Grade 10 Physics & chemisrty teacher Guide

úoHdj

.=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yhridhk úoHdj iy fN!;sl úoHdj

10 fY%aKsh2 0 0 7

úoHd" fi!LH yd YdÍßl wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=júoHd yd ;dlaIK mSGh

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

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úoHdj

10 fY%aKshridhk úoHdj iy fN!;sl úoHdj2 0 0 7

© cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

ISBN -

úoHd" fi!LH yd YdÍßl wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=júoHd yd ;dlaIK mSGhcd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

uqøKh(uqøKd,h"cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh"uyr.u'

ii

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Tfí úfYaI wjOdkhg '''''''''''''''''''''''''''

10 fY%aKsfha úoHdj úIh iïnkaOfhka m<uq jdrh i|yd l%shd;aul l< hq;= Ôj úoHdj

l%shdldrlï ika;;sh we;=<;a .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh fï jk úg Tng w;g m;a j we;'

fuu .%ka:fha wvx.= jkafka 10 fY%aKsfha fo jk jdrh iy f; jk jdrh i|yd l%shd;aul

l< hq;= ridhk úoHdj yd fN!;sl úoHdj l%shdldrlï ika;;sh hs'

t fia u fo jk yd f; jk jdr i|yd fhdað; .=Kd;aul fhojqï o bf.kqu §¾> lsÍfï

WmlrK o fï iuÕ we;=<;a lr we;'

m<uq jdrh i|yd imhd we;s .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yfha úia;rd;aul úIh ks¾foaYh;a

bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%fõoh;a ;lafiare yd we.hSu;a hk fldgiaj, wvx.= lr we;s ish¨

u lreKq fuu .%ka:h i|yd o iqúfYaI wjOdkhlska hq;= j wod< lr .kak'

.=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh ;=< bÈßm;a flfrk l%shdldrlï ika;;sfha" iEu l%shdldrlula

u Tn fj;g iemfhk wdo¾Ylhla muKs' Tn f.a m%foaYfha iïm;a" ixialD;sh" wjYH;d

yd Tfí ks¾udKYs,S;ajh wkqj" fhdað; úIh ikaOdrh .eí jQ" ksmqK;dj ;yjqre jk fia

kj l%shdldrlï ie,iqï ilia lr .ekSu;a" tajd wm fj; iemhSu;a ;=<ska" fuu cd;sl

fufyjrg Tn ,nd fok ixj¾Okd;aul iyfhda.h wm Wola u w.h lrk nj lreKdfjka

i,lkak'

wOHCI"

úoHd" fi!LH yd YdÍßl

wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=j"

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh'

iii

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mgqk

msgqj

² úfYaI wjOdkhg

² mgqk

² .=Kd;aul fhojqï

² ridhk úoHdj

² l%shdldrlï ika;;sh

² bf.kqï - b.ekaùï §¾> lsÍfï WmlrK

² uQ,dlD;s m%Yak

² fN!;sl úoHdj

² l%shdldrlï ika;;sh

² bf.kqï - b.ekaùï §¾> lsÍfï WmlrK

² uQ,dlD;s m%Yak

iii

iv

v

1 - 116

117 - 125

126 - 128

129 - 235

236 - 243

244 - 247

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² hlv l=vq² i,a*¾ l=vq² lelEreï k<² veys wvq² iam%S;= ,dïmq² ue.akSishï má² Na2CO3 ødjKh² NaOH ødjKh² fldm¾ bf,lafg%dav² hlv ;yvqjla ^ &² 1'5 v n,an² CaCl2 ødjKh² iïnkaOl lïì² l=vd l;=rla² rn¾ wen² hlv weK² ;si,a mqkS,² c, fødaKsldjla² uex.kSia vfhdlaihsâ$je,s² msÕka .fvd`M lene,a,la² .sks fmÜá

² fmdgEishï m¾uex.fkaÜ² yhsv%cka fmfrdlaihsâ ødjKh² fldm¾ i,af*aÜ ødjKh² iskala len,s² ;kql i,amshqßla wï,h² CaCl2 ødjKh² FeSO4 ødjKh² ldnka bf,lafg%dav² iskala bf,lafg%dav² úh<s fldaI² WIaK;ajudk² ,sÜuia lvodis² je,s lvodis len,s² ùÿre ng² úrdu >áldjla² ñkqï irdjla² fla;= ma,dial=² jdhq ix.%yK uxplhla² isßkachla ùÿre&² ;U oe,la (wire gauze)² bámkaoï

.=Kd;aul fhojqï - ridhk úoHdj

² fg%d,s iïmSvk ÿkq iys;&² lmams² úrdu >áld² ñkqï má² ,S l=Üá² mä fmÜá² 1/2 Kg isg 2 Kg olajd Ndrhka² ksjqgka ;rdÈ² mqkS,² U k<² rn¾ ng² ñkqï irdj² îlr

² fødaKsld² fy,slaiSh ÿkq² WIaK;ajudk² nkaika odyl² wdfrdamkh l< yels negß² negß pdcrhla² iïnkaOk lïì² fjda,aÜ ógr² weógr² u,aá ógr² m%;sfrdaOl² m%;sfrdaOl fmÜá

.=Kd;aul fhojqï - fN!;sl úoHdj

v

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129

f; jk jdrhfN!;sl úoHdj

129

ksmqK;dj 1'0ksmqK;dj 1'0ksmqK;dj 1'0ksmqK;dj 1'0ksmqK;dj 1'0 ( ( ( ( ( n,h iy ir, f¾Çh p,s;hg wod< iïnkaO;d ðú;

wjYH;d imqrd .eksug fhdod .kshs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'1ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'1ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'1ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'1ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'1 ((((( jia;=jla p,s; jQ whqre ikaksfõokh lsÍug p,s;hjia;=jla p,s; jQ whqre ikaksfõokh lsÍug p,s;hjia;=jla p,s; jQ whqre ikaksfõokh lsÍug p,s;hjia;=jla p,s; jQ whqre ikaksfõokh lsÍug p,s;hjia;=jla p,s; jQ whqre ikaksfõokh lsÍug p,s;h

ms<sn| m%ia;dr Ndú; lrhs'ms<sn| m%ia;dr Ndú; lrhs'ms<sn| m%ia;dr Ndú; lrhs'ms<sn| m%ia;dr Ndú; lrhs'ms<sn| m%ia;dr Ndú; lrhs'

l%shdldrlu 1'1l%shdldrlu 1'1l%shdldrlu 1'1l%shdldrlu 1'1l%shdldrlu 1'1 ( m%ia;dr weiqfrka jia;=jl p,s;h wkdjrKh lruq'

ld,hld,hld,hld,hld,h ( ñks;a;= 120 hs

.=Kd;aul fhojqï.=Kd;aul fhojqï.=Kd;aul fhojqï.=Kd;aul fhojqï.=Kd;aul fhojqï ² weuqKqu 1'1'1g we;=<;a msúiqï m;%sldfõ msgm;la iy tys

i|yka WmlrK

² weuqKqu 1'1'2g we;=<;a lKavdhï .fõIKh i|yd

Wmfoia m;%sldfõ msgm;a y;rla

² weuqKqu 1'1'3g we;=<;a Wmfoia wkqj ilia l< ld¾h

mßY% y;rla

² äuhs lvodis iy meiag,a

bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,shbf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,shbf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,shbf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,shbf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh ( ( ( ( (

mshjr 1'1'1mshjr 1'1'1mshjr 1'1'1mshjr 1'1'1mshjr 1'1'1 ² weuqKqu 1'1'1 ys oelafjk l%shdldrlu mka;shg bosrsm;a

lrkak'

² mka;sfha ksrSlaIK iy woyia úuikak'

² my; i|yka lreKq u;= jk mßÈ idlÉPdjla fufyhjkak'

² isiqjd A isg B olajd .uka l< jl% uf`.ys uqM È. Tyq

.uka l< ÿr f,i y÷kajk nj

² isiqjd A isg B ÈYdj Tiafia .uka l< iDcq ÿr úia:dmkh

f,i y÷kajk nj

² ÿr uekSfï § ÈYdjla wod< lr fkd.kakd nj

² úia:dmkh uekSfï § ÈYdjla Tiafia ñkqï .kakd nj

² ÿr iy úia:dmkh uksk wka;¾cd;sl iïu; tallh

ógrh nj

² ld, tallhl § .uka l< ÿr fõ.h f,i y÷kajk nj

² ld, tallhl § isÿ l< úia:dmkh m%fõ.h f,i

y÷kajk nj

² fõ.fha iy m%fõ.fha wka;¾cd;sl iïu; tallh

m s-1 nj

² ÿr iy úia:dmkh ld,h iu. úp,kh ùu m%ia;dßlj

ksrEmkh l< yels nj

^ñks;a;= 15 hs&

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mshjr 1'1'2mshjr 1'1'2mshjr 1'1'2mshjr 1'1'2mshjr 1'1'2 ( ² mx;sh l=vd lKavdhï y;rlg fnokak'

² lKavdhï ld¾h mßY% fj; fhduq lrkak'

² .fõIK Wmfoia" äuhs lvodis iy meiag,a

lKavdhïj,g ,nd fokak'

² ld¾h mjrd lKavdhï .fõIKfhys fhdojkak'

² iuia; lKavdhï bÈßm;a lsÍula i|yd iQodkï

lrjkak'

^ñks;a;= 60 hs&

mshjr 1'1'3 mshjr 1'1'3 mshjr 1'1'3 mshjr 1'1'3 mshjr 1'1'3 ( ( ( ( ( ² l=vd lKavdhï wkdjrK iuia; mka;shg bÈßm;a

lrjkak'

² úia;drKh i|yd bÈßm;a l< lKavdhug u m<uq

wjia:dj fokak'

² fiiq lKavdhïj, ixj¾Okd;aul fhdackd úuikak'

² my; i|yka lreKq u;= lrñka iudf,dapkhl fhfokak'

² úia:dmkh uekSu hï ksYaÑ; ,laIhl isg ks¾foaY

,laIh& isÿ l< hq;= nj

² ks¾foaY ,laIHfha isg tla ÈYdjlg uksk úia:dmkh

Ok f,i;a ks¾foaY ,laIHfhka úreoaO ÈYdjg uksk

úia:dmkh RK f,i;a i,lk nj

² ks¾foaY ,laIHfha isg .uka lrk ÈYdj yd wdldrh

wkqj úia:dmk- ld, m%ia;drfha yevh fjkia jk nj

² úia:dmk - ld, m%ia;drfha hï lsis ,laIH folla w;r

wkql%uKfhka uOHl m%fõ.fha w.h ,efnk nj

² ÿr-ld, m%ia;drfha hï lsis ,laIH folla w;r

wkql%uKfhka uOHl fõ.fha w.h ,efnk nj

² úia:dmk - ld, m%ia;drhlska ÿr - ld, m%ia;drhlg

jvd p,kh jk jia;=j ms<sn| jeä f;dr;=re ,nd .;

yels nj

^ñks;a;= 45 hs&

;lafiare yd we.hSï ks¾Kdhl (;lafiare yd we.hSï ks¾Kdhl (;lafiare yd we.hSï ks¾Kdhl (;lafiare yd we.hSï ks¾Kdhl (;lafiare yd we.hSï ks¾Kdhl (

² ÿr" úia:dmkh" fõ.h yd m%fõ.h hk rdYs úia;r lrhs'

² úia:dmk - ld, m%ia;drhlska jeä f;dr;=re m%udKhla wkdjrKh lr .; yels

nj ms<s.kshs'

² o;a; weiqfrka ÿr-ld, yd úia:dmk-ld, m%ia;dr f.dv kÕhs'

² WmlrK ksis f,i yiqrejñka ksjerÈ j mdGdxl ,nd .kshs'

² ksÍlaIK weiqfrka ks.ukj,g t<efò'

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weuqKqu 1'1'1weuqKqu 1'1'1weuqKqu 1'1'1weuqKqu 1'1'1weuqKqu 1'1'1

² iqÿiq ia:dkhl by; oelafjk wdldrfha ud¾. folla fmdf<dj u; igyka lrkak'

² iafõÉPdfjka bÈßm;a jk isiqka fofofkl= le|jkak'

² tla tla isiqjdg ud,sudj ne.ska § tla isiqfjl=g Rcq ud¾.h Tiafia;a wfkla isiqjdg

jl% ud¾.h Tiafia;a A isg B olajd .uka lsÍug i,iajkak'

² ud,sud lgqfõ yeisÍu ms<sn| ksÍlaIKh lsÍug Tjqkg Wmfoia fokak'

² isiqka fofokd .uka l< ud¾.fha È. uekSug fjk;a isiqka fofofkl= fhduq lrjkak'

² úrdu >áldjla ne.ska § tla tla isiqjdg .; jk ld,h uekSug ;j;a isiqka fofofkl=

fhduq lrjkak'

² tla tla isiqjd f.jd .sh È. .; jQ ld,fhka fn§ug Wmfoia fokak'

² p,s;h isÿ l< isiqka fofokdg Tjqkaf.a ksÍlaIK bÈßm;a lsÍug wjia:dj fokak'

^fï l%shdldrlu i|yd ud,sud folla iy ñkqï máhla Ndú; lrkak' wjYH

úrdu >áld ld¾h mßY%j,ska ,nd .kak&

B A

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weuqKqu 1'1'2 weuqKqu 1'1'2 weuqKqu 1'1'2 weuqKqu 1'1'2 weuqKqu 1'1'2

lKavdhï .fõIKh i|yd WmfoialKavdhï .fõIKh i|yd WmfoialKavdhï .fõIKh i|yd WmfoialKavdhï .fõIKh i|yd WmfoialKavdhï .fõIKh i|yd Wmfoia

² taldldrj p,kh jk fg%d,shl p,s; iajNdjh fiúh yels my; i|yka wjia:d

y;frka tlla flfrys Tnf.a wjOdkh fhduq lrkak'

² fg%d,sh A isg B foig ksoyfia .uka lrùu

² fg%d,sh B isg A foig ksoyfia .uka lrùu

² ;ka;=fõ we§u wkqj fg%d,sh A isg B foig .uka lrùu

² ;ka;=fõ we§u wkqj fg%d,sh B isg A foig .uka lrùu

² wod< ld¾h mßY%h fj; f.dia Tn lKavdhug mejÍ we;s ld¾hh i|yd .e,fmk

rEm igyk f;dard f.k wegjqula ilia lrkak'

² ld¾hfhys ksr; ù wod< mdGdxl ,nd .kak'

² úia:dmkh uekSfï § A ks¾foaY ,laIfha isg mdGdxl ,nd .kak'

² ld,hg tÈßj ÿr m%ia;dr .kajkak'

² m%ia;drfhka ,nd .; yels rdYsh ;SrKh lrkak'

² ld,hg tÈßj úia:dmkh m%ia;dr .kajkak'

² m%ia;drfhka ,efnk f;dr;=re wkqj p,s; iajNdjh ;SrKh lrkak'

² Tfí wkdjrK iuia; mka;shg bÈßm;a lsßug iQodkï jkak'


ld¾h mßY% ilia lsÍug Wmfoiald¾h mßY% ilia lsÍug Wmfoiald¾h mßY% ilia lsÍug Wmfoiald¾h mßY% ilia lsÍug Wmfoiald¾h mßY% ilia lsÍug Wmfoia

² tla tla ld¾h mßY%j, my; i|yka WmlrK yd øjH fïihla u; ;nkak'

² iqug frdao iys; fg%d,shla

² úrdu >áldjla

² m%ldY w,afmfk;a;la

² laf,a

² äuhs lvodishla iy meiag,a

² ;=kafjks iy y;rfjks ld¾hhka i|yd u;= i|yka WmlrK wu;r j ;nkak

² ieye,a¨ fkd wefok ;ka;=jla

² fïifha odrhg iú l< yels iqug lmamshla

² ;eáhla

² l=vd Ndrhla

² tla tla fïifha odrh u;=msg weuqKqu 1'1'2 ys rEmj, oelafjk mßÈ l%udxls; lvodis

má fif,dafÜma uÕska w,jd ;nkak'

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A 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 B

' '

A 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 B

' '

iqug frdao iys;fg%d,sh

fg%d,shbosrshg;,a¨ lrhjkak'

laf,a j,ska iú l< m%ldYw,afmfk;a;

l%udxls; lvodis máh

fïifha odrh

fïi odrh

laf,aj,ska iú l< m%ldYw,afmfk;a;

l%udxls; lvodis máh

lmamsh

l=vdNdrh

;eáh

iqug frdao iys;fg%d,sh

rEmh 1

rEmh 2

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ksmqK;dj 1'0ksmqK;dj 1'0ksmqK;dj 1'0ksmqK;dj 1'0ksmqK;dj 1'0 ( ( ( ( ( n,h iy ir, f¾Çh p,s;hg wod< iïnkaO;d Ôú;

wjYH;d imqrd .ekSug fhdod .kshs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'2ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'2ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'2ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'2ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'2 ((((( fõ. ld, iy m%fõ. ld, m%ia;dr weiqfrka hï jia;=jlafõ. ld, iy m%fõ. ld, m%ia;dr weiqfrka hï jia;=jlafõ. ld, iy m%fõ. ld, m%ia;dr weiqfrka hï jia;=jlafõ. ld, iy m%fõ. ld, m%ia;dr weiqfrka hï jia;=jlafõ. ld, iy m%fõ. ld, m%ia;dr weiqfrka hï jia;=jla

p,s; jQ whqre úuid n,hs'p,s; jQ whqre úuid n,hs'p,s; jQ whqre úuid n,hs'p,s; jQ whqre úuid n,hs'p,s; jQ whqre úuid n,hs'

l%shdldrlu 1'2l%shdldrlu 1'2l%shdldrlu 1'2l%shdldrlu 1'2l%shdldrlu 1'2 ((((( m%ia;dr weiqfrka jia;=jl isÿ jk p,s;h fidhuq'

ld,hld,hld,hld,hld,h ((((( ñks;a;= 120 hs

.=Kd;aul fhojqï.=Kd;aul fhojqï.=Kd;aul fhojqï.=Kd;aul fhojqï.=Kd;aul fhojqï ((((( ² weuqKqu 1'2'1g we;=<;a lKavdhï .fõIKh i|yd

Wmfoia m;%sldfõ msgm;a ;=kla


mßY% ;=kla



mshjr 1'2'1 mshjr 1'2'1 mshjr 1'2'1 mshjr 1'2'1 mshjr 1'2'1 ((((( ² m<uq ld¾h mßY%fhys we;s wdk; ;,h Ndú; lr wdk;

;,h Èf.a my<g iy by<g rn¾ fnda,hl isÿ jk

p,s;h wdo¾Ykh lrkak'

² mka;sfha ksÍlaIK úuikak'

² my; i|yka lreKq u;= lrñka idlÉPdjla fufyhjkak'

² fnda,h wdk; ;,h osf.a my<g .uka lsrSfï § l%ufhka

fõ.h jeä jQ nj

² fnda,h wdk; ;,h Èf.a by<g .uka lsSrSfï § l%ufhka

fõ.h wvq jQ nj

² ld,h wkqj m%fõ.h jeä ùu ;ajrKhla o" ld,h wkqj

m%fõ.h wvq ùu ukaokhla o f,i ie<flk nj

² m%fõ.h fjkiaùfï YS>%;dj ;ajrKh f,i y÷kajk

nj

² m%fõ.h fjkiaùfï YS>%;dj RK w.hla .kshs kï

tuÕska ukaokhla fmkakqï lrk nj

² fõ.-ld, yd m%fõ.-ld, m%ia;dr weiqfrka jia;=jl

p,s;h ms<sn| f;dr;=re ks.ukh l< yels nj

^ñks;a;= 15hs&

mshjr 1'2'2mshjr 1'2'2mshjr 1'2'2mshjr 1'2'2mshjr 1'2'2 ((((( ² mka;sh l=vd lKavdhï ;=klg fnokak'





² iuia; lKavdhï bÈßm;a lsÍulg iQodkï lrjkak'

^ñks;a;= 60 hs&

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mshjr 1'2'3mshjr 1'2'3mshjr 1'2'3mshjr 1'2'3mshjr 1'2'3 ((((( ² l=vd lKavdhï wkdjrK iuia; mka;shg bÈßm;a

lrjkak'


wjia:dj fokak'



² wdk; ;,h Èf.a my<g .uka lrk úg ksYaÑ;

ÿrla hdug .;jk ld,h l%ufhka wvq jQ nj

² ;sria ;,fha .uka lrk úg ksYaÑ; ÿrla hdug

.;jk ld,h fndfyda ÿrg iudk jk nj

² wdk; ;,h Èf.a by<g .uka lrk úg ksYaÑ; ÿrla

hdug .;jk ld,h l%ufhka jeä jQ nj

² fg%,sh hï ld, m%dka;rhl § isÿ l, úia:dmkh

tu ld,fhka fn§fuka tu ld, m%dka;rfha §

uOHl m%fõ.fha w.h ,efnk nj

² ld,hg tÈßj m%fõ.h m%ia;dr .; lrk nj

² m%fõ.-ld, m%ia;drh wdk; ir, f¾Ldjla kï jia;=j

taldldr ;ajrKhlska fyda taldldr ukaokhlska fyda

.uka lr we;s nj

² m%fõ.-ld, m%ia;drfha wkql%uKh Ok kï jia;=j

;ajrKhlska .uka lr we;s nj

² m%fõ.-ld, m%ia;drfha wkql%uKh RK kï jia;=j

ukaokhlska .uka lr we;s nj

² m%fõ.-ld, m%ia;drfha wkql%uKh Y+kH kï jia;=j

taldldr m%fõ.hlska .uka lr we;s nj

² m%fõ. ld, m%ia;drfha wkql%uKh jia;=fõ ;ajrKhg

iudk jk nj

² m%fõ.-ld, m%ia;drhl m%ia;drh;a" ld, wlaIh;a w;r

fijk jQ fldgfika jia;=fõ úia:dmkh ,efnk nj

² m%fõ.-ld, m%ia;drhlska jia;=j .uka lrk ÈYdj

ks.ukh l< yels kuq;a fõ.-ld, m%ia;drhlska ÈYdj

ks.ukh l< fkdyels nj

^ñks;a;= 45 hs&

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² f¾Çh p,s;fha fhfok jia;=jla ms<sn| m%fõ.-ld, m%ia;drhlska ,nd .; yels

f;dr;=re m%ldY lrhs'

² fõ.-ld, m%ia;drhla yd ii|k úg m%fõ.-ld, m%ia;drhl we;s jeo.;alu w.h

lrhs'

² m%fõ.-ld, m%ia;dr weiqfrka f;dr;=re ,nd .kshs'

² § we;s Wmfoia ms<smÈñka wegjqï ilia lrhs'

² ixlS¾K f;dr;=re ir,j oelaùug m%ia;dr fhdod .kshs'

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² taldldrj p,kh jk fg%d,shl my; i|yka p,s; wjia:d ;=fkka tlla flfrys

Tnf.a wjOdkh fhduq lrkak'

² wdk; ;,hla Èf.a my<g p,kh ùu

² ;sria mDIaGhla Èf.a taldldr j p,kh ùu

² wdk; ;,hla Èf.a by<g p,kh ùu

² Tng wod< ld¾h mßY%h fj; f.dia WmlrK wgjd

f.k ld¾hfhys ksr; jkak'

² m<uq iy ;=kajk ld¾hh i|yd ,E,a, iy ,S m;=r Ndú; lr wdk; ;,h idod .kak'

² fojk ld¾hh i|yd ,E,a, ;sria fïihla u; ;nkak'

² Tfí ld¾hhg wkqj fg%d,sfha p,s;h i|yd wod< ñkqï ,nd .kak'

² ñkqï weiqfrka lKavdhu idlÉPd lr wjYH rdYSka .Kkh lrkak'

² ld,h X wlaIh Tiafia;a" m%fõ.h Y wlaIh Tiafia;a isák fia m%ia;drhla w¢kak'

² m%ia;drfhka ,nd .; yels f;dr;=re jd¾;d lr ta wkqj fg%d,sfha p,s;h ks.ukh

lrkak'

² p,kh jk jia;=j wdmiq yeÍ .uka lrkafka kï m%fõ.h RK w.hla .kshs'

úreoaO ÈYdjg p,kh jk jia;=jla i|yd Tng ,enqKq m%ia;drhg wkqrEm

m%ia;drhl o< igykla w¢kak'

² tla;rd ÈYdjlg yd ta whqßka u úreoaO ÈYdjg p,kh jk wjia:d fol u i|yd

fõ.-ld, m%ia;drj, o< igyka w¢kak'

² Tfí fidhd .ekSï iuia; mka;shg bÈßm;a lsÍug iQodkï jkak'

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² ld¾h mÍY% ;=kla i|yd u;= i|yka WmlrK yd øjH fïihla u; ;nkak' ld¾h

mßY% ieliSfï § tl fm<g ;enQ fvialaa ;=kla fyda fïihla fhdod .kak'

² iqug fg%d,shla

² È. iqug ,E,a,la

² o¾Yl l+rla yd laf,a lene,a,la

² úrdu>áldjla

² f¾Çh mßudKhla

² fif,dafÜma


² ,E,a, ieliSfï § wä yhla muK È. wÕ,a yhla muK m<, wÕ,la muK >klu

,E,a,la f;dard .kak'

² fojk iy f;jk ld¾hj, § fg%d,shg wdrïNl m%fõ.h ,nd §u i|yd ,E,af,a tla

fl<jrlg ,E,s lene,a,la ,ïnl j iú lrkak'

² m<uqjk iy ;=kajk ld¾hhka i|yd wu;r WmlrKhla jYfhka ,S m;=re lene,a,

ne.ska ;nkak'

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ksmqK;dj 1'0 ksmqK;dj 1'0 ksmqK;dj 1'0 ksmqK;dj 1'0 ksmqK;dj 1'0 ((((( n,h iy ir, f¾Çh p,s;hg wod< iïnkaO;d Ôú;


ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'3ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'3ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'3ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'3ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'3 ((((( ir, f¾Çh p,s;fha fhfok jia;=j, bÈß wjia:d mqfrdal:khir, f¾Çh p,s;fha fhfok jia;=j, bÈß wjia:d mqfrdal:khir, f¾Çh p,s;fha fhfok jia;=j, bÈß wjia:d mqfrdal:khir, f¾Çh p,s;fha fhfok jia;=j, bÈß wjia:d mqfrdal:khir, f¾Çh p,s;fha fhfok jia;=j, bÈß wjia:d mqfrdal:kh

lrhs'lrhs'lrhs'lrhs'lrhs'

l%shdldrlu 1'3l%shdldrlu 1'3l%shdldrlu 1'3l%shdldrlu 1'3l%shdldrlu 1'3 ((((( p,s;hg wod< m%udKd;aul lreKq yodruq'

ld,hld,hld,hld,hld,h ((((( ñks;a;= 120 hs'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï.=Kd;aul fhojqï.=Kd;aul fhojqï.=Kd;aul fhojqï.=Kd;aul fhojqï ((((( ² ir, f¾Çh p,s;h wdY%s; fN!;sl rdYSkaj, ixfla;

oelafjk mqjrejla


Wmfoia m;%sldfõ msgm;a y;rla



mshjr 1'3'1 mshjr 1'3'1 mshjr 1'3'1 mshjr 1'3'1 mshjr 1'3'1 ((((( ² ir, f¾Åh p,s;fha fhfok jia;=jla wdY%s; rdYsj,

ixfla; u, v, t, a , s & m%o¾Ykh lr tu ixfla;j,ska

ksrEmKh jkafka ljrla oehs isiqkaf.ka úuikak'

² rdYs lsysmhl w.h okakdúg ta weiqfrka fkdokakd rdYsj,

w.h fidhd .; yels l%uhla úuikak'


² u, v, t , , iy s uÕska ms<sfj,ska ksrEmKh jkafka

wdrïNl m%fõ.h" wjika m%fõ.h" ld,h" ;ajrKh

iy úia:dmkh nj

² w.h okakd rdYs weiqfrka w.h fkdokakd rdYsj,

w.h fiúug rdYs w;r iïnkaO;d ,nd .ekSu Wmldr

jk nj

² f¾Çh p,s;fha fhfok jia;=j, bÈß wjia:d mqfrdal:kh

lsÍug tu iïnkaO;d m%fhdackj;a jk nj

^ñks;a;= 15 hs&

mshjr 1'3'2mshjr 1'3'2mshjr 1'3'2mshjr 1'3'2mshjr 1'3'2 ( ² mx;sh l=vd lKavdhï y;rlg fnokak'


² .fõIK m;%sld" äuhs lvodis iymeiag,a lKavdhïj,g

,nd fokak'



^ñks;a;= 60 hs&

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mshjr 1'3'3mshjr 1'3'3mshjr 1'3'3mshjr 1'3'3mshjr 1'3'3 ((((( ² l=vd lKavdhï jd¾;d iuia; mka;shg bÈßm;a lrjkak'

² úia;drKh i|yd bÈßm;a l< whg u m<uq wjia:dj fokak'



² u, v, iy t w;r iïnkaOh

iólrKfhka oelaúh yels nj

² s, u, t iy w;r iïnkaOh


² v, u, iy s w;r iïnkaO


² s, v, u iy t w;r iïnkaOh


² f¾Çh p,s;h ms<sn| mqfrdal:khka lsÍu i|yd

m%udKd;aul lreKq fiùug p,s; iólrK fhdod

.; yels nj

² wjia:djg WÑ; iólrKh fhdod .ekSfuka úi÷u

myiqfjka ,nd .; yels nj

^ñks;a;= 45 hs&


² f¾Çh p,s;h ms<sn| iólrK jHq;amkak lrhs'

² f¾Çh p,s;fha fhfok jia;=jl bÈß wjia:d mqfrdal:kh lsÍug p,s; iólrKj,

we;s jeo.;alu w.h lrhs'

² f¾Çh p,s;fha m%udKd;aul w.hhka ,nd .eksug p,s; iólrK WÑ; wkaoñka

yiqrejhs'

² f;dr;=re weiqfrka iïnkaO;d f.dv kÕhs'

² jsjsO rdYSka w;r iïnkaO;d Ôú; wjia:dj,g fhdod .kshs'

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² taldldr j ir, f¾Çh p,s;fha fhfok u;= i|yka rdYSka w;r iïnkaO;dj,ska

tla iïnkaOhla ,nd .ekSu Tn lKavdhug mejf¾'

² u, v,

a iy t w;r iïnkaOh oelafjk p,s; iólrKhla v Wla;h jYfhka

isák mßÈ f.dv keÕSu

² s, u, t iy a

a

w;r iïnkaOh oelafjk p,s; iólrKhla s Wla;h jYfhka


² v, u, a

a

iy s w;r iïnkaOh oelafjk p,s; iólrKhla v ys .=Kdldrh Wla;h

jYfhka isák mßÈ f.dv keÕSu

² s, v, u iy t w;r iïnkaOh oelafjk p,s; iólrKhla s Wla;h jYfhka


² u wdrïNl m%fõ.hlska .uka wrUd taldldr

a

a ;ajrKhlska t ld,iSudjla ;=< s ÿrla

.uka lr v wjika m%fõ.hlg t<efUk jia;=jl p,s;h i|yd m%fõ.-ld, m%ia;drh

ks¾udKh lrkak'

² m%ia;drfhka ,nd .; yels f;dr;=re wdY%fhka Tn lKavdhug È we;s rdYs w;r

iïnkaO;dj oelafjk iñlrKhla f.dv kÕkak'

² Tnf.a .=re Nj;df.a iydfhka Tn f.dv keÕ+ iólrKfha ksrjoH;djh ;yjqre lr

.kak'

² my; § we;s .eg¨j,ska Tn f.dv kexjQ iólrKh Ndú; lr úi¢h yels .eg¨j,g

ms<s;=re ,nd .kak'

² .eg¨jg úi÷u ,nd .ekSu i|yd Tn fidhd .;a iólrK fhda.H jkafka ljr

fya;+ u; oehs ;SrKh lrkak'


.eg¨

.=re;ajc ;ajrKh g = 10m s-2

1' fmdf<dj uÜgfï isg 40m s-1 m%fõ.fhka isria j by<g m%lafIamKh l< jia;=jla

2s ld,hlg miq by< kÕsk Wi fldmuK o@ *2' 10m s-1 m%fõ.fhka .uka lrk h;=re meÈhla ;sßx. fh§fuka 3s ld, iSudjlg miq

tys m%fõ.h 5m s-1 f;la wvq úh' h;=re meÈfha ukaokh fldmuK o@

3' taldldr ;ajrKhlska .uka lrk fudag¾ r:hla tlsfklg 15m l ÿßka we;s ,laIH

folla w;r ÿr .uka lsÍug 5s ld,hla .kshs' fojk ,laIHh miq lrk úg tys

fõ.h 5m s-1 kï m<uq ,laIHh miq lrk úg tys fõ.h fldmuK o@

4' fmdf<dj uÜgfï isg 40m s-1 m%fõ.fhka isria j by<g m%lafIamkh l< jia;=jla

by< kÕsk Wmßu Wi fldmuK o@ *

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5' 180 m la Wi l=`MKl isg f.da,hla isßia j ìug w; yefrhs'

(i) p,s;fha isõ jk ;;amrfha § f.da,h jefgk ÿr fidhkak'

(ii) ;dmamhla u; isák <uhl= úiska my<g jefgk f.da,h fmd<fõ isg 55mWil § w,a,d .kq ,efnhs' <uhd f.da,h w,a,d .kakd úg .; ù we;s ld,h

fidhkak'

6. ;sria" f¾Çh ud¾.hl kj;d we;s fudag¾ r:hla 10m s-2 ;ajrKhlska .uka wrUhs'

ûd¾. >¾IKhla fkdue;s f,i i,lkak'&

(i) ;;amr 10 lg miq fudag¾ r:fha m%fõ.h fidhkak'

(ii) B <`. ñks;a;= 10 ;=< § fudag¾ r:h ksh; m%fõ.hlska .uka lf<a kï tu ñks;a;=

10 wjidkfha § fudag¾ r:fha m%Rfõ.h fld muK o@

(iii) bka miq .ufka wjika fldgi ñks;a;= 2la ;=< § .uka fldg jdykh

kj;k ,§' fudag¾ r:fha ukaokh fidhkak'

7 .=jfka k;r lr we;s fy,sfldmagrhlska ñksfila ìug mkshs' Tyq ksoyfia 45 mjegqKq miq merIqgh È. yef¾'

(i) merIqgh È. yefrk úg ñksidg ;snqKq m%fõ.h fidhkak'

(ii) merIqgh È. yeÍfuka miq t;eka isg 5m s-2 ukaokfhka my<g jeà Y=kH

m%fõ.fhka fmdf<djg <`.d úh'

(w) merIqgh È. yefrk úg ñksid isáfha fmdf<djg fld muK Wilska o@

(wd)fy,sfldmagrh kj;d ;snqfKa fmdf<dfõ isg fld muK Wilska o @

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ksmqK;dj 1'0ksmqK;dj 1'0ksmqK;dj 1'0ksmqK;dj 1'0ksmqK;dj 1'0 ((((( n,h iy ir, f¾Çh p,s;hg wod< iïnkaO;d ðú;


ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'4ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'4ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'4ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'4ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'4 ((((( tÈfkod ðú;fha § n,h fhdod .kakd wdldr p,s;htÈfkod ðú;fha § n,h fhdod .kakd wdldr p,s;htÈfkod ðú;fha § n,h fhdod .kakd wdldr p,s;htÈfkod ðú;fha § n,h fhdod .kakd wdldr p,s;htÈfkod ðú;fha § n,h fhdod .kakd wdldr p,s;h

ms<sn| ksõgka kshu weiqfrka úuid n,hs'ms<sn| ksõgka kshu weiqfrka úuid n,hs'ms<sn| ksõgka kshu weiqfrka úuid n,hs'ms<sn| ksõgka kshu weiqfrka úuid n,hs'ms<sn| ksõgka kshu weiqfrka úuid n,hs'

l%shdldrlu 1'4l%shdldrlu 1'4l%shdldrlu 1'4l%shdldrlu 1'4l%shdldrlu 1'4 ((((( n,hl n,mEu úuid n,uq'


.=Kd;aul fhojqï.=Kd;aul fhojqï.=Kd;aul fhojqï.=Kd;aul fhojqï.=Kd;aul fhojqï ( ( ( ( ( ² weuqKqu 1'4'1 g we;=<;a lKavdhï .fõIK Wmfoia

m;%sldfõ msgm;a folla

² weuqKqu 1'4'2 g we;=<;a Wmfoia wkqj ilia l< ld¾h

mßY% folla


bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh (bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh (bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh (bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh (bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh (

mshjr 1'4'1 mshjr 1'4'1 mshjr 1'4'1 mshjr 1'4'1 mshjr 1'4'1 ( ( ( ( ( ² fïih u; fnda,hla ksYap, j ;nd fnda,h p,s;

lrjkak'

² fïih u; fnda,hla p,s; ùug i,iajd tys fõ.h fjkia

lrkak'

² fïih u; fnda,hla p,s; ùug i,iajd tys p,s; ÈYdj

fjkia lrkak'

² my; i|yka lreKq u;= jk fia idlÉPdjla fufyhjkak'

² we§ula fyda ;,a¨jla fyda fh§u uÕska

² ksYap, j mj;sk jia;=jla p,s; l< yels nj

² p,s; fjñka mj;sk jia;=jl fõ.h fjkia l< yels

nj

² p,s; fjñka mj;sk jia;=jl p,s; ÈYdj fjkia l<

yels nj

² n,hl n,mEu by; isÿùï ;=kg u fya;= jQ nj

² n,hl n,mEu fln|q oehs fidhd ne,sh hq;= nj

ñks;a;= 15 hs&

mshjr 1'4'2mshjr 1'4'2mshjr 1'4'2mshjr 1'4'2mshjr 1'4'2 ((((( ² mx;sh lKavdhï ;=klg fnokak'

² .fõIK Wmfoia" äuhs lvodis iy meiag,aa



² ld¾h mjrd .fõIKhg lKavdhï fhduq lrkak'

² lKavdhï wkdjrK iuia; mka;shg bÈßm;a lsÍug

iQodkï lrjkak'

^ñks;a; 60 hs&

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mshjr 1'4'3mshjr 1'4'3mshjr 1'4'3mshjr 1'4'3mshjr 1'4'3 ((((( ² lKavdhï wkdjrK mka;shg bÈßm;a lrjkak'

² bÈßm;a l< lKavdhïj,g u úia;drKh i|yd m%:u

wjia:dj ,nd fokak'

² wfkla lKavdhïj, ixj¾Okd;aul fhdackd úuikak'


² n,h l%shd fkdlrk úg fg%,sh ksYap,;djfha we;s nj

² ;ka;=fõ wd;;sh u.ska fg%d,sh u; n,hla fhÿk nj

² ;ka;=fõ wd;;s n,h ksid fg%d,sfha p,s;h werUqk nj

² ialkaOh uqÿj u; r|k úg ;ka;=fõ wd;;sh ke;s ù hk

nj

² wd;;sh ke;s ù .sh miq fg%d,sfha m%fõ.h fkdfjkia

jk nj

² uqoqj u; ;snQ ialkaOh ;ka;=fõ weuqKqk úg p,kh jk

fg%d,sh u; úreoaO foig n,hla l%shd;aul jk nj

² fg%d,sh u; kej; n,hla fhfok úg m%fõ.h fjkia jQ

nj

² ´kEu jia;=jla ksYap,;djfha ;sfnk nj;a" tfia

ke;skï taldldr fõ.hlska ir, f¾Ldjla Èf.a .uka

lrk nj;a" tu ;;a;ajh fjkia l< yelafla ndysr n,hla

uÕska nj;a fï wkqj meyeÈ,s jk nj

² by; m%ldYh p,s;h ms<sn| ksõgka bÈßm;a l< m<uq jk

kshuh nj

ñks;a;= 45 hs&


² p,s;h ms<sn| ksõgka f.a bÈßm;a l< m<uq jeks kshuh m%ldY lrhs'

² jia;+j, p,kh yd iïnkaO úúO wjia:d md,kh lsÍu i|yd n,h fhdod .; yels

nj ms<s.kshs'

² ir, WmlrK Ndú;fhka p,s;h ms<sn| ksõgka f.a m<uq kshuh wdo¾Ykh lrhs'

² fok ,o øjH yd WmlrK Ndú;fhka wjia:djg WÑ; wegjqï ilihs'

² mj;akd ;;a;ajhka yiqrejñka Ôú; wjYH;d imqrd .kshs'

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weuqKqu1'4'1weuqKqu1'4'1weuqKqu1'4'1weuqKqu1'4'1weuqKqu1'4'1


² jia;=jl p,s;h ms<sn| j my; ud;Dld w;ßka tlla flfrys Tn lKavdhfï wjOdkh

fhduq lrkak'

² ksYap, j we;s jia;=jla p,kh l< yelss wdldr fidhd ne,Su'

² p,kh jk jia;=jla u; fhfok n,h bj;a l< úg isÿ jk foa fidhd ne,Su'

² p,kh jk jia;=jla u; úreoaO foig n,hla l%shd lsÍu ksid we;s jk m%;sM,h

fidhd ne,Su'

² ld¾h mßY%h fj; f.dia tys ;nd we;s øjH yd WmlrK y÷kd .kak'

² rEm igyka ;=k wOHhkfhka Tnf.a lKavdhug mejÍ we;s .fõIKh i|yd iqoqiqu

rEmh f;dard .kak'

² tu rEmhg wkqj WmlrK imhd f.k wegjqu ms<sfh, lrkak'

² n,h fh§ug fmr ;;a;ajh yd n,h fh§fuka miq we;s jQ ;;ajh ksÍlaIKh lr igyka

lrkak'

² Tnf.a wkdjrK tÈfkod Ôú;fha Ndú; jk wjia:d y÷kd .kak'

² Tfí wkdjrK wdl¾IKSh f,i mka;shg bÈßm;a lsÍug iQodkï jkak'


ld¾h mßY% ilia lsÍu i|yd Wmfoiald¾h mßY% ilia lsÍu i|yd Wmfoiald¾h mßY% ilia lsÍu i|yd Wmfoiald¾h mßY% ilia lsÍu i|yd Wmfoiald¾h mßY% ilia lsÍu i|yd Wmfoia

² my; oelafjk WmlrK yd øjH È. fïi ;=kla u; ;nd ldrah mrsY% ;=kla

ilia lrkak'

² lmams folla

² fg%d,shla

² ;ka;=

² lïì uqÿ folla

² uqÿfõ /`|úh yels ialkaO folla

² fïih u; we,úh yels lvodis mßudKhla

² wxl 1" 2" 3 j,ska y÷kajd we;s rEm we;=<;a m;%sldj

² ialkaO lïì uqÿ u; /£u fjkqjg ìu m;s; ùug jqj o ie,eiaúh yels h'

² rEmh 3 oelafjk wegjqu ilia lsrSfï § my; Wmfoia ms<smÈkak'

² fg%d,h fïifha A fl,jr ;nd p,s;h wdrïN lrkak'

² fg%d,sh fïifha ueog wdikak jk úg Q ialkaOh ol=Kq mi uqÿfõ /f|k fia th

ilia lrkak'

² fg%d,sh ;j;a ál ÿrla p,kh jQ miq P ialkaOh ;ka;=fõ t,af,k fia jïmi uqÿj

ilia lrkak'

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uqÿj

ueo isÿrlaiys; Ndrh

.egh

wdOdrlh

lmamsh

;ka;=j

'

uqÿj ueo isÿrlaiys; Ndrh

.egh wdOdrlh

lmamsh'

;ka;=j

fg%d,sh

fg%d,sh

.egh

wdOdrlh

lmamsh

;ka;=j

''

uqÿj ueo isÿrlaiys; Ndrh

lmamsh

.egh

fg%d,sh

ueo isÿrlaiys; Ndrh

wdOdrlh

P

Q

A B

rEmh 1

rEmh 2

rEmh 3

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ksmqK;dj 1'0ksmqK;dj 1'0ksmqK;dj 1'0ksmqK;dj 1'0ksmqK;dj 1'0 ((((( n,h yd ir, f¾Çh p,s;hg wod< iïnkaO;d ðú;


ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'5ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'5ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'5ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'5ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'5 ((((( ;AjrKh flfrys n,mdk idOl fiùug mÍlaIK;AjrKh flfrys n,mdk idOl fiùug mÍlaIK;AjrKh flfrys n,mdk idOl fiùug mÍlaIK;AjrKh flfrys n,mdk idOl fiùug mÍlaIK;AjrKh flfrys n,mdk idOl fiùug mÍlaIK

fufyhjhs' fufyhjhs' fufyhjhs' fufyhjhs' fufyhjhs'

l%shdldrlu 1'5l%shdldrlu 1'5l%shdldrlu 1'5l%shdldrlu 1'5l%shdldrlu 1'5 ((((( jia;=jla flfia ;ajrKh fõ oehs úuiuq'


.=Kd;aul fhojqï.=Kd;aul fhojqï.=Kd;aul fhojqï.=Kd;aul fhojqï.=Kd;aul fhojqï ((((( ² weuqKqu 1'5'1g we;=<;a lKavdhï .fõIK Wmfoia

m;%sldfõ msgm;a folla'

² weuqKqu 1'5'2 g we;=<;a fmdoq fïih ilia lsrSfï Wmfoia



mshjr 1'5'1mshjr 1'5'1mshjr 1'5'1mshjr 1'5'1mshjr 1'5'1 ((((( ² fudag¾ r:hl fõ.h jeä lsÍu i|yd welai,f¾grh u;

mh ;eîu .ek isysm;a lrjkak'

² fudag¾ r:hl fõ.h wvq lsÍu i|yd íf¾la mev,h u; mh

;eîu isysm;a lrjkak'

² fuu wjia:d foflys § u we;s jk m%;sM,h yd thg fya;= jQ

idOl ms<sn| isiqka f.ka úuikak'

² my; i|yka lreKq u;= jk mßÈ idlÉPdjla fufyhjkak

² welai,f¾grh u; hka;ñka mh ;nk úg wvq iS.%;djlska

o ;Èka mh ;nk úg jeä iS.%;djlska o fõ.h jeä ùu

isÿ jQ nj

² íf¾la mev,h u; hka;ñka mh ;nk úg wvq iS.%;djlska

o ;Èka mh ;nk úg jeä iS.%;djlska o fõ.h wvq ùu

isÿ jQ nj

² welai,f¾grh u; mh ;nk úg r:fha tkaðfuka

fhfok n,h jeä jk nj

² íf¾la mev,h u; mh ;nk úg frdaoj, N%uKhg úreoaO

n,hla we;s jk nj

² r:fha fõ.h fjkia ùfï iS.%;dj fyj;a ;ajrKh"

fhÿk n,h u; r|d mej;S we;s nj

² ;ajrKh r|d mj;sk fjk;a idOl o ;sfí oehs fidhd

ne,sh hq;= nj

^ñks;a;= 15 hs &

147

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mshjr 1'5'2mshjr 1'5'2mshjr 1'5'2mshjr 1'5'2mshjr 1'5'2 ((((( ² mka;sh lKavdhï follg fnokak'



² ld¾h mjrd .fõIKhg isiqka fhduq lrkak'

² lKavdhï wkdjrK iuia; mka;shg bÈßm;a lsÍug iQodkï

lrjkak'

^ñks;a;= 60 hs&

mshjr 1'5'3mshjr 1'5'3mshjr 1'5'3mshjr 1'5'3mshjr 1'5'3 ( ( ( ( ( ² lKavdhï wkdjrK mka;shg bÈßm;a lrjkak'

² bÈßm;a l< lKavdhug u úia;drKh i|yd m%:u wjia:dj

,nd fokak'



² ialkaOh m, ;ajrKh " iy n,h F j,ska ksrEmKh

lrkq ,nk nj

² ialkaOh ksh; j ;nd n,h jeä lrk úg ;ajrKh jeä

jk nj

² α F nj

² n,h ksh;j ;nd ialkaOh jeä lrk úg ;ajrKh wvq

jk nj

² nj

² nj

² F α m nj

² F = km nj

² lsf,da.%Eï tll ialkaOhlg ;;a;amr2hg ógr tll

;ajrKhla ,nd Èh yels n,h ksõgka tlla f,i w¾:

oelafjk nj

² n,h uksk wka;¾cd;sl tallh ksõgkh jk nj iy

tys iïu; ixfla;h N nj

² F = km iólrKh Ndú; lsÍfï § m, kg j,ska o "

m s-2 j,ska o F , N j,ska o .;aúg k = 1 jk nj

² F = m nj

² fndfyda úg jia;=j, ialkaOh ksh;j mj;sk neúka

n,fha w.h u; thg ,efnk ;ajrKh fjkia jk nj

² n,h } ialkaOh x ;ajrKh" hk m%ldYkh p,s;h ms<sn|

ksõgka bÈßm;a l< fojk kshuh f,i oelaúh yels nj

^ñks;a;= 45 hs&

a

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² p,s;h ms<sn| j ksõgka bosrsm;a l< fojk kshuh m%ldY lrhs'

² n,h iy ialkaOh wkqj ;ajrKh fjkia jk nj ms<s.kshs'

² ;ajrKh fiùug mÍlaIK fufyhjhs'

² wkqf,dau" m%;sf,dau iïnkaO;d weiqfrka úp,Hhka ú.%y lrhs'

² f.dv ke.S we;s iïu;j,g wkqj lghq;= lrhs'

weuqKqu 1'5'1euqKqu 1'5'1euqKqu 1'5'1euqKqu 1'5'1euqKqu 1'5'1


² my; i|yka ud;Dld foflka Tnf.a lKavdhug ,efnk ud;Dldj .ek wjOdkh

fhduq lrkak'

² n,h ksh; j we;s úg ialkaOh iu`. jia;=jl ;ajrKh fjkia ùu

² ialkaOh ksh; j we;s úg fhdok n,h iuÕ jia;=jl ;ajrKh fjkia ùu

² fmdÿ fïih u;ska Tn lKavdhug wjYH jk øjH yd WmlrK f;dard .kak'

² rEm igyk Wmfhda.S lr .ksñka Tnf.a ld¾hhg wod< wegjqu ilia lr .kak'

² wod< úp,H idOlh yiqrejñka ;ajrKh fiùu i|yd wjYH ñkqï ,nd .kak'

² wod< idOlh iy ;ajrKh w;r mj;sk iïnkaO;dj fidhd .ekSug W;aidy .kak'

² Tnf.a wkdjrK iuia; mka;shg bÈßm;a lsßug iQodkï jkak'


fmdÿ fïih% ilia lsÍu iòyd Wmfoiafmdÿ fïih% ilia lsÍu iòyd Wmfoiafmdÿ fïih% ilia lsÍu iòyd Wmfoiafmdÿ fïih% ilia lsÍu iòyd Wmfoiafmdÿ fïih% ilia lsÍu iòyd Wmfoia

² my; oelafjkøjH yd WmlrK ;nd fmdÿ fïihla ilia lrkak'

² fg%d,s folla

² fg%d,sh u; ;eîu i|yd nr lsysmhla

² ;=,d ;eáfha t,a,Su ^fldlafla& iòyd mä lsysmhla

² lmam folla

² fïih u; we,ùug yels mßÈ ilia l< lvodis mßudK folla

² wegjqu ilia lr .ekSug Wmldr lr .; yels my; oelafjk rEm igyka folla

² úrdu >áld folla

' '

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ksmqK;dj 1'0ksmqK;dj 1'0ksmqK;dj 1'0ksmqK;dj 1'0ksmqK;dj 1'0 ( ( ( ( ( n,h iy ir, f¾Åh p,s;hg wod< iïnkaO;d ðú;


ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'6ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'6ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'6ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'6ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'6 ((((( tÈfkod Ôú; wjYH;d idlaId;a lr .ekSug p,s;h ms<sn|tÈfkod Ôú; wjYH;d idlaId;a lr .ekSug p,s;h ms<sn|tÈfkod Ôú; wjYH;d idlaId;a lr .ekSug p,s;h ms<sn|tÈfkod Ôú; wjYH;d idlaId;a lr .ekSug p,s;h ms<sn|tÈfkod Ôú; wjYH;d idlaId;a lr .ekSug p,s;h ms<sn|

ksõgka bÈßm;a l< ;=kajk kshuh fhdod .kshs'ksõgka bÈßm;a l< ;=kajk kshuh fhdod .kshs'ksõgka bÈßm;a l< ;=kajk kshuh fhdod .kshs'ksõgka bÈßm;a l< ;=kajk kshuh fhdod .kshs'ksõgka bÈßm;a l< ;=kajk kshuh fhdod .kshs'

l%shdldrlu 1'6l%shdldrlu 1'6l%shdldrlu 1'6l%shdldrlu 1'6l%shdldrlu 1'6 ((((( l%shdjla fhdouq m%;sl%shdj fidhd n,uq'


.=Kd;aul fhojqï.=Kd;aul fhojqï.=Kd;aul fhojqï.=Kd;aul fhojqï.=Kd;aul fhojqï ((((( ² weuqKqu 1'6'1g we;=<;a lKavdhï .fõIKh i`|yd

Wmfoia m;%sldfõ msgm;a folla'

² weuqKqu 1'6'2g we;=<;a fmdoq fïih ilia lsÍfï Wmfoia

m;%sldfõ msgm;a folla'

² weuqKqu 1'6'3g we;=<;a lshjSï m;%sldfõ msgm;a folla

² äuhs lvodis iy meiag,a'


mshjrmshjrmshjrmshjrmshjr 1'6'11'6'11'6'11'6'11'6'1 ((((( ² w;a, ñg fud,jd ì;a;shg fyda fjk;a ;o hulg fyda

myrla .ik úg iy Trejla mosk úg w;aolsk foa

ms<sn| j isiqka f.ka úuikak'

² fujeks l%shd - m%;sl%shd hq., fyd¢ka ksÍlaIKh l< yels

wjia:d mka;shg bÈßm;a lrñka my; lreKq u;= jk fia

idlÉPdjla fufyhjkak'

² w; uÕska ì;a;sh u; fhdok n,hg m%;súreoaOj ì;a;sh

uÕska w; u; n,hla we;s jQ nj

² yn, u`.ska c,h u; msgq mig n,h fhdok jsg c,h

u`.ska yn, ^Trej& u; bosrshg n,hla we;s jQ nj

² wjia:d foflys oS u l%shdj tla jia;=jla u; fhfok

úg m%;sl%shdj wkslajia;=j u; we;s jk nj

² l%shdj iy m%;sl%shdj w;r iïnkaOh fln÷ oehs fidhd

ne,Su jeo.;a jk nj

^ñks;a;= 15 hs&

mshjr 1'6'2mshjr 1'6'2mshjr 1'6'2mshjr 1'6'2mshjr 1'6'2 ((((( ² mka;sh lKavdhï follg fnokak'

² lKavdhï .fõIK Wmfoia" lshùï øjH" äuhs lvodis yd

meiag,a ,nd fokak'

² lKavdhï .fõIKhg isiqka fhduq lrkak'

² lKavdhï wkdjrK mka;shg bÈßm;a lsÍug iQodkï

lrjkak'

^ñks;a;= 60 hs&

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² bÈßm;a l< lKavdhug u úia;drKh i|yd m<uq

wjia:dj fokak'



² yqud, fndaÜgqj l%shd;aul ùfï § yqud,h u; l%shdj

fhfok úg áka tl u; m%;sl%shdj we;s jk nj

² áka tl u; we;sjk m%;sl%shdj uÕska fndaÜgqj bÈßhg

hk nj

² tla fg%d,shla u; isák <uhd wksla fg%d,sh u; isák

isiqjd fj; l%shdjla fhdok úg fojekakd uÕska

m<uqjekakd u; m%;sl%shdj fhfok nj

² l%shdj tla jia;=jla u; fhfok úg m%;sl%shdj wksla

jia;=j u; fhfok nj

² l%shdfõ;a m%;sl%shdfõ;a ÈYd m%;súreoaO j msysgk nj

² l%shdfõ;a m%;sl%shdfõ;a úYd,;ajh iudk nj

² iajNdjfha § iEu úgl § u l%shd - m%;sl%shd hq.,a f,i

msysgk nj

² iuyr wjia:dj, § wmf.a wjYH;dj bgq lr .kafka

l%shdfjka nj

² iuyr wjia:dj, § wmf.a wjYH;dj bgq lr .kafka

m%;sl%shdfjka nj

² iEu l%shdjlg u úYd,;ajfhka iudk ÈYdfjka

m%;súreoaO m%;sl%shdjla we;s jk nj iy tajd jia;=

hq.,h u; l%shd;aul jk nj

² by; m%ldYh p,s;h ms<sn| ksõgka bÈßm;a l< ;=kajk

kshuh f,i ie,flk nj

^ñks;a;= 45hs &


² p,s;h ms<sn| ksõgka bÈßm;a l< ;=kajk kshuh m%ldY lrhs'

² n,hla fhdok iEu wjia:djl § u m%;súreoaO j n,hla we;s jk nj ms<s.kshs'

² Ôú; wjYH;d i|yd l%shd-m%;sl%shd m%fhdackhg .kshs'

² l%shdldrlï weiqfrka ks.ukj,g t<efò'

² úfõlh w¾:j;aj .;lsÍug Wml%u ilia lr .kshs'

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² jia;=jla u; fhdok l%shdj iy we;sjk m%;sl%shdj ms,sn|j fidhd ne,Su i|yd u;=

oelafjk wjia:djkaf.ka tlla flfrys Tnf.a wjOdkh fhduq lrkak'

² yqud, fndaÜgqjla p,kh ùSu

² fg%d,s folla u; ke`. isák isiqka fofofkl= tlsfkld ;,a¨ lr .ekSu'

² fmdÿ fïih fj; f.dia tys ;nd we;s WmlrK y÷kd .kak'

² Tng wod< WmlrK f;dard f.k ls%hd iy m%;slss%hd we;sjk wjia:d y÷kd .kak'

² Tnf.a wkdjrK mka;shg bÈßm;a lsÍug iQodkï jkak'


fmdÿ fïih ilia lsÍug Wmfoiafmdÿ fïih ilia lsÍug Wmfoiafmdÿ fïih ilia lsÍug Wmfoiafmdÿ fïih ilia lsÍug Wmfoiafmdÿ fïih ilia lsÍug Wmfoia

² my; oelafjk WmlrK ;nd fmdÿ fïih ilia lrkak'

² yqud, fndaÜgqjla iy c, Ndckhla

² tla <uhl=g keÕ isáh yels fg%d,s folla


c, frdlgh

Tnf.a úoHd,fha wOHdmksl m%o¾Ykhl § fyda l%Svd ;r. wjia:djl § fyda krUkakka

uú;hg m;a l< yels ir, l%shdldrlula isÿ lrk whqre my; olajd we;' fuu l%shdldrlu

u`.ska p,s;h ms<sn`| j ksõgka bÈßm;a l< f;jk kshuh wdo¾Ykh l< yelsh'

wjYH øjH (wjYH øjH (wjYH øjH (wjYH øjH (wjYH øjH ( nhsisl,a fmdïmhla iy lfklagrhla" mdmkaÿjlg jd;h we;=M lsÍu i`|yd

fhdod .kakd wevmagrhla" ma,diaála fnda;,hla" ;=kS ,E,s lene,a,la" ma,diaála øjH

we,úh yels ue,shï j¾.hla" fnda;,hg iú l< yels lsr, wenhla iy wenh isÿre lsÍu

i`|yd lgqjla'

rEmj,ska u;= olajd we;s mßÈ wegjqu ilia lr .kak bka miq j fnda;,fha y;ßka tlla

muK c,h mqrjd wjidk rEmfha olajd we;s mßÈ l%shd;aul lr ùug iQodkï lrkak'

fuh l%shd;aul lsÍfï § by<ska úÿ,s /yeka fyda wjg f.dvke.s,sj,ska fyda f;dr újD;

fmfoilg f.k hd hq;=h'

oeka Tnf.a wdrlaIdj ie,fik ;rï ÿr m%udKhla ;nd f.k fmdïmfhka fnda;,hg

jd;h we;=`M lrkak' fnda;,h ;=< mSvkh by< ke.Sfï § tla jr u lsr, wenh .e,ù

fõ.fhka fnda;,h by<g .uka lrkq oelsh yels fjhs'

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c, frdlgh ilia lsÍu

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ksmqK;dj 1'0ksmqK;dj 1'0ksmqK;dj 1'0ksmqK;dj 1'0ksmqK;dj 1'0 ( ( ( ( ( n,h iy ir, f¾Åh p,s;hg wod< iïnkaO;d" Ôú;


ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'7ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'7ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'7ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'7ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'7 ((((( >¾IKh wjYH mßÈ fhdod .ksñka tÈfkod ðú; lghq;=>¾IKh wjYH mßÈ fhdod .ksñka tÈfkod ðú; lghq;=>¾IKh wjYH mßÈ fhdod .ksñka tÈfkod ðú; lghq;=>¾IKh wjYH mßÈ fhdod .ksñka tÈfkod ðú; lghq;=>¾IKh wjYH mßÈ fhdod .ksñka tÈfkod ðú; lghq;=

yiqrejhs'yiqrejhs'yiqrejhs'yiqrejhs'yiqrejhs'

l%shdldrlu 1'7l%shdldrlu 1'7l%shdldrlu 1'7l%shdldrlu 1'7l%shdldrlu 1'7 ((((( p,khg we;s ndOlh M,odhs f,i yiqrejuq'


.=Kd;aul fhojqï.=Kd;aul fhojqï.=Kd;aul fhojqï.=Kd;aul fhojqï.=Kd;aul fhojqï ((((( ² weuqKqu1'7'1g we;=<;a úYd, lrk ,o mska;+r folla

² weuqKqu 1'7'2g we;=<;a lKavdhï .fõIKh i|yd Wmfoia

m;%sldfõ msgm;a ;=kla

² weuqKqu 1'7'3g we;=<;a o%jH yd WmlrK iys; fmdoq

fïih

² weuqKqu 1'7'4g we;=<;a rEm igyka iys; m;%sld ;=kla

² weuqKqu 1'7'5 g we;=,;a rEm igyka iys; m;%sld ;=kla



mshjr 1'7'1mshjr 1'7'1mshjr 1'7'1mshjr 1'7'1mshjr 1'7'1 ((((( ² weuqKqu 1'7'1g wod< mska;+r mka;s ldurh bÈßfha

m%o¾Ykh lrkak'

² tu mska;+r mokï lr.ksñka my; oelafjk lreKq u;=

lrñka idlÉPdjla fufyhjkak'

² ",siaik .fya keÕSu" ;r.fha § ,siaid hEu j<lajd

.; hq;= nj

² lerï l%Svdfõ § ,siaid hEu jeä lr .; hq;= nj

² n,hla fh§u fya;=fjka iam¾Y j mj;sk jia;= folla

w;r ,siaid hEula isÿ úh yels nj

² tÈfkod ðú;fha § yuqjk iuyr lghq;=j, § ,siaid

hdu m%fhdackj;a jk nj

² iuyr wjia:dj, § ,siaid heu j<lajd .ekSu

m%fhdackj;a nj

² ,siaid hEu je<elaùug iam¾Y mDIaG uÕska Bg

m%;súreoaO ÈYdjg n,hla fhfok nj

² mDIaG w;r yg.kakd n,h md,kh lsÍug ta i|yd

n,mdk idOl y÷kd .; hq;= nj

^ñks;a;= 15 hs&

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² iuia; lKavdhï bÈßm;a lsÍula i|yd iQodkï lrjkak'

^ñks;a;= 60 hs&



wjia:dj ,nd fokak'



² mDIaGhla u; jia;=jla ;enQ úg wfkHdkH iy

wNs,ïN f,i f;rmqï n, we;s jk nj

² wNs,ïN f;rmqï n,h ;nk ,o jia;=fõ nr u;

r|d mj;sk nj

² jia;=jla mDIaGhla Tiafia p,kh lsÍu i|yd ndysr n,hla

fh§fï §" p,kh je<elaùu i|yd mDIaGh u`.ska

m%;súreoaO n,hla l%shd lrk nj

² ndysr n,h jeä lrk úg m%;súreoaO n,h o l%ufhka

jeä jk nj

² mDIaG folla iam¾Y ù mj;sk úg tajd w;r idfmalaI

p,s;hla fyda idfmalaI p,s;hla i|yd fm<Uúula

we;s jqjfyd;a th je<elaùug iam¾Y mDIaG uÕska we;s

lrkq ,nk m%;sl%shdj >¾IKh kñka ye¢kafjk nj

² jia;=jla mDIaGhla u; ,siaidhEu je<elaùfï § p,s;

ÈYdjg úreoaOj l%shd lrk n,h >¾IK n,h f,i

ye¢kafjk nj

² ,siaid hEu fyj;a p,s;h wdrïN jk fudfydf;a Wmßu

>¾IK n,hla fh§ we;s w;r th mDIaG fol w;r

iSudldÍ >¾IK n,h f,i ye¢kafjk nj

² iSudldÍ >¾IK n,h flfrys my; idOl n,mdk nj

² iam¾Y mDIGj, iajNdjh r`M$iqug&

² mDIaG fol w;r wNs,ïN f;rmqï n,h

² iam¾Y mDIaG w;r j¾.M,h >¾IK n,h flfrys

n,mEula w;s fkdlrk nj

² >¾IK n,h jeäùu fya;=fjka Yla;sh wmf;a hk nj

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² iam¾Y mDIaG w;r >¾IKh ksid hka;%j, fldgia f.ù

hdu yd ;dmh ckkh ùu isÿ jk nj

² iam¾Y mDIaG w;rg ,sysiais øjH fh§fuka yd ,siaidhEu

myiq lrk Wml%u fh§fuka >¾IKh wvq lr .; yels

nj kso(-fnda, iy frda,¾ fnhdßx fh§u&

² weú§u iy r: jdyk Odjkfha § ud¾.fha >¾IK n,h

m%fhdackj;a jk nj

² f;;a iys; ,siaik ud¾.j, § ghrfha lÜg rgd >¾IK

n,h jeä lr .ekSug WmldÍ jk nj

² iam¾Y mDIaG r`M lsÍfuka >¾IK n,h jeä lr.;

yels nj

² tÈfkod ðú;fha § jev myiq lr .ekSu i|yd >¾IK

n,h md,kh lr.; hq;= nj

^ñks;a;= 45hs&


² >¾IK n,h flrys n,mE yels idOl kï lrhs'

² jev myiq lr .ekSu i|yd >¾IK n,h md,kh lr.; hq;= nj ms<s.kshs'

² >¾IK n,h wvq fyda jeä lr .ekSu i|yd úúO Wml%u w;ayod n,hs'

² lKavdhï ;=< w;aoelSï yqjudre lr.ksñka iduQyslj lghq;= lrhs'

² tosfkod l%shdldrlïj,§ n,mdk ndysr idOl iqÿiq mßÈ yiqrejhs'

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² mDIaG w;r >¾IK n,h flfrys n,mEula we;s l< yels hhs is;k idOl ms<sn|

.fõIKh i|yd u;= i|yka ld¾hhkaj,ska tlla bgq lsrSu Tn lKavdhug mejf¾'

² >¾IK n,h flrys iam¾Y mDIaGj, iajNdjfha n,mEu fiùu

² >¾IK n,h flrys iam¾Y mDIaG u; l%shd lrk wNs,ïN f;rmqï n,fha n,mEu

fiùu

² >¾IK n,h flfrys iam¾Y mDIaG w;r j¾.M,fha n,meu fiùu

² ie,iqu oelafjk m;%sldj ksÍlaIKh lr Tng mejÍ we;s ld¾hh f;areï .kak'

² fmdÿ fïih u; ;nd we;s WmlrK w;ßka Tn lKavdhug wod< WmlrK f;dard

.kak'

² wegjqu l%shd;aul lr ,S l=Üáh ,siaid hdu wdrïN jk fudfydf;a n,h uek.kak'

² ,nd .;a o;a; weiqfrka ,S l=Üáh mDIaGh Èf.a hï;ï p,kh ùug wjYH n,h

flfrys Tfí ld¾hhg wh;a idOlh n,mdkafka flfia oe hs ks.ukh lrkak'

² Tfí wkdjrK iuia; mka;shg bÈßm;a lsÍug iQodkï jkak'


fmdÿ fïih ilia lsÍu i|yd Wmfoiafmdÿ fïih ilia lsÍu i|yd Wmfoiafmdÿ fïih ilia lsÍu i|yd Wmfoiafmdÿ fïih ilia lsÍu i|yd Wmfoiafmdÿ fïih ilia lsÍu i|yd Wmfoia

² my; i|yka øjH ;nd fmdÿ fïihla ilia lrkak'

² weuqKqu 1'7'4g we;=<;a rEm igyfka úYd, lrk ,o m;%sld ;=kla

² weuqKqu 1'7'5g wkqj ilia l< 50 cm muK os. 8 cm muK m<, u;=msg tla

me;,s mDIaGhla muKla fyd|ska iqug lrk ,o ,E,s len,s ;=kla

² weuqKqu 1'7'5g wkqj ilia lr .;a tla me;a;l ;=kS rn¾ mg,hla w,jd wfkla

ish¨ u mDIaG fyd¢ka uÈk ,o ,S l=Üá ;=kla

² ,E,af,a fl<jrlg iïnkaO l< yels l=vd lmams ;=kla

² úúO nr we;s ldis wjYH m%udKhla

² ;rdÈ ;eáhla fia ilia lr .ekSug iqÿiq ieye,a¨ ma,diaála mshka ;=kla

² f;o~q ;=,djla

² 500 g ;rdÈ mä lsysmhla

² l=vd khsf,daka kQ,a wjYH m%udKhla

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ksmqK;dj 1'0ksmqK;dj 1'0ksmqK;dj 1'0ksmqK;dj 1'0ksmqK;dj 1'0 ( ( ( ( ( n,h yd ir, f¾Çh p,s;hg wod< iïnkaO;d Ôú;


ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'8ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'8ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'8ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'8ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'8 ((((( tal;, n,j, l%shdldß;ajh hgf;a úúO jia;= iu;=,s; jtal;, n,j, l%shdldß;ajh hgf;a úúO jia;= iu;=,s; jtal;, n,j, l%shdldß;ajh hgf;a úúO jia;= iu;=,s; jtal;, n,j, l%shdldß;ajh hgf;a úúO jia;= iu;=,s; jtal;, n,j, l%shdldß;ajh hgf;a úúO jia;= iu;=,s; j

mj;sk wdldr úuid n,hs'mj;sk wdldr úuid n,hs'mj;sk wdldr úuid n,hs'mj;sk wdldr úuid n,hs'mj;sk wdldr úuid n,hs'

l%shdldrlu 1'8l%shdldrlu 1'8l%shdldrlu 1'8l%shdldrlu 1'8l%shdldrlu 1'8 ((((( tal;, n, iu;=,s; jkafka fl fia oe hs úuiuq'


.=Kd;aul fhojqï.=Kd;aul fhojqï.=Kd;aul fhojqï.=Kd;aul fhojqï.=Kd;aul fhojqï ((((( ² ógrhla muK È. kQ,a lene,a,la .eg .ik ,o yhsv%cka

jdhqj msrjQ ne¨khla

² iudk mßudjla jd;h msrjQ ógrhla muK È. kQ,a lene,a,la

.eg .ik ,o ne¨khla

² weuqKqu 1'8'1g we;=<;a lKavdhï .fõIK i|yd Wmfoia


² weuqKqu 1'8'2g we;=<;a Wmfoia mßÈ ilia l< fmdoq

fïih



mshjr 1'8'1mshjr 1'8'1mshjr 1'8'1mshjr 1'8'1mshjr 1'8'1 ((((( ² isiqka fofofkl= mka;sh bÈßhg le|jkak'

² yhsv%cka jdhqj msrjQ ne¨kh tla isiqfjl=f.a w;g;a

jd;h msrjQ ne¨kh wfkla isiqjdf.a w;g;a fokak'

² kQf,a fl<jr tla w;lska w,a,d f.k isáh § ne¨k

folu fofokdg tlajru w;yeÍug Wmfoia fokak'

² ksÍlaIK mokï lr.ksñka my; wjia:d u;=jk fia

idlÉPdjla fufyhjkak'

² jd;h msr jQ neÆkh ksYap,j ;nd .ekSu i|yd by<g

n,hla fhÈh hq;= jq nj

² yhsv%cka msr jq neÆkh ksYap,j ;nd .ekSu i|yd my<g

n,hla fhÈh hq;= jQ nj

² neÆkh u; l%shd lrk n, fol iudk yd m%;súreoaO jQ

úg ne¨kh ksYap,j mj;sk nj

² n, fol wiudk jk úg jvd jeä n,fha ÈYdjg jia;=j

p,kh jk nj

² lsishï jia;=jla u; tl u ,laIHl § fhfok n,

folla úYd,;ajfhka iudkj ÈYdfjka m%;súreoaO

jk jsg jia;=j iu;=,s;j mj;sk nj

² lsishï jia;=jla u; n, follg jvd jeä .Kkla

fh§fuka o jia;=j iu;=,s;j mj;ajd .; yels nj

^ñks;a;= 15 hs&

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mshjr 1'8'2mshjr 1'8'2mshjr 1'8'2mshjr 1'8'2mshjr 1'8'2 ( ( ( ( ( ² mka;sh l=vd lKavdhï ;=klg fnokak'





^ñks;a;= 60 hs&

mshjr 1'8'3mshjr 1'8'3mshjr 1'8'3mshjr 1'8'3mshjr 1'8'3 ((((( ² l=vd lKavdhï wkdjrK iuia; mka;shg bÈßm;a lrjkak'

² úia;drKh i|yd bÈßm;a l< lKavdhug u m<uq wjia:dj

,nd fokak'

² wfkl=;a lKavdhïj, ixj¾Okd;aul fhdackd úuikak'


² n, folla iu;=,s;j mj;sk wjia:djl § tu n,"

² úYd,;ajfhka tlsfkl iudk jk nj

² ÈYdfjka tlsfklg m%;súreoaO jk nj

² n,hkaf.a l%shd f¾Ldjka tlu ir, f¾Ldjl msysgk

nj

² n, folla iu;=,s; j ;nd .ksñka ðú; wjYH;d imqrd

.ekSug yels wjia:djka ;sfnk nj

² kq,lska" oïje,lska jeks fohlska jia;=jla t,a,d

;nd .ekSu

² mDIaGhla u; jia;=jla iu;=,s;j ;nd .ekSu

² ,laIhla flfrys n,mdk n, ;=kla iu;=,s; j mj;sk

wjia:dj, §"

² tu n, ;=k úYd,;ajfhka iudk jk wjia:d we;s

nj

² tu n, ;=k úYd,;ajfhka wiudk jk wjia:d we;s

nj

² n, ;=fkys l%shd f¾Ldjka wdmiq Èla l< úg" tlu

,laIHhloS yuqjk nj

² Ôú; wjYH;d imqrd .ekSfï § tal ,laIHh n, ;=kl

iu;=,s;;djh i|yd ksoiqka f,i my; wjia:d fhdod

.; yels nj

² lïìhl fofl<jrg iïnkaO lr we;s u,a fmdaÉÑhla

ksjil jy,fha t,a,d we;s wjia:dj

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© 2

007

Nat

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162

² kQ,lska t,a,d we;s PdhdrEmhla

² iudka;r j yd m%;súreoaO j l%shd;aul jk n, ;=kla

iu;=,s; j mj;sk wjia:dj, §"

² tla ÈYdjlg l%shd lrk iudka;r n, foll

úYd,;ajfha tl;=j m%;súreoaO ÈYdjg l%shd lrk

n,fha úYd,;ajhg iudk jk nj

² n, ;=fkys l%shd f¾Ld tlsfklg iudka;r j msysgk

nj

² Ôú; wjYH;d imqrd .ekSfï § iudka;r j yd m%;súreoaO

j l%shd lrk n, ;=kla iu;=,s;j mj;sk wjia:djka

i|yd my; ksoiqka f,i bosrsm;a l< yels nj

² m%;s§ma; mykla oïje,a follska t,a,d ;nd .ekSu

² lKq folla u; ;sria j ;nd we;s oKavla ;nd .ekSu

^ñks;a;= 45 hs&


² ;,hla u; n, iu;=,s; j mej;sh yels wdldr kï lr jsia;r lrhs'

² jia;=jla ksYap,j mej;Sfï § n, iu;=,s;j mj;sk nj ms<s.kshs'

² n, ix;=,kh jk wdldr wdoraYkh lrhs'

² n, iu;=,s; lrñka jia;+ka ksYap,j ;nhs'

² ixlS¾K woyia meyeÈ,sj ixksfõokhg cHdñ;sl rEm igyka fhdod .kshs'

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² tl u ;,hl mj;sk n, ;=kla hgf;a jia;=jla iu;=,s; j mej;Su iïnkaOfhka

Tng mejÍ we;s my; wjia:dj flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lrkak'

² iudka;r fkd jk ^wdk;& n, ;=kla hgf;a ldâfndaâ ;yvqj ;sria mqjrej u;

iu;=,s;j ;nd .ekSu

² iudka;r n, ;=kla hgf;a óg¾ fldaÿj ;sria mqjrej u; iu;=,s; j ;nd .ekSu

² fmdÿ fïifha ;nd we;s øjH yd WmlrK ksÍlaIKh lr Tng mejÍ we;s wjia:dj

ksrEmkhg wod< øjH yd WmlrK f;dard .kak'

² wod< jia;=j iu;=,s; j ;eîug wjYH jk n, fh§u i|yd ÿkq ;rdÈ Ndú; lrkak'

² n,hkaf.a l%shd f¾Ldjka we| tajd Èla l< úg ,efnk m%;sM, fln÷ fõ oe hs mÍlaId

lrkak'

² n,hkays úYd,;aj w;r iïnkaO;djhla mj;S oe hs fidhd n,kak'

² n,hkays úYd,;aj fjkia lrñka ;j;a wjia:d foll § wod< ksÍlaIK ,nd .kak'

² ,nd .;a f;dr;=re rEm igyka uÕska ksrEmKh lrkak'

² n, iu;=,s;;d j ms<sn| jQ Tnf.a wkdjrK meyeos,s lsrSug mrsirfhka ksoiqka

u;=lrkak'

² Tfí wkdjrK wdl¾YKSh f,i bÈßm;a lsÍug iQodkï jkak'

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fmdoq fïih ilia lsÍug Wmfoiafmdoq fïih ilia lsÍug Wmfoiafmdoq fïih ilia lsÍug Wmfoiafmdoq fïih ilia lsÍug Wmfoiafmdoq fïih ilia lsÍug Wmfoia

² fmdÿ fïihla u; my; i|yka øjH yd WmlrK ;nkak'

² iudk ÿkq ;rdÈ fyda ksõgka ;rdÈ yhla$rn¾ má yhla yd ÿkq ;rdÈ

folla wkqfhda.S WmlrK jYfhka

² iqÿ lvodishla we,jQ mqjre folla

² óg¾ Nd.fha rE,la fyda taldldr nghlaa

² ldâfndaâ ;yvqjla

² rE,a folla iy mekai,a folla

² f;,a.dr kQ,a

a

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ksmqK;dj 1'0ksmqK;dj 1'0ksmqK;dj 1'0ksmqK;dj 1'0ksmqK;dj 1'0 ( ( ( ( ( n,h yd ir, f¾Çh p,s;hg wod< iïnkaO;d Ôú;


ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'9ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'9ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'9ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'9ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'9 ((((( n,hl N%uK wdprKh fjkia lsÍug mÍlaIK fufyhjhs'n,hl N%uK wdprKh fjkia lsÍug mÍlaIK fufyhjhs'n,hl N%uK wdprKh fjkia lsÍug mÍlaIK fufyhjhs'n,hl N%uK wdprKh fjkia lsÍug mÍlaIK fufyhjhs'n,hl N%uK wdprKh fjkia lsÍug mÍlaIK fufyhjhs'

l%shdldrlu 1'9l%shdldrlu 1'9l%shdldrlu 1'9l%shdldrlu 1'9l%shdldrlu 1'9 ((((( jia;=jla myiqfjka N%uKh lruq'


.=Kd;aul fhojqï.=Kd;aul fhojqï.=Kd;aul fhojqï.=Kd;aul fhojqï.=Kd;aul fhojqï ((((( ² weuqKqu 1'9'1g we;=<;a msúiSfï mshjrg

wod< rEm igyka


Wmfoia m;%sldfõ msgm;a folla


mßY% folla



mshjr 1'9'1mshjr 1'9'1mshjr 1'9'1mshjr 1'9'1mshjr 1'9'1 ((((( ² uqßÉÑh N%uKh lrk wdldrh olajk rEm igyka fol

mka;shg m%o¾Ykh lrkak'

² rEm igyka fol w;r we;s fjkialï ms<sn| j úuikak'

² tfia fjkialï isÿ lrk wjia:d oel we;s oe hs úuikak'


² fndfyda uqßÉÑ weK fnda;,a uQä jdudj¾; j

lerleùfuka .e,úh yels nj

² N%uK wlaIh fyj;a uqßÉÑ weKfha uOH ,laIfha isg

yels;dla ÿßka n,h fh§fuka wvq n,hlska jia;=j

N%uKh l< yels nj

² N%uK wlaIfha isg n,fha l%shd f¾Ldjg we;s ,ïnl

ÿr wvq jk úg N%uKh i|yd jeä n,hla fhÈh hq;= nj

² jia;=jl N%uK wdprKh meyeos,s lsrSu i|yd n,>q¾Kh

kï rdYsh fhdod .kakd nj

² N%uKh we;s lsÍu i|yd fhdok n,fha w.h;a N%uK

wlaIfha isg n,fha l%shd f¾Ldjg we;s ,ïnl ÿr;a hk

idOl fol ms<sn| ie,ls,su;a úh hq;= nj

^ñks;a;= 15 hs&

mshjr 1'9'2mshjr 1'9'2mshjr 1'9'2mshjr 1'9'2mshjr 1'9'2 ((((( ² mka;sh l=vd lKavdhï follg fnokak'


² .fõIK Wmfoia " äuhs lvodis iy meiag,a


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^ñks;a;= 60 hs&


lrjkak'


wjia:dj fokak'



² wj,ïNs; ,E,a, iy nhsisl,a ye`v,h hka;ñka N%uKh

lsÍu jvd myiq jkafka N%uK ,laIfha isg n,h fhdok

,laIhg we;s ÿr;a n,fha w.h;a jeä jk úg nj

² n, >Q¾Kh fyj;a n,hl N%uK wdprKh i|yd N%uK

wlaIfha isg n,fha l%shd f¾Ldjg we;s ,ïn ÿr yd fhdok

n,fha w.h n,mdk nj

² my; oelafjk f,i n,>Q¾Kh ,nd .; yels nj

n, >Q¾Kh } n,h × új¾;k ,CIHfha isg n,fha l%shd

f¾Ldjg we;s ,ïn ÿr

W n,fha új¾;k ,laIh jgd >Q¾Kh } Wd² n, >Q¾Kh uksk tallh N m jk nj

² jia;=jl N%uK wlaIfha isg fomig iudk ÿßka iudk

yd iudka;rj fhdok n, hq.,la n, hq.auhla f,i

ye¢kafjk nj

² n, hq.auhla u`.ska jia;= myiqfjka N%uKh l< yels

nj

² n, hq.auhla uÕska ksh; N%uK wdpdrKhla we;s l<

yels nj

^ñks;a;= 45 hs&


² n,>Q¾Kh hkak WodyrK iys; j meyeÈ,s lrhs'

² n,>Q¾Kh tÈfkod lghq;= i|yd m%fhdackj;a j fhdod .; yels nj ms<s.kshs'

² n,>Q¾Kh i|yd wjYH ñkqï ksjerÈ j ,nd .kS'

² lKavdhï ;=< § iduqysl yeÕSfuka lghq;= lrhs'

² tosfkod Ôú; wjYH;d imqrd .ekSfï § iqÿiq Wml%u fhdod .kshs'

W

n,fha l%shdf¾Ldj

új¾;k,CIHhd

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² u;= i|yka wjia:d foflka Tn lKavdhug mejfrk ld¾hh ms<sn| wjOdkh fhduq

lrkak'

² wj,ïì; ,E,a,la hï;ñka N%uKh lsÍug wjYH idOl fiùu

² nhsisl,a ye~,h hï;ï N%uKh lsßug wjYH idOl fiùu

² Tng wod< ld¾h mßY%h fj; f.dia tys we;s WmlrK fhdod f.k Tn wod< wegjqu

ilia lr .kak'

² ,E,a,$nhsisl,a ye~,h hka;ñka N%uKh lsrSu i|yd wjYH wju n,fha w.h;a"

N%uK wlaIfha isg n,fha l%shd f¾Ldjg we;s ,ïnl ÿr;a i|yd ñkqï ,nd .kak'

² tu rdYSka fol w;r iïnkaO;djla ;sfí oehs úuiSu i|yd lKavdhu ;=, idlÉPdjla

f.dv k`.kak'

² Tfí wkdjrK iuia; mka;shg bÈßm;a lsÍug iQodkï jkak'

hlv ngh

h;=r

uqßÉÑ weKh uqßÉÑ weKh

h;=r

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ld¾h mßY% ilia lsÍug wjYH øjH yd Wmfoiald¾h mßY% ilia lsÍug wjYH øjH yd Wmfoiald¾h mßY% ilia lsÍug wjYH øjH yd Wmfoiald¾h mßY% ilia lsÍug wjYH øjH yd Wmfoiald¾h mßY% ilia lsÍug wjYH øjH yd Wmfoia

² 1 ld¾h mßY%h

² wÕ,a 1la >klñka hq;a 60 cm × 12 cm muK jk nr ,E,a,la

² f,day fldl= 5la

² ñáhla

² 3" muK weKhla

² 5N muK mrdihla we;s ÿkq ;rdÈhla yd

>klï kQ,la

² óg¾ fldaÿjla

² 2 ld¾h mßY%h

² óg¾ fldaÿjla

² >klï kQ,a

² nhsisl,hla

² ÿkq ;rdÈ 2 la 5N muK mrdihla we;s&

² óg¾ fldaÿfõ 50 cm i,l=K nhsisl,a ye~,fha

ueog tk f,i ;nd kq,aj,ska n¢kak'

kQ,anhsisl,a yev,h

óg¾ fldaÿj

isÿr

,E,a,fldl=

60 cm

12 cm

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ksmqK;djksmqK;djksmqK;djksmqK;djksmqK;dj 2'02'02'02'02'0 ( ( ( ( ( ;r, uÕska jia;= u; we;s lrk f;rmqu ms<sn| j

fidhd n,hs'

ksmqKksmqKksmqKksmqKksmqK;d uÜgu 2'1;d uÜgu 2'1;d uÜgu 2'1;d uÜgu 2'1;d uÜgu 2'1 ((((( >k" øj iy jdhq uÕska we;s lrk mSvkh ffoksl lghq;=>k" øj iy jdhq uÕska we;s lrk mSvkh ffoksl lghq;=>k" øj iy jdhq uÕska we;s lrk mSvkh ffoksl lghq;=>k" øj iy jdhq uÕska we;s lrk mSvkh ffoksl lghq;=>k" øj iy jdhq uÕska we;s lrk mSvkh ffoksl lghq;=

i|yd Ndú;hg .kshs'i|yd Ndú;hg .kshs'i|yd Ndú;hg .kshs'i|yd Ndú;hg .kshs'i|yd Ndú;hg .kshs'

l%shdldrlul%shdldrlul%shdldrlul%shdldrlul%shdldrlu2'12'12'12'12'1 ((((( mSvkh .ek fidhuq th Ndú; lruq'


.=Kd;aul fhojqï.=Kd;aul fhojqï.=Kd;aul fhojqï.=Kd;aul fhojqï.=Kd;aul fhojqï ((((( ² weuqKqu 2'1'1g we;=<;a wdo¾Ykhg wjYH WmlrK




mßY% ;=kla


bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,shbf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,shbf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,shbf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,shbf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh (

mshjr 2'1'1mshjr 2'1'1mshjr 2'1'1mshjr 2'1'1mshjr 2'1'1 ((((( ² weuqKqu 2'1'1 g we;=,;a o%jH yd WmlrK mka;shg

imhkak'

² ,S l=Üáfha jeä j¾.M,h we;s me;a; rn¾ lene,a, u;

msysgk fia ;nd .sf,k m%udKh wdo¾Ykh lrkak'

² ,S l=Üáh Wi w;g isák fia ;nd .sf,k Wi wdo¾Ykh

lr isiqkaf.a woyia úuikak'

² neÆkh c,fhka mqrjd me;af;a l=vd isÿrla úo c,h

bj;g úÈk whqre wdo¾Ykh lrkak'

² neÆkh f;rmQ úg c,h úÈk ÿr m%udKh fjkiajk

whqre wdo¾Ykh lrkak' isiqkaf.a woyia úuikak'

² úÿrej iïmq¾Kfhka c,fhka mqrjd lvodish ùÿrej u;

;nd lvodishg w;a, ;nd úÿrej hál=re lr w; fifuka

bj;a l< úg c,h fkdjeà ;sfnk whqre wdo¾Ykh

lr isiqkaf.a woyia úuikak'

² my; i|yka lreKq u;= jk mßÈ idlÉPdjla

fufyhjkak'

² ,S l=Üáh iafmdkaÉ rn¾ lene,a, ;=< .sf,kafka

t uÕska we;s lrk mSvkh ksid nj

² .efgk j¾.M,h wvq jQ úg ,S l=Üáh .sf,k m%udKh

jeä jkafka mSvkh jeä jQ ksid nj

² neÆkfha isÿfrka c,h bj;g úÈkafka c,h uÕska

isÿr u; we;s l< mSvkh ksid nj

² ne¨kh f;rmQ úg c,h jeä ÿr m%udKhlg úÈkafka

mSvkh jeä jq ksid nj

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² ùÿrefjka c,h bj;g fkdhkafka jdhqf.da, mSvkh

uÕska lvodish u; we;s lrk f;rmqu ksid nj

² tall j¾.M,hlg wNs,ïn j l%shd lrk n,h mSvkh

f,i w¾: oelaúh yels nj

² mSvkh } f,i m%ldYkhlska oelaúh

yels nj

² n,h ksõgka N& j,ska o" j¾.M,h j¾. óg¾ m2 &

j,ska o ukskq ,enQ úg mSvkfha tallh Nm-2 fyj;a

meial,a Pa& jk nj

² >k" øj iy jdhq uÕska we;s lrk mSvkh fjkiajk

wdldrh fidhd ne,Su jeo.;a nj

^ñks;a;= 15hs&



² .fõIK m;%sld" äuhs lvodis iy udl¾ mEka lKavdhïj,g

,ndfokak'



lrjkak'

^ñks;a;= 60 hs&



wjia:dj fokak'



² fnda;,h iafmdkaca lene,a, u; ;nk me;a; wkqj

.sf,k m%udKh fjkia jk nj

² fnda;,hg mqrjk o%jH fha nr jeäjk úg .sf,k

m%udKh fjkia jk nj

² jia;=jl nr tlu jqj;a .efgk j¾.M,h wvq jQ

úg t uÕska we;s lrk mSvkh jeä jk nj

² jia;=jl .efgk j¾.M,h tlu jqj;a tys nr

jeäjk úg tuÕska we;s lrk mSvkh jeäjk nj

² rn¾ mg,h iys; mqkS,h øjh ;=, .s,ajk .eUqr

jeä jk úg k,fha øj l|ka w;r fjki jeä

jk nj

² øjhl .eUqr jeäj;a u tuÕska we;s lrk mSvkh

jeäjk nj

wNs,ïn n,h

j¾.M,h

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² øjfha >k;ajh jeäjk úg øjh uÕska we;s lrk

mSvk jeäjk nj

² øjfha >k;ajh ρ o" øj mDIaGfha isg .eUqr h o" .=re;ajc ;ajrKh g o" jk úg øjh ;=< h .eUqrl

§ mSvkh hρg jk nj

² neflda hka;%" legms,¾ jeks hka;%j, fldgia

p,kh lsÍu iy r: jdyk ;sßx. l%shd;aul lsÍu

i|yd øj mSvkh fhdod .kakd nj

² jdhqf.da,Sh mSvkh úúO lghq;= i|yd Ndú;hg .;

yels nj

² jdhqf.da, mSvkhg 760 mm l isria Wila we;s

riÈh l|la ord f.k isáh yels nj

² riÈh 760 mm l mSvkh iïu; jdhqf.da, mSvkh

f,i Ndú; lrk nj

^ñks;a;= 45 hs&


² mSvkh w¾:l:kh lrhs'

² ffoksl lghq;= fndfyduhla id¾:l j bgq lr .eksug mSvkh wjYH nj ms<s.kshs'

² úúO lghq;= i|yd mSvkh M,odhS f,i Ndú; lrhs'

² WmlrK ksis f,i yiqrejñka mdGdxl ,nd .kshs'

² ksÍlaIK mokï lr .ksñka ks.ukj,g t<efò'


² RcqfldaKdi%dldr yrialvla we;s ,S l=Üáhla' iafmdkaÉ lene,a,la" neÆkhla"

w,afmfk;a;la" j;=r fndk ùÿrejla" lvodis lene,a,la iy c,h'

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² mSvkh r|d mj;akd idOl ms,sn|j fidhd ne,Su i|yd u;= oelafjk

wjia:djkaf.ka tlla flfrys Tnf.a wjOdkh fhduq lrkak

² >k jia;= uÕska mSvkh we;s jSu

² øj uÕska mSvkh we;s jSu

² jd;h uÕska mSvkh we;sjSu

² Tn lKavdhug mejrS we;s ld¾h wkqj wod< ld¾h mßY% fj; hkak'

² ld¾h mßY%fha ;nd we;s øjH yd WmlrK fhdod f.k wegjqu ms<sfh< lr .kak'

² wegjqu fhdod .ksñka Tng mejÍ we;s ld¾hh ms<sn| idlÉPd lrkak'

² iqÿiq mshjr wkq.ukh lrñka wod< ksÍCIK ,nd .kak'

² Tfí wkdjrK mka;shg bÈßm;a lsÍug iQodkï jkak'

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² my; i|yka WmlrK yd øjH fïihla u; ;nd ld¾h mßY% ;=kla ms<sfh< lrkak'

ld¾h mßY%h - 1ld¾h mßY%h - 1ld¾h mßY%h - 1ld¾h mßY%h - 1ld¾h mßY%h - 1

² rEm igyfka oelafjk mßÈ ,S iy f,day m;=re

Ndú; lr ilia lr .;a wdOdrlhla

² ysia îu fnda;,hla

² fnda;,hg iú l< yels lïì o¾Ylhla

² >klï iafmdkaÉ rn¾ lene,a,la

² fnda;,h msrúh yels m%udKfha c,h

² fnda;,h msrúh yels m%udKfha je,s fyda l=vd .,aleg

² fnda;,fha lgg ;og iú l< yels fmdfrdmamhla

² fnda;,hg we;=¨ lrk øjH iy iafmdkaaÊ lene,a,

u; fnda;,h .efgk mDIaGh úp,H idOl f,i i,lkak'


² l=vd mqkS,hla

² mqkS,fha úIalïNhg jvd jeä

úIalïNfhka hq;a Wi irdjla

² isyska U k<hla

² mqkS,h;a U k<h;a iïnkaO l<

yels 1$2m l muK È. isyska rn¾ nghla

² ne¨ka tlla iy l;=rla

² fmd,af;,a 10ml la muK

² irdj msrúh yels m%udKfha c,h

² irdj msrúh yels m%udKfha idkaø Kq ødjKhla

² mqkS,h .s,ajkq ,nk ;r,h iy .s,ajk .eUqrúp,H idOl f,i i,lkak'


² pQIl w,a¨jla ^w,a¨fõ msgqmig l=vd fldlalla iú lrkak&

² ùÿre ;yvq lene,a,la

² wdOdrl folla

² fldlallska t,a,d we;s l=vd

mä lÜg,hla

² fia,hska ng lene,a,la

² tlu m%udKfha l=vd isßkað folla

² jdhqf.da,Sh mSvkfha ;ru wjfndAO lr .ekSu i|yd pQIl w,a¨j fhdod .kak'

² jdhq mSvkh M,odhS f,i fhdod .; yels nj wdo¾Ykh lsÍug isßkac fol iy

fia,hska ng fhdod .kak'

fnda;,h

lïìo¾Ylh

f,daywdOdrlh

,S wdOdrlh

l%udxls;lvodis máh

iafmdkaÉ rn¾lene,a,

rn¾ ngh U k<h

mqkS,h

ne¨ka mg,h fmd,a f;,a

isrskac¾

fia,hska ngh

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ksmqK;djksmqK;djksmqK;djksmqK;djksmqK;dj 2'02'02'02'02'0 ( ( ( ( ( ;r, uÕska jia;= u; we;s lrk f;rmqu ms<sn| j

fidhd n,hs'

ksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜgu 2'22'22'22'22'2 ((((( øj ;=< we;s jia;=jla u; l%shd lrk n, úuid n,hs'øj ;=< we;s jia;=jla u; l%shd lrk n, úuid n,hs'øj ;=< we;s jia;=jla u; l%shd lrk n, úuid n,hs'øj ;=< we;s jia;=jla u; l%shd lrk n, úuid n,hs'øj ;=< we;s jia;=jla u; l%shd lrk n, úuid n,hs'

l%shdldrlul%shdldrlul%shdldrlul%shdldrlul%shdldrlu 2'22'22'22'22'2 ((((( øj fhdok n, wkqj jia;= yeisfrk wdldrh fidhd n,uq'


.=Kd;aul fhojqï.=Kd;aul fhojqï.=Kd;aul fhojqï.=Kd;aul fhojqï.=Kd;aul fhojqï ((((( ² ysia" c,h msrjQ iy je,s msrjQ ma,diaála fnda," mdroDYH

fødaKsldjla" îlrhla" c,h




mßY% ;=kla



mshjr 2'2'1mshjr 2'2'1mshjr 2'2'1mshjr 2'2'1mshjr 2'2'1 ((((( ² wdo¾Ykh fyd¢ka ksÍlaIKh lsßug Wmfoia §

ma,diaála fnda, ;=k fødaKsldj m;=f,a ;nkak'

² îlrhg c,h mqrjd f.k fødaKsldj ì;a;sh Èf.a c,h

rErd jefgk mßÈ l%ufhka fødaKsldjg c,h tl;=

lrkak'

² my; i|yka m%Yak bÈßm;a lrñka isiqka nqoaê

l,ïnkhl fhdojkak'

² c,h tl;= lsÍfï § fødaKsldj ;=< ;snQ fnda,j,

yeisÍu ms<sn| ksÍlaIK fudkjd o@

² tu yeisßïj,g fya;= fudkjd o@


² je,s iys; fnda,h fo%daKsldj m;=f,a k;r jk nj

² c,h iys; fnda,h fo%daKsldfõ c,h ;=, mj;sk nj

² ysia fnda,h c,h u;g meñfKk nj

² c,h ;=< mj;akd jia;=jla flfrys c,h uÕska Wvq

w;g f;rmqula l%shd;aul ù we;s nj

² c,h u`.ska by,g fhÿk n,h Wvql=re f;rmqu

f,i y÷kajk nj

² jia;=jla øjhla ;=< § mj;sk wdldrh flfrys

Wvql=re f;rmqu fuka u jia;=fõ nr o n,mdk nj

² wdlsóäia kï úoHd{hd Wvql=re f;rmqu iïnkaO

mÍlaIK l< úoHd{hl= f,i m;, j we;s nj

^ñks;a;= 15 hs&

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lrjkak'

^ñks;a;= 60 hs&



wjia:dj fokak'



² jd;fha § jia;=j ÿkq ;rdÈfha t,ajQ úg jia;=fõ i;H

nr oelafjk nj

² øjh ;=, § jia;=j ÿkq ;rdÈfha t,ajQ úg wvq mdGdxlhla

fmkajk nj

² jia;=jla ;r,hl .sf,k úg tu jia;=fõ .sf,k

mßudjg iudk ;r, mßudjla úia:dmkh jk nj

² jia;=j ;r,h ;=< .s,Sfï § úia:dmkh jQ ;r,fha

nrg iudk oDYH nr wvq ùula jia;=fõ isÿ jk nj

² úia:dmkh jk ;r,fha nrg iudk Wvql=re f;rmqula

jia;=j u; fhfok ksid tu nr wvqùu isÿ jk nj

² jia;=jla ;r,hla ;=< w¾O jYfhka .s,S mdfjk úg"

² úia:dmkh jk ;r,fha mßudj jia;=fõ mßudjg

jvd wvq nj

² úia:dmkh jk ;r,fha nr jia;=fõ nrg iudk

jk nj

² úia:dmkh jk ;r,fha nrg iudk Wvql=re

f;rmqula jia;=j u; fhfok nj

² jia;=jla ;r,hla ;=< iïmQ¾Kfhka .s,S mdfjk úg

² úia:dmkh jk ;r,fha mßudj jia;=fõ mßudjg

iudk jk nj

² úia:dmkh jk ;r,fha nr jia;=fõ nrg iudk

jk nj



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² jia;=jla ;r,hla ;=< uq`Mukska .sf,k úg

² úia:dmkh jk ;r, mßudj jia;=fõ mßudjg

iudk jk nj

² úia:dmkh jk ;r,fha nr jia;=fõ nrg jvd wvq

nj



² ;r,hl § jia;=jl meje;au wdlsóãia kshuh uÕska

meyeÈ,s l< yels nj

² "hï jia;=jla mQ¾K jYfhka fyda w¾O jYfhkahï jia;=jla mQ¾K jYfhka fyda w¾O jYfhkahï jia;=jla mQ¾K jYfhka fyda w¾O jYfhkahï jia;=jla mQ¾K jYfhka fyda w¾O jYfhkahï jia;=jla mQ¾K jYfhka fyda w¾O jYfhka

fyda ksYap, ;r,hla ;=< .s,ajd we;s úg ;r,hfyda ksYap, ;r,hla ;=< .s,ajd we;s úg ;r,hfyda ksYap, ;r,hla ;=< .s,ajd we;s úg ;r,hfyda ksYap, ;r,hla ;=< .s,ajd we;s úg ;r,hfyda ksYap, ;r,hla ;=< .s,ajd we;s úg ;r,h

uÕska jia;=j u; we;s lrk Wvql=re f;rmquuÕska jia;=j u; we;s lrk Wvql=re f;rmquuÕska jia;=j u; we;s lrk Wvql=re f;rmquuÕska jia;=j u; we;s lrk Wvql=re f;rmquuÕska jia;=j u; we;s lrk Wvql=re f;rmqu

jia;=j uÕska úia:dms; ;r, mßudfõ nrg iudkjia;=j uÕska úia:dms; ;r, mßudfõ nrg iudkjia;=j uÕska úia:dms; ;r, mßudfõ nrg iudkjia;=j uÕska úia:dms; ;r, mßudfõ nrg iudkjia;=j uÕska úia:dms; ;r, mßudfõ nrg iudk

fõfõfõfõfõ" f,i wdlsóäia kshuh m%ldY l< yels h'

² jia;=jla øj ;=< .s,a,Sfï § øjfha >k;ajh fjkiaùu

wkqj

² úia:dmkh jk øj mßsudfõ nr fjkia jk nj

² øjh uÕska we;s lrk Wvql=re f;rmqu fjkia jk

nj

² jia;=j øjh ;=< bmsf,k m%udKh fjkia jk nj

² úúO >k;aj we;s øj ;=< jia;=jla bmsf,k m%udKh

fjkiaùu mokï lr f.k øjudkh ks¾udKh lr

we;s nj

² o%jj, >k;ajh fiùu i|yd øjudkh fhdod .kakd

nj

² úúO Ôú; wjYH;d i|yd bms,Su m%fhdackj;a j

fhdod .kakd nj

^ñks;a;= 45 hs&


² wdlsóäia kshuh m%ldY lrhs'

² øj uÕska we;s lrk Wvql=re f;rmqu ðú; lghq;= myiq lsßug fhdod .; yels nj

ms<s.kshs'

² øjudkh Ndú; lr øjj, >k;aj ksjerÈj ukshs'

² úúO ixisoaê meyeÈ,s lsÍu i|yd mÍlaIKd;aul o;a; fhdod .kshs'

² úúO øj iïnkaO lghq;=j, § WÑ; Wml%u uekúka yiqrejhs'

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² úúO jia;+ka øj ;=< mej;sh yels u;= i|yka wdldr w;=frka Tn lKavdhug

mejfrk wdldrh ms<sn| j wjOdkh fhduq lrkak'

² øjh ;=< jia;=j mq¾K jYfhka .s,S hdu

² øjh ;=< jia;=j .s,S mdùu

² øjh ;=< jia;=j w¾O jYfhka .s,S mdùu

² Tn lKavdhug imhd we;s øjH yd WmlrK fyd¢ka mÍlaId lrkak'

² my; i|yka tla tla øjh ;=< § jia;=j u; øjh u`.ska we;s flfrk n,h ks¾Kh

lrk wdldrh idlÉPd lrkak'

² c,h

² ¨Kq ødjKh

² N+ñ f;,a

² øjh u`.ska jia;=j u; we;s jQ n,h;a" tu`.ska úia:dmkh jQ øj mßudj;a w;r

iïnkaOh ,nd .kak'

² Tfí wkdjrK mka;shg bÈßm;a lsÍug iQodkï jkak'



² my; i|yka øjH yd WmlrK lÜg,h ne.ska ;nd ld¾h mßY% ;=kla ms<sfh, lrkak'

² idkaø ¨Kq ødjKhla" c,h yd N+ñf;,a wjYH m%udK

² Wi ñKqï irdjla fyda iudk mdroDYH n÷kla

² øjudkhla

² ÿkq ;rdÈhla

² hqf¾ld n÷kla

² 500 ml îlrhla yd 200 ml îlrhla

² c,h Wrd fkd.kakd 1 m È. kq,a lene,a,la

² w;a msiakdjla

² m<uq wjia:dj i|yd c,fha .sf,k jia;=jla o" fojk wjia:dj i|yd ta ta øjfhka

iï¾Kfhka u mqrjk ,o ;=kS fmd,d;Ska u,a,la ne.ska o" ;=kajk wjia:dj i|yd

c,fha bmsf,k jia;=jla o imhkak'

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ksmqK;dj 3'0 ksmqK;dj 3'0 ksmqK;dj 3'0 ksmqK;dj 3'0 ksmqK;dj 3'0 ( ( ( ( ( hdka;%sl Yla;sh tÈfkod Ôú; lghq;= i|yd fhdod

.kshs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 3'1ksmqK;d uÜgu 3'1ksmqK;d uÜgu 3'1ksmqK;d uÜgu 3'1ksmqK;d uÜgu 3'1 ((((( hdka;%sl Yla;sh ld¾h lsÍug odhl jk wdldrh fidhdhdka;%sl Yla;sh ld¾h lsÍug odhl jk wdldrh fidhdhdka;%sl Yla;sh ld¾h lsÍug odhl jk wdldrh fidhdhdka;%sl Yla;sh ld¾h lsÍug odhl jk wdldrh fidhdhdka;%sl Yla;sh ld¾h lsÍug odhl jk wdldrh fidhd

n,hs'n,hs'n,hs'n,hs'n,hs'

l%shdldrlu 3'1l%shdldrlu 3'1l%shdldrlu 3'1l%shdldrlu 3'1l%shdldrlu 3'1 ((((( hdka;%sl Yla;s m%fNao fidhuq' tajd Ndú;hg .ksuq'


.=Kd;aul fhojqï.=Kd;aul fhojqï.=Kd;aul fhojqï.=Kd;aul fhojqï.=Kd;aul fhojqï ((((( ² weuqKqu 3'1'1g we;=<;a wdo¾Ykh i|yd wjYH WmlrK




mßY% folla

² weuqKqu 3'1'4 ys i|yka Yla;sh iy laIu;dj ms<sn|

f;dr;=re we;=<;a m;%sldfõ msgm;a folla



mshjr 3'1'1mshjr 3'1'1mshjr 3'1'1mshjr 3'1'1mshjr 3'1'1 ((((( ² weuqKqu 3'1'1 ys oelafjk rEm igyka

we;=<;a úYd, Ñ;%hla mka;shg bÈßm;a lr Tjqka lrk oE

ms<sn| j úuikak'

² ,S l=Üáhla n,hla fhdod ;,a lrk wjia:djla iy

Tijk wjia:djla wdo¾Ykh lrkak'

² Bg jvd nr ,S l=Üáhla n,hla fhdod p,kh lrk iy

Tijk wjia:djla wdo¾Ykh lrkak'

² tla tla wjia:dfõ § oefkk fjfyi ms,sn|j úuikak'

² lrk ,o ld¾hh flfrys n,mdk idOl úuikak'


² wvq ialkaOhla ;,a¨ lsÍfï § iy tiùfï § wvq

fjfyila oefkk nj

² jeä ialkaOhla ;,a¨ lsÍfï § iy tiùfï § jeä

fjfyila oefkk nj

² jia;=jlg wvq fõ.hla ,nd §fï § wvq fjfyila oefkk

nj

² jia;=jg jeä fõ.hla ,nd §fï § jeä fjfyila oefkk

nj

² oefkk fjfyi fjkia jQfha YÍrfha Yla;sh jeh lsÍu

fjkia ùu ksid nj

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² YÍrfhka jeh jk Yla;sh ld¾hh lsÍu i|yd fhfofjk

nj

² isÿ lrkq ,nk ld¾h m%udKh ueksh hq;= nj

² lrk ,o ld¾h m%udKh fhdok ,nk n,fha;a n,fha

ÈYdjg isÿ jQ úia:dmkfha;a .=Ks;hg iudk jk nj

² ld¾hh uekSfï wka;¾cd;sl tallh N m fyj;a cQ,a

^J& nj

² jia;=jla u; lrkq ,nk ld¾h m%udKh

² jia;=j msysá Wi jeä ùfï § úNj Yla;sh f,i .nvd

jk nj

² jia;=fõ fõ.h jeä ùfï § pd,l Yla;sh f,i .nvd

jk nj

^ñks;a;= 15 hs&

mshjr 3'1'2mshjr 3'1'2mshjr 3'1'2mshjr 3'1'2mshjr 3'1'2 ((((( ² mx;sh l=vd lKavdhï follg fnokak'


² .fõIK Wmfoia" äuhs lvodis iy meiag,a lKavdhïj,g

,nd fokak'



^ñks;a;= 60 hs&


lrjkak'


wjia:dj fokak'



² ialkaOh tijSu i|yd iy oqkak iïmSvkh lsÍu i|yd

YÍrfhka Yla;sh fhÈh hq;= nj

² ndysr n,h bj;a l< miq ialkaOj,g m%fõ.hla

,efnk nj

² jia;=jl .nvd lrkq ,nk jsNj Yla;sh

² jia;=j msysgk Wi wkqj .=re;ajdl¾IK úNj yla;sh

f,i .nvd jk nj

² fy,slaiSh ÿkakl È. fjkia jk m%udKh wkqj

m%;Hdia: úNj Yla;sh f,i .nvd jk nj

² Yla;sh ukskq ,nk wka;¾cd;sl tallh cQ,a ^J& nj

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© 2

007

Nat

iona

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- Sr

i La

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180

² úNj Yla;sh pd,l Yla;shg mßj¾;kh l< yels nj

² pd,l Yla;sh úNj Yla;shg mßj¾;kh l< yels nj

² uqM Yla;sh fkdfjkia j mj;sk mßÈ Yla;s mßj¾;kh

isÿ jk w;r th Yla;s ixiaÓ;s kshuh f,i y÷kajk

nj

² hdka;%sl Yla;s m%fNao tÈfkod lghq;= i|yd Ndú;hg

.kakd nj

² ld¾h lsÍfï YS>%;dj laIu;dj f,i y÷kajk nj

² laIu;dj uksk wka;¾ cd;sl tallh fjdÜ W& nj

² lsf,dafjdÜ meh ^kWh& Yla;sh ukskq ,nk m%dfhda.sl

tallhla nj

^ñks;a;= 45 hs&


² hdka;%sl Yla;s m%fNao meyeÈ,s lrhs'

² tÈfkod lghq;= id¾:l j bgq lr .ekSug hdka;%sl Yla;s m%fNaoj, we;s jeo.;alu

w.h lrhs'

² wjYH;djg WÑ; mßÈ hdka;%sl Yla;s m%fNao Ndú; lrhs'

² Wmfoia ms<smÈñka wegjqï ilia lrhs'

² tosfkod cSjs; wjYH;dj, oS Yla;sh imhd .ekSug ir, l%u fhdod .kshs'


181



² hdka;%sl Yla;sh .nvd lsrsu yd mrsj¾;kh ùu ms<sn| fidhd ne,Su i|yd u;= i|yka

wjia:djkaf.ka tlla flfrys Tnf.a wjOdkh fhduq lrkak'

² ialkaOhla by<g Tijd ksoyia lsÍu

² ialkaOhla fy,slaiSh ÿkakla u; ;nd f;rmd ksoyia lsÍu

² Tfí lKavdhug imhd we;s WmlrK yd o%jH fyd¢ka mÍlaId lrkak'

² u;= oelafjk rEm igykaj,ska Tng wod< rEm igykg wkqj wegjqu ilia lr .kak'

² wegjqu fhdod .ksñka ialkaOfha úNj Yla;sh .nvd lrkak'

² ialkaOh ksoyia l< úg .nvd jq Yla;shg isÿ jkafka l=ula oe hs mÍlaId lrkak'

² .nvd jk úNj Yla;sh fjkia lrñka mÍlaIKh lsysm jdrhla isÿ lrkak'

² ld¾hh isÿ lsÍu i|yd Tn úiska fhdok ,o Yla;sh" .nvd jQ úNj Yla;sh iy

ialkaOh ksoyia ùfï § ksoyia jk Yla;sh w;r iïnkaO;djhla mj;skafka oe hs

lKavdhï ;=< idlÉPd lrkak'

² ksÍlaIK weiqfrka jia;fõ .nvd jk úNj Yla;sh;a th ,nd .kakd pd,l Yla;sh;a

ms<sn| ks.ukj,g t<efUkak'

² Yla;sh yd laIu;dj ms<sn| imhd we;s f;dr;=re m;%sldj úu¾Ykh lrkak'

² Yla;s ixiaÓ;s kshuh" laIu;dj iy úoHq;a Yla;sh uekSu ms<sn| f;dr;=re ,nd .kak'

² Tfí ksÍlaIK" ks.uk yd fidhd .ekSï wdl¾YKSh f,i mka;shg bÈßm;a lsßug

iqodkï jkak'

0'5 m

15 cm10 cm

182


ld¾h mßY% ieliSu i|yd Wmfoiald¾h mßY% ieliSu i|yd Wmfoiald¾h mßY% ieliSu i|yd Wmfoiald¾h mßY% ieliSu i|yd Wmfoiald¾h mßY% ieliSu i|yd Wmfoia

² my; oelafjk øjH yd WmlrK we;=<;a ld¾h mßY% folla ilia lrkak'

ld¾h mßY% 1

² by< fl<jrg wdikakj 2 mm l muK úIalïNhla we;s isÿre iEÿ ,S wdOdrl

folla

² 2 mm l muK úIalïNfhka hq;a 30 cm la muK È. .e,ajkhsia lïì lene,a,la

² 2 cm l muK úIalïNhla iy 15 cm l muK È.la iys; .a,sßiSähd ,S o~q

lene,a,la

² 1$2 m l muK gqjhska kQ,a lene,a,la

² 100 g l muK ialkaOhla

² l=vd w,afmfk;a;la

² 1$2 m l fldaÿjla

ld¾h mßY% 2

² L yevhg ;ekQ ,S wdOdrlhla

² 3 cm l muK úIalïNhla iy 10 cm l muK Wila we;s fy,slaish ÿkakla

² fy,slaiSh ÿkak u; hï;ï /|úh yels >k ma,diaála fnda,hla fyda ùÿre fnda,hla

² 12 cm la muK È. nhsisl,a iafmdala lïì y;rla

² fy,slaiSh ÿkak iafmdala lïì w;r /|úh yels jk mßÈ" iafmdala lïì ,S wdOdrlfha

mdohg ;Èka iúlr .; yels mßÈ mdofha l=vd isÿre y;rla idokak'

² ÿkak mdohg iú l< yels bial=remamq weK iy bial=remamq kshkla

² l%udxls; lvodis máhla iy .ï iaj,amhla

² ld¾h mßY%j, WmlrK ilia lr .ekSfï § lKavdhï .fõIKh i|yd Wmfoia

hgf;a we;=<;a lr we;s rEm igyka mßyrKh lrkak'

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Yla;sh iy laIu;dj

ld¾hh lsÍfï yelshdjla we;s oEj,g Yla;sh we;' ñksia isref¾ Yla;sh we;' tfuka u

gexlshla mqrjd we;s fmÜr,aj, fyda iïmSvkh l< ÿkakl fyda Yla;sh .nvdù we;'

by;' tla tla wjia:dj, § Yla;sh wkd.; ld¾hhka i|yd u;= n,dfmdfrd;a;= f,i Tng

is;sh yels h' ld¾hh fuka u Yla;sh o ukskq ,nkafka cq,a ^J&j,sks'

hdka;%sl Yla;sh" ;dmc Yla;sh" wdf,dal Yla;sh" èjks Yla;sh" úoHq;a Yla;sh" ridhksl

Yla;sh iy kHIaál Yla;sh f,i Yla;sh mj;sk úúO wdldr we;' hdka;%sl Yla;sfha

m%fNao folla we;' tajd úNj Yla;sh iy pd,l Yla;sh f,i ye¢ka fõ'

úNj Yla;sh

rem igyfka oelafjk mßÈ ksoyia l< úg

ld¾hhla l< yels jk mßÈ hï msysàulg p,kh

lr we;s jia;=j, úNj Yla;sh wvx.= j we;'

weo we;s ÿkakl úNj Yla;sh we;' th kej;

uq,a È.g m;ajk fia ksoyia l< úg ta uÕska

ld¾hhla flf¾' fmdf<dj uÜgfï isg by<ska

msysgk fia w,a,d f.k we;s l%slÜ mkaÿjl úNj

Yla;sh we;' mkaÿj ksoyia l< úg th fmdf<dj

foig weo.kq ,nk fyhska ld¾hhla flf¾'

pd,l Yla;sh

rEm igyfka oelafjk mßÈ fjä WKavhla"

fudag¾ r:hla iy mdmkaÿjla jeks p,kh jk

jia;=j, pd,l Yla;sh wvx.= j we;' fõ.fhka

p,kh jk l%slÜ mkaÿjla we,aÆ úg tys pd,l

Yla;sh ydks jk w;r mkaÿ rlskakdf.a w;

miqmig ;,a¨ lsÍfï § ld¾hhla isÿ flf¾'

Yla;sh ckkh lsÍug W;aidy .;fyd;a tu Yla;s ckkh isÿ jkafka fjk;a Yla;s

wdldrhla mßj¾;kh ùfuks' tfuka u Yla;sh keiSug W;aidy .;fyd;a th keiSu isÿ

l< fkd yels jk w;r fjk;a Yla;s wdldrhlg mßj¾;kh ùula isÿ fõ' fuu

iïnkaO;djka Yla;s ixiaÓ;s kshuhg wkqrem fõ' Yla;s ixiaÓ;s kshuh fufia m%ldY

l< yels h'

Yla;sh tla wdldrhl isg ;j;a wdldrhlg mßj¾;kh lsÍu úkd th ueùu fyda keiSuYla;sh tla wdldrhl isg ;j;a wdldrhlg mßj¾;kh lsÍu úkd th ueùu fyda keiSuYla;sh tla wdldrhl isg ;j;a wdldrhlg mßj¾;kh lsÍu úkd th ueùu fyda keiSuYla;sh tla wdldrhl isg ;j;a wdldrhlg mßj¾;kh lsÍu úkd th ueùu fyda keiSuYla;sh tla wdldrhl isg ;j;a wdldrhlg mßj¾;kh lsÍu úkd th ueùu fyda keiSu

fyda isÿ l< fkdyels h'fyda isÿ l< fkdyels h'fyda isÿ l< fkdyels h'fyda isÿ l< fkdyels h'fyda isÿ l< fkdyels h'

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hdka;%sl Yla;s ixiaÓ;s kshuh fuys úfYaI wjia:djla f,i ye¢kaúh yels h' hdka;%sl

Yla;s ixiaÓ;s kshuh fufia m%ldY l< yels h'

hdka;%sl Yla;sh fjk;a Yla;s wdldrj,g mßj¾;kh fkdjkafka kï úNj Yla;sfha;a"hdka;%sl Yla;sh fjk;a Yla;s wdldrj,g mßj¾;kh fkdjkafka kï úNj Yla;sfha;a"hdka;%sl Yla;sh fjk;a Yla;s wdldrj,g mßj¾;kh fkdjkafka kï úNj Yla;sfha;a"hdka;%sl Yla;sh fjk;a Yla;s wdldrj,g mßj¾;kh fkdjkafka kï úNj Yla;sfha;a"hdka;%sl Yla;sh fjk;a Yla;s wdldrj,g mßj¾;kh fkdjkafka kï úNj Yla;sfha;a"

pd,l Yla;sfha;a ftlHh ksh;hla fõ'pd,l Yla;sfha;a ftlHh ksh;hla fõ'pd,l Yla;sfha;a ftlHh ksh;hla fõ'pd,l Yla;sfha;a ftlHh ksh;hla fõ'pd,l Yla;sfha;a ftlHh ksh;hla fõ'

l%slÜ mkaÿjla fmdf<dj uÜgfï isg isria j

by<g m%lafIamkh l< úg YÍrfha .nvdù ;snQ

ridhksl Yla;sfhka fldgila pd,l Yla;sh

f,i mkaÿjg mßj¾;kh fõ' rEmfha fmkajd

we;s mßÈ mkaÿj by<g hk úg tys fõ.h wvq

jk w;r tys pd,l Yla;sh úNj Yla;shg

mßj¾;kh fõ' mkaÿj kej; fmdf<dj u;

m;s; jk úg úNj Yla;sh pd,l Yla;sh njg

mßj¾;kh fõ' mkaÿj fmdf<dj uÕska

ksYap,;ajhg m;a lsÍfï § fuu pd,l Yla;sh

;dmc iy èjks Yla;s njg mßj¾;kh fõ'

ld¾hh lsÍfï iS>%;dj laIu;dj f,i ye¢ka fõ'

laIu;dj }

laIu;dfõ wka;¾ cd;sl tallh fjdÜ W& fõ'

úYd, laIu;d uekSug lsf,dafjdgh kW&" fu.dfjdgh MW& kï tall Ndú; flf¾'

1 kW = 10 3 W 1MW = 10 6 W

mßfNdackh lrk úoHq;a Yla;s m%udKh uekSu i|yd lsf,dafjdÜ-meh kï tallhla Ndú;

flf¾' lsf,dafjdÜ - meh tlla hkq lsf,dafjdÜ tll úoHq;a laIu;djla mehla ;=<

mßfNdackh lsÍfï § jeh jk úoHq;a Yla;s m%udKhhs' lsf,dafjdÜ - meh tallh 1 kWhf,i ixfla;j;a flf¾'

úNjYla;sh

pd,lYla;sh

pd,lYla;sh

ridhkslYla;sh

;dmc Yla;shiy

èjks Yla;sh

lrk ,o ld¾hh.; jQ ld,h

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ksmqK;dj 3'0ksmqK;dj 3'0ksmqK;dj 3'0ksmqK;dj 3'0ksmqK;dj 3'0 ( ( ( ( ( hdka;%sl Yla;sh tÈfkod ðú; lghq;= i|yd fhdod .kshs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 3'2ksmqK;d uÜgu 3'2ksmqK;d uÜgu 3'2ksmqK;d uÜgu 3'2ksmqK;d uÜgu 3'2 ((((( hdka;%sl Yla;sfha w.h ksudKh lrhs'hdka;%sl Yla;sfha w.h ksudKh lrhs'hdka;%sl Yla;sfha w.h ksudKh lrhs'hdka;%sl Yla;sfha w.h ksudKh lrhs'hdka;%sl Yla;sfha w.h ksudKh lrhs'

l%shdldrlu 3'2l%shdldrlu 3'2l%shdldrlu 3'2l%shdldrlu 3'2l%shdldrlu 3'2 ((((( hdka;%sl Yla;s m%fNao y|qkd .ksuq' w.h fidhuq'


.=Kd;aul fhojqï.=Kd;aul fhojqï.=Kd;aul fhojqï.=Kd;aul fhojqï.=Kd;aul fhojqï ((((( ² weuqKqu 3'2'1 g we;=<;a lKavdhï .fõIKh i|yd


² weuqKqu 3'2'2 g we;=<;a Wmfoia wkqj ilia l< ld¾h

mrsY% folla



mshjr 3'2'1 mshjr 3'2'1 mshjr 3'2'1 mshjr 3'2'1 mshjr 3'2'1 ((((( ² ñáh Tijd .fvd,a lene,a, u; fifuka ;enSug

iafõÉPdfjka bÈßm;a jk isiqfjl= fhduq lrkak

² ñáh Tijd fõ.fhka .fvd,a lene,a, u;g myr

t,aa, lsÍug ;j;a isiqjl=g wjia:dj fokak

² ñáh fjkia Wij,g Tijd .fvd, u;g oeóug ;j;a

isiqjl=g wjia:dj fokak

² fjkia ialkaO we;s ñáhlska o by; l%shdjka isÿ lrjkak

² by; wjia:djka ys § isÿjk oE ms<sn| isiqkaf.a ksÍlaIK

úuikak'

² fï yd iïnkaO fmr w;aoelSï ms<sn| isiqkaf.ka

úuikak


² ñáh .fvd, u;g fifuka jeàfï § iy wvq Wil

isg jeàfï § .fvd,g jQ ydksh wvq nj

² ñáh jeä fõ.hlska jeàfï§ iy jeä Wil isg jeàfï

§ .fvd,g jQ ydksh jeä nj

² ialkaOh jeä jQ úg o .fvd,g jQ ydksh jeä jQ nj

² .fvd,g jQ ydksh fjkia jQfha tla tla wjia:dfõ §

ñáh i;= jQ hdka;%sl Yla;sh fjkia ùu ksid nj

² jia;=jla msysgk Wi wkqj tys wvx.= jk Yla;sh úNj

Yla;sh f,i y÷kajk nj

² jia;=jl m%fõ.h wkqj tys wvx.= jk Yla;sh pd,l

Yla;sh f,i y÷kajk nj

² úNj Yla;sh iy pd,l Yla;sh m%udKd;aulj fiùu

m%fhdackj;a jk nj

^ñks;a;= 15 hs&

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^ñks;a;= 60 hs&

mshjr 3'2'3'mshjr 3'2'3'mshjr 3'2'3'mshjr 3'2'3'mshjr 3'2'3' ((((( ² l=vd lKavdhï wkdjrK iuia; mka;shg bÈßm;a lrjkak'


wjia:dj fokak'



² jia;=jla msysgk Wi wkqj tu jia;=fõ wvx.= jk

úNj Yla;sh m%udKd;aul j fiúh yels nj

² úNj Yla;sh fiùu i|yd jia;=fõ ialkaOh m" fmdf<dj

uÜgfï isg msysá Wi h yd .=re;ajc ;ajrKh g i|yd

ñkqï ,nd.; hq;= nj

² ,nd.;a ñkqï Ep= mgh iQ;%hg wdfoaY lsÍfuka jia;=fõ

wvx.= úNj Yla;sh fiúh yels nj

² p,kh jk jia;=jl ialkaOh yd tys m%fõ.h u;

jia;=fõ wvx.= jk pd,l Yla;sh fjkia jk nj

² pd,l Yla;sh fiùu i|yd jia;=fõ ialkaOh m yd

m%fõ.h v i|yd ñkqï .; hq;= nj

² ,nd.;a ñkqï iq;%hg wdfoaY lsÍfuka

jia;=fõ pd,l Yla;sh fiúh yels nj² jia;=jla by< isg my,g jeàfï § úNj Yla;sh pd,l

Yla;sh njg mßj¾;kh jk nj

^ñks;a;= 45 hs&


² hdka;%sl Yla;sfha m%fNao kï lr úia;r lrhs'

² jia;=jl msysàu yd m%fõ.h tys hdka;%sl Yla;sh ;SrKh lrk nj ms<s.kshs'

² wjYH ñkqï ,nd .ksñka o iq;%h Ndú;fhka o wod< Yla;sh .Kkh lrhs'

² wjYH;d idlaId;alrKh ;yjqre lr .ekSug ie,iqïlrKfha fhfohs'

² ixlS¾K ld¾hhka myia lr .ekSug iQ;% Ndú; lrhs'

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² my; i\yka iQ;% foflka Tnf.a lKavdhug ,efnk iQ;%h flfrys wjodkh fhduq

lrkak

²

² mghE p =

² iQ;%h iys; mqjrej ;nd we;s ld¾h mßY%h fj; fhduqjkak'

² iQ;%hg we;=,;a úp,Hhka fjka fjkaj y|qkd .kak'

² ialkaOh ksh;j mj;ajd wod< Yla;Ska .Kkh lsrSu Tng mejrS we;s ld¾hh hehs

is;kak'

² fï wkqj fjkia l< yels rdYsh y÷kd .kak'

² tu rdYsh fjkia lrñka ñkqï ;=kla ,nd .ekSug wegjqula ie,iqï lrkak'

² tu wegjqu fhdod .ksñka mdGdxl ;=kla ,nd .kak'

² ksh;j ;nk ,o rdYsh Yla;sh flfrys n,mdk wdldrh úuid n,kak'

² Tn wkq.ukh l< l%shdj,sh" Tn uqyqK ÿka .eg¨ yd Tfí wkdjrK ks¾udKYS,Sj

iuia; mka;shg bÈßm;a lsÍug iQodkï jkak'



² u;= oelafjk Wmfoia wkqj ldrah mrsY% folla ilia lrkak'

² m<uq ld¾h mßY%h i|yd² m<uq ld¾h mßY%h i|yd² m<uq ld¾h mßY%h i|yd² m<uq ld¾h mßY%h i|yd² m<uq ld¾h mßY%h i|yd

² iu;, iqug u;=msgla iys; fïihla u; my; i|yka øjH yd WmlrK ;nkak'

² ÿkakla iú l< iqug fg%d,shla

² ixLHdxl úrdu >áldjla

² óg¾ fldaÿjla

² fïi odrhg ,ïnl j iú l< yels wdOdrlhla

² i|yka ldâm;la

² fg%d,sfha flá ÿrl § fõ.h taldldÍ m%fõ.h f,i Wml,amkh lsßu wjYH fõ'

ld¾h mßY%h ilia lsÍfï ie,eia

ie'hq'

² fg%d,shg iúl< o¾Ylh x yd y w;r p,kh jk ld,h ukskq ,efí' x

yd y j,

msysàu iqÿiq mßÈ fjkia l< yels h'

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² fojk ld¾h mÍY%h i|yd fojk ld¾h mÍY%h i|yd fojk ld¾h mÍY%h i|yd fojk ld¾h mÍY%h i|yd fojk ld¾h mÍY%h i|yd

² l%shdldrlug wod< iqÿiq ia:dkhla ld¾h mßY%h ilia lsÍu i|yd f;dard .kak'

² ld¾h mßY%fha my; i|yka øjH yd WmlrK ;nkak'

² úúO Wi ldâfndaâ fmÜá ;=kla fyda iqÿiq fjk;a wdfoaYl øjH ;=kla

² 10 N mrdihla we;s ÿkq ;rdÈhla

² 100 g " 200 g " 500 g ;rdÈ mä ;=kla

² Üjhska kq,a

² óg¾ fldaÿjla

² iq;%h i|yka ldâm;la

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ksmqK;dj 3'0ksmqK;dj 3'0ksmqK;dj 3'0ksmqK;dj 3'0ksmqK;dj 3'0 ( ( ( ( ( hdka;%sl Yla;sh tÈfkod ðú; lghq;= i|yd fhdod

.kshs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 3'3ksmqK;d uÜgu 3'3ksmqK;d uÜgu 3'3ksmqK;d uÜgu 3'3ksmqK;d uÜgu 3'3 ( ( ( ( ( ld¾h myiq lr .ekSfï úúO l%u fidhd n,hs'ld¾h myiq lr .ekSfï úúO l%u fidhd n,hs'ld¾h myiq lr .ekSfï úúO l%u fidhd n,hs'ld¾h myiq lr .ekSfï úúO l%u fidhd n,hs'ld¾h myiq lr .ekSfï úúO l%u fidhd n,hs'

l%shdldrlu 3'3l%shdldrlu 3'3l%shdldrlu 3'3l%shdldrlu 3'3l%shdldrlu 3'3 ((((( ir, hka;% .ek oek .ksuq' ld¾h myiq lr .ksuq'


.=Kd;aul fhojqï.=Kd;aul fhojqï.=Kd;aul fhojqï.=Kd;aul fhojqï.=Kd;aul fhojqï ((((( ² weuqKqu3'3'1g we;=<;a wdo¾Ykhg wjYH WmlrK

² weuqKqu 3'3'2gwe;=<;a lKavdhï .fõIKh i|yd



mßY% ;=kla

² weuqKqu 3'3'4g we;=<;a ir, hka;%j, rEm wvx.= m;%sldfõ

msgm;a ;=kla

² weuqKqu 3'3'5g we;=<;a ir, hka;% iy tkaðka ms<sn|

f;dr;=re m;%sldfõ msgm;a ;=kla



mshjr 3'3'1 mshjr 3'3'1 mshjr 3'3'1 mshjr 3'3'1 mshjr 3'3'1 ( ( ( ( ( ² msúiqï Wmfoiaj, i|yka .=re wdo¾Ykh mka;shg bosrsm;a

lrkak'

² ir, hka;% hkqfjka y÷kajkafka fudkjdoehs mka;sfhka

úuikak'

² m<uq jk j¾.fha ,Sjrhla m%o¾Ykh lr ta f;dr;=re jsuikak

² fo jk j¾.fha ,Sjrhla m%o¾Ykh lrkak' ta ms<sn| f;dr;=r

úuikak'

² ;=ka jk j¾.fha ,Sjrhla m%o¾Ykh lrkak' ta ms<sn|

f;dr;=re úuikak'


² ld¾h myiq lr .ekSug fhdod .kakd Wml%u ir,

hka;% f,i y÷kajk nj

² ,Sjrh ir, hka;%hla nj

² fhdok ,o n,h wdhdihwdhdihwdhdihwdhdihwdhdih f,i;a" fhofjk n,h NdrhNdrhNdrhNdrhNdrh

f,i;a" ,Sjrh N%uKh jk ,laIHh OrhOrhOrhOrhOrh f,i;a

y÷kajk nj

² wdhdih iy Ndrh fome;af;a;a Orh ueo;a msysgk

,Sjr m<uqjk j¾.fha ,Sjr f,i y÷kajk nj

² wdhdih yd Orh fome;af;a;a" Ndrh ueo;a msysgk

,Sjr fojk j¾.fha ,Sjr f,i y÷kajk nj

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² Ndrh iy Orh fome;af;a;a" wdhdih ueo;a msysgk

,Sjr ;=kajk j¾.fha ,Sjr f,i y÷kajk nj

² ir, hka;% fndfyduhla fuu ,Sjr ldKavj,ska

lsishï ldKavhlg wh;ajk nj

^ñks;a;= 15 hs&

mshjr 3'3'2mshjr 3'3'2mshjr 3'3'2mshjr 3'3'2mshjr 3'3'2 ( ² mx;sh l=vd lKavdhï ;=klg fnokak'


² .fõIK Wmfoia" äuhs lvodis iy meiag,aa lKavdhïj,g

,nd fokak'



^ñks;a;= 60 hs&

mshjr 3'3'3mshjr 3'3'3mshjr 3'3'3mshjr 3'3'3mshjr 3'3'3 ( ² l=vd lKavdhï jd¾;d iuia; mka;shg bÈßm;a lrjkak'


wjia:dj fokak'

² fiiq lKavdhïj, ixj¾Okd;aul fhdackd ,nd .kak'


² tÈfkod lghq;= i|yd nyq, j Ndú; lrk ir,

hka;% jeä m%udKhla ,Sjr ldKavj,g wh;a jk nj

² hka;%hl Ndrh" wdhdihg ork wkqmd;h tys hdka;%hdka;%hdka;%hdka;%hdka;%

jdishjdishjdishjdishjdish f,i y÷kajk nj

² hka;%hl wdhih .uka l< ÿr Ndrh .uka l< ÿrg

ork wkqmd;h tys m%fõ. wkqmd;h m%fõ. wkqmd;h m%fõ. wkqmd;h m%fõ. wkqmd;h m%fõ. wkqmd;h f,i y÷kajk

nj

² hdka;% jdish m%fõ. wkqmd;fhka fn¥ úg ,efnk

w.h hka;%fha ld¾hlaIu;djld¾hlaIu;djld¾hlaIu;djld¾hlaIu;djld¾hlaIu;dj f,i y÷kajk nj

² ld¾hlaIu;dj fndfydaúg m%;sY;hla f,i m%ldY

lrk nj

² blaukska ld¾h lr .ekSu i|yd tkaðka fhdod

.kakd nj

² ir, hka;%j,g idfmalaI j tkaðkaj, wmf;a hk

Yla;sh jeä neúka ld¾hlaIu;dj wvq nj

^ñks;a;= 45 hs&

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;lafiare yd we.hSï ks¾Kdhl ;lafiare yd we.hSï ks¾Kdhl ;lafiare yd we.hSï ks¾Kdhl ;lafiare yd we.hSï ks¾Kdhl ;lafiare yd we.hSï ks¾Kdhl (

² ir, hka;% i;= .=K meyeÈ,s lrhs'

² ir, hka;% Ndú;fhka ld¾h myiqfjka lr .; yels nj ms<s.kshs'

² tÈfkod lghq;= myiqfjka lr .ekSug ir, hka;% WÑ; wkaoñka Ndú;hg .kshs'

² f;dr;=re weiqfrka iïnkaO;d ,nd .kshs'

² tosfkod cSú;fha oS ld¾hhka myiqfjka yd M,odhS j bgq lr .kshs'


m<uqjk" fojk iy ;=kajk j¾.fha ,Sjr wdo¾Ykh lsÍu i|yd my; rEm igykaj,

oelafjk mßÈ wegjqï Ndú; lrkak' fï i|yd iqug ,E,a,la 50cm ×10cm× 2cm & fhdod

.kak' ,e,af,a fl<jrlg wdikakj yria w;g wÕ,a 1$4l muK lïìhla heúh yels

isÿrla ;kd .kak' ,e,af,a ueog wdikakj o" isÿr ke;s fl<jrg wdikakj o" fome;af;a

l=vd fldl= fol ne.ska iú lrkak' óg wu;r j 250g muK nr ,S l=Üáhla o 0 - 500&gmrdihla we;s ÿkq ;rdÈhla o" msys odrhla o Ndú; lrkak'

,Sjrfha Ñ;%h (,Sjrfha Ñ;%h (,Sjrfha Ñ;%h (,Sjrfha Ñ;%h (,Sjrfha Ñ;%h (

1 jk j¾.h 2 jk j¾.h 3 jk j¾.h

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² ir, hka;% ms<sn| f;dr;=re fiùu i|yd u;= i|yka ld¾hhka w;frka tlla flfrys

Tnf.a wjOdkh fhduq lrkak'

² m<uq jk j¾.fha ,Sjr ldKavhg wh;a ir, hka;% iy hka;% f;dr;=re fiùu

² fo jk j¾.fha ,Sjr ldKavhg wh;a ir, hka;% iy hka;% ms<sn| f;dr;=re fiùu

² ;=ka jk j¾.fha ,Sjr ldKavhg wh;a ir, hka;% iy hka;% ms<sn| f;dr;=re fiùu

² imhd we;s m;%sldfõ wvx.= ir, hka;% w;ßka Tfí lKavdhug § we;s ,Sjr ldKavhg

wh;a hka;% f;darkak'

² äuhs lvodisfha f;dard .;a hka;%j, o< igyka we| tys hka;%fha ku o" wdhdih"

Ndrh yd Orh o i<l=Kq lrkak'

² ld¾h mßY%fha we;s ir, hka;% iy tkaðka ms<sn| f;dr;=re m;%sldj úu¾Ykh lrkak'

² tu f;dr;=re weiqfrka Tn lKavdhug imhd we;s ir, hka;%fha hdka;% jdish" m%fõ.

wkqmd;h iy ld¾hlaIu;dj fiúug wod< ñkqï ,nd .kak' tu rdYSkaj, w.hhka

fidhd jd¾;d lrkak'



ld¾h mßY% ieliSu i|yd Wmfoiald¾h mßY% ieliSu i|yd Wmfoiald¾h mßY% ieliSu i|yd Wmfoiald¾h mßY% ieliSu i|yd Wmfoiald¾h mßY% ieliSu i|yd Wmfoia

my; i|yka WmlrK lÜg,h yd øjH ;nk ,o fïi ;=kla ilia lrkak'

² 250g la muK nr tla me;a;l fldlalla iú l< ;o ,S l=Üáhla

² ^ 0 - 500 &g nr lshúh yels ÿkq ;rdoshla

² óg¾ Nd.fha fldaÿ folla

² wdOdrlhla

² weuqKqu 3'3'4g we;=<;a hka;%j, rem igyka wvx.= m;%sldjla

² weuqKqu 3'3'5g we;=<;a ir, hka;% iy tkaðka ms<sn| f;dr;=re m;%sldjla

² m<uqjk wjYH;dj i|yka ld¾h mßY%fha wdk; ;,hla f,i fhdod .; yels

iqug ,E,a,la ^50cm × 10cm × 2cm & ;nkak'

² fojk wjYH;dj i|yka ld¾h mßY%fha pl%h iy wlaIH oKav ;nkak'

² f;jeks wjYH;dj i|yka ld¾h mßY%fha weuqKqu 3'3'5 ys we;=<;a lmams moaO;sh

;nkak'

weuqKqu 3'3'4'weuqKqu 3'3'4'weuqKqu 3'3'4'weuqKqu 3'3'4'weuqKqu 3'3'4'

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ir, hka;%j, rEm igykair, hka;%j, rEm igykair, hka;%j, rEm igykair, hka;%j, rEm igykair, hka;%j, rEm igyka

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ir, hka;% iy tkaðka ms<sn| f;dr;=reir, hka;% iy tkaðka ms<sn| f;dr;=reir, hka;% iy tkaðka ms<sn| f;dr;=reir, hka;% iy tkaðka ms<sn| f;dr;=reir, hka;% iy tkaðka ms<sn| f;dr;=re

ld¾h myiq lr .ekSu i|yd Ndú; lrk ir, hka;% j¾. y;rla we;' tajdkï ,sjrh"

wdk; ;,h" pl%h iy wlaIH oKav iy lmams moaO;s fõ' hka;%hlg fhdokq ,nk n,h

^ P & wdhdih f,i ye¢kafõ' ta u.ska jia;=j u; fhfok n,h W & Ndrh f,i ye¢ka

fõ' th N%uKh jk ,laIHh ^ F & Orh f,i ye¢ka fõ'

,sjr m%Odk j¾. ;=kla we;' tajd my; oelafjk mßÈ fõ'

m<uq jk j¾.fha fo jk j¾.fha ;=ka jk j¾.fha

,Sjrh ,Sjrh ,Sjrh

tÈfkod lghq;= myiq lr .ekSu i|yd úúO wdldrfha ,Sjr Ndú; flf¾'

wdk; ;,hwdk; ;,hwdk; ;,hwdk; ;,hwdk; ;,h

wdk; ;,h ir, hka;%hls' Wiska msysá ia:dkhlg fmdf<dj uÜgfï isg úYd, nrla

Tijd ;eîu ;ks mqoa.,fhl=g tljr lsÍu wmyiq ld¾hhls' kuq;a rEm igyfka fmkajd

we;s mßÈ wdk; j ,E,a,la ;nd nr tu ;,h Èf.a ;,a¨ lr f.k hdu myiq ld¾hhls'

fuys È fhÈh hq;= wdhdih p tiúh hq;= Ndrh w g jvd wvq fõ'

hka;%hl Ndrh wdhdihg ork wkqmd;h tys hdka;% jdish f,i ye¢kafõ'

hdka;% jdish =

wdhdih .uka l< ÿr Ndrh .uka l< ÿrg ork wkqmd;h hka;%fha m%fõ. wkqmd;h f,i

ye¢ka fõ'

m%fõ. wkqmd;h =

Ndrh

wdhdih

wdhih .uka l< ÿr

Ndrh .uka l< ÿr

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hka;%hla u; lrkq ,nk ld¾hfhka jeä m%udKhla msg;g ,nd .; yels kï t jeks

hka;%hla ld¾hlaIu hka;%hla f,i ye¢ka fõ' ld¾hlaIu;dj ukskq ,nkafka m%;sY;hla

jYfhks' hka;%hl ld¾hlaIu;dj my; oelafjk mßÈ ye¢ka fõ'

ld¾hlaIu;dj = × 100]

pl%h yd wlaI oKav (

.eUqre j,l we;s nrla fyda c,h by<g tieùu jeks l%shdjla fyda myiqfjka lr .ekSu

i|yd pl%h iy wlaI oKav Ndú; l< yels h' th by; rEm igyfka oelafjk wdldrfhka

fõ' w Ndrh tieúug fhÈh hq;= wdhdih p l=vd ksid ld¾hh myiq fõ' fuu ir,

hka;%h i|yd o wdk; ;,h hgf;a i|yka lr we;s wdldrhg hdka;% jdish" m%fõ.

wkqmd;h iy ld¾hlaIu;dj .Kkh l< yels h'

lmams moaO;s (

ir, hka;%hla f,i Ndú; l< yels tla;rd lmams moaO;shla by; rEmfha oelafõ' fuysÈ

o fhÈh hq;= wdhdih p " Ndrh w g jvd l=vd ksid ld¾hh myiq fõ' fuu ir, hka;%h

i|yd o wdk; ;,h hgf;a i|yka lr we;s wdldrhg hdka;% jdish" m%fõ. wkqmd;h iy

ld¾hlaIu;dj .Kkh l< yels h'

hdka;% jdish

m%fõ. wkqmd;h

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myr y;f¾ fmÜr,a tkaðumyr y;f¾ fmÜr,a tkaðumyr y;f¾ fmÜr,a tkaðumyr y;f¾ fmÜr,a tkaðumyr y;f¾ fmÜr,a tkaðu

tla is,skavrhl fmÜr,a tkaðul tla j¾.hl l%shdfõ wjia:d y;r my; rEm igykaj,

fmkajd we;'

msiagkfha by<g fyda my<g isÿ jk tla tla p,khla myrla stroke & f,i ye¢ka fõ'

m<uq myf¾ § is,skavrhg fmÜr,a iy jd; ñY%Kh weo .eksug msiagkh my<g .uka

lrhs' fo jeks myf¾ § ñY%Kh f;rmsu i|yd th by<g .uka lrhs' fmakqfjka

iemfhk mq<sÕ=fjka ñY%Kh oefjk neúka ;=ka jeks myf¾ § msiagkh úYd, n,hlska

my<g ;,a¨ lrkq ,efí' oejqkq jd;h is,skavrfhka msg lsßu i|yd isõ jeks myf¾ §

msiagkh by<g .uka lrhs'

w¨;a ñY%Kh we;=`M lsßug" is,skavrh uqød lsßug yd oejqkq jd;h msgùug ie,eiaúu

i|yd .e,fmk ld,j, § lmdg fol újD; j yd ixjD; j mj;S' tkaðu fõ.fhka l%shd

lrk úg fï iïmQ¾K l%shdj,sh ;;amrhg mKia jdrhla muK kej; kej; isÿ fõ'

ldìhqf¾grfhkatk fmÜr,a$jd;

ñY%Kh

we;=M jklmdgh

mq<sÕ= fmakqj

msgùïlmdgh

is,skavrh

msiagkh

jleá l|msiagkhmy<g w§

cj frdaoh

jleá l|(Crank Shaft)

jleá l|msiagkh by<g

;,a¨ lrhs

1' fm%arKh1' fm%arKh1' fm%arKh1' fm%arKh1' fm%arKhwe;=M jk

lmdgh újD; jwe;' msiagkhmy<g .ukalrhs' ñY%Khis,skavrh ;=<g

weo .kshs'

2' iïmSvkh2' iïmSvkh2' iïmSvkh2' iïmSvkh2' iïmSvkhlmdg folujeiS we;'msiagkhby<g .ukalrhs' ñY%KhiïmSvkh fõ'

3' cjh3' cjh3' cjh3' cjh3' cjhlmdg fol ujeiS we;'ñY%Kh mq<sÕ=jlauÕska oe,a fõ'msiagkh my<gf;rfma'

4' msgùu4' msgùu4' msgùu4' msgùu4' msgùumsgùfï lmdghújD;j we;'msiagkh by<gp,kh fõ'oejqkq jd;hmsg;g ;,alrhs'

msiagkhjleá l| iy

cj frdaohN%uKh jk mßÈ

;,a lrhs'

jleá l|msiagkh by<g

;,a¨ lrhs

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cj myf¾ § muKla jleá l| N%uKh jk f,i ;,a¨ flf¾' jleá l|g iú lr we;s

nr cj frdaoh uÕska wfkla myrj,a ;=k i|yd tkaðu N%uKh lrkq ,efí' fuh oejqkq

jd;h bj;a lsßug iy kejqï jd;h oeùu i|yd iqodkï lsßug wjYH fõ'

tkaðulg imhkq ,nk Yla;sfhka tla;rd m%udKhla m%fhdackj;a ld¾hhla njg

mßj¾;kh flf¾' b;sß Yla;sh ;dmh f,i wmf;a hhs' tkaðulska lrkq ,nk m%fhdackj;a

ld¾hh tys m%;sodk ld¾hh f,i ye¢ka fõ' tkaðka lsysmhl m%odk Yla;sh m%;sodk

ld¾h iy ld¾hlaIuj;d j my; oela fõ'

m%odk Yla;sh tkaðu m%;sodk ld¾hh ld¾hlaIu;dj

100J fmÜr,a 25J 25] 100J ãi,a 35J 35]

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ksmqK;dj 4'0ksmqK;dj 4'0ksmqK;dj 4'0ksmqK;dj 4'0ksmqK;dj 4'0 ( ( ( ( ( ;dmc Yla;sh uekSfï yd ixl%duKh lsrSfï l%u

Ndú;hg .kshs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 4'1ksmqK;d uÜgu 4'1ksmqK;d uÜgu 4'1ksmqK;d uÜgu 4'1ksmqK;d uÜgu 4'1 ( ( ( ( ( ;dm yqjudrej ksid isoq jk WIaK;aj fjkiajSï ukshs' ;dm yqjudrej ksid isoq jk WIaK;aj fjkiajSï ukshs' ;dm yqjudrej ksid isoq jk WIaK;aj fjkiajSï ukshs' ;dm yqjudrej ksid isoq jk WIaK;aj fjkiajSï ukshs' ;dm yqjudrej ksid isoq jk WIaK;aj fjkiajSï ukshs'

l%shdldrlu 4'1l%shdldrlu 4'1l%shdldrlu 4'1l%shdldrlu 4'1l%shdldrlu 4'1 ((((( WIaK;ajudk .ek fidhuq' WIaK;ajh uksuq'


.=Kd;aul fhojqï.=Kd;aul fhojqï.=Kd;aul fhojqï.=Kd;aul fhojqï.=Kd;aul fhojqï (((((



² weuqKqu4'1'2g we;=<;a Wmfoia wkqj ilia l< fmdoq fïihla

² weuqKqu 4'1'3g we;=<;a WIaK;ajudk ms<sn| f;dr;=re




mshjr 4'1'1 mshjr 4'1'1 mshjr 4'1'1 mshjr 4'1'1 mshjr 4'1'1 ( ( ( ( ( ² whsia leg oud isis,a l, c,h ldur WIaK;ajfha we;s

c,h iy WKqiqï c,h iys; Ndck ;=kla fïih u;

;nkak'

² iafõÉPdfjka bosrsm;a jk isiqfjla yg jï w;

WKq c,h fíiu ;=<;a ol=Kq w; isis,aa c,h fíiu ;=<;a

.s,ajd ál fõ,djla ;nd Tyqg oefkk foa

úia;r lsßug i,iajkak'

² bkamiq w;a fol tlajr u ldur WYak;ajfha we;s c,h

Ndckh ;=< we;s c,fha nyd ju;g yd ol=K;g oefkk

ixfõokhka meyeÈ,s lsÍug i,iajkak'

² ;j;a isiqka fofofkl=g tu l%shdj,sfha u ksr; j woyia

oelaùug i,iajkak'

² l%shdldrlug wod< j isiqka ;sfokdf.a woyia

úuikak'


fufyhjkak'

² m<uq wjia:dfõ § ol=K;g yd ju;g Ndck foflys

we;s WKqiqfï fjki y÷kd .; yels nj

² fojk wjia:dfõ § w;a folg tlu c,fha WKqiqu

ms<sn| fjkia ixfõokhla oefkk nj

² w;g oefkk ixfõokh Bg fmr w; yqrej mej;s

WKqiqï ;;a;ajh u; r|d mj;sk nj

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² ixfõokh WKqiqu uekSug iqÿiq l%uhla fkdjk nj

² n÷ka ;=fkys WKqiqu ms<sn| j isiqka ;sfokdg ,enqKq

ixfõok tlsfklg fjkia nj

² WKqiqu jeä ;ekl isg WKqiqu wvq ;ekla lrd ;dmh

.,d hk nj

² WKqiqu uekSu i|yd iqÿiq l%ufõohla yd WmlrK

Ndú;hg .; hq;= nj

^ñks;a;= 15 hs&

mshjr 4'1'2mshjr 4'1'2mshjr 4'1'2mshjr 4'1'2mshjr 4'1'2 ((((( ² mx;sh l=vd lKavdhï ;=klg fnokak'

² .fõIK Wmfoia" äuhs lvodis iy meiag,aa lKavdhïj,g

,nd fokak'



^ñks;a;= 60 hs&

mshjr 4'1'3 (mshjr 4'1'3 (mshjr 4'1'3 (mshjr 4'1'3 (mshjr 4'1'3 ( ² l=vd lKavdhï wkdjrK iuia; mka;shg bÈßm;a lrjkak'


wjia:dj fokak'



² c, ñY%Kfha" øj báj, iy YÍrfha mj;sk WKqiqï

;;ajh m%ldY lsÍu i|yd WIaK;ajh kï rdYsh

fhdod .kakd nj

² WIaK;ajh uekSu i|yd WmlrKhla f,i øj- ùÿre

WIaK;ajudk Ndú; l< yels nj

² øj - ùÿre WIaK;ajudk ks¾udKh lsÍfï §

WIaK;ajudk øjh jYfhka riÈh iy uoHidr Ndú;

lrk nj

² WIaK;ajh uekSug fi,aishia fyj;a fikaáf.%aâ

mßudKh Ndú; l< yels nj

² fikaáf.%aâ mßudKhg wkqj WIaK;ajh 0C j,ska

m%ldY l< hq;= nj

² WIaK;ajh uekSug *erkayhsÜ mßudKh Ndú; l<

yels nj

² *erkayhsÜ mßudKhg wkqj WIaK;ajh 0F j,ska

m%ldY l< hq;= nj

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² WIaK;ajh uekSug úúO mrdi iys; WIaK;ajudk

we;s nj

² ffjoH WIaK;ajudkfha igyka jq WIaK;ajfhka

riÈh mg wdmiaig fkdhk mßÈ flaYsl isÿf¾ ishqï

keïula we;s nj

² fi,aishia mßudKh - 2730C isg 15000"0000C olajd

úysfok nj

² -2730C g wkqrem WIaK;ajh ksrfmalaI Y+kH f,i

y÷kajk nj

² -2730C ka mgka .kakd WIaK;aj mßudKh fl,aúka

mßudKh f,i y÷kajk nj

² WIaK;ajh uekSfï wka;¾cd;sl tallh fl,aúkh

^K& nj

^ñks;a;= 45 hs&


² WIaK;aj mßudK úia;r lrhs'

² jia;=jl fyda øjhl WIaK;ajh ksjerÈ j uekSug WIaK;ajudkhla wjYH nj

ms<s.kshs'

² .e,fmk WIaK;ajudkh f;dard .ksñka WIaK;ajh ksjerÈ j ukshs'

² f;dr;=re wdY%s; j kj iïnkaO;d fidhd .kshs'

² WmlrK ksjerÈ j mßyrKh lrhs'

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² úúO WIaK;ajudk Ndú;fhka WIaK;ajh uekSu yd tajd ms<sn| f;dr;=re fiùu i|yd

u;= i|yka ld¾hhka w;frka Tfí lKavdhug mejfrk ld¾hfhys ksr; jkak'

² c, ñY%Kfha WIaK;ajh uekSu

² báj, o%jdxlh uekSu

² YÍr WIaK;ajh uekSu

² Tng mejÍ we;s ld¾h i|yd wod< WmlrK fmdÿ fïifhka f;dard .kak'

² Tn f;dard .;a WIaK;ajudk fyd¢ka ksÍlaIKh lrkak'

² WIaK;ajudk ms<sn| f;dr;=re m;%sldj weiqfrka tla tla WIaK;ajudkh iïnkaO j

f;dr;=re /ia lr .kak'

² Tng mjrd we;s ld¾hh i|yd iqÿiq WIaK;ajudkhla f;dard .kak'

² Tfí f;dard .ekSsug fya;= bÈßm;a lrkak'

² § we;s ;;a;aj hgf;a tu jia;=fõ$øjfha$øjHfha WIaK;ajh uek jd¾;d lrkak'

² WIaK;ajh uekSfï wka;¾cd;sl tallh ms<sn| f;dr;=re fidhkak'



fmdÿ fïih ilia lsÍug Wmfoiafmdÿ fïih ilia lsÍug Wmfoiafmdÿ fïih ilia lsÍug Wmfoiafmdÿ fïih ilia lsÍug Wmfoiafmdÿ fïih ilia lsÍug Wmfoia

² my; i|yka øjH yd WmlrK ;nd fmdÿ fïihla ilia lrkak'

² ^ 00 - 500&C uoHidr - ùÿre WIaK;ajudk ;=kla

² ^00 - 1000&C riÈh - ùÿre WIaK;ajudk ;=kla

² ^320 - 2120&F riÈh - ùÿre WIaK;ajudk ;=kla

² ffjoH WIaK;ajudkhla ^fikaáf.%aâ fyda *erkayhsÜ&

² weuqKqu 4'1'3 g we;=<;a WIaK;ajudk ms<sn| f;dr;=re m;%sldfõ msgm;a ;=kla

² äuhs lvodishla iy meiag,a

² 3$4la muK we,a c,h msrjQ 600ml îlrhla iy WKq c,h fldamamhla

muK imhkak'

² 1$3 muK báj,ska msrjq lelEreï k<hla" c, îlrhla" uka:hla

wdOdrlhla" f;mdjla iy odylhla imhkak'

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WIaK;ajudk ms<sn| f;dr;=reWIaK;ajudk ms<sn| f;dr;=reWIaK;ajudk ms<sn| f;dr;=reWIaK;ajudk ms<sn| f;dr;=reWIaK;ajudk ms<sn| f;dr;=re

úoHd.dr lghq;= i|yd nyq, j Ndú; lrk WIaK;ajudkhla m<uq jeks rEm igyfka

oela fõ' >klï ùÿre l|lska o" isyska flaYsl k<hl fl<jr l=vd n,anhla isákfia o"

fuu WIaK;ajudk ks¾udKh lr we;' WIaK;ajudk øjh jYfhka riÈh Ndú; flf¾'

wvq WIaK;aj mrdihka uekSu i|yd WIaK;ajudk øjh jYfhka uoHidr Ndú; lrk

wjia:d we;'

4&

3&

riÈh

fi,aishiamßudKh

fl,aúkaamßudKh

ksrfmalaI Y+kH

ysref.a uOHfha

ysref.a u;=msg

pdm fj,aäul

oe,afjk n,anhl iQ;%sldj

øjdxlfha we;s hlvj,

nkaika oe,a,l

kgk c,fha

jd¾;d jQ jeäu jdhqf.da,ShWIaK;ajh uelaisfldaj&ñksia isref¾tlai;a rdcOdksfha WKqiqï Èkhl

øj jk whsiaj,

b;d iS;, Èkhl

riÈfha ysudxlh

jd¾;d jQ wju jdhqf.da,ShWIaK;ajh wekagd¾áldj&

Tlaiscka øj njg m;afjk

ksrfmalaI Y+kH

n,anh

riÈh

riÈh mg

1&ñksia isref¾ idudkH WIaK;ajh

2& ishqï keïu

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WIaK;ajh ueksh hq;= øjH$øjh WIaK;ajudk n,anfhka iam¾Y l< úg riÈh m%idrKh

jk neúka flaYsl isÿr Èf.a riÈh .uka lrhs' isÿf¾ b;sß fldgfia we;af;a ßla;hls'

WIaK;ajudk l%udxlkh lsÍu i|yd fkdfjkia j mj;sk WIaK;aj ;;a;aj folla Ndú;

flf¾' tajd wp, ,laIH f,i ye¢ka fõ'

my< wp, ,laIHh ( jdhqf.da,Sh mSvkh ^ 760 mmHg & hgf;a Èh fjñka mj;sk

whsiaj, WIaK;ajh my< wp, ,laIHh f,i fhdod f.k we;'

by< wp, ,laIHh ( jdhqf.da,sh mSvkh ^ 760 mmHg & hgf;a kgk c,fha yqud,fha

WIaK;ajh by< wp, ,laIHh f,i fhdod f.k we;'

WIaK;ajh uekSug nyq,j fhdod .kakd WIaK;aj mßudK folla we;' tajd kï fi,aishia

fyj;a fikaáf.%aâ mßudKh iy *erkayhsÜ mßudKhhs'

fikaáf.%aâ mßudKhg wkqj my< wp, ,laIHh 00 f,i o" by< wp, ,laIHh 1000 f,i

o f.k ta w;r mr;rh iudk fldgia ishhlg fnod we;' bka tl fldgila fikaáf.%aâ

wxYl 1la fõ' th 10 C f,i i|yka flf¾'

*erkayhsÜ mßudKhg wkqj my< wp, ,laIHh 320 f,i o" by< wp, ,laIHh 2120 f,i

o f.k ta w;r mr;rh iudk fldgia 180lg fnod we;' bka tl fldgila *erkayhsÜ

wxYl 1la fõ' th 10F f,i i|ykA flf¾ '

riÈhj, ysudxlh - 390C o ;dmdxlh 3570C o fõ' tuksid riÈh WIaK;ajudk ie,lsh

hq;= WIaK;aj mrdihla ;=< Ndú; l< yels h' uoHidrj, ysudxlh -1150C o ;dmdxlh

600C o fõ' tuksid uoHidr WIaK;ajudk wvq WIaK;aj ;;a;aj uekSug Ndú; l< yels

jqj o jeä WIaK;aj ;;a;ajhka uekSug Ndú; l< fkdyels h'

fo jk rEm igyfka fmkajd we;af;a ffjoH WIaK;ajudkhls' fuh ñksia isref¾

WIaK;ajh uekSug Ndú; lrk úfYaI j¾.fha riÈh WIaK;ajudkhls' tys mßudKh

ñksia isref¾ idudkH WIaK;ajh jk 370C g jvd wxYl lsysmhla fomig isák mßÈ

ilia lr we;' WIaK;ajudkfha n,anhg uola Tífnka flaYsl isÿf¾ ishqï keïula we;'

t uÕska bÈßhg .sh riÈh mg kej; n,anh ;=<g hEu j<lajhs' tuksid WIaK;ajudkh

frda.shdf.a láka msg;g .;a miq j WIaK;aj mdGdxlh lshùug mq`Mjk' kej; Ndú;

lrk úg riÈh mg keïfuka wdmiaig heùu i|yd WIaK;ajudkh fyd¢ka .eiaish hq;=

h'

fi,aishia mßudKhg wkqj WIK;aj mrdihla ;=ka fjks rEm igyfka fmkajd we;'

igyka jk wju WIaK;ajh -2730C la fõ' fuu WIaK;ajfhka wdrïN jk WIaK;aj

mßudKhla we;' tu WIaKa;j mßudKh fl,aúka mßudKh f,i ye¢kafõ' tu mßudKhg

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wkqj WIaK;ajh fl,aúkaj,ska ukskq ,efí' th K wlaIrfhka ixfla;j;a fõ'

-2730C } OK fõ' fuu WIaK;ajh ksrfmalaI Y+kH f,i o ye¢kafõ' WIaK;ajh uekSfï

wka;¾cd;sl tallh K fõ' fi,aishia mßudKhg wkqj Wmßu WIaK;ajh 15"000"0000Cfõ' th ysref.a uOHfha WIaK;ajhhs'

fi,aishia mßudKfha;a" fl,aúka mßudKfha;a WIaK;aj ;;a;aj lsysmhla y;r fjks rEm

igyfka fmkajd we;'

WIaK;ajudkhla Ndú; lsÍfï § th l%udxlkh lr we;s WIaK;aj mrdih ;=< muKla

WIaK;ajh ueksug fhdod .; hq;= h' WIaK;ajh wod< mrdih blaujd .shfyd;a

WIaK;ajudkhg ydks isÿ úh yels h' fkdokakd WIaK;ajhla uekSfï § wdrlaIdj i|yd

m<uq j jeä mrdihla iys; WIaK;ajudkhla Ndú; lr" bka miqj wod< WIaK;ajhg

.e,fmk mrdihla we;s WIaK;ajudkhla Ndú; lsÍu jvd;a fhda.Hh'

wvq WIaK;aj m%udK uekSfï § wod< mrdihg .e,fmk WIaK;ajudkhla f;dard .ekSfuka

WIaK;ajh jvd ksrjoH j ueksh yels h'

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ksmqK;dj 4'0ksmqK;dj 4'0ksmqK;dj 4'0ksmqK;dj 4'0ksmqK;dj 4'0 ( ( ( ( ( ;dmc Yla;sh uekSfï yd ixl%duKh lsÍfï l%u

Ndú;hg .kshs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 4'2ksmqK;d uÜgu 4'2ksmqK;d uÜgu 4'2ksmqK;d uÜgu 4'2ksmqK;d uÜgu 4'2 ( ( ( ( ( jia;=jla ,nd .kakd ;dm m%udKh .Kkh lrhs'jia;=jla ,nd .kakd ;dm m%udKh .Kkh lrhs'jia;=jla ,nd .kakd ;dm m%udKh .Kkh lrhs'jia;=jla ,nd .kakd ;dm m%udKh .Kkh lrhs'jia;=jla ,nd .kakd ;dm m%udKh .Kkh lrhs'

l%shdldrlu 4'2l%shdldrlu 4'2l%shdldrlu 4'2l%shdldrlu 4'2l%shdldrlu 4'2 ( ( ( ( ( WKqiqfï fjki ;=<ska ;dm m%udKh fidhd .ksuq'

ld,hld,hld,hld,hld,h ( ( ( ( ( ñks;a;= 120 hs'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï.=Kd;aul fhojqï.=Kd;aul fhojqï.=Kd;aul fhojqï.=Kd;aul fhojqï ((((( ² weuqKqu 4'2'1g we;=<;a l%shdldrlu i|yd wjYH WmlrK



² weuqKqu 4'2'3 g we;=<;a Wmfoia wkqj ilia l< fmdoq

fïih



mshjr 4'2'1 mshjr 4'2'1 mshjr 4'2'1 mshjr 4'2'1 mshjr 4'2'1 ((((( ² weuqKqu 4'2'1 wegjqu mka;shg bosrsm;a lrkak'

² WIak;ajudkj, mdGdxl lshjd mka;shg fmfkk mßÈ

igyka lsÍug isiqka ;sfofkl= fhdojkak

² l=vd c, îlr fol WKq c, n\qk ;=, tlúg .s,ajkak'

² ksYaÑ; ld,hlg miq A, B,C WIaK;ajudkj, mdGdxl

lshjd uq,a mdGdxl háka fojk mdGdxl f,i ms<sfj,ska

igyka lsÍug isiqka fhduq lrjkak'

² A, B WIaK;ajudkj, igykajk WIaK;aj jeä$wvq

ùïj,g fya;= isiqkaf.ka úuikak'


² wdrïNfha § A yd B îlrj, WIaK;ajh iudk jQ nj

² WKq c,h iys; fødaksldfõ ;enQ úg A yd B ys

WIaK;aj by< hdu wdrïN jQ nj

² B ys WIaK;ajh jeä ùu fõ.j;a jk nj

² A yd B îlr fofl ys we;s c, ialkaOj, fjki"

WIaK;ajh jeä ùfï fjkig fya;= úh yels nj

² ;dmh" WIaK;ajh jeä ;ekl isg WIak;ajh wvq

;ekla olajd ixl%ukh jk Yla;s m%fNAohla jk nj

² c,fødaKsldj u.ska ;dmh msg lsÍu ksid tys

WIaK;ajh wvq jk nj

² wjg mßirhg isÿ jk ;dm ydksh wju lr .ekSug

ms<shï fhÈh yels nj

² jia;=jlska ,nd .kakd fyda msg lrk ;dm m%udKh

flfrys n,mdk idOl fidhd ne,Su wjYH jk nj

^ñks;a;= 15 hs&

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^ñks;a;= 60 hs&


lrjkak'


fokak'



² ksYaÑ; ;dm m%Njhla ld, tall foll§ ckkh lrk

;dm m%udKh ld, tall tll § ckkh lrk ;dm

m%udKh fuka fo.=Khla nj

² tlu øjHfha úúO ialkaOj, WIaK;ajh iudk

m%udKhlska by< kexùug .; jk ld, mrdihka

wiudk nj

² øjHfha ialkaOh jeä lrk úg WIaK;ajh iudk

m%udKhlska by< kexùug ,nd Èh hq;= ;dm m%udKh"

ialkaOhg iudkqmd;sl j jeä jk nj ^Q ∝ m nj&

² úúO øjHj, iudk ialkaOj, WIaK;ajh iudk

m%udKhlska by< kexùug .; jk ld,h fjkia jk

nj

² øjHl tall ialkaOhl WIaK;ajh

fl,aúka$fi,Aishia wxYl tllska by< kexùug ,nd

Èh hq;= ;dm m%udKh tu øjH fha úYsIag ;dm

Odß;djh f,i w¾: oelafjk nj

² øjHj, úYsIag ;dm Odß;dj jeä jk úg iudk

ialkaOj, WIaK;ajh iudk m%udKhlska by<

kexùug ,nd Èh hq;= ;dm m%udKh úYsIag ;dm Odß;d

w.hg iudkqmd;sl j jeä jk nj Q ∝ c nj&

² tlu øjHfha ksh; ialkaOhla fjkia WIaK;aj

mrdij,g r;a lsÍug .; jk ld,h fjkia jk nj

² ksh; ialkaOhlska hq;a tl u øjHhl jeä jk

WIaK;aj mrdihg iudkqmd;sl j ,nd Èh hq;= ;dm

m%udKh jeä jk nj Q ∝ θ nj&

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² jia;=jla u.ska ,nd .kakd fyda msglrk ;dm m%udKh

tys

² ialkaOh

² úYsIaG ;dm Odrs;dj

² WIak;aj fjki u; r\ mj;sk nj

² Q = mcθ jk nj

² ;dm m%udKh ^Q& uekSfï ñkqï tallh cq,h ^J& f,i

oelaúh hq;= nj

² úYsIag ;dm Odß;dfõ ñkqï tallh fl,aúkhg

lsf,da.a?uhg cQ, Jkg -1 K-1 & f,i oelaúh hq;= nj

² jia;=jl WIaK;ajh 1 K lska by< kexùSug wjYH

;dm m%udKh jia;=fõ ;dm Odrs;dj f,i y|qkajk nj

² ;dmOdß;dfõ ñkqï tallh fl,ajskhg cQ, ^J K-1&

f,i oelaúh hq;= nj

² øjH i;= úYsIag ;dmOdß;d .=K tÈfkod ðú;fha

isÿùï yd Ndú;j, § fhdod .efkk nj

² ;dm m%udKh .Kkh lsÍfï l=i,;d m%.=K l< hq;=

nj

^ñks;a;= 45 hs&


² jia;=jla ,nd .kakd ;dm m%udKh flfrys n,mdk idOl m%ldY lrhs'

² ;dmh yd iïnkaO øjH Ndú;fha § úYsIag ;dm Odß;d ms<sn| oekqu wjYH nj

ms<s.kshs'

² wjYH o;a; ,nd ÿka úg ;dm m%udKh ksjerÈ j .Kkh lrhs'

² msiSfï § bkaOk wrmsßuisk n÷ka Ndú;hg fhdackd bÈßm;a lrhs'

² ksÍlaIK yd o;a; mokï lr .ksñka ksjerÈ ks.ukj,g t<efò'

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² iudk îlr folla f.k bka tllg 100 ml la o wfklg 50 ml la o ne.ska isis,a

c,h mqrjkak'

² ms<sfj,ska tu îlr folg A yd B WIaK;ajudk we;=`M lrkak'

² úYd, c,fødaKsldjl$fíiul WKqiqï c,h wvla muK mqrjkak'

Α Β Α Β C

wdOdrl

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² jia;=jla ,nd .kakd ;dm m%udKh my; oelafjk idOl wkqj fjkia jk whqre

fidhd ne,Su Tng mejf¾

² ;dmh ,nd.kakd ialkaOh;dmh ,nd.kakd ialkaOh;dmh ,nd.kakd ialkaOh;dmh ,nd.kakd ialkaOh;dmh ,nd.kakd ialkaOh

² ;dmh ,nd .kakd o%jH;dmh ,nd .kakd o%jH;dmh ,nd .kakd o%jH;dmh ,nd .kakd o%jH;dmh ,nd .kakd o%jH

² jia;=j m;ajk WIak;aj wka;rhjia;=j m;ajk WIak;aj wka;rhjia;=j m;ajk WIak;aj wka;rhjia;=j m;ajk WIak;aj wka;rhjia;=j m;ajk WIak;aj wka;rh

² Tng wod< ld¾h i|yd wjYH øjH yd WmlrK fmdÿ fïifhka f;dard .kak'

² Tng mejfrk idOlh fjkia lrñka b;sß idOl fol ksh;j ;nd f.k ;dmh ,nd

fokak'

² ;dmh ,nd §ug .;jk ld,hka uek .kak'

² ;dmlh lsishï ld,hla ;=, ,nd ÿka ;dm m%udKh ;dmh ,nd ÿka ld,hg iudkqmd;sl

nj i<lkak'

² ,nd ÿka ;dm m%udKh iy Tng ,eî we;s idOlh w;r iïnkaOhla mj;skafka oehs

fidhd ne,Su i|yd lKavdhu ;=, idlÉPdjla f.dv k`.kak'



fmdÿ fïih iliA lsÍu i|yd Wmfoiafmdÿ fïih iliA lsÍu i|yd Wmfoiafmdÿ fïih iliA lsÍu i|yd Wmfoiafmdÿ fïih iliA lsÍu i|yd Wmfoiafmdÿ fïih iliA lsÍu i|yd Wmfoia

² u;= i|yka WmlrK yd øjH we;=<;a fmdÿ fïihla ilia lrkak'

² îlrhla 400 ml & ;=kla

² WIaK;ajudka ^0 - 1000C& ;=kla

² f;o~q ;=,d$;eá ;=,d$uqM;ekaf.hs ;rdÈ ;=kla

² ;dm m%Nj nkaika odyl$iam%S;= ,dïmq & ;=kla

² ld,h uekSug Trf,daiqjla ^w;a Trf,daiq$úrdu >áld& ;=kla

² c,h

² .sks fmÜá

² fmd,af;,a jeks úYsIag ;dm Odß;dj fjkia

øjhla

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ksmqK;dj 4'0ksmqK;dj 4'0ksmqK;dj 4'0ksmqK;dj 4'0ksmqK;dj 4'0 ((((( ;dmc Yla;sh uekSfï yd ixl%dukh lsrSfï l%u

Ndú;hg .kshs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 4'3ksmqK;d uÜgu 4'3ksmqK;d uÜgu 4'3ksmqK;d uÜgu 4'3ksmqK;d uÜgu 4'3 ((((( ;dmc Yla;sh ld¾hlaIu j fhdod .kshs';dmc Yla;sh ld¾hlaIu j fhdod .kshs';dmc Yla;sh ld¾hlaIu j fhdod .kshs';dmc Yla;sh ld¾hlaIu j fhdod .kshs';dmc Yla;sh ld¾hlaIu j fhdod .kshs'

l%shdldrlu 4'3l%shdldrlu 4'3l%shdldrlu 4'3l%shdldrlu 4'3l%shdldrlu 4'3 ((((( ;dmc ixl%udKh isÿjkafka flfia oehs fidhuq' n,uq'


.=Kd;aul fhojqï.=Kd;aul fhojqï.=Kd;aul fhojqï.=Kd;aul fhojqï.=Kd;aul fhojqï ((((( ² weuqKqu 4'3'1g we;=<;a msúiqï Wmfoia m;s%ldfõ msgm;la



² weuqKqu 4'3'3g we;=<;a Wmfoia wkqj ilia l< ld¾h mßY%

;=kla'

² weuqKqu 4'3'4g we;=<;a ;dm ixl%duKh ms<sn| f;dr;=re

m;%sldfõ msgm;a ;=khs'

² rn¾ fnda, myla



mshjr 4'3'1 mshjr 4'3'1 mshjr 4'3'1 mshjr 4'3'1 mshjr 4'3'1 ((((( ² weuqKqu 4'3'1 l%shdldrlfuys isiqka ksr; lrjkak'

² isiqka fhdod .kakd l%u l`M,E,af,ys igyka lsÍug

Wmfoia fokak'


fufyhjkak'

² m<uq l%uhg fnda,h udre lsÍfï § fnda,h w;sk;

.uka lrk w;r isiqka isá ;ek u bkakd nj

² fojk l%ufha § fnda,h" th w;e;s isiqjd o iuÕ

bÈßfha isg miqmi olajd .uka l< nj

² f;jk l%ufha § w;rueÈ isiqkaf.a iyNd.s;ajhla

fkdue;s j fnda,h wdrïNl ia:dkfha isg wjidkh

olajd .uka lrk nj

² ;dmh .uka lsÍfï §;a ixl%duKfha§;a & fï wdldrfhka

úúO l%u Ndú;hg .kafkaoehs fidhd ne,sh yels nj

^ñks;a;= 15 hs&







^ñks;a;= 60 hs&

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lrjkak'


fokak'



² hlv oKafâ oe,a,g wdikakfha ;snQ bá ìkaÿj m<uqfjka

o bkamiq B<Õ bá ìkaÿj o f,i l%ufhka øjùfuka

w,afmfk;a;s .e,ù .sh nj

² hlv oKafâ r;a jQ fl<jf¾ isg wfkla fl<jr olajd

;dmh ixl%uKh ù we;s nj

² udOHhl wxY=j, p,khla fkdue;sj wxY= ;=<ska tla;rd

ÈYdjlg ;dmh ixl%uKh ùu ;dm ikakhkh f,i

y÷kajk nj

² ,S oKav ;=<ska ;dmh .uka fkd lrk ksid bá øj ùu

isÿ fkdjqkq nj

² ;dmh .uka fkd lrk øjH ;dm mßjdrl f,i y÷kajk

nj

² oe,a jQ y÷kal+frka msg jk ÿï fnda;,h ;=,g .uka l<

nj

² oe,a, wi, ;snQ jd;h r;a ùu ksid >k;ajh wvq ù

by<g .uka lrk nj

² øj jQ fldkaäia leg r;a jSu ksid >k;ajh wvq ù by<g

.uka lrk nj

² >k;ajh wvq jk wxY= by,g .uka lrk úg by< we;s

>k;ajh jeä wxY= my<g .uka lrk nj iy tu pl%Sh

l%shdj,sh ixjyk Odrd f,i kï lrk nj

² r;a ùu ksid by<g p,kh jk jd; wxY= iy øj wxY=

uÕska ;dmh ixl%uKh jk nj

² wxY= .uka lrñka ;dmh ixl%uKh ùu ;dm ixjykh

f,i y÷kajk nj

² udOHfha wxY=j, iyNd.s;ajhla fkdue;sj tla ia:dkhl

isg ;j;a ia:dkhlg ;dmh ixl%uKh ùu ;dm úlsrKh

kï jk nj

² ffoksl ðú;fha uq`M;ekaf.hs msiSfï lghq;= jeks

wjia:dj, È ;dm ikakhkh M,odhS f,i Ndú;hg

.kakd nj

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² jdhqf.da,fha we;s jk ixjyk Odrd mßirfha isÿ jk

f.dviq<x" uqyqÿ iq<x iy ld,.=K fjkia ùï jeks

ixisoaëka flfrys n,mdk nj

² mDÓú lfnd,g we;=,;ska ;sfnk ú,hkh jQ mdIdK

;=, yg .kakd ixjyk Odrd fya;=fjka N+ ia:r p,kh

ùu iy N+ñlïmd we;s jk nj

² ysia wjldYhla yryd iQ¾h ;dmh fmdf<djg m;s; jkafka

úlsrKfhka nj

^ñks;a;= 45 hs&


² ;dmc ixl%duK isÿ jk l%u ;=k meyeÈ,s lrhs'

² mßirfha isÿ jk ;dmc ixl%duKhka ffcjf.da,fha meje;au i|yd jeo.;a jk nj

ms<s.kshs'

² ;dmc ixl%duKh wdo¾Ykh i|yd iqÿiq wegjqï ilia lrhs'

² wjg mßirfha we;s jk ixisoaê meyeÈ,s lsÍug fya;= idOl u;= lrhs'

² iajdNdúl ixisoaë ;¾ldkql+,j ú.%y lrhs


² mx;sfha isiqka fma,s lsysmhlg isgqjd ;nkak' my; ksoiqfka mßÈ&

.=rejrhd

⊗ ⊗ ⊗ ⊗ ⊗ × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × ×

² bosrsfhka u isák isiqjd kdhlhd f,i kï lrkak'

² kdhlhdg rn¾ fnda,h ,nd § th wjidkhg u isák isiqjd w;g m;a lsÍug Wmfoia

fokak'

² tla tla lKavdhu ta i|yd fhdod .kakd Wml%uh l`M,E,af,a igyka lrjkak'

Wod(- tla tla isiqjd yryd fnda,h w;ska w; heùu hkdÈ f,i

² isiqka fhdod .;a l%u idlÉPd lsÍfï § my; oelafjk m%Odk l%u ;=k biau;= lrjkak'

² tla tla YsIHhd yryd fnda,h w;ska w; msgqmi YsIHhd olajd heùu'

² kdhlhd fnda,h w;ska f.k wka;su YsIHhd olajd weúo f.diska$ÿj f.k f.diska

fnda,h ,nd §u'

² kdhlhd w; we;s fnda,h fl,ska u wjidk isiqjd fj; Wäka úislsÍu$ìu Èf.a

heùu'

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² ;dm ixl%duKh isÿjk wdldrh ms<sn| fidhd ne,Su i|yd u;= i|yka ld¾hhka

w;frka Tfí lKavdhug mejfrk ld¾hfhys ksr; jkak'

² o~q ;=<ska ;dmh .uka lsrSu'

² jd;h ;=<ska ;dmh .uka lsrSu'

² c,h ;=<ska ;dmh .uka lsrSu'

² Tn lKavdhug imhd we;s WmlrK yd øjH fyd¢ka mÍlaId lrkak'

² Tng mejÍ we;s ld¾hh bgq lsÍu i|yd imhd we;s WmlrK yd øjH weiqfrka iqÿiq

wegjqula ilia lrkak'

² .=re;=ud$.=re;=ñhg Tn ilia l< wegjqu fmkajkak'

² wegjqu l%shd;aul lr Tfí ksÍlaIK igyka lr .kak'

² ksÍlaIK weiqfrka t<efUk ks.uk igyka lr .kak'

² Tn lKavdhfï wkdjrK iuia; mka;shg bÈßm;a lsÍug iQodkï jkak'

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ld¾h mßY% ilia lsÍu i|yd Wmfoiald¾h mßY% ilia lsÍu i|yd Wmfoiald¾h mßY% ilia lsÍu i|yd Wmfoiald¾h mßY% ilia lsÍu i|yd Wmfoiald¾h mßY% ilia lsÍu i|yd Wmfoia

² mjrk,o ld¾hhka wkqj tla tla ld¾h mßY%j, fïihla u; my; i|yka WmlrK

yd øjH lÜg, ;nkak'

² .=rejrhdf.a myiqj i|yd wfmalaIs; wegjqfï o< ie,iqula o olajd we; th isiqkg

§u i|yd fkdjk nj i,lkak'

² m<uqjk ld¾hh i|yd

² 30 cm muK È. hlv l+rla

² by; hlvhg iudk È. yd yrialv

iys; oeä ,S oKavla

² we,afmfk;a;s

² f,dl= bámkaoï folla

² iam%S;= ,dïmq folla

² wdOdrl folla

² ldâfndaâ lE,s folla

² lvodis iy mekai,a

² fojk ld¾hh i|yd

² cEï fnda;,hla

² T yevhg lemq ldâfndaâ ;yvqjla

² bámkaoï lene,a,la

² nlÜ lïì lE,a,la

² y÷kal+re yhla

² .sksfmÜáhla

² ;=kajk ld¾hh i|yd

² jg wä ma,dial=jla

² f;mdj$lïì oe,

² c,h

² iam%S;=,dïmqjla

² fldkaäia iaMál lsysmhla

² l=vd Bhï fnda,hla yd fld, lene,a,la

bá ìkaÿ hlvh

w,afmfk;a;s

iam%S;=,dïmqj

,S oKav

wdOdrlh ldâfndaâ ;eáh

oe,ajQy÷kal+re

cEïfnda;,h

oe,a jQ bámkaou

T yevfhaldâfndaâlene,a,

Bhï fld,fhaT;d we;sfldkaäia leá

c,h

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;dm ixl%duKh ms<sn| f;dr;=re m;%sldj;dm ixl%duKh ms<sn| f;dr;=re m;%sldj;dm ixl%duKh ms<sn| f;dr;=re m;%sldj;dm ixl%duKh ms<sn| f;dr;=re m;%sldj;dm ixl%duKh ms<sn| f;dr;=re m;%sldj

² øjHhla ;=<ska ;dmh .uka lsßfï È øjHfha wxY=j, msysàu fjkia fkdù wxY=fjka

wxY=jg ;dmc ixl%duKh isÿ ùu ;dm ikakhkh f,i ye¢kafõ' iuyr øjH yryd

;dmh fyd¢ka .uka lrhs' tajd ;dm ikakdhl;dm ikakdhl;dm ikakdhl;dm ikakdhl;dm ikakdhl f,i ye¢ka fõ' ;dmh b;d ÿn, f,i

.uka lrk tajd ;dm mßjdrl;dm mßjdrl;dm mßjdrl;dm mßjdrl;dm mßjdrl f,i ye¢kafõ'

² øjj, yd jdhqj, WIaK;ajh jeäùfï § tajd m%idrKh fõ' túg >k;ajh wvq ùu ksid

r;a jQ øj yd jdhqj, wxY= by< k.S' túg by<ska msysá øj yd jdhqj, wxY= my< niS'

fuf,i isÿ jk ;dmc ixl%duK l%uh ixjykh f,i ye¢ka fõ'

² WKqiqï jia;=j,ska wfOdarla; úlsrK wdldrhg ;dmh msg;g .,d hhs' tajd wdf,dalfha

fõ.hg iudk fõ.hlska .uka lrhs' ;dm úlsrK .uka lsÍu i|yd udOHhla wjYH

fkdfõ' iQ¾hhdf.a isg mDÓúhg ;dmc ixl%duKh isÿ jkafka o wfOdarla; úlsrK

(Infrared rediation) Tiafia h'

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ksmqK;dj 5'0ksmqK;dj 5'0ksmqK;dj 5'0ksmqK;dj 5'0ksmqK;dj 5'0 ( ( ( ( ( úoHq;h iïnkaO ixisoaê yd uQ,O¾u tÈfkod ðú;fha §

fhdod .kshs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 5'1ksmqK;d uÜgu 5'1ksmqK;d uÜgu 5'1ksmqK;d uÜgu 5'1ksmqK;d uÜgu 5'1 ((((( úoHq;a wdfrdamK ksmojd .nvd lrhs'úoHq;a wdfrdamK ksmojd .nvd lrhs'úoHq;a wdfrdamK ksmojd .nvd lrhs'úoHq;a wdfrdamK ksmojd .nvd lrhs'úoHq;a wdfrdamK ksmojd .nvd lrhs'

l%shdldrlu 5'1l%shdldrlu 5'1l%shdldrlu 5'1l%shdldrlu 5'1l%shdldrlu 5'1 ((((( úoaHq;a wdfrdamk y\qkd .ksuq' .nvd lruq'


.=Kd;aul fhojqï.=Kd;aul fhojqï.=Kd;aul fhojqï.=Kd;aul fhojqï.=Kd;aul fhojqï ((((( ² weuqKqu 5'1'1g we;=<;a wdo¾Ykj,g wjYH WmlrK



² weuqKqu 5'1'3g we;=<;a Wmfoia wkqj ilia l< fmdÿ fïih

² weuqKqu 5'1'4g we;=<;a f;dr;=re m;%sldfõ msgm;a folla



mshjr 5'1'1mshjr 5'1'1mshjr 5'1'1mshjr 5'1'1mshjr 5'1'1 ( ( ( ( ( ² weuqKqu 5'1'1 ys oelafjk l%shdldrlï mka;shg bÈßm;a

lrkak'

² isiqkaf.a ksÍlaIK yd w;aoelSï úuikak'


² msïnQ neÆkh f,dau froafoka msßue§fuka thg

wdfrdamkhla ,enqk nj

² neÆkh ,nd.;a wdfrdamk ksid fifuka jefgk c,

wxY= u; n,hla we;s l< nj

² msßisÿ îu ngh ßðf*daï j,ska msßue§fuka thg

wdfrdamkhla ,enqk nj

² îu ng wdfrdamKh ùu ksid tajd mqjrej u; we,S isák

nj

² hï øjH tlsfkl msßue§fuka wdfrdamKh jk nj

² Ndú; lrk øjH w;ßka mßjdrl .=K we;s øjH y÷kd

.; hq;= nj

² wdfrdamK wkdjrKh lr.; yels nj

² icd;Sh yd úcd;Sh wdfrdamKj, yeisÍï iajNdjh

wOHhkh l< yels nj

² jia;= wdfrdamKh lrk wdldr yd tajd r|jd ;nd .kakd

wdldr ms<sn|j fidhd ne,Su m%fhdackj;a jk nj

^ñks;a;= 15 hs&

mshjr 5'1'2mshjr 5'1'2mshjr 5'1'2mshjr 5'1'2mshjr 5'1'2 ((((( ² mka;sh l=vd lKavdhï follg fnokak'



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^ñks;a;= 60 hs&



fokak'



² ia:s;s úoHq;a wdfrdamK wdY%s; mÍlaIKj, § wjg jd;h

úh<s j ;sîu wjYH nj

² f;,a l=Kq" ÿú,s" ,jK fjk;a mg,j,ska f;dr úh hq;=

nj

² mßjdrl øjH tlsfkl msßue§fï § bf,lafg%dak bj;a

ùula fyda ,nd .ekSula iy bf,lafg%dak r|jd .kakd

ld,h ;rula §¾> ùula isÿ jk nj

² wdfrdamK Ok iy RK f,i we;s jk nj

² tl u j¾.fha wdfrdamK icd;Sh wdfrdamK kï jk nj

iy úreoaO j¾.fha wdfrdamK úcd;Sh wdfrdamK kï

jk nj

² wdfrdams; jia;=jla iajrKm;% úoHq;a o¾Ylh wi,g

f.kú;a o¾Ylh wdfrdamKh lsÍu fm% arKfhka

wdfrdamKh lsÍu f,i y÷kajk nj

² fm%arKfhka wdfrdamKh lsÍfï § wdfrdams; jia;=fõ ;snQ

wdfrdamKhg úreoaO wdfrdamKh o¾Ylhg ,efnk nj

² wdfrdams; o¾Ylh wi,g tu wdfrdamk j¾.hu we;s oKa

v f.k wd úg o¾Ylfha m;% wmirkh jeä jQ nj

² icd;Sh wdfrdamk w;r úl¾IKhla mj;sk nj

² wdfrdams; o¾Ylh wi,g úreoaO wdfrdams; oKav f.k wd

úg m;% wmirkh wvq jQ nj

² úcd;Sh wdfrdamk w;r wdl¾IKhla mj;sk nj

² wdfrd ams; jia;=jla yd mDÓúh w;r ikakdhl

iïnkaO;djhla we;s lsÍu N+ .; lsÍu kï jk nj

² iaj¾Km;% úoHq;a o¾Ylfha ;eáh u; w; ;enQ úg

N+ .; iïnkaOhla we;s jk nj

² wdfrdams; jia;=jla N+ .; lsÍfuka tys ;snQ wdfrdamKh

WodiSk l< yels nj

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² iaÓ;s úoHq;a wdfrdamK uq,O¾u Ndú; lrñka b;d

m%fhdackj;a ks¾udK lr we;s nj

² wl=Kq ikakdhl

² iaÓ;s úoHq;a wjlafIaml

² f*dfgda fldms hka;%h

² iqlaIu iaÓ;s úoHq;a ;Ska; bisk l%uh

² ANTISTATIC øjH" Y,Hd.dr" uhsfl%d Ñmaia

fjf<| i,aj, Ndú;h we÷ï" fmd<j ieliSug&

² bkaOk iïfm%aIK fmdïmj, f,dayuh má uÕska N+.;

lsÍï lr we;s nj

² fmÜr,a njqi¾j, N+.; lsÍug f,day oïje,a fhdod we;s

nj

² wyfia we;s j<dl=`M p,kh ùu ksid tajdfha wdfrdamK

talrdYs jk nj

² wêl f,i wdfrdamK talrdYS ùfuka wl=Kq myr we;s

úh yels nj

² wl=Kq myrj,ska wdrCId ùu i|yd wl=Kq ikakdhl fhdod

.kakd nj

² wl=Kq ikakdhlj, l%shdldß;ajh wOHhkh lsÍu jeo.;a

nj

² wl=Kq we;s jk ld,j, wdrlaIs; Wml%u wkq.ukh l<

hq;= nj

² m%dfhda.sl j wdfrdamK .nvd lsÍu i|yd úoHq;a Odß;%l

fhdod .kakd nj

^ñks;a;= 45 hs&


² iaÓ;s úoHq;a wdfrdamK j¾. kï lrhs'

² m%fhdackj;a f,i yd b;d wk;=reodhl f,i;a iaÓ;s úoHq;a wdfrdamK yeisfrk nj

ms<s.kshs'

² wjYH wdfrdamK j¾.h wdo¾Ykhg iqÿiq øjH Ndú; lrhs'

² imhd we;s Wmfoia wkqj lghq;= lr wjYH;d bgq lr .kshs'

² iajNdúl ixisoaëka tÈfkod wjYH;djka imqrd .ekSu i|yd yiqrejhs'

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l%shdldrlul%shdldrlul%shdldrlul%shdldrlul%shdldrlu I

wjYH øjHwjYH øjHwjYH øjHwjYH øjHwjYH øjH ( ² mhsmamhlska je.sfrk l=vd c, Odrdjla

² yq<x mqrjd .eg .eiQ ne¨ka 2la muK

² f,dau$ma,ek,a frÈ lvla

l%uhl%uhl%uhl%uhl%uh ( ² c, myr fifuka jefgkakg i,iajkak'

² msïnQ ne¨kh f,dau froafoka fyd¢ka fiñka msßuÈkak'

² ne¨kh c, myr wi,g u f.fkkak'

( ² ksÍlaIKh l< foa ,shd .ekSug Wmfoia fokak'

l%shdldrlul%shdldrlul%shdldrlul%shdldrlul%shdldrlu II

wjYH øjHwjYH øjHwjYH øjHwjYH øjHwjYH øjH ( ² msßisÿ îu ng mka;shg u we;s ;rug fokak'

² l=vd frðf*daï len,s lsysmhla imhkak'

² úYd, cfk,a ùÿrejla fyda jhsÜ fnda¾â tlla ¥ú,s msi

oud t,a,d ;nkak'

² frðf*daïj,ska fyd¢ka msßuÈk ,o îu ngh mqjrefõ

hï;ï ;nd w;a yßkak' tfia wka wh;a iuÕ fï jpk

idokak' îu ng msßueo fnda¾â tfla ;nkak'

TATA MAT EAT EXIT TIT NET IT

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² icd;Sh wdfrdamk w;r n,mEu" úcd;Sh wdfrdamk w;r n,mEu iy wdfrdamk .uka

.kakd udOh ms<sn\j fidhd ne,Su i\yd u;= oelafjk ld¾hhka f.ka tll fh§u

Tn lKavdhug mejf¾

² iaj¾K m;% úoaHq;a o¾Ylh Ok f,i wdfrdamkh lr wdfrdams; jia;= mÍlaId lsÍsu

² iaj¾K m;% úoaHq;a o¾Ylh iDK f,i wdfrdamkh lr wdfrdams; jia;= mÍlaId lsÍsu

² fmdÿ fïih fj; f.dia Tng wod< øjH yd WmlrK f;dard .kak'

² § we;s okav wod< frÈ lene,af,ka msßue§fï § oKavg ,efnk wdfrdamkh lshùï

m;%sldfjka ,nd .kak'

² iaj¾k m;% úoaHq;a o¾Ylhg wod< wdfrdamk j¾.h ,nd §u i\yd iqÿiq wdfrdamkh

§ we;s oKavlg ,nd .kak'

² f;dr;=re m;%sldfõ oelafjk wdldrhg o¾Ylh wdfrdamkh lr .kak'

² mrsjdrl ovq follg úcd;Sh wdfrdamk ,nd .kak'

² icd;Sh wdfrdamk w;r n,mEu fln\q oehs fidhd n,kak'

² úcd;Sh wdfrdamk w;r n,mEu fln\q oehs fidhd n,kak'

² o¾Ylfha we;s wdfrdamk bj;a l< yels udOHhla § we;s øjH w;ßka w;rska f;dard

.kak'

² Tnf.a wkdjrK wdl¾YKSh f,i mka;shg bÈßm;a lrkak'


fmdÿ fïih ilia lsÍu i|yd Wmfoiafmdÿ fïih ilia lsÍu i|yd Wmfoiafmdÿ fïih ilia lsÍu i|yd Wmfoiafmdÿ fïih ilia lsÍu i|yd Wmfoiafmdÿ fïih ilia lsÍu i|yd Wmfoia

² u;= i|yka WmlrK iy øjH we;=<;a lÜg, folla fmdÿ fïih u; ;nkak'

² iaj¾Km;% úoHq;a o¾Ylh

² weuqKqu 5'1'4g we;=<;a f;dr;=re m;%sldfõ msgm;la

² *riafmlaia$ùÿre oKavla iy fiao frÈ lene,a,la

² fmd,s;Ska$wel%,Ska oKavla iy f,dau frÈ lene,a,la

² f,day oKavla ldnka l+rla iy f.kao.ï lene,a,la

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ia:s;s úoHq;a wdfrdamK yd tajdfha Ndú;hka ms<sn| f;dr;=reia:s;s úoHq;a wdfrdamK yd tajdfha Ndú;hka ms<sn| f;dr;=reia:s;s úoHq;a wdfrdamK yd tajdfha Ndú;hka ms<sn| f;dr;=reia:s;s úoHq;a wdfrdamK yd tajdfha Ndú;hka ms<sn| f;dr;=reia:s;s úoHq;a wdfrdamK yd tajdfha Ndú;hka ms<sn| f;dr;=re

² iaj¾Km;iaj¾Km;iaj¾Km;iaj¾Km;iaj¾Km;% úoHq;a o¾Ylh fm%arKfhka wdfrdamKh lsÍu'

² imhd we;s iaj¾Km;% úoHq;a o¾Ylh - mßjdrl o~q - we;s,a,Sug .kakd frÈ ¥ú,s -

f;,a l=Kq - ,jK wdÈfhka f;drj;a fyd¢ka úh<sj;a ;sìh hq;= h'

² wdfrdamK .ekaùfï mshjr u;= oelafõ'

² wdfrdams; oKav úoHq;a o¾Yl ;eáh wi,g f.k tkak'

² iaj¾Km;% wmirKh úh hq;= h' fkdjkafka kï kej; lrkak'

² oKav tf,iu ;nd o¾Ylfha ;eáh weÕs,af,ka w,a,d N+.; lrkak' túg

iaj¾Km;% yelsf,hs'

² oeka oKav tf,i u ;nd weÕs,a, bj;g .kak'

² miqj oKav o bj;a lrkak'

² iaj¾Km;% kej; wmirKh ù tf,i u mj;S'

² iaj¾K m;% úoaHq;a o¾Ylhg oKafâ ;snQ wdfrdamkhg úreoaO wdfrdamkh ,efí'

øjH iuyrla wdfrdamKh jk wdldr y÷kd .kak'

² fmd,s;Ska f,dau fmd,s;Ska RK f,i f,dau frÈ

froafoka msßueoao úg wdfrdamKh fõ Ok f,i wdfrdamKh fõ

² m'iafmlaia fiaoj,ska fiao RK f,i m'iafmlaia

msßueoao úg wdfrdamKh fõ Ok f,i wdfrdamKh fõ

² fi,shqf,daia weisfÜÜ fi,shqf,daia weisfÜÜ fiao Ok f,i

m;=re fiaoj,ska RK f,i wdfrdamKh fõ wdfrdamKh fõ

msßueoao úg

² ùÿre fiaoj,ska fiao RK f,i ùÿre Ok f,i

msßueoao úg wdfrdamKh fõ wdfrdamKh fõ

tla i;H l;djlatla i;H l;djlatla i;H l;djlatla i;H l;djlatla i;H l;djla

fpdl,Ü l¾udka; Yd,djl .nvdjla ;=< fpdl,Ü mjqv¾ nydüla msrùfï § msá wxY=

msmsÍula we;s ù .sks .;af;a h' msmsreu ksid .nvdj úkdY jQ w;r lsysm fofkla frday,a

.; l<y' oeka .nvdj kùlrKh lr idok ,oy' ma,diaála k< f,day mhsmam iuÕ

hdlr iemhqï k< idok ,§' mhsmam ;=< .sks mq<sÕ= yg f.k ;snQ nj mÍlaIKfhka y÷kd

.;ay' bka ishqï msá mqmqrd f.dia ;sìKs'

fmÜr,a jdIam" msá fõ.fhka .,d hk úg wdfrdamKh ù .sks mq<sÕ= yg f.k msmqreï we;s

lrhs' frday,a Y,Hd.drj, iaÓ;s úoHq;a wdfrdamK fya;=fjka ks¾úkaok øjHj, jdIam

.sks weú,S wk;=re isÿ úh yels h' frday,a ld¾h uKav,h w¢k mßjdrl øjH iys; we÷ï

iy f,dayuh wdjqo w;r úoHq;a mq<sÕ= yg .ekSug bv we;' mßjdrl we÷ï we;s,a,S

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wdfrdamKh fõ' ta wdfrdamK f,day w;r úoHq;a mq<sÕ= we;s lrhs' fï ksid frday,a

fmdf<dj ANTISTATIC øjHj,ska ;kd we;' túg wdfrdamK bj;a fõ' mq<sÕ= yg

fkd.kS' msmsreï yg fkd.kS'

úfYaI uhsfl%dÑmaia bf,lafg%dksl Wmdx.j, mskaia ^ PINS & w;r fjda,aàh;d fjkialï

we;' tksid wdfrdams; fõ' fï mskaia fm%arKfhka wdfrdamKh ù Ñmfha we;=<; mßm:

úkdY lr ouhs' tneúka tn÷ uhsfl%dÑmaia bf,lafg%daksl I C j¾. ;kk - úl=Kk -

;ekaj, fmdf<dj" we÷ï" Ñmhka w,a,k WmlrK ANTISTATIC øjHj,ska idod we;'

wl=Kq ikakdhl ;Uj,ska idohs' f.dvke.s,af,a by< u ;ek ;shqKq W,a iys; j ikakdhl

;nd ;Uj,ska hd lr >klï ;U ;yvqjla fmdf<djg hglr N+.; lr we;' j<dl=`M

fowdldrhlg wdfrdams; fõ' túg fohdldrhlg fï ikakdhl yeisf¾' wl=Kq j<dj yd

ikakdhlh w;r jd;h whkSlrKh fjñka wdfrdamK fiñka WodiSk lrhs'

fuys § jdhq wxY=j,ska by<g l=vd úÿ,s flàï we;s fõ' fyK myrla je§u wvq lrjhs'

iaÓ;sl úoHq;a ¥ú,s wjlafIamkiaÓ;sl úoHq;a ¥ú,s wjlafIamkiaÓ;sl úoHq;a ¥ú,s wjlafIamkiaÓ;sl úoHq;a ¥ú,s wjlafIamkiaÓ;sl úoHq;a ¥ú,s wjlafIamk

hlv l¾udka;fha § - .,a wÕ=re úÿ,sn,d.drj, § - isfuka;s l¾udka; Yd,dj, § - l`M

ÿï ksmojk l¾udka;Yd,dj, § ¥ú,s jka wxY=uh wmøjH mßirhg tl;= fjhs' th b;d

wk;=reodhl h' fï øjH iaÓ;sl úoHq;a ÿú,s wjlafIamk uÕska myiqfjka bj;a l< yels

h'

50"000 V muK we;s lïì w;ßka ¥ú,s iys; jd;h .uka lrhs' ¥ú,s - jdhq wxY= wdfrdams;

j hlv m;=rej,g wef,a' ;o ñá myrlska .eiQ úg m;=,g ¥ú,s /iafõ' mehl § ¥ú,s

fgdka 20 - 50 w;r tl;= l< yels h'

msßisÿ jd;h

N+.; f,day m;=re

-50 kV /yeka

¥ú,s ÿu

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Pdhd msgm;a hka;%hPdhd msgm;a hka;%hPdhd msgm;a hka;%hPdhd msgm;a hka;%hPdhd msgm;a hka;%h

fuu hka;%fha fnrh kï fldgia fi,skshï f,dayh wdf,am lr we;' fuh blaukska

wdfrdamKh fõ' tfy;a m%n, wdf,dalfha È wdfrdamKh úi¾ckh lrhs' lvodisfha

wl=re wdf,dal mrdj¾;kh ksid tys we;s fofhys m%;sìïnh fnrfha yg .kS' l`M

fldgia wdfrdamK mj;ajd .kS' iqÿ fldgiaj, wdfrdamKh ke;s fõ' WodiSk fõ'

hka;%fha ldnka l=vq fgdak¾& fnrh yryd úisrejd yÍ' fï l=vq wdfrdams; ;ekaj, wef,a'

f*dfgda fldms lvodish fï fnrh yryd hk úg wdfrdams; wxY= wef,hs' fuu lvodish

;o riakh we;s fldgi yryd hk úg fgdak¾ l=vq fyd¢ka ;eïî ia:djr j wef,a'

;Ska; wf,amk úisr fmdïm;Ska; wf,amk úisr fmdïm;Ska; wf,amk úisr fmdïm;Ska; wf,amk úisr fmdïm;Ska; wf,amk úisr fmdïm

;Ska; ìkaÿ l=vd wxY= f,i úisrjkq ,efí' fïjd tys § wdfrdamKh lrjhs' RK f,i

wdfrdams; ;Ska; wxY= me;sr hhs' ldrh - øjHh Ok f,i wdfrdams; lrkq ,efí' RK wxY=

b;d iquqÿ mg,hla f,i ;=kS j f,dayh u; we,S ;Ska; iqug wdf,amkhla fia we;s fõ'

;Ska; yd ld,h b;=re fõ' jdhqf.da,hg ;Ska; ìkaÿ fkdhhs'

.=jka hdkdj,g" keõj,g" njqirj,g bkaOk mqrjkafka b;d fõ.fhka h' fuu bkaOk

jdIam túg blaukska wdfrdams; fõ' wdfrdams; bkaOk wxY= b;d wk;=reodhl h' úoHq;a

mq<sÕ= yg f.k .sks .kshs' fuf,i bkaOk msrùfï § yd bj;a lsÍfï § we;s,a,Sfuka

iaÓ;s úoaHq;a wdfrdamK yg .kS' fï k<j, f,day m;=re fhdo tajd N+.; lsÍfuka

wdfrdams; wxY= WodiSk flf¾' msmsreï k;r lr .; yels h'

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fhdod .kshs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 5'2 (ksmqK;d uÜgu 5'2 (ksmqK;d uÜgu 5'2 (ksmqK;d uÜgu 5'2 (ksmqK;d uÜgu 5'2 ( úNj wka;rh yd Odrdj w;r iïnkaO;dj ffoksl lghq;=úNj wka;rh yd Odrdj w;r iïnkaO;dj ffoksl lghq;=úNj wka;rh yd Odrdj w;r iïnkaO;dj ffoksl lghq;=úNj wka;rh yd Odrdj w;r iïnkaO;dj ffoksl lghq;=úNj wka;rh yd Odrdj w;r iïnkaO;dj ffoksl lghq;=

i|yd Ndú; lrhs'i|yd Ndú; lrhs'i|yd Ndú; lrhs'i|yd Ndú; lrhs'i|yd Ndú; lrhs'

l%shdldrlu 5'2l%shdldrlu 5'2l%shdldrlu 5'2l%shdldrlu 5'2l%shdldrlu 5'2 ((((( úNj wka;rh;a Odrdj;a w;r iïnkaOh fidhuq'




² weuqKqu 5'2'2g we;=<;a Wmfoia wkqj ilia l< fmdÿ

fïihla



mshjr 5'2'1mshjr 5'2'1mshjr 5'2'1mshjr 5'2'1mshjr 5'2'1 ((((( ² weógrh mka;shg m%o¾Ykh lr th Ndú;hg .kafka

l=ula uekSu i|yd oehs úuikak' th iú l< hq;=

wdldrh úuikak'

² fjda,aÜógrh mka;shg m%o¾Ykh lr th Ndú;hg

.kafka l=ula uekSu i|yd oehs úuikak' th iú l<

hq;= wdldrh úuikak'


² úoHq;a Odrdj I uekSug weógrh Ndú; lrk nj

² úNj wka;rh V uekSug fjda,aÜógrh Ndú; lrk nj

² weógr iy fjda,aÜógrj, Ok w.% r;= mdáka o RK w.%

l`M mdáka o we;s nj

² tajd iïnkaO lsÍfï § iemhqfï Ok w.%h r;= mdg

w.%hg o RK w.%h l`M mdg w.%hg o iïnkaO l< hq;=

nj

² Odrdj ueksh hq;= Wmdx.h iuÕ weógrh fY%aKs.;j

iïnkaO l< hq;= nj

² úNj wka;rh ueksh hq;= Wmdx.h yd iudka;r.;j

fjda,aÜógrfha w.% iïnkaO l< hq;= nj

² úoHq;a Odrdj uekSfï wka;¾cd;sl tallh weïmshrh

jk w;r tys ixfla;h A nj

² úNj wka;rh uekSfï wka;¾cd;sl tallh fjda,agh

jk w;r tys ixfla;h V nj

² V iy I w;r iïnkaOh fiùu jeo.;a nj

^ñks;a;= 15 hs&

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^ñks;a;= 60 hs&

mshjr 5'2'3 (mshjr 5'2'3 (mshjr 5'2'3 (mshjr 5'2'3 (mshjr 5'2'3 ( ² l=vd lKavdhï wkdjrK iuia; mka;shg bÈßm;a lrjkak'

² úia;drKh i|yd bÈßm;a l< whg u m<uq wjia:dj

fokak'



² weógrfha wNHka;r m%;sfrdaOh b;d wvq w.hla jk nj

iy fjda,aÜ ógrfha wNHka;r m%;sfrdaOh b;d jeä w.hla

jk nj

² X m%;sfrdaOlh yryd Odrdj weógrfhka lshfjk

w;r úNj wka;rh fjda,aÜ ógrfhka lshfjk nj

² Odrd kshdulh iSreudre lsÍfuka mßm:fha Odrdj

úp,kh l< yelas nj

² X yryd Odrdj fjkia lrk úg th yryd úNj wka;rh

o úp,kh jk nj

² X yryd úNj wka;rh V iy Odrdj I w;r m%ia;drh

uQ, ,laIh yryd .uka .kakd ir, f¾Ldjla jk nj

² úNj wka;rh iy Odrdj w;r wkqf,dau iudkqmd;sl

iïnkaO;djla mj;sk nj

² "WIaK;ajh jeks fN!;sl ;;a;aj ksh; j mj;sk úgWIaK;ajh jeks fN!;sl ;;a;aj ksh; j mj;sk úgWIaK;ajh jeks fN!;sl ;;a;aj ksh; j mj;sk úgWIaK;ajh jeks fN!;sl ;;a;aj ksh; j mj;sk úgWIaK;ajh jeks fN!;sl ;;a;aj ksh; j mj;sk úg

ikakdhlh fofl<jr yryd úNj wka;rh th ;=<skaikakdhlh fofl<jr yryd úNj wka;rh th ;=<skaikakdhlh fofl<jr yryd úNj wka;rh th ;=<skaikakdhlh fofl<jr yryd úNj wka;rh th ;=<skaikakdhlh fofl<jr yryd úNj wka;rh th ;=<ska

.uka lrk Odrdjg wkqf,dau j iudkqmd;sl fõ'.uka lrk Odrdjg wkqf,dau j iudkqmd;sl fõ'.uka lrk Odrdjg wkqf,dau j iudkqmd;sl fõ'.uka lrk Odrdjg wkqf,dau j iudkqmd;sl fõ'.uka lrk Odrdjg wkqf,dau j iudkqmd;sl fõ'" f,i

´ï kshuh m%ldY l< yels nj

² V/I wkqmd;h X m%;sfrdaOlfha w.hg iudk jk nj

² úoHq;a m%;sfrdaOh uksk tall ï jk w;r tys ixfla;h

Ω f,i y÷kajk nj

² úoHq;a m%;sfrdaOh R uÕska oela jQ úg"

Tï kshuh V = I R f,i m%ldYkhlska oelaúh yels nj

^ñks;a;= 45 hs&

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² Tï kshuh m%ldY lrhs'

² úoHq;a mßm: ilia lsÍfï § úNj wka;rh iy Odrdj w;r iïnkaOh wjYH nj

ms<s.kshs'

² úoHq;h yd iïnkaO .eg¨j, § V = I R iïnkaOh Ndú; lrhs'

² wjYH wjia:dj, § jsoaHq;a ñkqï WmlrK ksjerÈ f,i Ndú; lrhs'

² mÍlaIKd;aul m%;sM, weiqfrka iïnkaO;d f.dv kÕhs'



² mßm:fha olajd we;s Wmdx.h yryd úNj wka;rh iy Odrdj úp,kh ùu fidhd

ne,Su i|yd u;= oelafjk ld¾hhkaf.ka Tn lKavdhug mejÍ we;s ld¾h flfrys

wjOdkh fhduq lrkak'

² X1 m%;sfrdaOlh mßm:hg iïnkaO lsÍu'

² X2 m%;sfrdaOlh mßm:hg iïnkaO lsÍu'

A- weógrh

V- fjda,aÜógrh

C- fldaIh

R- Odrdkshdulh

K- fmakq h;=r

² fmdÿ fïih u;ska Tn lKavdhug wod< Wmdx. f;dard .kak'

² Tng wod< m%;sfrdaOlh iu. mßm:h wgjkak'

² wod< rdYSka úp,kh lrñka wjia:d myla i|yd mdGdxl ,nd .kak'

² wod< jsp,Hhka w;r m%ia;drhla we| tu`.ska rdYSka w;r iïnkaO;djla mj;skafka

oehs fidhd n,kak'

² úp,H rdYSka w;r wkqmd;h iy Tn fhdod .;a m%;sfrdaOlfha w.h w;r iïnkaO;djla

;sfí oehs fidhd n,kak'

² Tfí wkdjrK wdl¾YkSh f,i iuia; mka;shg bÈßm;a lsÍug iQodkï jkak'

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fmdÿ fïih ieliSu i|yd Wmfoiafmdÿ fïih ieliSu i|yd Wmfoiafmdÿ fïih ieliSu i|yd Wmfoiafmdÿ fïih ieliSu i|yd Wmfoiafmdÿ fïih ieliSu i|yd Wmfoia

² 2V fldaI folla

² 0-5&A mrdihlska hq;a weógr folla

² ^0-5&V mrdihlska hq;a fjda,aÜógr folla

² fmakq h;=re folla

² iïnkaO lïì folla

² Odrd kshdul folla

² 20Ωl iy 30 l m%;sfrdaOl fol ne.ska ;nd

tajd X 1iy X

2 f,i f,an,a lrkak'

² m%ia;dr lvodis

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fhdod .kshs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 5'3ksmqK;d uÜgu 5'3ksmqK;d uÜgu 5'3ksmqK;d uÜgu 5'3ksmqK;d uÜgu 5'3 ((((( m%;sfrdaOh Odrdj flfrys n,mdk wdldrh úu¾Ykh lrhs'm%;sfrdaOh Odrdj flfrys n,mdk wdldrh úu¾Ykh lrhs'm%;sfrdaOh Odrdj flfrys n,mdk wdldrh úu¾Ykh lrhs'm%;sfrdaOh Odrdj flfrys n,mdk wdldrh úu¾Ykh lrhs'm%;sfrdaOh Odrdj flfrys n,mdk wdldrh úu¾Ykh lrhs'

l%shdldrlu 5'3 (l%shdldrlu 5'3 (l%shdldrlu 5'3 (l%shdldrlu 5'3 (l%shdldrlu 5'3 ( m%;sfrdaO úúO wdldrhg iïnkaO lruq' iul m%;sfrdaOh

fjkia lruq'


.=Kd;aul fhojqï.=Kd;aul fhojqï.=Kd;aul fhojqï.=Kd;aul fhojqï.=Kd;aul fhojqï ((((( ² weuqKqu 5'3'1g we;=<;a lKavdhï .fõIKh i|yd Wmfoia



mßY% folla

² weuqKqu 5'3'3g we;=<;a j¾K fla; l%ufha msgm;a folla

² weuqKqu 5'3'4g we;=<;a nyqógrh Ndú; lsÍfï Wmfoia




mshjr 5'3'1 mshjr 5'3'1 mshjr 5'3'1 mshjr 5'3'1 mshjr 5'3'1 ((((( ² my; i|yka mßm:h wgjd mka;sfha wjOdkh ta fj;

fhduq lr.kak'

² iafjÉPdfjka bÈßm;a jk isiqka ;sfofkl= mka;sh bÈßhg

le|jñka my; i|yka ld¾hhkays fhdojkak'

² A yd B w.% iïnkaOl lïìhlska iïnkaO lr KújD; j ;nd úÿ,s mkaoï n,anfha §ma;sh ksÍlaIKh lsßu

² K jid n,anfha §ma;sh ksßlaIKh lsßu

² K" újD; j ;nd A yd B w;rg 10kΩ f;jeks

m%;sfrdaOhla iïnkaO lr n,anfha §ma;sh ksÍlaIKh lsßu

² n,anfha §ma;sh wvq$jeä ùug iïnkaO l< m%;sfrdaOj,

n,mEu úuikak'

² m%;sfrdaOlj, w.h fiùug Ndú; lrk j¾K fla; l%ufha

úYd,s; mqjrejla mka;shg m%o¾Ykh lrkak'

5v

10

10

6v

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² A yd B iïnkaOl lïìhlska iïnkaO l, úg n,anh

oe,afjk nj

² A yd B iïnkaOj ;sìh § K jeiQ úg n,anfha §ma;sh

jeä jk nj

² K újD;j ;nd" A yd B w;rg 10 m%;sfrdaOh

iïnkaO l< úg n,anfha §ma;sh wvq jk nj

² n,anj, §ma;sh m%;sfrdaO iïnkaO lrk wdldrh wkqj

fjkia jk nj

² fY%aKs.; yd iudka;r.; f,i mßm:hl m%;sfrdaO

iïnkaO lrk wdldr folla mj;sk nj

² m%;sfrdaO tllg jeä .kkla mßm:hl we;s úg ,efnk

M,odhs m%;sfrdaOh iul m%;sfrdaOh kï jk nj

² iudka;r.; yd fY%aKs.; ixhqla;j, iul m%;sfrdaOh

fiùug iólrKhla f.dvkexùu m%fhdackj;a jk nj

² nyqógrh Ndú;fhka fyda jrK fla; l%ufhka fyda

m%;sfrdaOlj, w.h fiúh yels nj

^ñks;a;= 15 hs&







^ñks;a;= 60 hs&



wjia:dj fokak'



² nyqógrh Ndú;fhka yd j¾Kfla; l%ufhka

m%;sfrdaOj, w.hka f;dard .; yels nj

² R1 yd R2 m%;sfrdaO fol iudka;r.;j iïnkaO l< úgm%;sfrdaOh kï R1 kï

²

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² R1= R2 (R) kï iul m%;sfrdaOh

² jk nj

² iudk m%;sfrdaO n .Kkla iudka;r.;j iïnkaO l<úg

² jk nj

² iudka;r.; iïnkaOfha § iul m%;sfrdaOh wvq ùu

ksid n,anj, §ma;sh jeä jQ nj

² R1 yd R2 m%;sfrdaO fol fY%aKs.;j iïnkaO l< úg

iul m%;sfrdaOh R1 kï

² R1 = R1+R2 nj

² R1= R2 (R) kï R1= 2R² iudk m%;sfrdaO n .Kkla fY%aKs.;j iïnkaO l<

úg R1 = nR nj

² fY%aKs.; iïnkaOfha § iul m%;sfrdaOh jeäùu ksid

n,anj, §ma;sh wvq jQ nj

² m%;sfrdaO úúO wdldrhg iïnkaO lsÍfuka .e,fmk

w.fhka hq;a m%;sfrdaO ,nd .; yels nj

^ñks;a;= 45 hs&


² fY%aKs.; iy iudka;r.; m%;sfrdaO yuqfõ iul m%;sfrdaOh fjkia jk wdldrh

úia;r lrhs'

² mßm:hl úoHq;a Odrdj md,kh lsÍu i|yd m%;sfrdaO úúO wdldrfhka iïnkaO

lsßu jeo.;a nj ms<s.kshs'

² fY%aKs.; yd iudka;r.; m%;sfrdaOj, iul m%;sfrdaOh fiùug iQ;% f.dv k.hs'

² imhd we;s Wmfoia wkqj WmlrK ksjerÈ j yiqrejñka mdGdxl .kshs'

² ksÍlaIK weiqfrka iïnkaO;d f.dv kÕhs'

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² my; i|yka m%;sfrdaO lÜg,j,ska Tfí lKavdhug ,efnk m%;sfrdaO lÜg,h flfrys

wjOdkh olajkak'

² m<uqjk m%;sfrdaO lÜg,h

² fojk m%;sfrdaO lÜg,h

² m%;sfrdaO lÜg,h iy wod< WmlrK f;dard f.k tajd fyd¢ka ksÍlaIKh lrkak'

² j¾Kfla; Ndú;fhka Tng wod< m%;sfrdaOj, w.h fidhd .kak'

² Tng ,eî we;s m%;sfrdaOh fY%aKs.; f,i iïnkaO lrkak'

² nyqógrh Ndú;fhka iul m%;sfrdaOh fidhkak'

² fY%aKs.; f,i iïnkaê; m%;sfrdaOj, iul m%;sfrdaOh i|yd iólrKhla

jHq;amkak lsÍug W;aidy .kak'

² Tng ,eî we;s m%;sfrdaO iudka;r.; f,i iïnkaO lr tys iul m%;sfrdaOh

nyqógrh Ndú;fhka fidhkak'

² iudka;r.; f,i iïnkaê; m%;sfrdaOj, iul m%;sfrdaOh i|yd iólrKhla

jHq;amkak lsÍug W;aidy .kak'

² Tfí wkdjrK wdld¾YKsh f,i mka;shg bÈßm;a lsÍug iQodkï jkak'



² my; i|yka WmlrK yd øjH fïi y;rla u; ;nd ld¾h mßY% y;rla idokak'

² ld¾h mßY%h ;=< bgq l< hq;= ld¾hh i|yka mqjrejla ;nkak'

² m%;sfrdaOh 2k jQ R1 iy R2 f,i i,l=Kq lr we;s m%;sfrdaO folla

² w.hhka tlsfklg fjkia m%;sfrdaOl folla

² mßm: mqjrejla

² iïnkaOl lïì

² nyqógrhla

² äuhs lvodishla iy udl¾ mEkla

² weuqKqu 5'3'3 iy 5'3'4ys msgm;a tl ne.ska

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j¾K fla; l%uhj¾K fla; l%uhj¾K fla; l%uhj¾K fla; l%uhj¾K fla; l%uh

² my; i|yka rEmigyk wOHhkfhka j¾K ;Sre ;=fkys j¾K y÷kd .kak'

² tu j¾Kj,g wkqrEm wxl ,nd .ekSug u;= oelafjk j.=j Ndú; lrkak'

² m%;sfrdaOlfha w.h fiùug my; i|yka wdldrfhka lghq;= lrkak'

² m<uqjk j¾K ;Srejg wod< wxlh m<uq j ,shkak'

² fojk j¾K ;Srejg wod< wxlh m<uq wxlhg ol=Kq miska ,shkak'

² ;=kajk j¾K ;Srejg wod< wxlhg iudk ìxÿ ixLHdjla tu wxlj,g ol=Kq miska

,shkak'

² fï l%uh ms<sn| jeäÿr oek .ekSu i|yd my; i|yka WodyrK n,kak'

WodyrK - 1 WodyrK - 2

1000 47000

= 1 k = 47 k ( 47K)

j¾Kh wxlh

l`M 0

ÿUqre 1

r;= 2

;eô,s 3

ly 4

fld< 5

ks,a 6

oï 7

w`M 8

iqÿ 9

m<uq jkj¾K ;Srej

fo jkj¾K ;Srej

;=ka jkj¾K ;Srej

ÿUqre l`M r;= ly oï ;eô,s

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nyqógrh Ndú; lsÍug wod< Wmfoianyqógrh Ndú; lsÍug wod< Wmfoianyqógrh Ndú; lsÍug wod< Wmfoianyqógrh Ndú; lsÍug wod< Wmfoianyqógrh Ndú; lsÍug wod< Wmfoia

² nyqógrfha N%uK iaúÉÑh m%;sfrdaOh uekSfï Wmßu mrdihg fhduq jk fia N%uKh

lrkak'

² nyqógrfha w.% fol tlsfkl iam¾Y lr tys o¾Ylh ï mßudKfha Y+kH mdGdxlh

fmkajkafka oehs fidaÈis lrkak'

² m%;sfrdaOh ueksh hq;= m%;sfrdaOlfha w.% nyqógrfha w.%j,ska iam¾Y lrkak'

² mdGdxlh uekSug wmyiq jk mßÈ o¾Ylh hka;ï p,kh fõ kï N%uK iqúÉÑh

m%;sfrdaOh uekSfï B<Õ mrdihg lrljd mdGdxlh .; yels oe hs n,kak'

² mdGdxlh .; yels wjia:dj t<fUk ;=re N%uK iaúÉÑh uÕska mrdih l%ufhka wvq

lrkak'

² kshñ; wjia:dfõ § o¾Ylfhka fmkakqï lrk mdGdxlh igyka lr .kak'

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ksmqK;dj 5'0ksmqK;dj 5'0ksmqK;dj 5'0ksmqK;dj 5'0ksmqK;dj 5'0 ( ( ( ( ( úoHq;h iïnkaO ixisoaê yd uQ,O¾u tÈfkod

Ôú;fha § fhdod .kshs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 5'4ksmqK;d uÜgu 5'4ksmqK;d uÜgu 5'4ksmqK;d uÜgu 5'4ksmqK;d uÜgu 5'4 ((((( wjia:djg WÑ; mßÈ ir, úoHq;a mßm: ks¾udKh lrhs'

l%shdldrlu 5'4l%shdldrlu 5'4l%shdldrlu 5'4l%shdldrlu 5'4l%shdldrlu 5'4 ( wjYH;dj wkqj ir, úoHq;a mßm: ksujuq'





mßY% ;=kla



mshjr 5'4'1 mshjr 5'4'1 mshjr 5'4'1 mshjr 5'4'1 mshjr 5'4'1 ( ² ir, úoHq;a mßm:hla wegùu i|yd wjYH Wmdx. ms<sn|

isiqkaf.ka úuikak'

² ir, mßm: igykla ,E,af,a we£ug isiqjl= fhdojkak'


² úoHq;a iemhqu" m%;sfrdaO iy iaúÉÑ ir, úoHq;a

mßm:hl w;HjYH Wmdx. jk nj

² tla tla Wmdx.h i|yd mßm: ixfla; we;s nj

² ir, úoHq;a mßm:hla wegùug fmr mßm: ixfla;

fhdod .ksñka mßm: igykla ie,iqï lsÍu jeo.;a

nj

² úoHq;a mrsm: wegùfï § úoHq;a Wmdx. fkdì÷kq lïì

uÕska oeä j iïnkaO úh hq;= nj

² úoHq;a mßm:hlg iaúÉÑhla fh§fuka úoHq;a iemhqu

wkjYH f,i laIhùu j<lajd .; yels nj

² wjYH;dj,g .e,fmk mßÈ ir, úoHq;a mßm:

ks¾udKh l< yels nj

^ñks;a;= 15 hs&



² .fõIK Wmfoia" äuhs lvodis iy meiag,a lKavdhïj,g

,nd fokak'



^ñks;a;= 60 hs&

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fokak'



² ir, úoHq;a mßm: ks¾udKh lsÍfï § wjYH;dj m<uq

j meyeÈ,s lr .; hq;= nj

² bka miq tu wjYH;d imqrd ,Su i|yd fjkia l< hq;=

idOl y÷kd .; hq;= nj

² tu idOl fjkia lsÍu i|yd úoHq;a iemhqu yd Wmdx.

ljr wdldrhg iïnkaO l< hq;= oehs ;SrKh l< hq;=

nj

² t<eUqKq ;SrK wkqj iqÿiq mßm: igykla ie,iqï l<

hq;= nj

² ie,iqu wkqj fodaI wju jk mßÈ mßm:h wegúh hq;=

nj

² iaúÉÑh l%shd;aul lr mßm:h fidaÈis lr ne,sh hq;=

nj

² mßm:h l%shd;aul fkdjkafka kï iïnkaOl ia:dkj,

fodaI ;sfí oehs fidaÈis l< hq;= nj

² ir, úoHq;a mßm: ks¾udKh ffoksl lghq;= i|yd

m%fhdackj;a jk nj

^ñks;a;= 45 hs&


² ir, úoHq;a mßm:hl uq,sl fldgia kï lr úia;r lrhs'

² úoHq;a mßm: wegùfï § yd Ndú;fha § úÿ,s iemhqu wkjYH f,i laIh ùu

j<lajd .ekSug lghq;= l< hq;= nj ms<s.kshs'

² wjYH;d imqrd .ekSu i|yd ir, úoHq;a mßm: ks¾udKh lrhs'

² ie<iqïlrKh uÕska wjYH;d bgq ùu ;yjqre lr .kshs'

² wjYH;d imqrd,Sug W;aidy oeÍfï § u;= jk .eg¨ y÷kd f.k úi÷ï fhdackd lrhs'

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² úúO wjYH;djkag wkqj úoHq;a mßm: ks¾udKh lsÍu i|yd u;= i|yka ld¾hhka

w;frka Tn lKavdhug mejfrk ld¾hfhys ksr; jkak'

² iudk úÿ,s mkaoï n,an ;=kla iudk §ma;shlska oe,aùug mßm:hla ks¾udKh

lsÍu

² iudk úÿ,s mkaoï n,an ;=klska tlla fjkia §ma;shlska iy wfkla fol iudk

§ma;shla iys; j oe,aùug mßm:hla ks¾udKh lsÍu

² wjYH n,an fyda n,anh wjYH jQ úg oe,aùu yd ksùu l< yels n,an ;=kl mßm:hla

ks¾udKh lsÍu

² ld¾h mßY%fha we;s úoHq;a Wmdx. fyd¢ka mÍlaId lr n,kak'

² wjYH ld¾hh bgq lsÍu i|yd iqÿiq mßm: igykla lKavdhfï ish¨ fokdf.a u

iydh we;s j f.dv kÕkak'

² tu mßm: igyk wkqj imhd we;s úoHq;a Wmdx. fhdod .ksñka ir, úoHq;a mßm:hla

wgjkak'

² mßm:h l%shd;aul lr Tng mejÍ we;s ld¾hh bgqfõ oehs úuid n,kak'

² tfia fkdfõ kï ta i|yd fya;= fidhñka wjYH;dj bgq lr .ekSug lghq;=

lrkak'

² Tfí wegjqï" Tn uqyqK ÿka .eg¨ yd tajd úi|d .ekSug Tn fhdod .;a l%shdud¾.

,ehsia;= .; lrkak'



ld¾h mßY% ilia lsßu i|yd Wmfoiald¾h mßY% ilia lsßu i|yd Wmfoiald¾h mßY% ilia lsßu i|yd Wmfoiald¾h mßY% ilia lsßu i|yd Wmfoiald¾h mßY% ilia lsßu i|yd Wmfoia

² my; i|yka WmlrK iy øjH ;nk ,o fïi ;=kla ilia lrkak'

² úh<s fldaI ;=kla

² 3'8 W úÿ,s mkaoï n,an ;=kla

² fmakq h;=rla

² iïnkaOl lïì

² mßm: mqjrejla

² f;jeks ld¾hhg wod< ld¾h mßY%fha fmakq h;=re ;=kla ;nkak'

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bf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh §¾> lsÍfï WmlrK

1'0 we.hSï wjia:dj ( jdrh 3" WmlrKh 01

2'0 wdjrKh lrk ksmqK;d uÜgu ( 1'1" 1'2" 1'3" 1'4" 1'5" 1'6 hk ksmqK;d uÜgï

3'0 wdjrKh lrk ikaOdrh ( 1'1" 1'2"1'3" 1'4" 1'5" 1'6 hk ksmqK;d uÜgïj,g

wh;a ikaOdrh

4'0 WmlrKfha iajNdjh ( m%dfhda.sl mßlaIK

5'0 WmlrKfha wruqKq ( 1 ixl,amuh wjfndaOh jeä ÈhqKq lsÍu

2 fN!;sl úoHd uQ,O¾u tÈfkod Ôú;fha §

m%dfhda.slj Ndú; lsÍug yqre lr ùu

3 mÍlaIK wegùu yd iïnkaO yiqre l=i,;d

jeä ÈhqKq lr ùu

4 jsoHd.dr WmlrK Ndjs;h iy tajdfha

l%shdldrs;ajh ms<sn| wjfndaOh ,nd oSu

6'0 WmlrKh l%shd;aul lsÍu i|yd Wmfoia (

.=rejrhdg Wmfoia ( ² wod< l%shdldrlïj, § m%dfhda.sl mÍlaIK

isÿ l< yels fN!;sl úoHd;aul

ixl,am tl;=jla ilia lrkak'

² ,laIH we.hSï wjia:dfõ § tu ixl,am isiqkg

bÈßm;a lrkak'

² fï i|yd iïu; m%dfhda.sl mÍlaIK

tl;=jla ilia lrkak'

² m%dfhda.sl mÍlaIK isÿ lsÍu i|yd isiqkg

uÕ fmkaùu lrkak'

² fhdað; ks¾Kdhl Tiafia ,l=Kq m%odkh lr

m%.;sh isiqka iuÕ idlÉPd lrkak'

isiqkg Wmfoia ( ² mÍlaIKd;aulj ;yjqre lsÍug iQodkï jk

ixl,amh ms<sn|j lKavdhu ;=< idlÉPdjla

f.dv kÕkak'

² mÍlaIKh ie,iqï lsÍu i|yd .=re;=udf.a

iydh ,nd .kak'

² Tng mejfrk m%dfhda.sl mÍlaIKj,

fhfokak'

² ksÍlaIK jd¾;d lr f.k lKavdhï idlÉPd

;=<ska ks.ukj,g t<fUkak'

² ks.uk mka;shg ikaksfõokh lrkak'

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7'0 we.hsï ks¾Kdhl (

YsIHhdf.a$YsIHdjf.a ku

ks¾Kdhl

² fmr iQodkula ;sîu

² WÑ; øjH yd WmlrK fhdod

wegjqï ksjerÈj ilia lsÍu

² WmlrK ksis wdldrj mßyrKh

lrñka mÍlaIKh isÿ lsÍu

² ksÍlaIKh meyeÈ,sj jd¾;d lsÍu

² ks.uk ksrjq,aj ikaksfõokh

lsÍu

A, B, C, D hkqfjka m%ùK;d uÜgu igyka lrkak'

A - b;d fyd|hs

B - fyd|hs

C - idudkHhs

D - ixj¾Okh úh hq;= fõ'

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2'0 wdjrKh lrk ksmqK;d uÜgu ( 2'1" 2'2" 3'3" 4'3 iy 5'4 hk ksmqK;d uÜgï

3'0 wdjrKh lrk ikaOdrh ( 2'1" 2'2" 3'3" 4'3 iy 5'4 hk ksmqK;d uÜgïj,g

wh;a ikaOdrh

4'0 WmlrKfha iajNdjh ( isiq ks¾udK m%o¾Yk

5'0 WmlrKfha wruqKq ( 1 mx;s ldurh ;=< ,nk bf.kqï w;aoelSï

jeäÿr l%shdldrlï uÕska m%.=K lr .ekSu

2 ks¾udKYS,S Ñka;kh f.dvke.Su


.=rejrhdg Wmfoia ( ² úúO ks¾udKj,g isiqka fhduq l< yels

l%shdldrlï iy wjia:d y÷kd .kak'

² ks¾udKj,g isiqka fhduq l< yels ud;Dldj,

,ehsia;=jla ilia lr .kak'

Wod( - 1 øj mSvkfhka l%shd l< yels ir,

hka;% wegùu

2 È we;s wjHY;d wkqj ir, úoHq;a

mßm: ks¾udKh lsÍu

² ,laIH we.hSï wjia:dfõ § tu ud;Dld

isiqkg bÈßm;a lrkak'

² isiq ks¾udK i|yd wjYH myiqlï imhkak'

² isiq ks¾udK lghq;=j, § iïm;a odhlhl=

f,i iydh jkak'

² isiqkaf.a ks¾udKhka ksÍlaIKh lr ifodia

;eka wef;d;a ksfodia lsÍug Wmfoia fokak'

² tla tla ks¾udK ish,a,kagu kerôh yels

jk mßÈ m%o¾Ykhla meje;aúug isiqka fhduq

lrjkak'

² fhdað; ks¾Kdhl Tiafia ,l=Kq m%odkh lr

m%.;sh isiqka iuÕ idlÉPd lrkak'

isiqkg Wmfoia ( ² .=re;=ud úiska imhk ,o ud;Dldjg wod<

Tfí bf.kqï w;aoelSï Wmfhda.S lr f.k

ie,iqula ilia lr .kak'

² ie,iqug wkqj WmlrK mßyrKh lsÍfuka

wegjqu ks¾udKh lrkak'

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² wegjqu l%shd;aul lr .eg¨ ;eka wef;d;a

.=re;=udf.ka Wmfoia ,nd f.k ksjerÈ lr

.kak'

² Tfí ks¾udKh fyd| ksudjlska hq;=j

m%o¾Ykhg bÈßm;a lrkak'


YsIHhdf.a$YsIHdjf.a ku

ks¾Kdhl

² § we;s udlDldjg wkqj ie,iqfï

wod<;ajh

² ks¾udKh uÕska wfmalaIs; M,h

bgqù we;a o@

² ks¾udKhg wod< Wmdx. ksjerÈj

f;dard .ekSu

² ksis l,g ks¾udKh ksu lsßu

² ks¾udKfha ksudj yd l%shdldß;ajh


A - b;d fyd|hs

B - fyd|hs

C - idudkHhs


10 fY%aKsh

^fN!;sl úoHd fldgi&

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2'0 wdjrKh lrk ksmqK;d uÜgu ( 3'1" 3'2" 3'3" 4'2" 4'3 5'2" 5'3 iy 5'4 hk ksmqK;d

uÜgï

3'0 wdjrKh lrk ikaOdrh ( ksmqK;d uÜgïj,g wod< ikaOdrh

4'0 WmlrKfha iajNdjh ( jHdmD;sh

5'0 WmlrKfha wruqKq ( 1' tosfkod Ôú;fha § n, Yla;sh ksis f,i

l<ukdlrKhg fhduq lsÍu

2' ld¾hCIu j n,Yla;sh mßyrKh i|yd

wjYH wdl,am ixj¾Okh lsÍu

3' l%shdldrlï ;=<ska ,nd .;a w;aoelSï M,odhS

whqßka Ndú;hg wjia:dj ,nd §u


.=rejrhdg Wmfoia ( ² fuu jHdmD;sh lrkqq ,nkafka n,Yla;sh

mßfNdackh úÿ,sh"LP .Eia" or" fjk;a bkaOk&

ksis f,i l<ukdlrKhg isiqka fhduq lsÍug

nj Tjqkg meyeÈ,s lrkak'

² jHdmD;shl uQ,sldx. weuqKqu n,kak'&y÷kajd

§ lKavdhïj,g iqÿiq ud;Dld mjrkak'

² lKavdhï idlÉPd u`.ska imhd we;s jHdmD;s

fhdackd wdlD;sh iïmQ¾K lsÍug isiqka fhduq

lrkak'

² jHdmD;sh l%shd;aul flfrk w;r ;=r flaj,

jYfhkq;a" iduqysl jYfhkq;a mj;ajd f.k

hk Èk fmd; ksrka;r wëCIKhg ,la

lrkak'

² ;SrKh lr .;a Èkhl § jHdmD;s jd¾;d

bÈßm;a lsÍug yd iduQysl idlÉPdjlg

iyNd.s ùug isiqkg wjia:dj i,ikak'

isiqkg Wmfoia ( ² lKavdhug ,nd ÿka f;audjg wod< jk

fia jHdmD;s fhdackdj ilia lsÍfï § my;

lreKq flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lrkak'

² ;udg <`.d úh yels uÜgfï wruqKq yd

ksuejqï

² §¾> ld,hla uq`M,af,a wkq.ukh l<

yels l%ufõohla

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² myiqfjka imhd .; yels fhojqï²

wdlD;shla Ndú;fhka tÈfkod o;a; f.dkq lrkak' Èk fmd;&

² ;ks ;ks j /ia lrk o;a; fhdojd

lKavdhï ksuejqula ilia lrkak'

² iEu idudðlhl=f.a u ksjfia udisl úÿ,s

ì,am;a Pdhd msgm;a& f.dkqjla mj;ajd

.kak'

² wju jYfhka udi yhla fhdod .ksñka

o;a; /ia lrkak'

² lKavdhfï ish¨ u idudðlhska f.a

iyNd.s;ajfhka hq;= j" my; lreKq

flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lrñka" jHdmD;s

jd¾;dj bÈßm;a lrkak'

² jHdmD;sh wdrïNfha § idudðlhska f.a

ksfjiaj, n, Yla;sh mßfNdackh

ms<sn| j mej;s ;;a;ajh

² jHdmD;sh wjidkfha § idudðlhska f.a

ksfjiaj, n, Yla;sh mßfNdackh

ms<sn| j mej;s ;;a;ajh

² n,Yla;sh ixrCIKh iïnkaOfhka ;u

lKavdhu .kakd ,o l%shdud¾.

² jHdmD;sh l%shd;aul lsÍfï § u;= jQ

.eg¨ yd tajd úi|d .;a wdldrh

² fu jeks jHdmD;s ;=<ska cd;sl

fufyjrlg odhl úh yels wdldrh

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isiqka f.a kï

ks¾Kdhl

1' úêu;a f,i o;a; igyka lsÍu

2' wfmaCIs; b,lal lrd <`.d ùu

3' ksjerÈ ixrCIK l%u Ndú;h

4' úêu;a o;a; úYaf,aIKh

5' Ñ;a;dl¾IKSh bÈßm;a lsÍu


A - b;d fyd|hs

B - fyd|hs

C - idudkHhs


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weuqKqu

jHdmD;shl uQ,sldx.

² wm hd hq;af;a fld ;ekg o@

² t ;ekg .sh nj oek.;af;a flfia o@

² tys t<eöu i|yd fhdod .kakd l%shdud¾. fudkjd o@

² tu l%shdldrlï i|yd wjYH iïm;a fudkjd o@

jHdmD;s fhdackdj i|yd wdlD;shjHdmD;s fhdackdj i|yd wdlD;shjHdmD;s fhdackdj i|yd wdlD;shjHdmD;s fhdackdj i|yd wdlD;shjHdmD;s fhdackdj i|yd wdlD;sh

² jHdmD;s ud;Dldj -

² jHdmD;s miqìu -

² wruqK -

² wfmaCIs; ksuejqï wruqK idCId;a lr .;a njg idCIs& -

² l%shdldrlï ksuejqï <Õd lr .ekSu i|yd fhfok ld¾hhka wkqms<sfj,ska&

² fhoejqï l%shdldrlï i|yd wjYH ld,h" udkj iïm;a yd fjk;a iïm;a&

² jHdmD;s lKavdhu

² mka;s Ndr .=re;=ñh f.a ks¾foaYh (-

''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

w;aik

wruqKq

ksuejqï

l%shdldrlï

fhojqï

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m%;sl%shd ld,h ;=<.uka lrk ÿr(Thinking distance)

;sßx. fh¥ miq.uka lrk ÿr(Braking distance)

r:hk;r fõ'

ßhÿre;sßx.fhdohs'

wk;=r olskfudfydf;ar:h fuuia:dkfhawe;''

uQ,dlD;s m%Yak

fN!;sl úoHdj

1& uyd ud¾.fha r:hla Odjkh lrk rshÿrl= úiska Tyq bosrsfha we;s hul .eàula isÿ

ùu je<elaùu i|yd r:h ;sßx. fhdod k;r lr .; hq;= fjhs' r:h k;r lrùfï

§ p,s;fha we;s jk wjia:d fol my; rEmfha olajd we;'

a& jia;=jla ir, f¾Åh ud¾.hla Tiafia p,s; ùu yd iïnkaO my; i|yka rdYSkaj,ska

;=kla i|yd w¾: oelaùï ,nd fokak'

úia:dmkh" m%fõ.h" ;ajrKh" .uka l< ÿr" idudkH fõ.h

(i) jia;=jla taldldr m%fõ.fhka p,s; jk wjia:djl § r:h uÕska p,s;h i|yd

bÈßhg fhdo jk n,h;a ud¾. m%;sfrdaOh uÕska msgq mig fhfok n,h;a w;r

ljr wdldrhl iïnkaO;djhla mj;skafka oehs meyeÈ,s lrkak'

(ii) p,s; jk r:hl m%fõ.h jeä lsÍu i|yd ßhÿrd úiska wkq.ukh lrkq ,nk

l%shd ud¾.h olajd tys § isÿ jk l%shdj fN!;sl úoHd;aul j meyeÈ,s lrkak'

(iii) p,s;fha fhfok r:hl m%fõ.h wvq lsÍu i|yd ßhÿrd úiska .kq ,nk l%shd

ud¾.h olajd tys § isÿ jk l%shdj fN!;sl úoHd;aul j meyeÈ,s lrkak'

b& (i) w& ßhÿrd u;ameka mdkh lr ;sîu

^wd& r:h wêl fõ.fhka Odjkh lrñka ;sîu

we& ;sßx. n,h wvq ùu

wE& ud¾.h f;;a iys; ùu

hk lreKq ßh wk;=rla isÿ ùug we;s bvlv jeä lrhs'

by; tla tla lreK ßh wk;=rla we;s ùu flfrys n,mdk whqre fN!;sl úoHd;aulj

meyeÈ,s lrkak'

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(ii) m%;sl%shd ld,h 0'5s jk ßhÿrl= 72kmh-1fõ.fhka fudag¾ r:hla mojk w;r;=r

§ Tyq bÈßfha 25m ÿßka ud¾.h yryd weo jegqk .ila ;sfnk nj olskq ,nk

w;r r:h th yd .eàu je,elaùu msKsi ;sßx. fh§ug ;SrKh lrhs'

w& m%;sl%shd ld,h ;=, r:h .uka .kakd ÿr fldmuK o

^wd& ;sßx. u`.ska we;s lrkq ,nk ukaokh 10ms-1kï ;sßx. ÿr fldmuK o

we& by; >kkh lsÍïj,g wkqj wk;=r j<lajd .ekSug ßhÿrdg yels fõ

o hkak ks.ukh lrkak'

2& úoHq;a mßm:hl Odrdj md,kh lr .ekSu i|yd m%;sfrdaOl Ndú; flf¾' w.hhka

okakd m%;sfrdaO lsysmhla imhd we;akï tajd wjYH ld¾hh bgq lr .ekSu i|yd

fY%aKs.; j fyda iudka;r.; j fyda fY%aKs.;-iudka;r.; j fyda iïnkaO lr

Odrdj md,kh lr .ekSu i|yd fhdod .; yels h' úoHq;a mßm: ks¾udKh lsÍfï§;a

fu jeks ieliqï fhdod .kq ,efí'

(i) Tng 2Ω ne.ska jk iïu; m%;sfrdaO y;rla imhd we;akï my; i|yka

wjYH;d imqrd .ekSu i|yd tu m%;sfrdaO y;r u fyda lsysmhla iïnkaO lr

.; yels wdldrh fmkajk mßm: igyka w¢kak'

â& 3Ω l iul m%;sfrdaOhla ,nd .ekSu i|yd

^b& 5Ω l iul m%;sfrdaOhla ,nd .ekSu i|yd

(ii) by; tla tla wjia:dfõ Tn fhdod .;a ieliqu ksjerÈ nj .Kkh lsÍula

weiqfrka fmkajkak'

(iii) 6v fldaIhla" 5v úÿ,s mkaoï n,amhla" 10Ω m%;sfrdaO folla" iqúÉÑ folla iy

iïnkaOl lïì Ndú; lr wjYH jQ úg iqúÉÑ l%shd;aul lsÍfuka n,anfha

§ma;sh wvq$jeä l< yels iy n,anh ksjd oeñh yels ir, úoHq;a mßm:hl

mrsm: igykla w¢kak'

(iv) Tfí wjYH;dj bgq lr .ekSu i|yd mrsm:h l%shd;aul l< hq;= wdldlrh

fláfhka meyeÈ,s lrkak'

(v) fldaIh fyd| l%shdldÍ ;;a;ajfha we;s w;r mßm:fha iïnkaOl lïì fyd¢ka

iïnkaO ù we;s wjia:djl mrsm:h l%shd;aul l< úg n,anh fkd oe,a fõ kï

mßm:fha ;sìh yels hehs Tn is;k fodaIh l=ula o@

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1& .=re;ajdl¾Yk n,h ffoYslhla jkafka"

i& thg úYd,;ajhla iy ÈYdjla ;sfnk ksid h'

ii& isria ÈYdjg l%shd lrk ksid h'

iii& wdl¾Yk n,hla jk ksid h'

iv& ÈYdjla ;sfnk kuq;a úYd,;ajhla fkdue;s ksid h'

2& my; oelafjk tajdhska n,hla fkd jkafka"

i& wd;;sh

ii& nr

iii& ialkaOh

iv& >¾IKh

3& my; oelafjk fN!;sl rdYSkaf.ka ljrlg Yla;sfha tall ;sfí o@

i& ialkaOh

ii& ld¾h m%udKh

iii& m%fõ.h

iv& CIu;dj

v& nr

4& .=re;ajh hgf;a ksoyfia fmdf<dj foig .uka lrk jia;=jla i|yd my; oelafjk

tajdhska ljrla ksh;j mj;S o@

i& m%fõ.h

ii& úNj Yla;sh

iii& ;ajrKh

iv& pd,l Yla;sh

v& .uH;dj

5&

by; m%fõ. ld, m%ia;drfhka jia;=jl m%fõ.h" ld,h iuÕ úp,kh ùu oelafõ'

m%ia;drhg wkqj jia;=j

i& ksoyfia my<g jefÜ'

ii& ksh; fõ.hla iys; j p,kh fõ'

iii& ksh; ;ajrKhla iys; j p,kh fõ'

iv& ksh; ukaokhla iys; j p,kh fõ'

m%fõ.h

ld,h

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6 isg 10 olajd m%Yak i|yd

my; oelafjkqfha fN!;sl rdYSka myla fõ'

i& n,h

ii& CIu;djh

iii& mSvkh

iv& ;ajrKh

v& ld¾h m%udKh

6& r:hla uv iys; mdrl .uka lrk úg ufâ tÍ hdug fya;=j meyeÈ,s lrkqfha

l=uk rdYsh uÕska o@

7& lsishï nrla by<g tiùfï § ñka l=uk rdYsh wvq lr .ekSu i|yd ir, hka;% Ndú;

flf¾ o@

8& fudag¾ r:hl welai,f¾grh mE.Sfï § jeä lr .; yelafla l=uk

rdYsh$rdYSka o@

9& <s|lska c,h fmdïm lsÍu jvd blauKska isÿ lsÍu i|yd l=uk rdYsh jeä w.hla

.kakd c, fmdïmhla Ndú; l< hq;= o@

10& jev myiq lr .ekSu i|yd ir, hka;% fhdod .efka' hka;% Ndú;d lr iy fkd lr

tlu jevh lsÍfï § fkd fjkia jk rdYsh l=ula o@

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Grade 10 Physics & chemisrty teacher Guide