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4/7/14

Ch. 35: Franklin D. Roosevelt

and the Shadow of War

1933-1941

I. FDR’s Pre-War Foreign

Policy Philippines granted independence w/Tydings-

McDuffie Act of 1934. US could still keep military bases and troops on the islands. Why? 1. US in period of isolationism.2. It was too expensive.

FDR formally

recognized the Soviet Union in 1933. Why?1. Hope of trade.2. It would be a

diplomatic buffer against the threat of Germany and Japan.

I. FDR’s Pre-War Foreign Policy

Good Neighbor

Policy- Adopted by FDR in the 30’s, it was a promise to stay out of Latin America to build a strong Western Hemisphere alliance against the rising dictatorships in Europe and Asia.

I. FDR’s Pre-War Foreign Policy

Fascism- political ideology that places the

concerns of the nation and race above the individual’s.

Totalitarianism- leadership has TOTAL control over every aspect of government and life.Both were on the rise in Europe

during the crisis of the Great Depression!

II. Fascism Rising in Europe

1. Benito Mussolini takes power in Italy in 1922.

Called Il Duce (the leader) Supporters known as

“black shirts” used intimidation for support.

Invaded Ethiopia in 1935, setting off worldwide worries of war.

II. Fascism Rising in Europe

2. Francisco Franco takes control of Spain after the Spanish Civil War of 1936-1939.

Franco is aided by Mussolini and Hitler.

FDR, staying strictly neutral, does not give any aid to the republicans… Spain turns fascist.

II. Fascism Rising in Europe

3. Adolf Hitler seizes power in Germany in 1933.

Called Führer (supreme leader) Nazi Party blamed Jews,

foreigners, and communists for the German loss of WWI and the depression.

Promised Germany “lebensraum” or living room by military expansion.

Rearmament of Germany greatly improved economic conditions for the average German.

II. Fascism Rising in Europe

1936- Rearmed and occupied the Rhineland on the

French border. March 1938- German annexation of Austria September 1938- Munich Conference gives Germany the

Sudetenland of Czechoslovakia. Appeasement- The belief that Hitler could be kept

peaceful by giving him what he wanted.

III. Hitler Ignites WWII

March 1939- Hitler invades

Czechoslovakia August 1939- Soviet Non-

Aggression Pact (Alliance between Germany and Soviets) Directly results in the

invasion of Poland September 1, 1939.

September 3, 1939- Britain and France declare war on Germany.

III. Hitler Ignites WWII

1939-1940- Hitler launches “blitzkrieg”

(lightning war) on Belgium, the Netherlands, France, and Norway.

III. Hitler Ignites WWII

June 22, 1941 - Hitler

betrays Stalin and attacks the Soviet Union. FDR pledges aid, and

the Soviets join the allies.

III. Hitler Ignites WWII

Congress passed Neutrality Acts which limit

U.S. involvement in the war. Roosevelt asked Congress for $1.3 billion for

military spending in 1939. He wanted to be ready if the U.S. entered the war.

Meanwhile, FDR broke tradition when he ran for a 3rd term in 1940. Why? U.S. needed experienced leadership

during crisis.

IV. U.S. Response

The Lend-Lease Act was passed in March 1941.

It would lend weapons, tanks, and war munitions to the Allies.

Sparked a debate between isolationists and internationalists. Directly challenged world dictators. Neutrality was officially abandoned.

IV. U.S. Response

The Holocaust, which would eventually kill

upwards of 6 million Jews and other “undesirables” went largely ignored by the United States: only a small amount of Jews were saved.

Why did we do nothing? After U.S. entrance into the war in December

1941, FDR was worried attacks on concentration camps would divert crucial military resources.

He felt like winning the war quickly would save more lives.

IV. U.S. Response

Japan needed to expand. It had limited natural

resources and agricultural land. Japan invaded Manchuria in 1931, and mainland

China in 1937. Roosevelt responded by putting an embargo on oil,

gas, and rubber bound for Japan. Needing supplies, Japan took French Indochina in

1940. Americans knew war with Japan was imminent, but

they expected an attack in Malaya or the Philippines. The attack on Pearl Harbor came as a great surprise.

V. Meanwhile in Japan…

VI. Pearl Harbor, Hawaii

2,887 Americans Dead

December 7, 1941. A date which will live in

infamy.

VI. Pearl Harbor, Hawaii

VI. Pearl Harbor, HawaiiUSS Arizona

Admiral Yamamoto FDR signs declaration of war