Graduates’ qualifications and quality of jobs: the case of Poland

Graduates’ qualifications and quality of jobs: the case of Poland

Gabriela GrotkowskaFaculty of Economic Sciences,

University of Warsaw

Motivation for research „Job quality problem”:– Low-pay employment „working poor”–Non-standard employment behind growth of

employment in many OECD countries Growing differences in employment

conditions between new-entrants to the labour market and elder workers

What factors determine these differences? What is the role of educational factors?

Access to unique data setUniversity of Ljubljana, 24-26 September 2009

Labour market success as a measure of education

quality Labour market success as a criterion of a quality of the education system

How to measure labour market success?– Labour market participation– Employment

Problem with ILO definition of employment quality of employment

University of Ljubljana, 24-26 September 2009

Characteristics of the youths’ employment

Still persons aged 15-29 constitute almost ¼ of total employment


Youth’s job quality: employment status and type

of contract


Youth’s job quality: NACE sections and work

conditions Young people significantly:–more often than on average work in trade

and repairs, hotels and restaurants, construction, perosnal services

–more often than average work on part-time basis, on shifts, on evenings and weekends

–more rarely work in overtime – total time of work of the young people is

simmilar to overall average


Youth’s job quality: wages


Syntetic job quality index (1)


Variable Description

Wage: net per hour wage (wph)

0 – wph under 10th percentile1 – wph between 10th and 25th percentile3 – wph between 25th and 50th percentile5 – wph between 50th and 75th percentile7 – wph between 75th and 90th percentile9 – wph higher than the 90th percentile

Status 0 – contributing family worker1 – employment without formal contract2 – employment based on civil contract3 – own-account worker4 – employment during traineeship period5 – hired employment with a contract shorter than 1 year6 – hired employment with a contract longer than 1 year8 – hired employment with an undefined time contract

Promotion 0 – no promotion prospects2 – there are promotion prospects (employee’s opinion)



Variable Description

Shift 0 – shift work1 – no shift work

Night 0 – work at night (often or sometimes)1 – no work at night

Weekend 0 – work on weekends (often or sometimes)1 – no work on weekends

Commuting 0 – workers commutes 120 minutes a day or more1 – workers commutes 60 - 120 minutes a day 2 – workers commutes 30 - 60 minutes a day3 – workers commutes less than 30 minutes a day

Section 0 – employment in trade and repairs, hotels and restaurants, construction or other social and personal services3 – other sections

Relation 0 – work is not related to education profile1– work is related to education profile



Explaining differences in the level of job quality

Gender Region and class of settlement unit Year of graduation Level and field of education, additional skills (ability to speak

foreign language, use computer, having a driving license etc.), Management skills or ability to work in international environment, Characteristics of the process of education:

– type of school and mode of education , – average grade, – participation in school-based traineeship programme, – participation in extra courses,

Participation in training after graduation from school, Work experience, Contacts in work environment), Average level of parents’ education.


Regression results Positive impact on job quality:

– being man (+0.79)– living in big cities (+0.30/0.53), living in some regions– longer time from graduation (+0.4/0.8)– growing education level (not strictly monotonic; +3.7)– surprising results concerning fields of education – computer skills (+0.37) and driving licence (+0.32)– growing average grade (+0.26)– participation in non compulsory additional courses (+0.30) and

activities concerning professional career management (+0.46) during school education

– participation in training after having graduated from school (+0.46)

– growing average parents’ education level (+0.17)– work experience (+0.43)– contacts within professional environment (+0.76)


Regression results Insignificant:

– speaking a foreign language – participation in school based traineeship

programmes, – ownership of school and mode of education– international experience and ability for work in

international environment

Negative impact:– possessing a second profession, – adaptability do changing conditions and – managerial skills.


Conclusions Significant differences in job quality

of different age cohorts of the labour force: lower job quality of the youth

Significant role of selected education factors in determining job quality

Question: how permanent this effect is? Dual labour market? area for further studies (panel data)


Thank you for your attention.

Documents

Graduates’ qualifications and quality of jobs: the case of Poland