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Gram Positive Bacillus
Medically Important GPR
Bacillus Clostridium Listeria Erysipelothrix Lactobacillus Actinobacteria
Streptomyces Proprionibacterineae Corynebacterium Nocardia Mycobacterium
Bacillus anthracis Characterisitics
GPR FA Capsule Spore: central endospore Nonmotile
Reservoir, zoonotic Hoof stock (sheep, cattle, goats) Fur, hides (textile workers) Soil contaminated with spores
Virulence Capsule Spore Exotoxin (anthrax toxin)
Necrosis Edema
Protective Ag
Pathogenicity
B. anthracis diseases
Exposure Inhalation Inoculation Ingestion meat
Dz Gastrointestinal
Hemmorhage/death Cutaneous
Eschar/toxemia Inhalation
Toxemia/death
B. anthracis
Cutaneous Anthrax: Eschar
B. anthracis
Dx Culture/Isolation
Tx AB (cipro)
Prevention Vaccination (toxoid) Proper disposal
Chemical disinfection Burn carcasses
B. cereus Characteristics
Aerobic Non-encapsulated Motile spore
Virulence Spores Enterotoxins Hemolysins Lecithinase (pLC)
Dz Food poisoning Catheter sepsis Ocular infections
B. subtilis Location
Soil Decaying organic matter
Nonpathogenic Research organism
Endospores antibiotics
Commercial use Enzyme production Insect toxin
Fungicide Food spoilage
Clostridium
Examples C. tetani C. perfringes C. botulinum
Characteristics GPR Obligate anaerobes Motile Spore former (terminal) Exotoxins
C. perfringens Membrane disrupting toxin
(phospholipids) Alpha toxin (lecithinase)
Rupture RBCs Destroy Tissue
Enzymes Collagenase Hyaluronidase DNase CH2O fermentation Gas
Exposure Puncture wounds, fractures Surgical Contaminated food
Diseases Food poisoning
Improper cooking V/D
Gas gangrene Anaerobic cellulitis myonecrosis
Gas Gangrene
Treatment Debride AB Hyperbaric O2
C. tetani Epidemiology: saphrophyte
Soil Dust GI tract Wounds (deep)
Burns Umbilical stump Animal bites
A-B neurotoxin (exotoxin) Tetanospasm Blocks release of inhibitory NT
Glycine Relaxes opposing muscle Without: both muscle groups
contract Tonic Spasms
Localized (Lockjaw) Cephalic Generalized
Death respiratory failure
C. tetani Dx
Spores in wound Blood toxin levels Toxin neutralization test
Treatment Antitoxin (HTIg) AB Debride Curare poison
paralysis ventilator
Prevention Vaccination
Toxoid (DPT) Antitoxin
Tetanus neonatorum
C. tetani Umbilical cord infected
soil, dirt rubbed on stump Dirty instruments
C. botulinum Location
Soil Water Improper canning GI tracts of animals
Epidemiology Intoxication
Food borne Toxin (canned food)
Infant Ingestion of endospores Source: honey
Wound endospores
C. botulinum
Pathogenicity A-B neurotoxin
botulinum toxin 7 toxins A-G
Type A Proteolytic Heat resistant
Type B: both Type E
Nonproteolytic Heat labile
Bind to neuron prevent ACH from binding at NMJ Flaccid paralysis
Descending Death in 3-7 days
C. botulinum
Dx Culture/Isolation Symptoms
Tx Antitoxin AB: penicillin Ventilator
Prevention Proper food handling Boiling 10 minutes
Botox
Clostridium difficile
GI source Epidemiology
Long term care facilities Chronic AB use Fecal-oral route
Pathogenicity Toxins Spores
Diseases Colitis pseudomembrane Cecal perforation = fatal
Colitis
Actinobacteria
Suborder Actinomycinae Suborder Propionibacterineae Suborder Streptomycineae Suborder Corynebacterineae
Family Corynebacteriaceae Family Mycobacteriaceae Family Norcariaceae
Actinomycosis
Actinomycetes Characteristics
Anaerobic
Diseases Abscesses Sulfur granules Body cavities
Jaw Thoracic Abd/pelvic
Proprionibacterineae GPR Non motile, NSF FA to aerotolerant Catalase (+) Location
Skin GI Dairy (cheese)
Types P. acnes
Body odor Acne
Oil glands Acne vulgaris
Streptomycineae
Streptomyces Aerial hyphae, conidia Obligate aerobes Location:soil Problems
S.C infection Abscess Bone destruction
Use AB synthesis
Mycobacteriaceae
Examples M. tuberculosis M. leprae
Characteristics AF (mycolic acid) Aerobic Nonmotile, NSF
Reservoir = humans Transmission
Respiratory droplets
M. tuberculosis Slow growing TB
Pulmonary Nodular scars
Calcification T cells and macrophages
CT Tubercle
Caseous necrosis Disseminated (consumption)
Brain Bone Kidneys GI LN Skin
Disease stages Primary Latent Recrudescent
M. tuberculosis Virulence factors
Mycolic acid Decrease phagocytosis
Catalase Mycobactin
Chelates iron Dx
Culture/isolation of sputum Radiography of chest TB skin test (PPD)
Tx multi-drug Resistance Research: rDNA vaccine
M. Leprae (Hansen’s bacillus) Slow growing Epidemiology
Tropical environments (TX) Not readily communicated
Types Tuberculoid
Rash with plaques Nerve damage
Lepramatous (Leproid) Erythemia nodosum Neuritis Ulceration/bacteremia Skin appendage loss Treatment: AB
Corynebacterium C. diptheriae Characteristics
Club shaped Weakly AF Metachromic granules
Epidemiology Source: carriers
Cutaneous Fomites
Respiratory infection Aerosol Pharynx, LN, tonsils Pseudomembrane
Pathogenicity Diptheria toxin
A-B exotoxin A: Inactivates proteins B: attacks heart, NS
Neuraminidase Protease (Dipthin)
coryne = club shaped
C. diptheria disease Pseudomembrane
Pharynx and tonsils MM
Nasal Larynx External ear (OM) Conjunctiva Vulvo-vaginal
Complications (toxins) Edema Myocarditis Neuritis Cutaneous rash
C. diphtheria
Dx Pseudomembrane Metachromic granules
Tx Antitoxin AB
Prevention Vaccination (DPT)
Nocardia
N. asteroids Characteristics
Saprophyte (soil) Filamentous, branch Weakly AF
Transmission immunosuppressed
Dz Resp: resemble TB Skin: abscesses
Tx: AB
Lactobacillales (Lactobacillus) Characteristics
Coccobacillus FA – microaerophilic Lactic acid fermentation
Epidemiology Food: meat, dairy, fruit Environment: water
Uses Food production
Fermented vegetables Beverages: beer, wine, juices Milk products: yogurt, cheese
Problems Food spoilage
Listeria L. monocytogenes Characteristics
Soil, mammal gut Non caspule, NSF Motile [petrichous flagella] FA Catalase (+) Resist: Cold, pH, temp, salt, bile
Transmission Direct: neonate, uterus Vertical
Dz Food poisoning (dairy) Skin-> bacteremia-> endocarditis-
>NS Tx: AB Prevention
Cook foods Pasteurize dairy products
Food Safety
Erysipelothrix E. rhusiopathiae Characteristics
Saphrophyte Nonmotile, NSF microaerophilic
Epidemiology Water, sewage Animals
Pathogenicity: capsule Transmission: Fecal Disease
Macropapular rash Endocarditis Septicemia
Tx AB Animal vaccination (pigs)
Mycoplasmas
Characteristics Lack cell walls Pleomorphic (fried egg) NM FA-Obligate anaerobes
Examples M. genitalium M. pneumoniae M. hominis
Diseases Pneumonia Uritogenital infections
Wash your hands!