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Proteobacteria Alpha: Parasitic bacteria
Tick borne diseases Flea vector
Beta: GNC Gamma
Largest group Enterics
Delta Sulfur reducing bacteria in
soil/water Predatory (attack other
bacteria) Epsilon : GI
Neisseria Characteristics
GNC, diplococci Capnophile Nonmotile Oxidase (+)
Pathogenicity Fimbria Capsule Protease (inhibit IgA) LOS (oligosaccharide)
Lipid A endotoxin
Neisseria meningitidis Epidemiology
Normal microbiotica (resp) Pathogenicity
Various strains Capsule LOS: lipid A
Disease meningitis Septicemia/death
Dx: CNS, Ab Tx: AB Prevention
Vaccination Prophylactic AB to exposed
Neisseria gonorrhoeae Gonococci
Eye Pharynx Uritogenital Rectum
Pathogenicity Adhesins
Pili Protein II
Replicate in WBCs Disease
STD “Clap” PID scar tissue Neonatal conjunctivitis Inflammation
Urinary Repro Oral Cavity
Neisseria gonorrhoeae Dx
Culture/Isolation Symptoms
Tx: AB
Cepha- quinolones
Iodine/Silver Nitrate (eye) Prevention:
Screen/Detection Tx infected individuals Condom use Public education
Enterobacteriaceae Characteristics
GNR Motile = flagella Capsule/slime layer Nitrate reduction FA Oxidase (-)
Epidemiology Source
GI Water Soil Decaying vegetation
Gamma Proteobacteria
Enterobacteriaceae Groups
Gammaproteobacteria: Enterics Coliforms Noncoliforms Pathogens
FA Oxidase (-) Reduce nitrate (cocco)bacilli
Enterobacteriaceae Pathogenicity
LPS Core polysaccharide O polysaccharide Lipid A endotoxin
Antigens Capsular (K) Flagellar (H)
Virulence factors Immune evasion
Capsule Fimbriae Type III secretion system
Adhesins Exotoxins Hemolysins Iron-binding compounds
Enterobacteriaceae Dx
Culture/Isolation MAC EMB
Location
Tx Supportive AB
Prevention Hand washing Sewage control
Coliforms Normal GI microbiotica Groups
Escherichia Klebsiella Serratia Enterobacter Hafnia Citrobacter
Biochemical tests Ferment lactose
Enteric Bacteria Pathogenicity
Glycocalyx LPS
Core polysaccharide O antigen Lipid A endotoxin
K (capsular) antigens H (flagellar) antigens Fimbria Adhesins Exotoxins Hemolysins Bacteriocins Iron binding proteins Sex Pili AB resistance
Enteric Bacteria Diagnosis
Culture Biochemical tests
Treatment AB Toxin neutralization
Prevention Hygiene Clean water supply
Esherichia coli Coliform
E. coli O157:H7 Pathogenicity
O, H, K antigens Plasmids for virulence Shiga-like Toxin Type III secretion system
Disrupt PM Receptors for attachment
Diseases Gastroenteritis
Food-fecal contamination UTI
Uremic syndrome Pyelonephritis
Septicemia Neonatal meningitis
Klebsiella Epidemiology
Nosocomial Reservior
Soil, water GI Respiratory tract
Pathogenicity Polysaccharide capsules
Diseases UTI Bacteremia Meningitis Pneumonia
Cherry red sputum Lung abscess Empyema
Dx: Culture Tx: AB
Serratia Characteristics
Red pigment coliform
Agent: S. marcescens Epidemiology
Nosocomial Opportunistic Fomites (catheters, saline solutions)
GI Soil, water
Pathogenicity AB resistance Endotoxin
Diseases UTI URTI
Enterobacter Agents
E. aerogenes E. cloacae
Location Coliform Water, sewage Soil
Epidemiology Opportunistic
Blood Wounds/incisions
Nosocomial Pathogenicity
Endotoxin AB resistance
Disease Dairy contaminant UTI Pneumonia
Hafnia (formerly Enterobacter sp) Characteristics
GNR, FA motile
Agent: H. alvei (2 biogroups) Epidemiology
GI micorbiotica (HARF) Opportunistic, nosocomial
Pathogenesis Attach and efface enterocyte mucosa
(LEE) Disease
Diarrhea Gastroenteritis Peritinitis Septecemia Liver Abscesses UTI Endocarditis Meningitis Pneumonia
Dx: Culture fluids Tx: AB
Citrobacter Characteristics
GNR, FA Ferment lactose
Agent: C. freundii Epidemiology
GI microbiotica (HARF) Soil, water Decaying vegetation
Pathogenesis Opportunistic Lipid A endotoxin
Disease UTI Cholecystitis Meningitis OM
Dx: Culture fluids Tx: AB
Noncoliform Opportunistic Nosocomial Diseases
UTI Kidney stones
Groups Proteus Morganella Providencia Edwardsiella
Biochemical Non lactose fomenters
Proteus Characteristics
GNR, FA Flagella (polar), swarms Urease (+)
Agent P. mirabilis P. vulgaris
Epidemiology Colon, soil & water Opportunistic
Pathogenicity Urease Motility Endotoxin
Disease UTI (catheter) Kidney stones
Dx: Culture Tx: AB, resistance is developing
Morganella (formerly Proteus sp.) Characteristics
GNR, FA, motile Only glucose fermentation
Agents M. morganii
Epidemiology GI microbiotica (HAR) Nosocomial
Pathogenesis: Lipid A endotoxin Disease
UTI GI diarrhea CNS infection Ear and Sinus infections
Dx: Culture Tx: AB
Providencia Characteristics
GNR Motile FA
Agents: P. stuartii P. rettgeri P. alcalifaciens
Epidemiology Normal GI microbiotica
animals humans
Nosocomial Catheter Endotracheal tubes
Pathogenesis: plasmid codes for urease Disease
GU: UTI, prostatitis, kidney stones Pneumonia Bacteremia
Dx: Culture fluids, feces Tx: AB, but developing resistance
Edwardsiella Characteristics
GNR, FA +/- motility
Agents E. hoshinae E. tarda
Epidemiology Opportunistic GI tract (HARF)
Pathogenesis Disease
Gastroenteritis UTI Wound infections
Dx: Culture fluids Tx: AB
Pathogenic Enteric Bacteria Characteristics
NLF Virulence
Type III secretion Toxins
Groups Salmonella Shigella Yersinia
Salmonella Characteristic
GNR Motile (peritrichous) Gas production H2S production Urease (-) Oxidase (-)
Location GI (S. enterica) 2,000 serovars
Examples S. typhi S. paratyphi S. typhimurium
Salmonella pathogenicity Epidemiology
Fecal contamination Poultry products Milk
Pathogenicity Many serotypes Proteins endocytosis Invade intestinal mucosa Toxins
Enterotoxin Cytotoxin
Diseases Salmonellosis
N/V/D Bacteremia
Typhoid fever Gastroenteritis Bacteremia Peritonitis
Salmonella Dx
Culture Isolation Symptoms
Tx Supportive AB Cholecystectomy
Prevention Hygiene Proper food handling
Cooking Refrigeration
Vaccination
Salmonella typhi Epidemiology
Source Carrier’s feces
Transmission Contaminated food/H2O
Pathogenesis Invade GI spread to LN, Liver, GB Shed bacteria in feces: 3mos Abdominal pain, anorexia
Disease Typhoid fever
Dx: Culture blood, feces; Serology Tx: AB Prevention:
Food handling Isolation of infected individuals Vaccine for high risk individuals
Shigella Characteristics
GNR Nonmotile FA (-): urease, oxidase
Examples S. dysenteriae S. flexneri S. boydii S. sonnei
Shigella Location
GI pathogen
Epidemiology Source: food/water
contamination with feces Transmission
Fecal-oral 4 F’s
food fingers feces flies
Shigella Pathogenesis
Multiply in colon mucosa Disrupt phagosome membrane and
invade Toxins
Exotoxin: Shiga Toxin Endotoxin
Disease Diarrhea:
water, blood, mucus Shigellosis dysentery
Ulcerate colon Dx: Isolates, biochemical tests, serology Tx: fluid support, AB Prevention
Hygiene Sewage treatment
Yersinia Characteristics
GNR Location
GI of animals Endemic (in West Texas)
Epidemiology Food/H20 contamination with
feces Direct contact Indirect: inhalation
Vector: flea bite Agents
Y. enterocolitica Y. pseudotuberculosis Y. pestis
Yersinia Pathogenicity
Pathogen YOPS
outer membrane proteins
Prevent phagocytosis Plasmid virulence factors
Adhesins Type III secretion systems
Trigger apoptosis PMN MO
Yersinia Diseases
Gastroenteritis (Y. enterocolitica) SI Mesenteric LN
Plague (Y. pestis) Bubonic (LN) Pneumonic (Lungs)
Dx: Blood ID, culture, PCR Tx: AB Prevention: control
Rodent Flea Vaccination Isolation of infected persons
Plague life cycle Reservoir
Rats Mice Voles
Vector: Flea Hosts
Amplify Prairie dogs Rabbits Deer Dogs/Cats
Cycle Flea bite Exposure to infected animals
Alpha, Beta, & other Gamma proteobacteria Aerobic GNR Groups
Alpha Bartonella Brucella
Beta Bordetella Burkholderia
Gamma Pseudomonads
Pseudomonas Moraxella Acinetobacter
Francisella Legionella Coxiella
Bartonella Characteristics
Aerobic
Location: animals Vectors: insects Examples
B. bacilliformis B. quintana B. henselae
Bartonella Diseases Bartonellosis
Sand flies RBCs invaded
Trench fever Lice Bone pain
Bacillary Angiomatosis Peliosis hepatitis
Cat-Scratch fever fleas Cat nails, teeth LN and abscesses
Brucella Characteristics
coccobacillus Location
Intracellular parasite Animal hosts
Pathogenicity Prevent phagolysosome
Examples B. melitensis B. abortus B. suis B. canis
Brucella Epidemiology
Unpasteurized dairy Animal blood / urine Reproductive organs
Disease Undulant fever (Bangs)
Tx: AB Prevention
Animal vaccination
Bordetella Characteristics
Aerobic GN coccobacillus
Location Examples
B. pertussis B. parapertussis B. bronchiseptica
Bordetella Epidemiology
Inhaled aerosols Inhibit ciliary action
Pathogenicity Adhesins Toxins
Pertussis Adenylate cyclase Dermonecrotic Tracheal
Disease: whooping cough Prevention
Hygiene Vaccination (DPT)
Burkholderia Characteristics
Aerobic Flagella
Location environmental Opportunistic:
Lungs Joints Skin
Diseases Meliodosis Glanders
Example Burk. cepacia Burk. mallei Burk. pseuodomallei
Pseudomonads Characteristics
GNR aerobic
Location Environment: soil Moist areas opportunistic
Examples Pseudomonas Moraxella Actinobacter
Pseudomonas aeruginosa Pathogenicity
Fimbria= biofilms Adhesins Enzymes
Neuraminidase elastase
Capsule ROS Drug Antiports Toxins
Endotoxin: Lipid A Exotoxin
Exotoxin A Exoenzyme S
Moraxella catarrhalis (formerly Branhamella sp)
Characteristics Aerobic Short bacilli
Disease Opportunistic URTI Ears Sinusitis
Acinetobacter Characteristics
Aerobic Short bacillus
Location Soil Water Sewage
Diseases Opportunistic URTI UTI CNS Endocarditis
Francisella Characteristics: GNR Agent: F. tularensis Epidemiology
Animal reservoirs (rabbits) Transmission
Vector bite (tick, fly, mosq) Direct contact with infected
tissue Inhalation
Pathogenesis Ulcer Enlarged LN
Disease Tuleremia
Dx: Culture, PCR, FlorescentAb/Agglut Tx: AB Prevention
Vector control Vaccination
Francisella tularensis Characteristics
Aerobic Coccobacillus
Location Water Intracellular parasite
Epidemiology Zoonotic
Bite mosquito, fly Tick feces Infected animal
Rabbit muskrat
Tularemia Pathogenicity
Capsule Beta lactamase
Disease LN buboes Resp: cough, pain Death
Legionella Source: environment
Soil Water (A/C, showers)
Epidemiology Airborne Chronic illness susceptible
Path Cytotoxic protease
Diseases Severe bronchopneumonia Pontiac fever
Dx : Isolation, urine Ag Tx: AB Prevention
clean environment Water chlorination
Legionella pneumophila Characteristic
Aerobic Pleomorphic
Location: water Epidemiology
Intracellular parasite Inhalation of aerosols
Pathogenicity Protozoa carry Exit pores
Disease Pneumonia 2nd: GI, Urinary
Coxiella burnetii Characteristic
aerobe Location
Intracellular parasite phagolysosome
Epidemiology Hosts
Avian Mammals
Vector: Tick Pathogenicity
Spore like infective body Human Disease
Inhale infective body Q fever
Acute Chronic
Pasteurellaceae Gammaproteobacteria
GNR Oxidase (+) FA Nonmotile
Groups Pasteurella Haemophilus
Bovine pneumonia
Pasteurella Characteristics
GNR Agent: P. multocida Location
Normal microbiotica in animals Oral Resp
Exposure Animal bite Aerosol
Pathogenesis Zoonotic
Disease Humans
Abscess Arthritis
Animals Pneumonia Sepsis
Haemophilus Characteristics
GNR Pleomorphic
Location MM parasite
Examples H. influenza H. ducreyi H. aphrophilus H. parainfluenza H. aegyptius
Haemophilus influenzae Pathogenicity
Capsule K antigen Various strains
Disease Meningitis Infantile arthritis Cellulitis Epiglottitis Ocular and Aural (OM) Sinusitis URTI (bronchitis. Pneumonia)
Tx: AB Prevention
vaccination
Haemophilus parainfluenza Characteristics Epidemiology
Component of dental plaque
Pathogenesis Disease
POD Valvular endocarditis
Dx
Haemophilus aegyptius
Purpuric Fever South America Children Disease
Conjunctivitis N/V/D Shock Death
Vibrio Characteristics
GNR Agent: V. cholera Epidemiology
carriers Fecal contamination
Water Food
Pathogenesis Serotypes: O1 and O139 Adhere to intestinal mucosa Toxin: Choleragen (from bacteriophage)
Subunit A Activates adenylate cyclase Hypersecretion of Cl- and H20
Subunit B Binds to intestinal receptors
Disease Muscle cramps Profuse diarrhea Circulatory shock and collapse
Dx: culture of feces, Agglutination Rxn Tx: supportive; AB Prevention: water sanitation
Campylobacter Characteristics
GNR, curved Capnophile
Agent: C. jejuni Epidemiology
Source GI animals
Birds Cattle
Water Transmission
Contaminated water Undercooked food Contact with infected
animals
Campylobacter Pathogenesis
Invades SI Exotoxin (similar to cholera
toxin) Disease
Gastroenteritis and ulceration Bloody watery diarrhea Endocarditis Septic arthritis Meningitis
Dx: Culture and Isolation Tx: Supportive, AB: erythromycin Prevention:
Hygiene Proper food handling
Pasteurization Cooking of meat
Helicobacter (Campylobacter) Characteristics
GNR Agent: H. pylori Epidemiology
Gastric mucosa (mucus) Food-water: person-person
Pathogenesis Adhesins: Fimbria Enzymes
Urease Proteases Phospholipidase Cytokines
Toxins: cytoxins Diseases
Gastritis Peptic ulcers Gastric cancer
Dx: Gastric biopsy culture Tx:
Peptobismol Metronidizole Beta lactam AB Prevacid
Bacteroides fragilis Characteristics
GNR Pleomorphic anaerobic
Location Normal GI microbiotica
Epidemiology 85% of GI disease
Pathogenicity Fimbria Capsule Inhibit lysosomes
Disease Peritonitis (ruptured GI) Pelvic Abscesses Wound necrosis
Provotella Characteristic
GNR anaerobic
Location: normal flora Urogenital Respiratory
Epidemiology: opportunistic Pathogenicity
Adhesins Antiphagocytic capsules Proteases
Disease Sinusitis OM POD PID