Grade 8 Fit and healthy.pptx

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The Skeletal System

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Parts of the skeletal system

Bones (skeleton)

Joints

Cartilages

Ligaments (bone to bone)(tendon=bone to muscle)



Functions of Bones

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Support of the body

Protection of soft organs

Movement due to attached skeletal

muscles

Storage of minerals and fats

Blood cell formation



JointsA joint is the place where two bones come

together.

• Immovable:connect bones, no movement.

(skull and pelvis).• slightly movable, bones are attached by

cartilage, a little movement (spine or ribs).

• Synovial- freely movable, much more

movement than slightly movable joints.Cavities between bones are filled withsynovial fluid. This fluid helps lubricate andprotect the bones.

http://www.shockfamily.net/skeleton/RIBS.MOV

http://www.shockfamily.net/skeleton/RIBS.MOV



Connective tissues:

• Cartilage: reduces friction act as shock

absorber.

• Synovial fluid: Lubricate the joints.

• Synovial membrane: membrane produces

synovial fluid.

•

Tendon: Joins muscle to bones.• Ligament: Joins bone to bone stabilizing the

joint.





The Synovial Joint

Slide 5.51 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 5.28









Where in our body do we find movable joints?

Did you

locate

the joints

in our body

correctly?





Do you think that these joints all work in the same way?

We actually have three main types of

movable joints:

1) A hinge joint

2) A ball and socket joint

3) A gliding joint





The hips and shoulders contain

ball-and-socket joints

In a ball-and-socket joint, one bone

has a rounded end that fits into a

cuplike cavity on another bone.

This provides a wider range of

movement. Thus, your hips andshoulders can swing in almost any

direction.



The joints between the vertebrae arecalled gliding joints, where one part of a

bone slides over another bone.



elbows,fingers,knee

shoulder, hip

back bone, finger base



Muscles

• Bones and joints do not

produce movement

•

The human body hasmore than 600

individual muscles

• Muscles cause bones

and supported structures

to move by alternatingbetween contraction and

relaxation



Functions of Muscle

Muscle has the ability to

contract, permitting

muscles to performvarious functions

• Functions:

– Movement

–

Stability – Control of body

openings and passages

– Heat production

Click for

Larger View



Functions of the muscular system

• Stabilize joints with their TENDONS

• Produce movement (including standing

upright)

• Produce heat to maintain body temperature





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http://www.lifesci.utexas.edu/faculty/sjasper/images/john21.19.jpg

http://www.lifesci.utexas.edu/faculty/sjasper/images/john21.19.jpg



Functions of Muscle: Heat Production

• Heat is released withmuscle contraction

– Helps the body maintain anormal temperature

– Moving your body canmake you warmer if youare cold





Functions of Muscle: Movement

• Skeletal muscles – Attached to bones by tendons

– Cross joints so when they contract, bones they attach to

move

• Smooth muscle – Found on organ walls

– Contractions produce movement of organ contents

• Cardiac muscle – Produces atrial and ventricular contractions

– This pumps blood from the heart into the blood vessels



Types of Muscle Tissue (cont.)

Muscle

GroupMajor

Location

Major

Function

Mode of

Control

SkeletalMuscle

Attached tobones and skin of

the face

Produces bodymovements and

facial expressions

Voluntary

Smooth

Muscle

Walls of hollow

organs, bloodvessels, and iris

Moves contents

through organs;vasoconstriction

Involuntary

Cardiac

Muscle

Wall of the heart Pumps blood

through heart

Involuntary



Tendon

Tendon

Biceps

Tendon

Triceps

Tendon

Example: Rotation around the elbow

Active (contracting) muscle can shorten (pull towards its center)

Therefore, antagonistic muscles are required

BUT it cannot elongate (push away from its center)



Rotation around the elbow: Flexion

Biceps contracts & shortens

Triceps is lengthened

(not contracting)



Rotation around the elbow: Extension

Biceps is lengthened

(not contracting)

Triceps contracts & shortens



Antagonistic Muscle Action

• Muscles are either contracted or relaxed

• When contracted the muscle exerts apulling force, causing it to shorten

• Since muscles can only pull (not push), theywork in pairs called antagonistic muscles





Rotation around the elbow: Extension

Biceps is lengthened

(not contracting)

Triceps contracts & shortens



Click on the screenshot to view an animation showing muscles.

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Apply Your Knowledge

True or False:

___ Skeletal muscles are attached to bones by ligaments.

__ Contractions of smooth muscle produce movement of

organ

contents.

___ Cardiac muscle produces atrial and ventricularcontractions.

___ Sphincters control movement of substances out of

passages.

Heat is released as muscles relax.

tendons

in and out

contract

T

T

F

F

F

ANSWER:



Diseases that may affect elders

Many healthy problems can affect elders because of

smoking, stress, high level of Cholesterol in the blood

and physical inactivity.

Bone also can be affected by disease in various ways. – Infectious agents can enter bone through a fracture,

transmission in the blood.

– Mineral and vitamin decreases in the bone structure.

-Tumors can also develop in bone.





Bone Disease and Vitamin and Mineral

Deficiencies

Vitamins and minerals are key to bone health.

Calcium and phosphorus are required in appropriate

quantities for proper bone formation and

maintenance.However calcium cannot be absorbed from the

digestive tract without vitamin D. Thus mineral or

vitamin D deficiencies may result in soft, malformed,

or fragile bones.



Osteoporosis

Pores in the bone make the vertebrae less length due toWeight .

Eighty percent of those affected by osteoporosis are women.Risk factors for osteoporosis include being female, advanced

age, and having a small frame.



Figure 16-4: Spinal changes caused by osteoporosis.



Bone Tumors

Treatment – The tumor is first reduced by radiotherapy and then

removed surgically.



Rheumatoid arthritis

A systemic disease in which several joints becomeaffected

Symptoms include joint pain and stiffness,particularly on walking. The joints are swollen, red,

and warm. – The same joints are often affected on both sides of the

body.



Osteoarthritis

• Cartilage break down and bones meet

together. Stiff in the joints.



Figure 16-6: Joint inflammation and destruction in rheumatoid

arthritis.



Figure 16-7: Contractures of rheumatoid arthritis.

(Pearson Education / PH College)



Vitamins and Minerals

Deficiency



©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It i s illegal to copy any of this material.

This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.

Major Functions of Muscles

Movement

Includes: breathing, eating, and the

beating of our hearts

Support

Heat production

There are over 600 muscles in the

human body.





Heat Production

9-19

• by-product of cellular respiration

• muscle cells are major source of body heat

• blood transports heat throughout body



Muscle Movement

• When the biceps in the arm contracts the triceps ________ causing ________ of the arm.

• When the triceps in the arm _________ the biceps

relaxes causing ____________ of the arm.

• ______ of muscles are

needed because the only

active _________ of a

muscle is to _______, to

lengthen it must be _________ by the action

of an opposing _______.

relaxes bending

contracts

straightening

Pairs

movement

contract

stretched

muscle





What is Aerobic Respiration?

• The breaking down of sugar to produce energy where

oxygen is present.

• Oxygen + Glucose Carbon dioxide+ Water+ Energy

• 6 O2+ C6H12O6 6H2O+ 6 CO2 + 36 ATP



When We Exercise…

After two minutes of exercise, the body responds by supplyingworking muscles with oxygen.

When oxygen is present, glucose can be completely broken

down into carbon dioxide and water



Anaerobic Respiration refers to the

oxidation of molecules in the absence of

oxygen to produce energy

It is also known

As Fermentation



1. In Muscle Cells- During extraneousactivities, the oxygen in the muscle tissueis decreased to an extent that aerobicrespiration does not occur at a sufficientrate. Hence, there is a buildup of lactic acidand your muscles get tired

2. In Yeast- The fermentation end product isethyl alcohol, and CO2

What happens when

fermentation occurs?





Lab Experiment

We will be testing four different

drinks to see which will give us the

most energy



So how do we decide which is

best?

Hint: Go back to the formula





Lab Procedure

• CO2 Gas Sensor to measure total

concentration of CO2 CO2 Gas Sensor



Lab Procedure• Incubate the yeast solution in a 37 – 40 water bath

• Label the five test tubes G, C, F, M, and W

• Pour 2.5 mL of Gatorade into the test tube labeled G• Pour 2.5 mL of Coke into the test tube labeled C

• Pour 2.5 mL of fruit juice into the test tube labeled F

• Pour 2.5 mL of milk into the test tube labeled M

• Pour 2.5 mL of water into the test tube labeled W

• Lightly stir the yeast suspension to mix the yeast that settled tothe bottom.

• Put 2.5 mL of the yeast suspension into all five of the testtubes.

• Then incubate the test tubes for 10 minutes in the water bath.

• Place the Gas Sensor, and start collecting the data. for 4minutes.



• Vitamin A, B, C, D and E

• Contain in cereal, fruit, vegetables we need small

amount to stay healthy.

• Minerals Iron found in meat need for blood.

• Calcium found in milk need for teeth and bones.

• Sodium found in salt need for nerve.

• Iodine found in sea food need for the Thyroid

gland in the neck.



Minerals and vitamin deficiencies.

• 1- Vitamins:

• Vitamin A may get eye damage cause blindness

• Vitamin C causes Scurvy which make Gum bleeding.

•

Vitamin D causes leg bowing in growing children.

• 2- Minerals:

• People with Iron deficiency may get Anemia and have

few red blood cells.• People with iodine deficiency may get swelling in the

neck called Goiter.



TYPE OF

NUTRIENT USES SOURCES

1. Proteins 2.

Carbohydrates

3. Fats and

Oils 4. Minerals 5. Vitamins 6. Water

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Grade 8 Fit and healthy.pptx