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Grade 8 - Year End Science Review

Unit 1: Mix and Flow of Matter 1. Fluids are used in Technological devices and common everyday materials What does the acronym W.H.M.I.S. stand for?

W _______________ H _______________ M _______________ I _______________ S _______________

2.NamethekeyideasoftheParticleModelofMatter

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3.Namethe3statesofmatteranddescribethemotionoftheirparticlesbyfillinginthechartbelow: Solid Liquid GasDrawwhattheparticleslooklike

Whatshapeandvolumedoesithave?

Giveanexample

Describetheparticlesinthisstate

Whathappenswhentheyarepoured

Compressibleorincompressible?

4.Allmatterisclassifiedaseitherapuresubstanceormixture.Fillinthetablebelow:

PureSubstances MixturesElements

Homogeneous

ExamplesofElements

Examplesofhomogeneous

Compound

Heterogeneous

CompoundsExamples

HeterogeneousExamples

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5a.Whatmakesmaterialsdissolve?5b.Asolutionismadeupof2ormorematerialsthesoluteandsolvent.Explainwhateachofthesetermsmeanandgiveanexampleofeach.Definition ExampleSolution‐

Solute‐

Solvent‐

Soluble

Insoluble

5c.Drawadiagramthatillustrateshowsugar+water=solution6.Describehowyouwouldmakeasolutionmoreconcentrated.7.Identifythreewaysthatcanaffecttherateofdissolving:

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8.Explainthedifferencebetweensaturatedandunsaturated.SaturatedUnsaturated9.Explainhowsolventsareusedascleaningproducts.10.Supposeyoumixlemonjuice,sugar,andcoldwatertomakelemonade.Afterstirringthereisstillsomeundissolvedsugaratthebottomoftheclass.a)Whydidn’tallthesugardissolve?11.DescribethefollowingMethodsofSeparation:Distillation

Chromatography

Filtration

Evaporation

Desalination

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12.FlowRateDefineflowrate

Whatisflowratemeasuredrate?

Howdoyouincreaseflowrate?

Howdoyoudecreaseflowrate?

13.ViscosityDefineviscosity

Identifythreewaystochangeviscosity.

Whenweincreaseflowrateviscosity…

Whenwedecreaseflowrateviscosity…

14.Definethefollowingtermsandcalculatethedensityofanobject.Density

Mass

Volume

Weight

Gravity

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Densityformula

Calculation Calculatethedensityofanobjecthavingamassof10gandavolumeof2ml

15.Wearingalifejacketwhileonaboatcanhelpyoutosaveyourlifeifyougallintothewater.Whyisthisthecase?16.Explainwhyasolidpieceofwoodfloatseasilyonthesurfaceofliquidwater.17.Usingtheparticlemodelexplainwhyafluidwillalwaysflowoutofcrackorsmallholeinanopencontainer.18.DefinethefollowingPressure

Force

Area

Equationforpressure

Calculation Calculatethepressureemittedonanobjectthathasaforceof20Noveranareaof5cm2

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19.Whichstatesofmattercanbecompressed?20.ListanddescribePneumaticsandhydraulicssystemsandgive2examplesofeachpressuresystem. Define ExamplesHydraulics

1.2.

Pneumatics

1.2.

21.a)DefineValveb)DefinePump

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Unit2‐CellsandBodySystems1. Whatarethe5characteristicsoflivingthings?Listanexampleofeach

2. Completethefollowingchartbasedonthelevelsoforganizationinorganisms.

Level Definition ExampleCell

Tissue

Organ

System

Organism

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3. Definethefollowingpartsofthecell:Organelle FunctionNucleus

Cellmembrane

Cellwall

Vacuole

Chloroplasts

Cytoplasm

Mitochondria

4. List3waysinwhichplantcellsdifferfromanimalcells

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5. Identifythedifferenttypesofcells

6.Describethefunctionofeachtypeofcell

TypeofCell FunctionMuscle

Skin

Nerve

Blood

Bone

1. Describethefollowingtypesofpermeability

Impermeable–Example‐Permeable–Example‐Semipermeable–Example‐

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2. Whatisdiffusion?Whatisosmosis?Diffusion–Example‐Osmosis–Example‐

3. Whattissuesinplantstransportthefollowing?

Transport TissueWater

Sugar

4. Explainwhatthefollowingbodysystemsandtheirfunction.Listsomeorgans

thatareapartofeachsystem

System Function OrgansDigestive

Circulatory

Respiratory

Excretory

Nervous

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5. List3advantagesofbeingmulticellular

6. Howarethefollowingsystemsconnected?

Circulatoryanddigestive

Circulatoryandrespiratory

7. Howdothebloodvesselsinyourbodyrespondtothefollowing:

Blush

Sweat

Shiver

8. Identify5waystomaintainhealthyorgansandsystems

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Unit3–LightandOpticalSystems1. Whatisthebasicprincipleoflight?

2. Whatcausesashadow?

3. Listanddescribethe5sourcesoflightandgive1exampleofeach.Sourceoflight ExampleIncandescent

Chemiluminescent

Bioluminescent

Phosphorescent

Fluorescent

4. Describeandgiveanexamplefor:

Diagram ExampleTransparent

Translucent

Opaque

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5. Describeanddrawhowlighthitsconvexandconcavemirrors Diagram/Explanation ExampleConvexmirror

Convexlens

Concavemirror

Concavelens

6. Whatisreflection?Drawaraydiagramtohelpexplain.Calculatetheangleof

reflectioniftheangleofincidenceis55degrees.

a.LawofReflection–b.Raydiagramofreflection–c.Theangleofreflectionis

7. Whatisrefraction?Drawasimpleraydiagramtohelpexplain.

a.Refraction–b.Raydiagramofrefraction–

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8. Whydoeslightbendwhenitgoesfromonemediumtoanother?

9. Drawadiagramtoshowwhathappenswhenalightraygoesfromair(lessdense)towater(moredense),whatwaydoeslightbend?

10. Definethefunctionforeachstructureoftheeye:Structure FunctionCornea

Pupil

Iris

VitreousHumor

Retina

OpticNerve

Lens

11. MatchthefollowingpartsoftheeyetothecamerapartsRetina ApertureLens FilmIris LensPupil Diaphragm12. Whatisablindspot?

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13. Explainwhathappenstothepupilwhenitisbrightandwhenitisdark?Light

Dark

14. Explainnearandfarsightedvision.Ineachcase,drawadiagramtoillustratehowlightisaffectedbythelensandhoweachcanbecorrected.

Vision Diagram CorrectionNearsighted(Myopia)

Farsighted(Hyperopia)

15. Explainhowtheeyesofthefollowinganimalshavebeenadaptedfor

survival:TypeofEye DescriptionAmphibian

Mammal

Insect

Bird

16. Explainthedifferencebetweenrefractingandreflectingtelescopes

17. Labelthefollowingdiagram(**IGNORE**)

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18. Explaintherelationshipbetweenfrequencyandwavelength(**IGNORE**)

19. Describeeachofthefollowingpartsoftheelectromagneticspectrumandprovideanapplicationofeach.(**IGNORE**)

TypeofWaves

Definition Application

Radiowaves

Microwaves

Infrared

Visiblelight

Ultraviolet

X‐ray

Gamma

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Unit4–MechanicalSystems1.Identifytheadvantageofeachofthefollowingsimplemachines.Simplemachine

Functionandexample

Lever

InclinedPlane

Gear

Pulley

Wheelandaxle

2.Identifytheload,effort,andfulcrumforthelever.

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3.CompletethefollowingbasedonWORKWork

Force

Distance

Equation

Calculation Youexertedaforceof2.0Nonaleverandmoveditadistanceof0.6m.Calculatethework

4.Whatwouldyoudotomaketheefforteasiertomoveaboxof50Nfromthefloortoashelf?5.Definemachine6.Defineandcalculatemechanicaladvantage.a.Mechanicaladvantageisb.Onaseesaw,youaretryingtoliftthepersonontheotherside.Youapplyaneffortforceof600Ntotheseesawandtheotherpersonweights1800N.Calculatethemechanicaladvantage.

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6. Definethefollowing:a.Transmission

b.Linkage

c.Whichmovesthelargerload?

7. Definethefollowinggears:Geartrain

DrivingGear

DrivenGear

8. Whichdirectionwouldthegearsgointhegeartrain?

9. Calculatethespeedratioofthefollowinggeartrain.Thedrivergearis25andthedrivengearis5.

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10. IdentifyeachtypeofpulleyTypeofPulley Diagram

11. Describethedifferencebetweenpotentialandkineticenergy

12. DefineEfficiency

Howcanyouincreaseefficiency

Howcanyoudecreaseefficiency

Formula

Calculation Iftheworkoutputproducedis50Jandtheinputis20J,whatistheefficiencyofthemachine?

13. Provideanexampleofapneumaticandahydraulic

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Unit5–FreshandSaltwaterSystems

1. Waterusagecanbeindirectordirect.Completethefollowingchart.Indirect DirectDefinition

Definition

Example

Example

2. Fillinthemissinginformation.

_________%oftheearthiswaterOfthat_________%issaltwaterand_________%isfreshwaterOffreshwater_________%isinglaciersoricecapsand_________%isusablefreshwater._________%isfoundassurfacewaterand_________%isfoundasgroundwater.3.Whatisdifferencebetweenwaterqualityandquantity?

1. Definethefollowing

Term DefinitionIceCap

Glacier

ContinentalGlacier

Icefield

ValleyGlacier

Crevasse

Icefall

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Advancing

Retreating

ParkIce

Iceberg

Till

Meltwater

Millwell

Reservoir

5.Whentheamountofmeltingismorethantheamountoficeflowtheglacierisconsidered_______________________.WhentheamountofmeltingIslessthantheamountofflowitisconsidered__________________________.

6.Describetheprocessinwhichaglacierisformed7.Explainthreesituations,whichcouldcauseaniceage.

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8.Whenwatertricklesdownthroughthesoilandcollectsinspacesbetweensoilparticlesthisisknownas_____________________________________.9.Ariverflowswesttothepacificocean.Thepointatwhichtheriveremptiesoutintothelargebodyofwateriscalledthe______________________________.10.ThesameriverbeginsataglacierintheRockyMountains.Thepointatwhichtheriverstartsiscalledthe_______________________.11.Listthingsusedtodeterminewhetherabodyofwaterisalakeorpond.

12.Whatisariver?13.Whatisastream?14.Whatisstreamflow?15.Whatissediment?Provideanexample.16.Wheredoessedimentcomefrom?17.Whatisitcalledwhenthesedimentstopsmoving?

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18.Whyisitimportanttomeasurethesedimentinenvironmentalmonitoring?19.Whatarecontaminants?20.Whatisthedifferencebetweenpointandnon‐pointcontaminates?Pointsource–Nonpointsource–21.Describesalinity22.Wheredoesthesaltcomefromintheoceans?23.Drawhowtheparticlesmoveinawave.24.Listthreecharacteristicsofneapandspringtides.Neap Spring‐‐‐

‐‐‐

Whatisthedifferencebetweenhighandlowtide?

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a.Explainoceancurrents.b.Ifyouexperiencecoldcurrentswherearetheycomingfrom?c.Ifyouexperiencewarmcurrentswherearetheycomingfrom?25.Identifythethreetypesofaquatichabitatsandprovideexamplesoftheadaptationsofspeciestoliveinthosehabitats26.Whatisanalgalbloom?Howdoesitform?