Ltakagt eurrtnt i 150/4 A at 2130 Ttlt.

2* Ctattur aaflt i 5 * 7 *

3. XatMDca wiBttw t Otl* 0Mttt,5a« i l » . , 25ptkiok

4* Iattraal fitl< i 200kr/o«.

A tuiMl dlt it atatstkblt twitoklaf •lzooit m i latlgnti ftr -

Itttotiac tkt tobwat atctnii pulata frta tkt 4*t**tar. *Wa att-uf was

ttatti uU otula i tttot tkt 60 ktT « U M raya tf Aa241» wtrk la la vrtfxtaa

t t furtktr rtfiat tkt ttokalqut aai t t rtiuot tkt atiat l t v t l , wltktut

aatrlflolaf tkt avalaackt ckamottrietict.

2.2.3 Digital Prtatt I»»taurt Ctntrtl ftr latttat Ba41tiara»ky

0.8. Baaakziakaai A.S. Ftatkarkati T.K.Jtykuaar

la littfatrlal radltffrayay ttftolally witk Iz*-192t tUbtratt

oalonlatltM ftr ittttalo ttoajr, aattrial tkiokataa aai aoatttrlaf art

aaavtliablt tt arzlrt at a »rt»tr tzptaurt t lat. A alaplt tltotxtalo

<trlet kaa bt«a ctvtltyt* tt tvtzotat tkla. Bltcfc tlafraa tf tkt

oipoult la aktwa la l l ( . i - 4 .

Tkt xtaataat tf a O.M.tubt vat eallbratta afalaat tkt 4tat

ual»t varltua fl lttra. Ttirtktr tkt rtayaaat tf tkt ayitaaj «aa aatektl

«ltk tkt okaxaottrlatioa tf tkt x-ray flla*. Tabla 1-3 Maatrlata tkt

xtaulta.

1-5

TABLE-I-5

81.la.

1.

2.

3.

4.

Siaal tkickaeee ia ••.

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

Density ektaiaed fara aet af expeaun

Agfa D7-F11B1700 aB

2.04

1.92

1.89

2.10

Kedak D-54 Film800 BR

2.0

2.1

2.0

1.9

With the uae af tkia devioe am* kae ealy ta aat tha pre-cali-

brated deae far a givea fila ienaity aa recariei by tke O.M. Tuba.

Tke aa< af avyravrlata axvaaura tine ia iaiicatei by bath auiia til

visual aigmal. I* a aiallar ayaten en»laya4 in tha "Labagzaak" tka

eauroa ia ratxiYea back i»ta tke ahiela autamatically by aaaaa af a

aaleoaia aotuatea ••ohaniaa.

ia laa okaabar ia beiag «evelape4 ta railaoa tke O.M* tuba,

Which kaa a Taxy linite* Ufa.

2.2.4 Davelawaeat af Ian Mebility Analyser

1UK. Sinkaj K. Krisknaaurthy

Aa azvarlMatal tast aat-up haa bean prepared fer aeteotia^

tka praaaace af certain preaolectei censtituents af a gaa aanpla, basee

ea tka yariatiena ia tke aebility ef leas ef different gaaes ia aa

applied electrical field.

1-6

A Bat-up witk a aaa curia tritioa aauroa, • aftllaotia* alaotraaa

•ni faur polaai fata alaotraiaa In aa apaa ckwrter (50 aa p< x IOOJWB laa*)

ka* beta i»r»l»t*i. Tkt parfaraaaca •T«lu«tlM« art bala* oarri«4 cut t*

•»tial«* tk» «ri« aise u i J.*c&tira »f tht «xl« •l«etni«« t» •labla tk«

Mlaotlaa «f tiffaxtat iaaa. Tka waik ia aia«i at eallaotiag neceBtary

iata far tka iavalaiMnt af a oaaaaxclaHjr Tiabla ataaapkszic pollution

•Ian qrataB.

2.2.5 n n ntncioi METHOPMEKC

1* Dayjj Iairtvatata aa, twia ckaabtr iataotara

B.8. Oashpaaia * 8.B. lutta

A faw aa* «aai<na af tka Snaka Sataotar kara baaa axparlaaatai

iarint tkia paxlaa. llc.Z-5 akawa tka fixat aaaiga 4av«lapai vkiok

oaatalaa a elaaai afttnxataa ekaabax far, (i) oaapaaaatlnc arzara 4uft

ta Mfply Yalta** rarlatlaaa, aai fax (ii) oaapaaaatiag arzara iua ta

aabiaat teaparatura aai kuaiAitjr okaagaa*

Oavalapaaat af tka pxatatypa akawal tkat tkia iaaiga funetiaaai

affaotiTaljr. Ea«aTar<i iapxaraaaata ia thia aait wara oaaaiaaxai far oaat

re«uotiaa. Tkia baiag aa iapartaat faotar aiaoa tka faaiga ultiaatalj

•ia* at cavalaplaf a oaaatroiaHjr viabla praduot*

Vlg.1-6 aktwa tka eaaatraetiaa cataila af tka iataetar* wkiok

alialaataa aaai far ki^i fraia iaaolatiag aatarial aai eaaaiiaAbly

raiacaa tka oaat af aatarial* Hf.I-7 akava tka oixonit iiagraa af tka

iataotar.

1-7

2* 8—k> iataotar aarfaraanca araluatlaa

M.K. Slakai Q.B. Qekkalet . 8*8. Datta

la arler te evaluate tke eaek* leteetexs f»r eeaplleaee te

lateraatleaal ataoiaiia, tke felleala* labemteqr teete were o*alaet««

1) If feet ef euyyly Yeltage vaxiatleae, aa ieteetlea

eoyyly Teltage variatleas betweea 200 V i.e. te 250 T. i.e. akevei

laee tkaa 2jt change la ieteetiea eenaitirlty.

U ) If fact ef aabieat teayexature •arletieaes- Taste wkea eeainetei la a

eeatrellai teayeratuxe oaaaber ekewei leae tksa tjjft ekaage la

ieteetlaa eeasltlvltjr whan teayeratuxe waa varlei bataeea 25*C te 50*0.

H i ) If feet ef kuaUity yarlatiaai- Teata «kea eealvotei la ft eyeclelly

eleaei ekaabar ekewei leaa tkaa 155̂ okaaga la eetsottea

wkea koaKlty vaa varlai batveaa 0)f B.8. te 1000 I.B

at 28aC.

I T ) Vfeet ef eeneelve ataeaykarai- Deteeter* wkea exyeeei te eerrealv*

ataaaykara ef SOjt ceoaxatei by aa aialxtaxe ef 20 f M ef Milaa

tkleealykate ft 10 al af HjSO. f la a eyeolalljr •reyaxei eleeai ekaaa«r»

aac aka*a leea tkaa 2Jt okaa«B la iateetlaa eeaeltlHty, fer a yexlet

ef 16 iaya.

T ) Effect ef Tlkratleae* Sataotera akewei ae aaaafe er ekaafa ef

eeaeltlTltr wkea ezyetel te 0.1 aa asylltuie TltaatleM ef 10 ta 50

eyelee yer aeeeai fraqoaaej far a tetal yarlai ef 45 alautee.

vl) If feet ef air Talaalty aai air Jiraotlaa ekaa««ai- A syeelal

ekaaber waa yaayarei fer tkla test te yendt teats at eeaataat air

•elaeitiaa.

1-6

Tests cenducted upte an air velocity ef 150 ft/ain. at the

detecter skewed +25$ t» -10# change la chamber voltage (Detecter

sensitivity) depending upen the direotien ef air flaw te the

ietecter. This being the largest seurce «f error shall determine

the mazlBUB usable sensitivity fer a particular lecatira.

Tii) Detection sensitivity 1- Tests cencuotei in a specially prepare*

wssien chamber »f size 28 cm x 46 ci x 180 C B l*ng sh»w«* that

13 ag/> »f SD«ke density was detected by 10^ *r larger ohange

ill the sensing chamber voltage.

IB *dditi«n t» the absve ncted lab»rat»ry tests a field fire

test was als# conducted, in a clseed r«*a, by lvcating 4 detectsrs

8 Betera apart •• a 3 neter high osiliag and by igBiting appreii-

•ately 100 gas *f different types ef esabustibles •• the fleer

aid centrally lecated between detectors. Experinenta •• weed,

paper, gassline and pslystyxene as csabustible skew **cti«a

withia 2 t» 4 •!"• *f igBitisn.

3« Reid i»stallatj»ns and susratisa enerieaces »g g—ke detecters

ILK. Siahai B.S.Deshpande, S.S. Dattaj & Allaa Baakiaa.

Dstectsrs wers inatallad at a few iapertaat preaises la Bsabay,

la srdsr ts gala actual eperatiag expsrieaces frsa tk«B. Absat 100

d«t«otsrs kare st far bsea inetalled daring this peris*, th* fi»ls trials

skwred tkat air Telecity rariativas la aotual lastallatisas osuld bs

•saawkat unpredictable and tke deteotars eccaaieaally, aeeded x«-«ijustasats

•f dstectiea sensitiTlty at sit*.

1-9

Hewever, a neea waa felt far aetectcra eperatiag at- lewer

veltafea te catar ta the neaaa af aiaing ana etker fire-preae lnatallatiaH.

Witk tkia ia aiaa, ievelepment af a twin chanbar e>tecter eperatiag at

12 Y.a.o. kaa beea uaiertakea.

(,» ParalaaBaat af caatral canaalaa far aaaka iatactiaa ayetenai

B.S. Daahpanaaf U.K. Sinhaj S.S. Satta.

Taxaa aaaigna af cantxal caaaalea canaiatiag af tke fallewlag

•^b-ayataaa kava baea ievelaaei aurlng tkia periaa:

i) Hegulatea pawer aupjly far araviaiag a ragulatea v«lta^a

and 250 V i.o acraaa tae aataotara.

ii) Vaaitariag oirouit far manitaring aatectara lacated at

aiffarent lacatiane ia tha builaing auck aa ta ganeimte aa

auaia-Tieual ala .* af fira wkaa it is aetactea by a»y of

tke aetectara ia tke ayataa.

iii) Suaerriaarjr circuit far ayataa auparrialaa ta faaarata

aa alara af fault caaaitiaa, vkaa tka ayataa is raaasral

iaayezatiTa aua ta aay circuit aiaoaatiauity.

I T ) Staaaby yawar aaurce ta prariaa altaraata battery aawar

ta tka ayatea aunaf aaiaa failnra.

tlc.I-8, 1-$ skew tka aaliaat featuraa af tka cizeoit aiagraa.

Tka tkraa aaaigaa af tka Caatral Canaala ataaaaraizea ara«

a ) Canaale type 125 - DaaigBaa far aaaitariaf 5 aateotara

witk a aingla sane fira aaa fault iaaicatiea.

b ) Caaaala type 5225 - Seaigaaa far aaaitariag 50 aetectera .

witk five zeaea af fixe ana fault iaaicatieaa.

1-10

c ) Geasele type 10Z50 - Designed fer aealteriag 50 detecters

with tea zenes ef fixe and fault iadicatieas.

Over tea censeles, in all, have «e far been preduced and used

f»r the installatien meatiened earlier.

2*2.6 Characterisatiea ef theraeelactriw aedulea fer Badieiaeteeio

Fewer Ceaarater System

K.Krlehnaaurtby and D.BanganathAn

Aa experimental set-up kaa Deea ieaigaei te atuey the

eharaoteriatioa ef the Biamutk Telluriie (Bi-Te) thexaeeleotrio aeiulea

ceaaiatiaf ef abeut 50 limba fer the aeTelepaeat ef raiieiaeteye yewer

generater aratea.

The aeiule was iaelatei fres the heat seurce using extremely

thia aioa aad aluadaiua exide fills. The fill which ia essential f «

eleotrioal iaaulatiea was feuai te have yrefeuad iafluenoe en the veltage

develeyed aad the thiokaess ef which has te be practically aegligible fer

•ftiaiM heat traasfer and eaergy utiliaatiea. Different film thickaess ef

less thaa .00$ ca have beea atteavted ((See Table R-4).It was found that a

wuciwiB ef 1.2V can be achieved usiag thia aLugdaiua exide filas, with a

differential temperature ef abeut 90*C, giving a slepe ef 8.7 BV/'C.

Initial experiaental data shewed that with a het aeuxce teaverature ef

areuad 120*C, it weuld be feasible te geaexate abeut 1.2 V with a aiagle

aedular chip. Pellewisg this,internal resistance ef the aedule was

aeasured fer preduoiag a matching eutput lead and fer the deaign ef a

fewer eeaveraiea systea.

1-11

A pewer cenversien tleaiga nedel wag ceaceived far develeping

eptiaised parainetera aa regards keat ceaaenratien ana keat transfer

freaj tke xmaiaactive capsule* Tke system canalsta af a dummy radi«*ctive

aauroe iaternally keated by an external aupply,ae as ta ackieva a

•aJdnnia tenpezatuxe af abaut 125#C witk a oensunptieii af abaut 20 watts

af pewer* Tke capsule was aurrcuaaea by a keavy aeneity natexial ta abstract

abaut 7OjC af tke raiiatiaa pawer fram tke cabalt-60 saurce. This waula

neaa a aauroe activity af abaut 2000 d af cebalt-60 far initial trials.

(«30 watts). Pij.I-10 akawa tke experineata? aet-up.

Tke tkermaelectric nadule waa placed aver tke saurce with

appraprlate tkickneas af tkermally ceatljcting but electrically insulatei

alualaiuB axide filu. Tke averall systea was thermally iaaulat«« witk

kigji crate iasulatinf natarial.

Tke set-up waa atuaie* far variaua input pewera ranging fraa

4 watts ta 20 watta. Tke afficieacy af tke ayatea waa fauna ta be abaut

1*.

Tke atuay revealed passible areas af inpreveBent far tke

future design, k new varaian is being attempted ta atudy tke actual

prebleaa witk a 2000 ci. cebalt-60 aauroe,inside tke kat cell*

1-12

TABLE 1-4

Mica and Aluminium Oxide as Thermal Insulators For T.E.M

Hat Emi C»l« Eat Differential Thermoelectric E.M.F Therneeleetrioleap. Tea*. Temjeiature with mica iasulatera E.M.F with•C *C *C. (.005 cm thick)T*lta. Aluminium «xi«e

iaaulatvraj}.OO6c« tkiok)

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

30

30

32

32

32

32

34

34

35

35

0

10

18

28

38

48

56

66

75

85

0

0.050

0.100

0.175

.0.275

0.325

0.375

0.450

a 500

0.600

0

0.125

0.250

0.400

0.500

0.650

0.760

0.980

1.125

1.250

1-15

2.2.7 A Dual Actisa Selid State Fire Alarm System»

Rameskwar Natk

la advanced detecter system werkiag •• 12 velts D.C , is toeing

developed keeping ia view ef tke stringent safety regulations ef nines,

skips* annuaitien fact«ri«s etc* Tke a.4iei features «f tke eystea are)

1. Lew eperating veltaget 12 v*lte S.C

2. Dual actiea t lenisatien ckaaber and * -thermiatea

senser t* detect b»tk smske aid

keat.

3* Tstal selii state circuittry witk Integrated circuit

design. See Fig. 1-11.

A few fi»t«type detecters and tke allied electnvnio oircuitry

kave %een dereleyed. Tke tests kave skewn tkat a wide variation in

relatire kuaidity^air velocity kaye a very aegiligible effect (less

tkaa 10)t) •• tke sensitivity ef detectien.

Partker perferaance evaluatien is ia pregress.

TV MOMTOR SING? SPOT ft£SCAN CONVERTER SYSTEM

-CONSOLE.:^ .

P M T PREAMPUFER

Nar CRYSTALDETECTOR

SHIELDINGSAMPLE

PHOTO SENSOR U )

Rvststlvltyt 45-10 Ohm-em

W«frr: N-1ypt «|Ucoh

Dop«hi: OctKium/loftn

Av«Vonch* V9Hog«:*fJ0V

25mm #

SCHEMATIC

AVALANCHE DIODE CHARACTERISTICS«•— Rrvtrs*

2tO0

J/

IFabricated in

elaboration with

Bias Voltagt (volts)2000 1500 »00t

• •

itr~~n <tr n —r

^Ovttctor Bta» Potot (2t3OV>

*Galllunrt Dooed.

TIFR

PIO. 1-3

0

•100

200

300

•m

500

+ ' •

1

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE CIRCUIT

POWER SUPPLY

G.M.DetectorCircuit with filter

Operational Amplifier+Butter AmplifiertShaper

ScalingCircuits

Th<cknessSelector

Alarm

Electronic Switch PresetRegister

Sourceexposure

termination

FIG. 1-4

COLOCATHODE

TUBE

AMERICIUM SOURCETWIN CHAMBER

DETECTOR HEADPIG. 1-5

SMOKE DETECTOR HEAD

COLO CATHOOE TUBE

CLOSE CHAMBER

SOURCE

SENSITIVITY PIN

OPEN CHAMBER

FIG. 1-6

NEONLAMP

3O

NEON

CLOSEDCHAMBER

2J: OPENCHAMBER

1) WIRING TERMINALS 18.2 TO CONSOLE.

2) WIRING TERMINALS 1 8.3 TO(a) SINGLE LAMP UNIT.(b) ZONE INDICATING PANEL.(c)MAIN INDICATING PANEL.

62 DETECTOR CIRCUITFIG. 1-7

DISPLAY CIRCUIT230 VAC EMERG.(L)

POWER SOURCE(EXTERNAL)

230 VAC EMERG.(N)

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B-1

3. TRAINING & EDUCATION

3*1 Training Course in Industrial Isotope Radiography

With the increasing demand for the use of radiography for

quality control in all engineering industries, the need for qualifie

radiographers is rapidly increasing in our country. It is estimated 1.

at present over 200 industries in the country use radiography for theii

inspection and over 1500 persons are employed in some or the other

xadiogrepbio applications. Besides this,there is an additional demand

for BOre than 150 trained personnel annually. Is a part of the programme

of the promotion of radioisotopes in industry, Isotope Group started

conducting training courses in Industrial Isotope Radiography in 1964.

This activity has gradually grown in proportioned now we conduct advanced

training courses in Industrial Isotope Radiography with the active

co-operation of other divisions of BARC and I.I.T Fowai. During the last

3 years we have conducted 5 training courses which were availed of by

90 persona fron various industries. This is the only centre where a

course of advanced nature in Industrial Isotope Radiography is available.

Salient Features of the Course

The course by Isotope Group runs for 30 working days and is

designed for personnel of supervisory cadre. The course material includes

basic nuclear physics, radiation safety, all aspects of x and gamma

radiography, national and international codes with emphasis on

interpretation techniques, welding, casting and forging techniques,

recent research techniques and matters of related administration and

econonics to provide adequate insight in the subject. In addition,

E-2

once in a week croup discussions axe held. At the end of the oourse,

the participants are required to undergo tests in theory and practical*

including nainly radiography subjects; Suocessful oandiaates are

awarded a "Certificate of Achievement".

4. LIST OF PUBLICATIONS

1. "Radiation dosimetry problems when sterilizing oedical products

in Gamma Irradiation plants". Krishnamurthy K.

Proceedings of the Symposium, 'Radiation sterilization of

•edical products'. IAEA Bombay . p. 305-322, 1974.

2. "A low-cost irradiation facility for pilot-scale process irra-

diation studies". Krishnamurthy K. , Aggarwal K.S.

ibid pp.331-338.

3. "Current status of Radiation Sterilization of medical products

in Indiat Problems and special advantages in developing

countries". Iya V.K , Deshpande R.O , Krishanmurthy K ,

and Rao M.V , ibid. pp. - 437-446.

4. "Radiation treatment of sewage - Present status and future

prospects". Iya V.K , Higam S.K , Krishnamurthy K.

Hational Seminar on Hydrology & hydraulics DAE p.58-72 Dec.1974.

5. "Studies on Co-60 gamma radiation processing of bamboo-polymer

ooBposites". Adur A.M and Nigam S.K. Isotopenpraxis 11,

ijp.21-24, 1975.

6. "Complimentary Role of Radiometric Techniques in Radiographic

practice". Krishnamurthy K, and Aggarwal K.S.

Proceedings of the "Rational Symposium on Industrial Isotope

Radiography". Tiruchirapalli D.A.E. pp. 97-120, 1976

7. ."Development of techniques for furthering the use of isotope

radiography" Wanorkar R.R, Singh G.S , Kalurkar A,R ,

Jagaeia N.S and Ualhotxa E.K . ibid pp 183-2C?.

II

8. "Relative effect of front and back intensifying ecreena in

isotope radiography", ibid pp 231-245*

9. "Applicability of gemma radiography and ultrasonics teeting in

welds and castings". Kiiehnaonirthy Kt Wanorkar K.R and

Jeykumar T,K. ibid pp. 244-260.

10. "Indigenous development and production of gamma radiography

equipment". Rrishnamurthy K, Patel S.S, and Eatioh G.C.

ibid pp 295-310.

11. "Labograph" A miniature radiography laboratory for education

and research" Kriohnamurthy K, Euralidharan F, and

Aggarwal K.S . ibid pp J23-55?

12. "Electronic device for automatic control of exposure In radio-

graphy" .Fendharkar A.S t xnd Jeykumar T.K. ibid,J34-J45*

13* "Developments in isotope xTorfldio^ruphy following usual

xeroxing technique". Kriahnaaiurfchy K, Waoorkar R.K and Dae 0.C

A paper presented at the "National Syaposiua on Isotope

applications In Industry", iy /7 , Bombay DAE,

14 . "Development of aini x-ray equipment and techniques for the

application of low energy iaotope sources". Ibid.

1$ . "Educational aspects and Industrial Radiography"t Krirhnasurthy K.

Wamoarkar R.K , and i>lngh Q.S . ibid.

16. "Development of ionlaatlon snoke detector system for f ir*

ptotoction in industrial and coaaerclal buildings".

Kriahnaaurthy X, Rao S.M. Sinha M.K, Deahpand* R.S, Ookhal* O.B

and Dutta S.S . ibid.

I l l

17* n6oa* Industrial applications of radlolaotop* t n c t r gas

analyser". Krishniwurthy X, R»o 8.M. ,Mawda S.V, Hair A.B

and Shii Kaaakrlshnan P, Ibid.

10* "A new aaterial for chemical industry - wood polyasr coapoaltaa".

Majali A.B and Patll N.D. ibid.

19. "EadiatioD curing of Natural latex". Majall A.B and Deo Dutt. i.hL

20. "An «valuation of the ecoiioaic aspecta of tba radiation coring;

of wood-polycer cocposltes". lya V.E, Krlahnaaurthy K and

Hajall A.B. Ibid.

21* "Beopt of eew«g»-wft«t« irradiation la India". Roy A.If,

KrlabnaBurthy Kv and Iy« T.X. ibid.

22. "Gaaaa ircmdlatora for nd l s t lon raaearcb and proecaalnf in

induati7n. Krlohnaonsrthjr K. and A^^nral K.S. ibid.

2} . "Radiation procttaed cone ret c-polyti*r coapoaltea".

Majall A.B, Adur A.M. (Internal Kcport)

24. "Sxasinatlon of a t t t l xvlnfozeeaent in the thick RCC atxuotura"

Singh O.S, Jeykvaar T.K and Wanorkar B.R. (Inttrnal Report)

25. "ladioattrio «xaaination of fmctlonatlng tower in a r*finery".

Bivh O.S. Jeykunar T.K and Wasorkar B.fi. (Internal Report)

26. "Eatlaation of corrosion of a c h i l l H water s tee l pipe with

faaaa back scatter technique". Singh 0. and Jeyktiaar T.K.

(Internftl Report)