Grama Tica

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I N D E X

1 The present of BE 2

2 The

present

o f HAVE 4

3

There

is -

there

are 6

4

A/an -the

8

5

The,

an, a -

Omission

of

articles

10

6

School/the school

-

Hospital /the

hospital 12

7 Some, any 14

8 To Have (Past tense) - To Be (Past

tense) 16

9 The plural of nouns 18

10 Personal pronouns

as

subjects

and

objects 20

11

Possessives: possessive

's and s' _ 24

12 Adjectives: Attributes - predicatives 26

13 Interrogative and negative

sentences in present 28

14

Prepositions of place: on, in, at 30

15

Prepositions of time: on, in, at 36

16

Prepositions

of

time: for, during,

since,

from

38

17 Prepositions of distance and

descriptions

40

18 The present continuous 42

19 The simple present tense 44

20 "Going to" form 46

21 The future simple 50

22 The imperative 52

23

Adverbs

of

frequency

and degree _ 54

24

The past simple tense 58

25 Like - would you like? 62

26 When - clauses 64

27 Demonstratives: this/these,

that/those

66

28 Both

and all 68

29

Say and tell 72

30

What a/an

-

what

- how 74

31 Can - could - to be able 76

32 Be with ages and measurements _ _ 78

33 Comparative and superlative

adjectives: comparison 80

34 Good at, look like, what is ... like? _ 82

35 Present perfect tense: for and

since 84

36 Verbs with two objects 86

37 Question words as subjects 88

38

Reported

or

Indirect Speech

90

39 So am I - So do I - Neither/nor am I 92

40 Some and something in offers and

requests

94

41 Infinitive of Purpose 96

42

Conditional Structures 98

43

Structures with

get 102

44 Still, yet, already, since, for, during 104

45 Questions tags

106

46 Passive voice 108

47 Interrogative pronouns 110

48 Relative pronouns 112

Appendix 115



U T

ENGLISH

GRAMMAR

1

The

present

of Be

Aff i rmat ive

I

am/I'm

You are/you're

He

is/he's

She is/she's

It is/it's

We

are/we're

You are/you're

They are/they're

Saludos

Negative

I am

not/I'm

not

You

are

not/you're not/you aren't

He is not/he's not/he isn't

She is not/she's not/she isn't

It is not/it's not/it isn't

We are not/we're not/we aren't

You are not/you're not/you aren't

They are not/they're not/they aren't

Interrogative

Am I?

Are you?

Is he?

Is she?

Is it?

Are we?

Are you?

Are

they?

Hello/Hallo Hola

Good morning Buenos dfas

Good afternoon Buenas tardes

Good

evening

Buenas tardes

(a

partir

de las

seis)

Good night Buenas noches

(se usa

para despedirse)

Goodbye

Adios

How are you? ^Como estas? ^Como esta usted?

Very well,

thank

you Muy bien, gracias

How

do you do?

Tanto gusto (solo para presentarse)

Recuerde

El pronombre "I" siempre se escribe con mayuscula.

Los objetos y los

animates son,

por regla general,

neutros.

En

ingles hay que poner siempre el sujeto en

todas

ias frases

(pero solo un

sujeto,

no dos).

Recuerde

You

se

puede

traducir

por

tu

o

usted

(en

singular).

You tambien signified vosotros, vosotras y

ustedes

(en

plural).

2

STANLEY



UNIT 2

ENGLISH GRAMMAR

The present of Have

A f f i r m a t i v e

I

have/I've

You have/you've

He has/he's

She has/she's

It has/it's

We

have/we've

You have/you've

They have/they've

Negative

I

have not/haven't/don't have

You have not/haven't/don't have

He

has not/hasn't/doesn't have

She

has

not/hasn't/doesn't have

It

has

not/hasn't/doesn't have

We have not/haven't/ don't have

You have not/haven't/don't have

They have not/haven't/don't have

Interrogative

Have l?/Do

I

have?

Have

you?/Do

you

have?

Has

he?/Does

he

have?

Has

she?/Does she have?

Has

it?/Does

it

have?

Have

we?/Do

we

have?

Have you?/Do you have?

Have they?/Do they have?

• A

veces

se

dice

"I

have got"

o

"I've got", etc.

Es

decir,

se

anade

la

palabra "got"

sin que por

ello

se

altere

el

significado.

• El verbo TO HAVE puede ir seguido de un

com-

plemento para referirse a un gran numero de

actividades diferentes. El significado depende

de la

expresion:

en

algunos cases

have se pue-

de

reemplazar

por eat o

drink,

en

otros

por

take, receive, spend, etc:

I

have

tea at five o'clock.

He

has coffee for breakfast.

She has a

shower every day.

The

boys

have a

swim every

day in

summer.

Have a look at this book

Jim, have a

wash

• Cuando el verbo

have

significa

tener

la in-

terrogacion y negation se pueden hacer de dos

formas:

Do

you

have

many brothers?

/ Have

you got

many brothers?

- Does he have

a

car?

/ Has

he

got a

car?

• Se suele ahadir got al verbo have en presen-

te. Es completamente opcional, aunque muy co-

mun. Sin embargo, no se anade en respuestas

cortas o en las "coletillas":

"Have

you got an

ice-cream?" 'Yes,

I

have."

• Sin

embargo, cuando

el

verbo have

se

puede

reemplazar por otro verbo: eat,

drink,

take, etc.

entonces la forma negativa e interrogativa solo

se

puede hacer

de una

manera:

"Do you have

breakfast

in the

morning?"

"No,

I don't

usually

have

anything to eat

in the

morning."

"Does she

have a holiday?" "No,

she

doesn't have

a

holiday."

• En estos cases no se puede usar

haven't

got.

•

Notese tambien

que en la

forma afirmativa

no

se

anade "got".

I have breakfast / lunch / dinner.

You

have

a

bath

/ a

shower

/ a

nap.

4

STANLEY



UNIT 3

There is -

there

are

• En

ingles,

el

presente

del

verbo mpersonal

haber , es

decir, "hay", tiene

dos

formas:

there

is,

cuando

a frase es

singular;

there

are cuan-

do la

frases

es

plural:

There

is a

man.

There is a woman.

There

is a sandwich.

•

There

is

se puede contraer a There's siem-

pre que la frase continue:

There's a tall man in the

sitting-room.

There's

a little dog in the garden.

•

Pero

no se

puede contraer cuando

la

frase

termina

ahf.

Is there

a dog? Yes,

there is.

• Por

regla general, usamos

esta

estructura

cuando

nos

referimos

a

algo

que no

conoce-

mos todavfa:

• En

forma interrogativa

se

cambia

el

orden.

Is

there?

• La negacion se pone en tercer lugar.

There is not.

ENGLISH GRAMMAR

1

Ejemplos

de frases en

singular

Is

there any tea in the teapot?" "Yes,

there is "

Is

there

anybody in the house?" "No,

there is

not" (isn't)

Is there any

water

in the

glass?" "Yes,

there is "

"Is

there

any time?" "No,

there

is not "

(isn't)

•

Usamos

there

are

cuando

la

frase

es

plural:

There are many houses

in

this street.

There are some children playing in the

park.

• En la forma interrogativa se cambia el orden:

Are there many flowers in this park?

Are there any glasses in the kitchen?

• En

cuanto

a la

forma negativa,

a

negacion

se

pone

en

tercer

lugar:

There are not

many people at the

concert today.

There are not

many things to do in this

place.

Ejemplos de frases en plural

Are there

many trees

in the

park?"

"Yes,

there

are."

Are

there

any lamps on the wall?" "Yes,

there are."

Are there

many cats

in the

house?"

"No, there are not." (aren't)

Are there any glasses on the table?"

"No, there are not." (aren't)

6

STANLEY



UNIT 4

ENGLISH

GRAMMAR

A/an - the

• Usamos a o an cuando es la primera vez que

hablamos

de un

objeto:

He

had an apple in his bag.

She

had a very nice dog.

• Sin

embargo,

si los

oyentes saben

a que nos

referimos usamos el articulo determinado:

I left the books on the table, and the

apples

in the

fridge.

• Asumimos que los que nos escuchan saben a

que libros y manzanas nos referimos:

• Otros ejemplos:

There

was a boy

holding hands with

a

girl in the park. The boy had short dark

hair, and the

girl

had long fair hair.

I saw a

play last night.

The

play

was

about

a man who

loved

a

woman

but the

woman didn't love the man.

There are a carpet and a lamp in this

room. The carpet is new but the lamp is

old.

2.

Usamos

the

cuando esta clara

la situation

de

la persona o cosa a que nos referimos:

The doctor came this morning to see

Grandpa, (su medico de cabecera)

The

light

was on all

night,

(la luz de

esta

habitation)

The bank opens at nine, (este banco en

particular)

I took the train at the station, (este tren

en

particular en la estacion de esta

ciudad):

•Tambien con:

the

navy

the army

- the

police

the post office, etc.

8

STANLEY

3. Usamos a/an cuando nuestro interlocutor no

sabe

a que nos

referimos:

I am looking for a book, (no nos dice que

libro)

He bought a car. (no sabemos que

coche)

Mary

sat on a

chair,

(no

sabemos cual)

We stayed at a nice hotel in Benidorm.

I had a meal in a restaurant.

4.

Usamos

el artfculo

the

con radio, cinema,

theatre...

tambien con

sun, earth, moon,

universe, etc:

I often listen to the radio.

I never go to the theatre.

A spaceship

is

going

to the

moon.

The earth goes round the sun.

5. No solemos usar el artfculo the con las co-

midas:

What time is dinner?

What

are you going to have for

breakfast?

Are we going to have lunch?

•Tampoco usamos the con

watch, television:

She

never watches television.

We always watch the news on TV.



UNIT

5

The, an, a - Omission of articles

1. Solemos omitir el uso de the antes de un

sustantivo cuando nos referimos a alguien o

algo en

general:

Children are

nice.

She is

afraid

of

dogs.

Crime doesn't pay.

I

love collecting stamps.

- She

likes music.

Life is very difficult nowadays.

Doctors are very well paid.

• Tambien suprimimos el articulo con

most:

Most people

like pop music.

Most dogs are

faithful

to their

owners.

2.

Generalmente

ponemos an en vez de a

cuan-

do

la

palabra siguiente empieza

por vocal:

-

an elephant

- an

idea

an

airfield

• Sin

embargo, depende

de la

pronunciation

de

las palabras que siguen a los

artfculos:

a

uniform

a

university

an

hour

anMP

an

honest

man

an heir

a unique

vase

• El

articulo indefinido a/an

se usa

siempre

con

sustantivos

en

singular, pero

no con

plurales:

I have a

cat

I

have some cats

/1

have cats

• No se

debe omitir

el

articulo delante

de profe-

siones:

My

daughter

is

studying

to be a doctor.

•

Usamos

el

articulo

the con

ciencia

y

tecnolo-

gia:

I

like

the

telephone.

Galileo invented

the

telescope.

The

dolphin

is a

mammal.

- The

whale

is the

biggest animal

on

earth.

ENGLISH GRAMMAR

1

•Tambien

nos

referimos

a los

instrumentos

mu-

sicales

de

esta

manera:

I

like playing

the

guitar.

He will play the trumpet tonight.

•

Usamos

the con algunos

adjetivos para

refe-

rirnos a clases de

personas:

the

rich

the

dying

the blind

the

English

STANLEY



UNIT 6

ENGLISH GRAMMAR

1

School/the school - Hospital/the hospital

1.

Algunas palabras

de uso

frecuente suelen

su-

primir

el artfculo cuando se usan para lo que

han sido disehadas.

•

Estudiemos

esta situation:

- Mr

Carter

had an

accident yesterday,

and he was

taken

to

hospital.

At the

moment

he is

still

in hospital.

- Mrs

Carter went

to the

hospital

to

visit

him, and she is at the

hospital now.

• En otras palabras, si ingresas en el hospital

como paciente: you go to

hospital

o are

taken

to hospital.

• Si vas de

visita:

you go

to the hospital o you

are at the hospital visiting somebody.

2. church, court, school, prison, university,

college, bed.

•

Suprimimos

el

artfculo delante

de

todos estos

sustantivos cuando les damos un sentido de

uso:

- I go to

church

on

Sundays.

/ I am

going

to bed, I'm

tired.

She

takes

her

children

to

school

every

day.

He was

sent

to

prison

for

robbery.

I'll

take

you

to court

if you

don't

pay.

• De igual forma decimos:

The injured

are

in hospital.

My

children

are at

school now.

The whole family were

in/at church.

- He s

studying at

Bristol University.

He is in bed resting.

•

Usamos todas estas palabras

con el

artfculo

the

cuando se visitan o se usan por otras razo-

nes:

I

went

to the

church

to see the new

altar.

He

often goes

to the

prison

to give

lectures.

Mr

Kent went

to the

school

to

speak

to

the

maths teacher.

3. sea, home, work, town.

• Se

dice:

go

to sea

as

sailors.

To be

at

sea.

They

are joining the

navy

and

soon will

go to sea.

They've been

at sea

for a week / I was

on my way to

work.

These people

are

hard

at

work.

• Se

suele omitir

el

the

con town

cuando

se

trata de la

ciudad

del que

habla:

We

often

go to

town

to do

some

shopping. We were

in

town

last

Wednesday.

• La

palabra

home no

lleva

preposition

con

ver-

bos de movimiento:

Let's

go home.

They

arrived home

late.

• Con los

verbos

be, stay,

etc.

se usa

at:

The

children

are at

home.

Let's

stay

at

home.

12

STANLEY



UNIT

7

Some, any

• Los

artfculos

partitives

some

y any se tradu-

cen

por

algo de,

algun,

un

poco, unos, algu-

nos, nada de,

etc.

• En general some se usa para frases afirmati-

vas

mientras

que any se usa para frases inte-

rrogativas

y negativas.

Frases afirmativas

There

are some

girls

in the

park.

I've got some

books

to

read.

There

is

some

beer in my glass.

He's got some

papers

to

read.

I've got something to

tell

you.

He's

got

some interesting ideas.

My sister has got some coffee.

There is something on your plate.

Prases interrogativas

Have you got any wine?

Has she got any champagne?

Is

there

any tea in the

tea-pot?

Are

there any books on the table?

Have we got any coffee?

Have you got anything to tell me?

Have they got anything to do?

ENGLISH GRAMMAR

1

Frases negativas

They haven't got any children.

She

hasn't

got any

tea.

There isn't any milk in the glass.

He hasn't got any paper.

You haven't got any good ideas.

We haven't got any beer.

I

haven't

got any

books

to

read.

My sister hasn't got any friends.

There aren't any trees in this garden.

haven't got anything to do.

Importante

* A veces usamos some en preguntas cuando nos

referimos a

algo

rnuy

concreto.

Do

you

want some wine?

-

Can

I have some sugar?

-

Can you

give

me

some water?

Can you cook some rice?

* Any a veces tiene el sentido de cualquiera.

Any dictionary

will

give

you the

meaning

of this.

-

Anybody

can

tetl

you

that.

Despues de if/whether signified alguna, alguien.

If there

is any

doubt

let me

know.

+1 don't know whether

anybody

will

come

or not.

14

STANLEY



UNIT

8

The past of Have and Be

Past tense of Have (tener)

Affirmative

I had

You

had

He

had

She had

It

had

We had

You

had

They had

Negative

I hadn't/I did not have

You hadn't/You did not have

He

hadn't/He did not have

She hadn't/She did not have

It hadn't/It did not have

We hadn't/We did not have

You hadn't/You

did not

have

They hadn't/They did not have

ENGLISH GRAMMAR

1

Interrogative

Had l?/Did I have?

Had you?/Did you have?

Had

he?/Did

he

have?

Had she?/Did she have?

Had

it?/Did

it

have?

Had

we?/Did

we

have?

Had you?/Did you have?

Had they?/Did they have?

Recuerde

El past tense

ingles

equivale al imperfecto y tambien al indefinido, asf pues:

lhad=Yotenia/tuve.

We had a house in the country many years

ago.

I had a dog

when

I

was

a child.

Did you have to do

that yesterday?

La

forma

interrogativa

y

negativa

del

have

tambien

se

puede formar

con la

particula

did.

"Did you have a storm last night?" "No, we didn't have a storm."

TO BE (past tense) SER

o

ESTAR

Affirmative

I

was

You were

He

was

She was

It

was

We were

You were

They were

Negative

I was not (wasn't)

You were

not

(weren't)

He

was not (wasn't)

She

was not (wasn't)

It was not (wasn't)

We were

not

(weren't)

You

were not (weren't)

They were not (weren't)

Interrogative

Was I?

Were

you?

Was he?

Was

she?

Was it?

Were

w e?

Were you?

Were they?

• El

past tense

equivale al

imperfecto

y tambien al

indefinido,

asi pues:

I was = yo era /

estaba

/ fui /

estuve.

I was in London yesterday.

Little Jim was

very

good last

week.

"Were you a t the concert last night?" "No, I wasn't."

"Where were

you

yesterday afternoon?"

"I was at the

cinema."

6

STANLEY



UNIT 9

The

plural

of nouns

1.

Generalmente

se

forma

el

plural

de los

sustantivos ahadiendo

una s al

singular:

day,

days

cat,

cats house, houses

2. Los nombres que terminen en o, ch, sh, ss,

o

x forman el plural ahadiendo es:

potato potatoes kiss kisses

brush brushes pouch - pouches

box boxes

• Sin embargo, las palabras de origen extranje-

ro

que

terminan

en o

solamente ahaden

una s:

kilo

kimono

piano

photo

soprano

solo

kilos

kimonos

pianos

photos

sopranos

solos

3. Los

sustantivos

que

terminan

en y

siguiendo

a una consonante

forman

el

plural

cambiando

la

y por es:

lady ladies

city

cities

country countries

• Sin embargo, los sustantivos que terminan en

y

despues

de una

vocal forman

el plural ana-

diendo

una s:

toy

toys

boy - boys

monkey

-

monkeys

4. Hay doce sustantivos que terminan en f o fe,

cuyo

plural cambia

en ves.

Estos sustantivos

son:

wolf

shelf loaf knife

wife

sheaf life half

thief

self leaf calf

shelf

-

shelves

calf calves

wife wives

ENGLISH GRAMMAR

• Las demas palabras que terminan en f o fe

ahaden

una s:

safe

safes chief chiefs

cliff

cliffs

5.

Algunos sustantivos forman

el plural de

f o rma distinta al

singular:

man men

woman women

child children ox oxen

foot - feet tooth teeth

goose geese mouse mice

6. Algunos animales no cambian en plural:

sheep deer trout

cod squid mackarel

salmon carp plaice

duck partridge.

• El

plural

de fish

puede

ser fishes,

cuando

se

trata de peces vivos, pero no es muy corriente.

There are a lot of fish in the

sea.

7.

Algunas otras palabras tampoco cambian:

quid

aircraft

counsel hundredweight

o stone (con significado de peso).

8. Los

nombres colectivos,

police, crew, family,

team,

etc.,

pueden llevar el verbo en singular o

en plural, segun el sentido que le demos a la

frase:

Our

police

is

very efficient.

Our team

is the

best.

The police are looking for the thief.

«> Our

team

are

wearing

the new

shorts.

18

STANLEY



UNIT 10

Personal pronouns

as

subjects

a

FORMA

(sing.)

1

a

persona

2

a

persona

3

a

persona

(plural)

1

a

persona

2

a

persona

3

a

persona

sujeto

I

you

he/she/it

sujeto

we

you

they

objeto

me

you

him/her/it

objeto

us

you

them

ENGLISH GRAMMAR

1

and objects

• It y you tienen la misma forma como sujetos

que como complementos:

"Did

you see the

bird?" "Yes,

I saw

it."

"Did it

see

you?" "Yes, it

saw

me."

• Los

pronombres

personales I, he, she, we,

they

son siempre sujetos de oracion:

I went to London. He knows Mary.

They

live in

Bristol.

• Excepto I que puede ser complemento del ver-

bo

to be:

"Who

is

it?"

"It is I."

•

Aunque

es mas

corriente usar

el

com-

plemento:

"Who

is

it?" "It's

me."

"Where's

Jim?" 'That's him over there."

• Si el pronombre va seguido de una oracion,

usamos el sujeto he:

Who, John? But it was he who told me

that

• Me,

him, her,

us, them,

pueden ser comple-

mentos

directos de un verbo:

I saw her.

Henry likes them.

• 0

complementos indirectos:

Jim gave me a book.

John found

her a

job.

• Pueden ser complementos circunstanciales:

with her

for

him

without

us

to them

LA POSICION

• El complemento indirecto se pone delante del

directo:

I

sent her/Mary

the

letters.

She made

him/John

a cake.

• Sin embargo, si el complemento directo es

un pronombre personal es mas usual colo-

carlo directamente detras

del

verbo seguido

de to o

for:

I

sent them

to

her.

She

made it

for

him.

• Esta

regla

no es aplicable a

one, some, any,

none, etc.:

He

brought one

for

Mary/He brought

Mary one.

• Con las expresiones

it was

me/I hay dos po-

sibilidades: objeto directo + that (muy informal):

It was me that posted the letter.

2

STANLEY



UNIT 10(cont.)

• Sujeto + who (muy formal).

It was I who

posted

the

letter.

• Se

puede evitar

el uso de

cualquiera

de

estas

dos formas cambiando la estructura:

- I was the one (or the person) who

posted

the

letter.

•

Cuando as

y

than

van

seguidos

de

pronom-

bres

personales,

se

pueden usar tanto

la

forma

de sujeto como

la de

complemento:

He

is not as

clever

as I/me.

She

understands the question better

than I/me.

• En ingles

coloquial

se usan mucho mas los

complementos

(me, him,

etc.).

• Sin

embargo,

si

despues

del

pronombre

po-

nemos

un

verbo, entonces

el

pronombre

debe

ser

sujeto,

por

supuesto:

She's not as good as I am.

I'm not as bad as he is.

ENGLISH GRAMMAR

1

Usos de IT

• It se usa

generalmente para cosas,

o un

ani-

mal cuyo sexo no conocemos, tambien para

bebes:

Where's my book? I left It on the chair.

Look at that snake.

It

frightens me.

This is my baby.

It

is only two days

old.

• Al

telefono

se

dice

asi:

"Who

is

that/it?"

"It is me,

Robert

/ This

is

Robert."

* "Is

that Jerry?"

"No,

It's

Frank."

• It

puede introducir frases:

It was Jim who

came

to see you.

It is

today that she's coming,

not

tomorrow.

22

STANLEY



UNIT 11

ENGLISH GRAMMAR

Possessives possessive ( s) and ( )

• Cuando un ser viviente (persona o animal)

posee algo, se usa lo que se llama

el genitive

sajon

o

caso posesivo:

La manzana de Pedro (the apple

of

Peter) se convierte en: Peter's apple.

A)

Primero se traduce el poseedor: Peter,

B) despues la preposicion de bajo el

aspecto

de's,

C)

por ultimo la cosa posefda sin artfculo:

apple.

The house of Mary.

se

convierte

en -

Mary's house.

-

The egs

of

the dog.

se

convierte

en - The dog's legs.

- The kitchen of my mother.

se convierte en - My mother's kitchen.

This

is

Mary's house

and

that

one is

Jane's,

(la de Jane)

The dog's legs are black, and the cat's

are white,

(las

del

gato)

I Recuerde

* Si el

poseedor

es

plural

y termina en s,

se

aftade

solamente el

apostrofo:

The apples of the

girls.

se

convierte en * The girls

apples.

The house of the boys.

se convierte en The boys' house.

The legs of the cats.

se convierte

en •

The cats' legs.

The hobby of those families.

se convierte

en -

Those families' hobby.

• Sin embargo, en caso de nombres propios o

apellidos

que

terminen

es s hay dos

opciones:

I

live

in St. James's Square;

St James' Square.

The Jones's dog

is very noisy;

-

The

Jones' dog.

That is

the

Evans's house, on the

corner;

the

Evans' house.

• Si son

extranjeros

o

clasicos, solo

se

anade

el

apostrofo:

Cervantes' works

are

interesting.

This is

Pythagoras' Theorem.

• Con

nombres compuestos

o

largos

el

apos-

trofo

se pone al final:

My

brother-in-law's guitar.

The Prince

of

Wales's country house.

•

Tambien

se

puede poner

's

despues

de

inicia-

les:

The MP's secretary.

The VIP's bodyguard.

• Con

expresiones

de

tiempo tambien

es

admi-

sible

el uso del

genitive sajon:

today's paper

a month's holiday

tomorrow's weather

twenty

minutes'

break o two hours'

delay o in two months' time

• Es muy corriente usar el genitivo sajon con

tiendas (la palabra shop se sobreentiende):

My wife is at the hairdresser's.

Is there a butcher's near here?

•

Tambien hospitales, iglesias, catedrales

y

fir-

mas comerciales

se escriben con's:

Barclays'

(bank)

St.

John's (College)

St. Paul's (Cathedral)

•

Cuando hablamos

con

algun conocido

a ve-

ces

omitimos

la

palabra

house:

We

are going to

Peter's.

She's staying at the

Brown's.

STANLEY



UNIT

12

ENGLISH GRAMMAR

Adjectives: Attributes - predicatives

• Los

adjetivos

que se

colocan delante

de los

sustantivos se llaman

atributos:

a

beautiful

song

a tired

expression

a

typical

meal

• Con

ciertos verbos, tales como: be,

seem,

appear, look, sound, taste, feel, smell, a

menudo ponemos un adjetivo detras. Estos ver-

bos se llaman verbos copulatives, y los adjeti-

vos

en esta posicion se llaman

predicatives:

she

is

nice

-

you

look

beautiful

he feels

strong

• Los verbos look, taste, feel, and smell pue-

den ir seguidos de un adjetivo predicative o de

un

adverbio:

She

looks angry, (adj.)

She

is looking at you angrily, (adv.)

You must be careful, (adj.)

The

doctor felt

my leg

carefully,

(adv.)

She looked

calm,

(adj.)

She

looked calmly at the two men.

(adv.)

•

Algunos verbos como

sit,

lie,

stand,

pueden

ir seguidos

de

adjetivos predicativos.

• Algunos verbos se usan para mostrar como el

sujeto

de la

frase cambia:

People go pale, red, white with anger;

blue with cold; green with envy.

• Turn se

puede usar tambien

con

todas estas

expresiones:

She

turned

purple with rage.

• Go

tambien

se usa con

adjetivos

en

muchos

casos cuando las personas o las cosas

cam-

bian a peor:

& People go crazy,

mad,

deaf, bald,

blind.

(Sin embargo

go

no se suele usar con

ill, tired

y old).

-

Meat goes

bad,

milk goes

off,

horses

go

lame, bread goes stale, machines go

wrong, iron goes rusty.

The

leaves

of the

book

go

yellow with

age.

• El verbo

come

se suele usar con expresiones

que tienen un final feliz:

All my

dreams have

come true.

Everything will come out all right in the

end.

• Los adjetivos principal, sheer, chief, main

son atributos que se ponen delante de los

sustantivos a los que califican:

The

main

road of the town is closed to

the traffic.

• Sin

embargo,

afraid, upset, alive, alone,

asleep van siempre siguiendo al verbo, por lo

que son predicados:

She is

still alive.

• El significado de

late

y

early

depende de su

posicion.

We caught an early train.

The train arrived/was early.

•

Cuando

poor

significa

"sin

dinero" puede

ser

atributo

o

predicado:

- He is a poor man.

This man is

poor.

•

Cuando

poor

significa "desgraciado" debe

ser

atributo:

The

poor child

had an accident.

26

STANLEY



UNIT 13

ENGLISH GRAMMAR

Interrogative and negative sentences in the present

Aff i rmat ive

I

play golf

You

play golf

He/she/it plays golf

We

play golf

You play golf

They play golf

Negative

I do not

play golf

You

do not play golf

He/she/it does not play golf

We

do not play golf

You do not play golf

They

do not play golf

Interrogative

Do

I

play golf?

Do you play golf?

Does he/she/it play golf?

Do we play golf?

Do

you play golf?

Do they play golf?

I Recuerde

que

para

interrogar

y

negar,

es

decir,

para formar frases

interrogativas

y

negativas

en

presente de indicative con la mayoria de los verbos (exceptuando

to

be y los defectives

can,

could, may, might,

must,

ought to, should) se usan las particulas do y

does,

que tambien se llaman

auxiliary verbs.

• Estas particulas no se traducen. Solo se usan

para

indicar que la frase esta, o bien en forma

interrogativa

o

bien

en

forma negativa.

• En

forma negativa

el do not se

suele

con-

traer en don't,

y el

does

not

en doesn't.

• Does, o doesn't, solo

se

utiliza para

la

terce-

ra persona singular.

• Cuando se usa la particula does, el verbo se

pone en infinitive, es decir, sin s.

• No se

debe confundir

el

verbo to do (hacer)

con la

particula

do.

Ejemplos:

Do

you

come here every day?

No, I

don't

come every

day.

Does he

drink wine?

No, he doesn't

drink wine.

What

do you do on

Sundays?

I don't do

anything.

Does

your brother work very hard? No,

my brother

doesn't

work very much. Yes,

he works quite a

lot.

Do

your children read many books?

No,

they

don't

read books. Yes, they read

a

lot of

books.

Respuestas

cortas

• Es muy

corriente

en

ingles usar respuestas

cortas usando

las

particulas do

y

does:

Do you go to the cinema very often?

Yes, I do. No, I don't.

Does Peter

go

swimming every day?

Yes, he does. No, he doesn't.

Do the children go to school by bus?

Yes, they

do.

No, they don't.

28

STANLEY



UNIT 14

Prepositions

of place: on, in, at

At

•

Cuando consideramos

un

sitio como

un

punto

(sin tamano real), usamos

at:

I

live in

Linster. (es importante

para

mf)

The trains don't stop at Linster. (es solo

un punto

en el

viaje)

At the two-mile mark, he was leading

the other runners.

We stopped

for an

hour

at

Orly airport.

• A

menudo usamos

at con el

nombre

de un

lugar cuando estamos interesados en la activi-

dad que se desarrolla

alii,

no en la forma exac-

ta o dimensiones del lugar. Nos encontramos

con alguien at the station, no estamos intere-

sados en el hecho de que sea fuera o dentro,

sino que consideramos a la estacion como un

sitio de encuentro. A menudo usamos at cuan-

do hablamos de cafes, restaurantes, o sitios

donde

se estudia o

trabaja:

I'll

be at the

club

at 8.

We'll eat at MacDonald's, in High Street.

He had a beer at that little pub round the

corner.

I was at the theatre last night.

I was at school from 1960 to 1971, and

at university from 1971 to 1974;

after

that I worked at Barnard's Enterprises.

• Tambien usamos at con nombres de activida-

des de grupo:

at a meeting/at the theatre/at a concert/

at a

lecture/at

a

match/at

the

cinema

• Fi'jese en la diferencia entre

in Oxford

(en la ciudad) y

at

Oxford (en la universi-

dad); y entre in the corner (rincon) y at/

on the corner (esquina).

30

STANLEY

ENGLISH GRAMMAR

1

On

(lines)

•

Usamos

on

para decir

que

algo esta tocando

o

cercano

a una

Ifnea,

o

algo parecido

a una

li'nea. (no, frontera, carretera):

We

have a house

on

the river.

Tijuana is

on

the frontier between

Mexico

and the

U.S.A.

Bath is on the road to Bristol.

On (surfaces)

•

Usamos

on

cuando algo esta tocando

una

superficie:

The book is

on

the table.

They spend

the

morning

in a

boat on

the

lake.

Put

the picture on the other wall.

There's something on

the

sole

of my

shoe.

There's a stain on the ceiling.



UNIT 14(Cont. )

In

• Se usa

cuando

los

alrededores

son

tridimen-

sionales:

The table is in the room/in the shop/in

the kitchen.

The boys are in the garden/in the park/

in the building.

The money is in your bag/in your purse/

in

your drawer.

She's swimming in the water/in the sea/

in the

river.

She's

in a

field/in

the car

park,

(pero

on

the beach)

• Con grandes superficies (pafses, regiones,

islas grandes) decimos

in:

She lives

in

Yorkshire/

in the

Sahara/in

the British Isles, (pero on a desert

island)

Parts of the body

•

Generalmente decimos

on

cuando

se

trata

de

la superficie

del

cuerpo:

He had blood on his forehead/his

cheeks.

• Usamos in en las cavidades:

He hit me in the eye/mouth/ribs/

stomach.

•

Hablando

de

heridas decimos

in:

He

was

wounded

in the

shoulder/in

his

head.

ENGLISH GRAMMAR

1

Means of

transport

• Usamos on con transportes publicos, caba-

llos,

motos

y

bicicletas:

I saw her on the plane/on the train/on

the bus.

• Usamos in con coches, taxis, avionetas, etc.:

I saw him in a new Mercedes.

32

STANLEY



UNIT

14

(Cont.)

ENGLISH GRA MMAR

At

church, in

hospital,

etc.

• Hay algunas

expresiones

que no usan

artfcu-

lo,

algunas

con

in,

otras con

at:

in

bed

in

hospital

in

court

in

church/at church

in

prison

in American English

in

school

in

college

in university

at

school

at

university

at work

at college

Addresses

• At se usa con el numero de la calle:

She lives

at

number 27,

pero... She

lives

in

Boston Road.

• Si usamos el numero y el nombre de la calle

decimos at:

She

lives

at 27

London Avenue.

• Con los

pisos

siempre

decimos

on:

I

live

on the

third floor/on

the

ground

floor.

Recuerde

Decimos

arrive in

con pai'ses y ciudades:

When

did you

arrive

in

England/in London?

• Decimos arrived at con iugares comunes:

He

arrived late

at

school.

at work

at the hotel

at the park

• No usamos

preposicidn

con verbos de movimiento y

home:

He

arrived home.

34

STANLEY



UNIT 15

ENGLISH GRAMMAR

Prepositions of time: on, in, at

At

• Usamos at con:

• Expresiones de tiempo:

at six

at

present

at

Christmas

at about/around

at

the weekend

at the age of

at lunch time

• Tambien empleamos at con las siguientes

expresiones:

at the

beginning

at

first

On

• Usamos

on

con:

Dfas

de la semana:

Partes del dfa:

Festividades:

Aniversarios:

at the end

at

last

on

Monday

on

Sundays

on

Monday morning

on Saturday nights

on Christmas Day

on New Year's Day

on his birthday

on her wedding day

Ocasiones especiales:

Dfa + fecha:

Fechas:

on that day

on that evening

on Tuesday, June 2

nd

on June 16

th

, on 21

st

April

• On + gerundio (on

arriving,

on

hearing,

etc.)

se traduce por

al llegar, al oi'r,

etc.

On hearing that, she was suddenly

afraid.

In

Usamos

in para:

Partes del dfa:

Meses:

Ahos:

in the

morning

in the

afternoon

in the

evening

in April

in October

in

1992,

in

1912,

in

1885

Estaciones: in (the) spring

in

(the) winter)

Siglos: in

the 17

th

century

in the 19

th

century

Perfodos de

tiempo:

in

that era,

in the Middle

Ages

In

• Usamos in en expresiones como:

I'll be there in ten minutes.

The book will be ready

in

ten days' time.

I can run a mile

in

five minutes.

• No usamos ninguna

preposition

delante de

last

y

next:

- I went to Spain last year.

-

I'll see you next Sunday.

On time, in time

•

Usamos on time cuando

nos

referimos

a la

puntualidad,

a menudo con horarios de trenes:

In this country trains always arrive

on

time.

• Decimos

in time o in time for

cuando se le-

ga con un margen razonable de tiempo:

All

passengers arrived

in time for the

train.

36

STANLEY



UNIT

16

ENGLISH GRAMMAR

Prepositions of time: for,

during,

since, from

During +

sustantivo

•

Usamos esta formula para decir cuando

su-

cede

algo:

It

must have rained

during

the night.

The

ground

is

wet.

We came out for a drink during the

interval.

We

met many people during our stay in

Paris.

He didn't feel well during the

examination.

Production stopped

during

the strike.

• (Generalmente during va seguido del artfcu-

lo

the o

algun adjetivo posesivo.)

For

•

Tambien puede significar

durante

cuando

va

seguido

de un

periodo

de

tiempo:

We have already been

in

Miami

for a

week.

I

haven't been home

for a

year.

He

has worked here

for

six months.

We

watched television

for two

hours.

From

•

Puede

ser

preposicion

de

lugar:

Where do you come

from?

•

Pero tambien puede

ser

preposicion

de

t iempo:

Many people work from nine to five.

Opening hours are from

9 to 1 and

from

3 to 7.

The

course goes

on from

June

to

September.

Mother

will

be

away

from

Monday

to

Friday.

He

studied

the

piano

from the age of

five.

Since

• Se usa siempre como preposicion de tiempo,

nunca como preposicion

de

lugar:

She

has

been here

since

Monday.

I

haven't seen

her since we

quarrelled.

It has been raining since two o'clock.

- I haven't been feeling well since last

Saturday.

We've lived in four different places since

last year.

38

STANLEY



UNIT 17

ENGLISH GRAMMAR

Prepositions of

direction

and manner

From

• Indica procedencia:

The

train

is

coming

from

Paris.

When are they coming back

from

South

America?

They are coming all the way

from

Chicago.

It's 200 miles

from

London to Bristol.

To

• Indica

direction

a o

estado

en:

I've been

to

Paris five times.

She's never been to a football match.

We

are going to fly to New

York.

Let's go to a concert tonight.

Into

•

Usamos into

en vez de

to cuando entramos

dentro

de

algun sitio:

They went

into

the room.

The dog ran

into

the house.

The old man walked into the shop.

A bird flew

into

the

room.

By

• Usamos by para decir como viajamos:

by train by road by plane

by car by sea by air

by

rail by underground by ship

by

bus by

bicycle

by

land

I always go to Paris

by

plane.

He sometimes goes to work by bicycle.

We never

go

by air.

We

prefer

to go by

train.

• Si usamos

by

no podemos decir

my car

/

the

bus

/ a taxi, etc. Decimos in my car, on the

train.

On

•

Usamos

on

para

ir a pie y en

transposes

publicos:

on

the

bus - on

the

5.30

train

- on a

plane - on foot

Get on the bus, quick Let's get on the

train.

• Usamos in para coches y taxis:

- in my car - in a car - in a

taxi

40

STANLEY



UNIT

18

The present continuous

ENGLISH GRAMMAR

• El

presente continue

se

forma

con el

presente

del

verbo auxiliar

to be + el

gerundio:

Affirmative

I am wo rking

You

are

working

He

is working

We are

working

You

a re working

They

are

working

Negative

I am not

working

You are not

working

He

is not

w orking

We

are not working

You

are not working

They

are not

working

Interrogative

Am I working?

Are you working?

Is he

working?

Are we

working?

Are you w orking?

Are

they working?

Usos

del

presente continuo

1.

Para

una

accion

que

esta sucediendo actual-

mente:

It

is raining.

We

are

sitting

at the table for dinner.

What

are you

doing?

I'm watching TV.

2. Para una accion actual pero que no necesa-

riamente esta sucediendo en el momento en

que se habla:

I'm reading

a very interesting book.

He's learning

French.

The Smiths are

building

their own

house.

3. Una

forma corriente

de

expresar

las

ideas

de future planeado:

He

is taking me to the cinema

tonight.

I'm meeting John at seven this evening.

Are you

doing

anything tomorrow

morning?" "I'm

playing

tennis with

Janet."

I'm

having

dinner with your sister

on

Saturday.

He's going to the

doctor

on

Monday.

4. A

menudo usamos

el

presente continuo cuan-

do

hablamos acerca

de un

perfodo

presente,

por ejemplo: today, this season, this term,

etc.:

She

is working

very hard these days.

We

are not studying maths this term.

Robert

is not

playing tennis this season.

5.

Tambien usamos

el

presente continuo para

hablar sobre situaciones cambiantes:

The standard of living is

rising

in this

country.

Your French is definitely

getting

better.

42

STANLEY



UNIT 19

The present simple

• La

forma afirmativa

del

presente

de

indicative tiene

la

misma forma

que

el infinitive, excepto que normalmente la tercera persona ahade una s.

ENGLISH

GRAMMAR

1

I work

you work

he/she/it works

we

work

you work

they work

I play

you play

he/she/it plays

we

play

you play

they play

I watch

you watch

he/she/it watches

we watch

you watch

they watch

Los verbos

que

terminan

en

ss, sh,

ch, x, o

ahaden es

en la

tercera persona

del

singular:

I

kiss,

he

kisses

I

watch,

he

watches

I rush, he rushes

I

box,

he

boxes

I go, he

goes

I do, he

does

I

fish,

he

fishes

• Cuando un verbo termina en y detras de

una consonante, cambiamos

la y en i, y

ahadimos es:

I copy, he copies

I try, he tries

• Sin embargo, los verbos que terminan en y

detras de una vocal siguen la regla general:

I

play,

he

plays

I obey, he obeys

I say, he says

• El

present simple se usa

para expresar

una

accion habitual. For regla general se suele usar

con adverbios o f rases adverbiales tales como:

always, never, often, occasionally, every day,

usually, on Sundays, in winter.

& I

always

go to

Miami

in

summer.

She

never

tells

me

what

to do.

We

play football every day.

I often speak to her on the phone.

On Sunday afternoons we stay at home.

• Con algunos verbos siempre se usa la forma

habitual, pues

no

admiten

la

continua:

I

love you.

She likes

me.

I

believe you.

She feels very well.

I

hear noises

at

night.

He

hates you.

I

want

a

little more.

She

adores him.

He

admires her.

• Con verbos de actividad mental se suele usar

tambien la forma

habitual:

know

mean

expect

assume

agree

feel

realize

suppose

recognize

remember

see

understand

think

44

STANLEY



UNIT 20

Going

to

• La forma

going to

se usa:

1.

Cuando

se

tiene

intention

de

hacer algo,

y

2. Para predecir algo.

1. El going to

expresa la

intention

del sujeto

para llevar a cabo una accion en el future. Esta

intention

es siempre premeditada e indica una

cierta

preparation. Una

posibilidad

de que se

lleve a cabo la accion aunque no de una forma

tan definitiva como el presente continue:

- I m

meeting

Janet at the airport at five.

I'm going to meet Janet

at the

airport

at

five.

• I'm meeting Janet signified que ya ha hecho

los arreglos necesarios

y ha

quedado

con

ella.

Mientras que I'm

going

to meet significa que

no

ha hecho ningun arreglo. Quiza Janet se lle-

ve

una sorpresa.

•

Going

to

se puede usar con expresiones de

tiempo:

I'm going to

be a doctor when I

grow up .

When

are you

going

to

get married?

I m going to

think

about your proposal.

I'm

sure she

is going to

like it.

ENGLISH GRAMMAR

2. El

going

to

para

prediction.

•

Podemos expresar

un

sentimiento

de

seguri-

dad del que habla.

• El tiempo generalmente no se menciona, pero

la accion se espera que suceda en el future in-

mediato:

I think it is going to rain tonight.

We

are

going to have

a

nice trip.

I am afraid she is going

to

faint.

Be

careful

You're

going

to fall into that

hole.

46

STANLEY



UNIT 20 (Cont.)

I

Recuerde

* Comparemos ei going to (prediction) con will

usado

para probable

futuro.

•

Will

es una manera comun de

expresar

lo que

piensa, cree,

espera,

etc. ei que habla:

it will probably be hot tomorrow.

Cereals

will be expensive

this

year.

ENGLISH GRAMMAR

1

• Will y going to son muy parecidos en este

tipo de frases y cualquiera de los dos se puede

usar:

It will

take

us a

long time

to get

there.

- It is going to take us a long time to get

there.

Diferencias

• 1.

Going

to

implica que hay sehales que su-

cedera algo.

Will

implica que el que habla cree

que sucedera.

• 2. Going to se usa con un futu ro relativamen-

te inmediato; will no implica ningun tiempo en

particular

y

po drfa referirse

a un

futuro remoto.

* This old car is going to break down,

•

significa

que

hace ruidos raros

y que nos va

a dejar tirades en el camino.

This old car will break down,

• significa que sucedera en algun tiempo en

el

futuro (quiza tarde mucho

en

averiarse.)

De

form a parecida:

•

My father is

going to get

better

• significa que esta dando senates de mejo-

rar.

My father

will

get better.

• indica confianza y quiza una eventual recu-

peration, pero no da idea de que vaya a me-

jorar

en el

proximo futuro.

48

STANLEY



UNIT 21

The future simple

Affirmative

I

shall/will

play

You will play

He will play

We shall/will

play

You will play

They will play

Negative

I

shall/will

not

play

You will not play

He will not play

We

shall/will

not play

You will

not

play

They will not play

Interrogative

Shall/will

I

play?

Will you play?

Will he play?

Shall we play?

Will you play?

Will they play?

ENGLISH GRAMMAR

1

• El shall tiene poco

uso en

practica. Solo

se

usa

para ofrecerse

a

hacer algo,

o

sugerir algu-

na cosa:

Shall we go for a picnic tomorrow?

(sugerencia)

Shall

I

open

the

window? (oferta)

<*

Shall I carry that case for you, madam?

(oferta)

Shall we go to the disco, boys?

(sugerencia)

• Shall not se abrevia a shan't y will not se

abrevia

a won't.

• En forma afirmativa se suele decir colo-

quialmente:

I'll you'll

he'll

she'll

it'll we'll they'll

Usos del futuro

1.

Para expresar

opiniones,

especulaciones

acerca

del

futuro.

Se

puede usar

con

verbos

tales

como: think,

know, suppose, wonder,

believe, be sure.

I am sure he'll pass his driving test.

I

suppose they'll sell

it.

It's such

an old

car

I think they'll wait for us there.

2. El

futuro

se usa

tambien para acciones habi-

tuales

que

suponemos tendran lugar:

Summer will come eventually.

Nations will get together in the end and

save humanity.

Others will come after these.

3. El futuro tambien se usa en frases que ten-

gan

idea

de

condition:

If you

come early, we'll

go to the

cinema.

If you give me the letter, I'll post it.

I'll drink the milk if it is warm.

We'll go out if it doesn't rain.

50

STANLEY



UNIT 22

ENGLISH

GRAMMAR

The

imperative

• El imperative

suele

tener el

sentido

de una

orden, aunque tambien podemos usar

el

impe-

rative

como sugerencia o consejo.

• En ingles se conjugan todas las personas, in-

cluyendo

la

primera, cosa

que en

espanol

no

existe. Cuando traducimos let me come

recu-

rrimos a dejame venir.

Imperativo

ven tu

que venga el

que venga

ella

que venga (ello)

vengamos

venid

let me

come

come

let him come

let her come

let it come (animal)

let

us

(let's) come

come

que vengan ellos/ellas

let them come

Jesus said:

"Let

the

children come

to

me ".

Come on boys

Let's play

a game of

football.

Sit down here and

eat

this

>

"Nelly is coming." "Okay, let her come."

• El

imperative negative

se forma

poniendo

do

not (don't)

delante de todas las personas:

& Don't let me play.

Don't

let us

play, (let

us not

play)

Don't play.

Don't play.

Don't let him/her/it play.

Don't let them play.

Don't

let Peter go

with you.

Don't make so much noise, the children

are

sleeping.

Don't let them play w ith you.

Don't let me see you do that again.

Recuerde

que en la

primera

persona del plural se admiten dos

formas

de

negacion:

Don t let us go too

early.

/ Let us not go too

early.

Don t let s

speak about

that again / Let s not

speak

about that

again.

• Fijese tambien, que da lo mismo decir let us que let's.

• En el imperativo, no existe la forma interrogativa.

• Normalmente, en el

imperativo

no se usa la palabra

you.

Aunque cuando estudiemos

las

formas enfaticas veremos

que

podemos hacerlo

si

queremos

dar

entasis

a la

frase.

52

STANLEY



UNIT

23

Adverbs of frequency and degree

Adverbios

de frecuencia

• Los adverbios de frecuencia son os

siguientes:

ENGLISH GRAMMAR

1

Frases

afirmativas

often

always

once

twice

usually

continually

occasionally

frequently

sometimes

repeatedly

periodically

Frases

negativas

never

hardly

rarely

seldom

ever

hardly ever

• Los adverbios de los dos grupos se colocan

normalmente:

1. Despues del verbo ser o de un verbo

defective:

-

She

is

always late

for

work.

I can never

understand these people.

My

father

is often

wrong.

We

must never criticize other people.

2. Entre el sujeto y el verbo, en los tiempos sim-

ples:

They never

come

to see us.

-

We

sometimes go to see

them.

I always

arrive

on

time

for

work.

3. Con los tiempos compuestos, el adverbio se

pone entre

el

auxiliar

y el

participio:

I have always done my duty.

You had never spoken like that before.

Often

• A veces encontramos la palabra often al

final de una frase junto con very o quite:

He comes to see us very often.

I

have seen them

in the

park

quite

often.

• Tambien al final de una frase encontramos:

once, twice, frequently, repeatedly.

I've been there

once.

They go to Italy

very frequently.

54

STANLEY



UNIT 23 (Cont.)

Much

- how + adjetivo o

adverbio

ENGLISH GRAMMAR

Adverbs

of

degree

•Son:

almost extremely

only

far

nearly fairly

absolutely hardly

barely much

completely

just

enough quite

entirely

rather

so

too

really

scarcely

very

etc.

1. Un

adverbio

de

grado modifica

a un

ad jetivo

o

a

otro adverbio. Generalmente

se

coloca

de-

lante:

You

are

quite right.

- We

are

almost

ready.

• Sin embargo, enough va a

continuation:

This house is not big

enough

for us.

She doesn't walk fast enough.

2. Los siguientes adverbios de

grado

pueden

modificar a los verbos:

almost, quite, rather,

really, scarcely, enough, just, hardly, a little,

much, nearly.

• Todos, excepto much, se colocan entre el su-

jeto y e l verbo:

I nearly fell into

the

river.

I

really enjoyed the film.

• Con el

verbo

ser y con los

verbos defectives

se

colocan detras:

- I

am

just

going.

- She can hardly speak.

• Con los tiempos compuestos se coloca entre

el auxiliar y el participio:

We have just arrived.

They

have nearly finished.

Much

• En

frase s afirmativas

much

tiene

un uso

limi-

tado.

Se

prefiere usar a lot

o

lots:

Have you got much money? No, I

haven't

got

much. Yes,

I

have

got

a lot

of

money / lots of money.

How

para

preguntar

• How much

se usa

para cosas incontables (fra-

ses

en

singular).

• How

many

se usa para cosas contables (fra-

ses en plural):

How

much sugar

do you

want?

How many trees are there?

How + adjetivo o adverbio

• How combina con gran variedad de

adjetivos

y adverbios tales como:

deep,

big, far,

long,

old, wide,

etc.:

How far is it to the station?

How big is this town?

How

often do you

come here?

How

wide is

this road?

How long is this river?

How

well

can you swim?

How

long?: time

• La expresion how

long

se puede usar para

preguntar cuanto tiempo:

How

long

do you

take

to do

this?

How

long

ago did he live?

56

STANLEY



UNIT

24

The

past

simple tense

• En

ingles

el

past tense comprende

el

imper-

fecto

y el

indefinido,

por lo

tanto

hay que

tradu-

cir

segun

el

sentido

de la

frase.

Verbos regulares

• Para formar el pasado de un verbo regular se

ahade ed:

I worked

you worked

he worked

we worked

you worked

they worked

• Si el verbo ya termina en e solo se ahade la d:

I lived.

• Los verbos monosflabos, y los bisilabos que

terminan en consonante, con acento en la ulti-

ma silaba, duplican la consonante final:

stop

•

stopped

admit -

admitted

prefer

preferred

confer

conferred

• Los

verbos

que

terminan

en y

detras

de una

consonante cambian la y por i al anadir la ed:

ENGLISH GRAMMAR

try

cry

carry

study

hurry

tried

cried

- carried

-

studied

hurried

Irregular verbs

• Los verbos irregulares forman el pasado de

forma distinta. Por ejemplo el verbo go:

went

you went

he went

we went

you went

they went

•

Como

se

vera,

la

tercera persona

del

singular

no

anade

una s.

Recuerde

• Que os

verbos regulares

que

terminan

en

t o en d, como count, visit,

add,

collect,

want, pretend, accept, etc., al anadir la ed

se

pronuncian

como en

castellano:

counted

visited

added

collected

wanted

pretended

accepted

• Los demas verbos

regulares

que terminan

en otras letras, no pronuncian la e que se

anade:

seem seemed [seemd]

walk walked [walkd]

play

played [playd]

live lived [livd]

wash washed

[washd]

58

STANLEY



UNIT 24

(Cont.)

ENGLISH

GRAMMAR

Use of the past tense

• Se usa para acciones que se completaron en

el

pasado.

I met Peter yesterday.

We

went to Paris last year.

I

last

saw him two

years ago.

She phoned me last Sunday.

Formation

de la interrogation y negacion:

Affirmative

I went

You went

He went

We

went

You went

They went

Interrogative

Did I go?

Did you go?

Did he go?

Did

we

go?

Did you go?

Did

they

go?

Negative

I did not (didn't) go

You

did not

(didn't)

go

He did not (didn't) go

We did not (didn't) go

You did not (didn't) go

They did not (didn't) go

•

Cuando usamos

una

partfcula

de

interroga-

tion o

negacion

(did,

do, does),

el

verbo

se

pone en infinitive:

"Did

you

phone Tony?" "No,

I

didn't."

"Did

you

invite Mary

to the

party?" "No,

I

didn't

invite her."

"Did you like the film?" "No, I didn't like

it."

"Did

you see

him?" "No,

I

didn't."

"Did

you

speak

to my

teacher?" "No,

I

didn't."

• Ei verbo have para interrogar y negar en pa-

sado

usa la

pa rtfcula auxiliar did:

"Did

you

have

a dog

when

you

were

a

child?"

"No,

I

didn't have

a

dog.

I had a

cat."

"Did the children have school

yesterday?"

"No, they

didn't

have

school."

"They

had

the day

off."

"Did you have breakfast this morning?"

"No,

I

didn't have breakfast today."

"I had

breakfast yesterday."

Para la formation del verbo to be en

pasado vease UNIT

7

60

STANLEY



UNIT 25

Like - would you like?

• En ingles el verbo like es exactamente igual

que los demas verbos en cuanto a la conjuga-

tion. Hay que

olvidarse

de la

forma reflexiva

a

mi me gusta, a ti te gusta, etc.:

"Do you like

Marian?" "Yes,

I

like

her

very much."

"Does she

like

fish?"

"No,

she doesn't

like it."

"Does Mark like

running?"

"Yes, he likes

it quite

a lot."

"Does your mother like

cooking?" "No,

she

doesn't

like

it

very much."

Verbs

+ gerund

• El

verbo

like,

junto

con hate, enjoy, mind,

love, dislike, prefer,

etc., va a menudo segui-

do

del gerundio:

hate

flying.

-

She

enjoys reading at night.

I don't like people smoking here.

She

dislikes

working

with

him.

I don't mind obeying orders.

- I

prefer

working

alone.

• De

odas formas, tambien

se

acepta

el

infinitive

con like, love, prefer, hate:

I love walking in the country.

I love to walk in the

country.

I

prefer coming here.

I

prefer

to come

here.

Like

• Aunque normalmente aceptamos tanto el

gerundio como el infinitive detras del verbo like,

hay,

sin

embargo,

una

ligera diferencia entre

los

dos usos.

• Generalmente decimos: I like running cuan-

do

disfruto haciendolo:

Do

you

like cooking?

(iDisfrutas cocinando?)

I

don't like

driving.

(No

disfruto conduciendo.)

ENGLISH

GRAMMAR

• Pero si usamos el verbo like, no en el sentido

de disfrutar,

sino

de preferir,

entonces

usa-

mos

el infinitive detras:

I

like

to

wash

the car on

Saturdays.

(No necesariamente disfruto lavando el

coche.)

She likes to do the housework first thing

in the morning.

Would like

• El

condicional

del

verbo

like

va

siempre

se-

guido de infinitive:

I would

like

to be very tall.

I would like to be a

champion.

• Lo

mismo ocurre

con los

verbos

love, prefer,

hate:

- I'd love

to

accompany you on your

travels.

•

Tambien podemos usar would

you

like

+

noun

+

gerund:

I would like these people to stop

smoking in my office.

• El

would like se puede usar seguido del

infinitive compuesto:

I

would have

liked to

have been here

when that happened.

62

STANLEY



UNIT

26

ENGLISH

GRAMMAR

When

-

clauses

1. A menudo se usa en castellano la conjun-

cion cuando para introducir oraciones de sub-

juntivo. Cuando

vaya

a

Madrid...

• En ingles este tipo de frases se pone en indi-

cative.

When I go to Madrid...

ya que el sub-

juntivo ingles esta en desuso.

• A menudo se usa este

tipo

de frases subordi-

nadas de subjuntivo con una oracion de future:

- I will call you

when I arrive.

- We

will

let you

know

when she comes.

-

I'll

send

you a

postcard

when

I am in

Benidorm.

• Por

supuesto

no

podemos usar when

en

futu-

ro: no podemos decir when

I

will arrive.

2. Se puede usar

when

en preterite perfecto

del subjuntivo espahol, que equivale al preteri-

to perfecto del indicative ingles:

- I

will give

it to you when

I

have finished

it.

• En este tipo de frases indicamos que la ac-

cion estara acabada antes de que tenga lugar

la segunda parte, es decir la oracion subordi-

nada

de

subjuntivo:

You can

post

the

letter when I have

written

it.

You

can

phone your friend

when

we

have finished dinner.

• Lo

mismo

sucede con

while,

after,

before,

until,

as

soon

as:

You can

have

it as soon as I finish with

it/have finished with it.

Before you leave

you must come to

have dinner with us.

You will feel better after you have

something to drink.

"When" y "as"

• Se usa when cuando una accion ocurre al

mismo tiempo que otra o en el mismo perfodo

de

tiempo

que la

otra:

When

it

rains the buses are crowded.

• Tambien se usa cuando una accion sigue a

otra:

When he pressed

the brake the car

stopped.

• As se usa

cuando

la

segunda accion ocurre

antes de que se haya acabado la primera:

As I

left the house I remembered the

windows were open.

• Esto significa que me acorde de las ventanas

antes

de

salir

de la

casa; probablemente esta-

ba todavia

en el

umbral.

Si

decimos when I left

dan'a la impresion que el hecho de salir se ha-

bia ya completado y que la puerta estaba ce-

rrada detras de mi.

• Tambien usamos as para acciones paralelas:

He sang as he walked.

• Para un desarrollo

paralelo:

As the sun rose

the

clouds dispersed.

64

STANLEY



UNIT

27

ENGLISH GRAMMAR

Demonstratives:

this/these, that/those

• Pueden ser adjetivos demostrativos y pronom-

bres demostrativos.

•

Cuando

se

usan como adjetivos, concuerdan

con su sustantivo en numero. Son los unicos

adjetivos

que

hacen esto. Todos

los

demas

ad-

jetivos

son invariables.

this

man

these

men

that woman

those women

Adje t ivos

THIS

• Se traduce por este, esta, esto.

THAT

• Se

traduce

por

ese,

esa, eso,

aquel, aquella.

THESE

• Se traduce por estos, estas.

THOSE

• Se

traduce

por esos, esas, aquellos,

aquellas.

This man

here

is very tall.

That woman

there

has a little dog.

There's

a

tree

in

this garden.

There's a table in that room there.

These

boys here

are

very tall.

Those girls

there

have nice

dresses.

These glasses here

have

beer

in.

Those glasses there

have water

in.

Pronombres

THIS

• Se traduce por este, esta, esto.

THAT

• Se

traduce

por ese,

esa, eso,

aquel, aque-

lla, aquello

THESE

• Se

traduce

por estos, estas.

THOSE

• Se traduce por

esos,

esas, aquellos, aquellas:

This is water, and that is milk.

This is bread, and that is

butter.

These

children

are

very clever,

but

those

are stupid.

• A menudo usamos one despues de this,

o

that:

The picture I'm talking about is this one

here,

not

that one.

• Pero no despues de these o those:

The photos I want are those.

Recuerde

• Que los

demostrativos

que se

usan como

pronombres normalmente, se refieren a co-

sas,

no a

gente:

I found

this

inside the wallet,

(pronombre)

I

know

this boy (adjetivo).

Estan'a mal

I

know

this,

refiriendose

a una persona.

• Los pronombres

demostrativos

despues de

what

se refieren a cosas:

What

is

that?

What

are

those?

• Los pronombres demostrativos this y that

despues de who se refieren a

personas:

Who is this?

Who's

that?

66

STANLEY



UNIT

28

Both and all

1. All (pronombre) puede ir seguido de

of

+

the

/

this

/

these

/

that

/

those /

posesivos

y

sustantivos.

BOTH

(pronombre) + of:

• Se

puede usar

de la

misma manera, pero

so-

lamente con

formas

en

plural.

El of aquf se

omite

a menudo, especialmente con all + un sustanti-

vo o pronombre en singular.

all the village

all (of) Peter's friends

all her life

both (of) the

villages

all (of) these

both (of)

his

parents

2. Con all/both + of + pronombre personal,

el of no se puede omitir:

all of it

both of them

ENGLISH

GRAMMAR

1

I Recuerde

• que hay una construccion alternativa:

pronombre personal +

all/both:

all

of it

se reemplaza por it all

all of us

- we

all

(sujeto)

us

all

(objeto)

all

of you

se

reemplaza por

you all

all of them

they all

(sujeto)

them all (objeto)

• De la misma forma:

both of us

we both

- us both

both of them

- they both

- them both

All of them were there.

They were all there.

All/Both of us came.

We all/both came.

They drank all/both the bottles.

They drank all/both of them.

They drank them all/both.

Do you see

those boys? Well,

all of

them

speak French.

This

is my

friend

Jeff.

We are

both

volunteers.

All of us

knew

the

answer

to the

question.

68

STANLEY



UNIT 28 Cont.)

"Both"

y

"both

of"

• Both se puede usar de dos maneras en la

misma frase:

- Both

of the

children have

been to

Paris.

-

The children have both been

to

Paris.

• Both con una frase sustantivada:

Both

of) the

bikes

broke down soon

after

the start.

Both

of) my

sons

are very tall.

I

bought both

of)

these vases

in

Greece.

•

Both puede usarse como adjetivo:

She had burns on both hands.

• Si both se refiere al sujeto de la frase, se

puede poner en la misma position que los

adverbios de tiempo, es decir, entre el suje-

to y el verbo:

We

both

like beer.

The girls both looked English.

• o detras del verbo ser:

You

are both

too

young.

The girls were both very pretty.

• En

preterite perfecto

se

pone entre

el

auxi-

liar

y el participio:

We

have

both

been

to the

same

school.

My parents have both been invited to

the

party.

ENGLISH

GRAMMAR

•

Hay

varias construcciones posibles con both:

Both dogs were asleep.

Both

the

dogs were asleep.

Both of the dogs were asleep.

The dogs

were both

asleep.

"Both" como pronombre

We'll

buy both,

please.

Both looked the same to me.

Give me

both.

Both are very similar.

70

STANLEY



UNIT

29

Say and

tell

Tell

•

Significa "decir", igual

que

say;

la

diferencia

radica en el uso. El verbo tell se usa general-

mente cuando detras hay un complemento in-

directo, es decir, una persona que recibe la ac-

cion del verbo:

Tell me

something about that.

Don't tell her anything yet.

She didn't tell

her

mother what she had

seen.

John

told his father

that

he was

going

to

do it.

I will

tell you

the truth tomorrow

morning.

Did the girls tell you what they intend to

do?

They never

told us the

whole truth.

What did he tell the children?

ENGLISH GRAMMAR

Recuerde

• que en algunos casos tell equivaie

a say to.

They

told

him that

it was very

difficult.

They said to him that

it was

very

difficult.

She

told us that she was coming.

She said to us that she was

coming.

Say

• Se usa

generalmente cuando

no hay un

com-

plemento indirecto detras del verbo, es decir,

no hay nadie que reciba la accion del verbo:

What did you say? I didn't say anything.

What

did Peter say last night?

He

said

that it is going to rain today.

Mary said that she is going to get

married.

Did she say that, really?

Say

what

you

want, nobody

is

listening

to

you.

Don't

say

that

It is

terrible

• En algunos casos

tell

signified contar, rela-

tar, narrar

un

cuento.

En

estos casos

el

verbo

tell puede no llevar complemento indirecto:

He told a

story.

He

told

me a

story.

Mum, tell a story, please. Mum, tell us a

story, please.

• Lo mismo ocurre con las palabras truth

y

lie:

He told a lie.

He

told me a lie.

He told the

truth.

He told me the

truth.

72

STANLEY



UNIT 30

Exclamations: What a/an

-

what

- how

ENGLISH

GRAMMAR

1

What

a/an

• Se usa con sustantivos en singular:

«>

What

a

girl

What a beautiful girl

What a boy

What a silly boy

What a house

What a strange house

What a book

What an interesting book

What a face he has

What

an

attractive face

he

has

• En la columna de mano derecha hemos ana-

dido

un

adjetivo calificativo. Como sabemos,

un

adjetivo calificativo

es un

adorno

que se le

ana-

de al sustantivo para que sepa el oyente como

es el

sustantivo. Esto,

por lo

tanto,

no

altera

la

formation

de la oration: what a/an + sustanti-

vo (con

o sin

adjetivo).

What

• Se usa con sustantivos en plural y con cosas

incontables:

What

houses

What strange houses

What coffee

What terrible coffee

What

weather

What awful weather

What girls

What beautiful girls

What nonsense

What silly nonsense

What men

What horrible men

How

• Se usa con

adjetivos

y

adverbios:

How big

How

big this house is

How

dark

How

dark that tunnel

is

How wonderful

How

wonderful

she is

How

stupid

How stupid I was to

lose

my ticket

How

difficult

How

difficult that

is

How

wide

How wide this river is

No

confundas:

What a long road

this

is

jQue carretera tan larga es esta

con:

How

long

this road is

Que

larga es esta carretera

• Observa que decimos:

What a long road this is y no is this,

puesto que no es una pregunta.

I

Recuerde

• que how long signified que largo/cuanto

mide de largo, pero tambien

signified

cuan-

to tiempo.

How

long

are you going to stay here?

74

STANLEY



UNIT 31

ENGLISH GRAMMAR

Can - could - be able

• Can es un

verbo defective.

La

conjugation

completa de este verbo se da en la pagina 126.

1. El infinitive del verbo

poder es to be able:

They long to be

able

to live in freedom.

2. Can solamente se usa para el presente de

indicative:

She can do it alone.

I can go tonight.

3. No anade una s en la tercera persona del

singular:

He

can come with you.

She

can do it tomorrow.

4. No admite la partfcula to ni delante ni detras:

We can go

tonight.

They can

come

at any

time.

5. No admite la particula

do

ni para interrogar

ni para negar:

Can you

come?

Can

they

do it?

They

cannot

do it alone.

You

cannot go

there tonight.

6. La forma negativa se puede contraer:

I can't, you can't, he can't, we can't, they

can't.

I couldn't, you couldn't, he couldn't, we

couldn't, they couldn't.

7. Could se usa para el pasado y el conditio-

nal:

I

could

do it alone, but I didn't want to.

(podia)

I could

do it for you, I suppose, (podria)

•

Para todos

los

demas tiempos

se usa la

locu-

tion

be able (ser capaz, vease pag. 126).

Future

I'll

be able

to go

tonight.

Will he be

able

to

come

in

time?

Preterite perfecto

I

have been able

to

finish

it in

time.

Recuerde

* Can-Could

se

pueden traducir

a

veces

por

saber cuando expre-

samos

una

habilidad

de

hacer algo:

I can swim very well.

She could

speak four languages.

* La

forma impersonal se

puede

generalmente

se

traduce

por

you

can aunque tambien se

puede usar

la voz pasiva:

You can t do

that here/That

can t be

done

here.

Eso

no se

puede

hacer

aqui.

76

STANLEY



UNIT 32

ENGLISH

GRAMMAR

Be - with ages and measurements

• Para preguntar la edad se usa la formula how

old are

you?, es decir, se usa el verbo

to

be, y

se responde

I am

fifteen years old.

•

Opcionalmente

se

pueden suprimir

las

pala-

bras

years old, asi se

puede decir,

I am twenty,

she is eighteen.

•

Tambien

se

puede usar

years of age, o at

the age of:

How

old are you? I am fifteen years old.

How

old is

she?

She is

twenty-two.

How old was David? He was twenty-one.

How

old is your mother? She is forty.

How

old was she when she died? She

was ninety-one.

She died at the age of ninety-one.

•

Para traducir cumplir ahos tambien

se usa

el

verbo to be:

Little Jimmy

is

five today.

Alice

was ten

yesterday.

How old will you be tomorrow?

Tomorrow

I will be fourteen.

Measurements

•

Tambien

se usa el

verbo

to be

para medidas.

Asi

se dice:

How

tall?

How big?

How long?

How

wide?

How

small?

How high?

How

deep is the ...?

•

Para responder tambien

se usa el

verbo ser,

asi: I am very tall, it is very long, etc.

How

tall

are

you?

I am six

feet

tall.

How big is the town? It is

quite

big.

78

STANLEY

How wide is the river? It is 200 yards

wide.

How small is an atom? It is very small.

How

high

is

Everest?

It is

8,848 metres

high.

Tambien

se puede decir:

What

is

the height?

What is the colour of...?

What colour are his eyes?

She

is

the same age as me.

I am the

same weight

as

you.

What shoe size are you?

What

is

the length of...?

What

is the

width o f...?

"What's the colour of her eyes?" "Her

eyes

are

blue."

"What's the

height

of the building?"

"What size is it?" "It is size 8."

What is the length of the river?

It is

about 1,000

kms

long.

What's the width of

this

cloth?

It

is two

yards wide.



UNIT 33

ENGLISH GRAMMAR

1

Comparative

and

superlative adjectives; comparison

Adjetivos cortos

• Para formar el grade comparative de los adje-

tivos y adverbios cortos (monosilabos y

bisflabos),

se afiade er, y para el superlative se

anade est:

tall

-

taller

-

tallest

small

-

smaller smallest

• El que de comparacion se escribe con

n

(than).

Comparativos

Peter is taller than

Andrew.

Our

house

is bigger than

yours.

Superlatives

- She

is

the tallest

girl

in her

class.

-

This

is the smallest

diamond.

Adje t ivos

largos

• Para la

formation

del grado comparativo de

un adjetivo largo se antepone el adverbio more,

igual que en castellano. Para formar el superla-

tive se antepone the most:

difficult - more difficult

- the most difficult

Comparativo

This

lesson

is

more

difficult than that

one.

Superlative

-

This

is the most comfortable

chair that

I

have ever seen.

•

Para adverbios

que

terminan

en ly

usamos

more:

You

must drive

more slowly.

Adje t ivos irregulares

good - better - best

bad worse worst

far

farther farthest

further further

- old - older oldest

elder

-

eldest

• Con comparativos se puede poner much

o a

bit.

This is much bigger than that,

(mucho mas grande)

-

This

is

a bit smaller than that,

(un poco mas pequeno)

Comparativos de igualdad

as as (tan come)

He is

as

rich

as

his brother.

My watch is

as

good as yours.

• Para frases negativas se puede usar so o as

en la primera parte de la comparacion:

• not so/as as (no tan como)

This car is

not as/so

fast

as

mine.

80

STANLEY



UNIT 34

Good at / look like / what is ... like?

ENGLISH GRAMMAR

1

Good at

• La expresion

good at

puede ir seguida de un

sustantivo,

o de un

gerundio:

Peter

is very good at maths.

Those boys are very good at playing

games.

Look like

• Esta expresion se puede

traducir

por pare-

cer, tener el aspecto de. Puede ir seguida de

un

sustantivo

o una

frase sustantivada:

He

looks like

a boy of

spirit.

It

looks like rain.

That looks like cheese to me.

The picture doesn't look like him.

He

looks like

his

brother.

She looks like her mother.

•

Tambien puede

ir

seguido

de

gerundio:

The

festival looks like being lively.

He

looked like

biting.

It looks like being wet all day.

He looked like beating the champion.

Look + adjetivo

•

Generalmente usamos esta expresion cuan-

do

queremos decir

que

alguien

o

algo tiene

un

aspecto triste, cansado, alegre, etc:

«

You

look very tired today.

A sad-looking little

boy

stood

in

front

of

him.

The

countryside

looked beautiful in the

sunshine.

Pauline looks very excited today.

• Con el mismo sentido se puede usar el pre-

sente progresivo:

You

are

looking very unhappy today.

What's the matter?

She is looking

very happy today.

What is like?

• Esta expresion se usa para preguntar

como

es fulano, no como esta de salud.

"What

is

the new teacher like?" "I think

he's very strict."

"What is your boyfriend like?" "Oh, he is

very

nice."

"What are the new

boys

like?"

"Well,

they look very fit."

"What

are

the

recruits

like?" 'They

don't

look very clever

to

me."

• Nota bien la diferencia entre: What is he like?

y How is he?

What

is he like?

iComo es?

"How is he?" "Very well, thank you."

"I Que tal esta?" "Muy bien

gracias."

82

STANLEY



UNIT 35

ENGLISH

GRAMMAR

Present

perfect tense:

"for" and

"since"

• El

preterite perfecto

de

indicative

se

forma

igual que en

espahol:

Af f i rmat ive

I have played

You have played

He has played

We

have played

You have played

They have played

Interrogative

Have

I

played?

Have

you played?

Has he played?

Have we played?

Have you played?

Have they played?

Negative

I

have

not

played

You

have not

played

He has not played

We

have not played

You

have

not

played

They have

not

played

• A

menudo usamos

el

preterito perfecto para

hablar de situaciones o acciones que continuan

hasta el momento en que hablamos (o poco

antes):

I

have lived

in this country for many

years.

I have

always

liked

English people.

• El preterito perfecto se usa a menudo con

since y for.

Since

(desde)

• Se usa para decir

cuando

empezo algo:

She

has

worked there since

1990.

I

have been reading

since

five o'clock.

I have

studied

the piano

since I was

five.

It has

been raining

since

Monday.

For

(durante)

• Se usa

para decir durante cuanto tiempo

se

ha estado haciendo algo;

va

seguido

de una

re fe renc ia de t iempo

(por

e jemplo, two

months):

She has worked here for twenty years,

o I've been waiting

for

hours.

•

Este tipo

de

frases

se

puede traducir

al

caste-

llano de dos formas:

Ha estado trabajando

aqui

durante 20 anos (literal). Lleva 20 ahos

trabajando aqui (libre).

How long + for

•

Esto

se

emplea para preguntar durante cuan-

to

tiempo:

How

long have

you

been waiting for?

• En

este tipo

de

preguntas

a

menudo suprimi-

mos el for:

How long have you been living in Los

Angeles (for)?

How long

+

since

• Se

emplea para preguntar cuanto tiempo hace

desde

que

ocurrio algo:

- How long is it since you came to live

here?

How long

is it

since

you last saw her?

84

STANLEY



UNIT 36

ENGLISH GRAMMAR

1

Verbs with

two

objects

•

Complemento directo

se refiere a una per-

sona

o

cosa

que

recibe

la

accion

del

verbo:

They ate

the

cake.

Don't annoy me.

He

threw

the ball.

-

She

dropped the

paper.

• El complemento

indirecto se

refiere gene-

ralmente

a la

persona

que

se

beneficia

de la

accion expresada por el verbo:

Throw

me the

ball.

Buy your sister

a

present.

• Se llama verbo transitive el que lleva com-

plemento

directo. La mejor forma de averiguar

si un

verbo

es

transitive

es

hacerse

la

pregunta

i,a quien? o ^que? Si se puede responder, el

verbo es

transitive.

I

met

Peter

this morning.

,A quien encontraste? - Peter

I am reading the

paper.

i,Que estas leyendo? -

the paper

• Los

verbos transitivos

se

pueden poner

en voz

pasiva:

The dog eats

the

meat.

The meat

is eaten by the dog.

• Se llama verbo intransitivo el que no

lleva

complemento directo

y no se

puede poner

en voz pasiva:

-

The

plane landed

in New

York.

The girl

runs

very fast.

Posicion de los complementos

• El complemento indirecto a menudo se refie-

re a una persona y se suele poner delante del

directo:

I gave Peter the book,

o

detras

con

to

I gave the book

to

Peter.

I sent Jane the letter.

I

sent

the

letter to Jane.

He gave me

the

knife.

He gave

the

knife to me.

Give

me it.

Give

it

to me.

I showed Fred the letter.

I showed the letter to

Fred.

• De la misma forma I'll find a job for Tom

podria expresarse I'll findTom a job. Esta cons-

truction

es posible con los verbos:

build,

buy,

cook, book, find, get, keep, leave, make, order,

reserve, etc:

- I'll

get

you a

drink.

I'll

get a

drink for

you.

I bought him a book.

I bought a book for him.

I'll cook you something.

I'll cook something for

you.

• La construction sin preposition se prefiere

cuando

el

objeto directo

es una

oration:

Tell me

the

whole

story.

Show

me

what you've got in your

pocket.

86

STANLEY



UNIT 37

Question

words

as subjects

• Who

puede hacer

el of

cio

de

sujeto

y de

com-

plemento

del

verbo.

• Cuando hace el oficio de sujeto el verbo se

pone en forma afirmativa, es decir, sin partfcu-

las

de

interrogation:

Who came yesterday? (sujeto)

o

Who

spoke

at the

meeting? (sujeto)

Who pays the

bills?

(sujeto)

• Who, whom como complementos del verbo:

Ingles

coloquial:

Who did you

see? Who

did she

talk

to?

Ingles gramatical:

Whom

did you see?

Whom

did she

talk

to?

• Whose

como sujeto:

Whose

car

broke down?

Whose horse arrived first?

Whose ship sank?

• Whose como complemento de un verbo:

Whose book did you borrow?

Whose pen did you use?

Whose umbrella did you lose?

•

Which como sujeto:

Which

finger hurts you?

Which

car won the race?

Which

horse broke its leg?

• Which

como complemento:

Which hand do you use?

o Which

of these books do you prefer?

Which horse do you think will win?

ENGLISH

GRAMMAR

1

• What

como sujeto:

What caused

the

fire?

What

happened

last

night?

• What como complemento:

What

paper do you read?

What

did he say?

What

do you want?

• How

many +

sustantivo puede

ser

sujeto

de

oracion y por lo tanto ir sin partfculas de inte-

rrogacion:

How

many

dogs ran in the race?

How many cars crashed on the bridge?

How many people went to Madrid?

• How many como complemento:

How

many

things did you buy?

How many people did you see?

How many children did they have?

88

STANLEY



UNIT

38

ENGLISH GRAMMAR

Reported

or

Indirect Speech

• Hay dos formas de

relatar

lo que

dice

una

per-

sona: la forma directa e indirecta.

• En la

forma

directa

repetimos

las

palabras

exactas del que

habla:

He said, "I went to London last week".

• En

forma indirecta

se da el

sentido exacto

de

lo que se dice pero sin necesidad de usar las

palabras

exactas

del que

habla:

He said (that) he had gone to London

the previous week.

•

Cuando convertimos

el

estilo directo

en

indi-

recto tenemos

que

hacer algunos cambios.

La

tabla que va a

continuation

indica estos cam-

bios.

Direct speech Indirect speech

Presente

I

never go there", he said.

Pasado

"I

went there yesterday", he said.

Future

"I will go

tomorrow",

he said.

Condicional

"I

would like

to

go",

he

said.

Preterite perfecto

"I have done if, he said.

Pasado

He

said (that)

he

never went there.

Pluscuamperfecto

He said (that) he had gone there the day before.

Condicional

He said (that) he

would

go the

next day.

Condicional

He said (that) he would like to go.

Pluscuamperfecto

He

said (that)

he had

done

it.

• Hay que

tener

en

cuenta

que al

pasar

a

estilo indirecto algunas expresiones

de tiempo cambian:

Direct

today

yesterday

the day

before yesterday

tomorrow

the day after tomorrow

next week/month/year

last week/month/year

a

week

ago

Indirect

that

day

the day before

two days before

the

next/following

day

in two

days' time

the

following week/month/year

the previous week/month/year

the week before/the previous week

9

STANLEY



UNIT 39

So am I - So do I - Neither/nor am

• Cuando queremos anadir una adicion afirma-

tiva, yo

tambien

etc., en ingles hay varias po-

sibilidades.

• En

caso

de que

haya

un

verbo auxiliar

en la

frase, este verbo

se

repite:

"I am a man." "So am I "

"We

are going to school." "So are we "

"I have a dog." "So have I "

"She

has a

nice house."

"So

have

I "

• Si el que

usamos

es un

verbo defectivo, tam-

bien se repite este verbo:

"I can speak French." "So can I "

"I could drive

a car when I was 14."

"So could I "

"My mother can cook very well."

"So

can

mine "

• En los demas casos usamos las particulas

do,

does, did, will, would:

"I come every day." "So do I "

"She speaks French."

"So

does he "

"I will go tomorrow." "So will I "

"I would like to go." "So would I "

'They went to England last summer."

"So did we "

• En caso que la frase sea negativa y quera-

mos anadir, yo tampoco, usamos neither o

nor:

"I am not a man." "Neither/Nor am I "

"She is not a woman." "Neither/Nor am I "

'They

are not

very tall."

"Neither/Nor are we "

"I

haven't

got a

dog."

"Neither/Nor have I "

• Lo

mismo ocurre

con los

verbos defectives:

"I

can't

speak French." "Neither/Nor can I "

"He

couldn't come

in

time."

"Neither/nor could we "

ENGLISH GRAMMAR

1

Con los

demas verbos usamos

las

particulas

do, does, did, will, would:

"I don't

speak French." "Neither/Nor

do I "

"I don't want any more, thanks."

"Neither/Nor do we "

"He

didn't

buy the book."

"Neither/Nor did she "

She

didn't come in time."

"Neither/Nor

did I "

She

won't speak to us."

"Neither/Nor

will

he "

'They

won't do it tomorrow."

"Neither/Nor will

I "

"I wouldn't

like

to

go."

"Neither/Nor would I "

She

wouldn't tell me anything."

"Neither/Nor would he "

92

STANLEY



UNIT 40

ENGLISH

GRAMMAR

Some

and something in offers and requests

•

Normalmente

some se usa con

verbos afir-

mativos:

They bought some

cakes.

•

Pero tambien

se

suele usar

some en

frases

interrogativas cuando la frase indica una ofer-

ta, sugerencia, o peticion, y se espera que la

respuesta sea

afirmativa:

^ Would you like some wine?

Could you do

something

for me?

Can

I

have

some of

those sweets?

Have you got some glasses you can

lend

me?

Why

don't

you

give

her

some flowers?

Didn't you borrow

some

books from the

library?

Would you like

some

more milk?

Why

don't

you

give

him

something to

drink?

Linking words both

... and

Either

... or

Neither... nor ...

• Las

tres estructuras sirven

de

union.

Both

....

and... se traduce por

tanto... como...:

Both Jim

and

Jane were late.

I like both John and Peter.

They were both hungry

and

thirsty.

He loved

both

Susan

and

Sandra.

• La estructura either... or... se traduce por o

...o...:

* You can have either biscuits or cakes.

She

is

either French

or

Italian.

We'll

go

there either

on

Saturday

or on

Sunday.

We

can go either by plane or by

train.

• La

estructura

neither... nor... se

traduce

por

ni... ni...:

She can speak neither French

nor

Spanish.

The room was

neither

large

nor

bright.

The girl

was neither

pretty

nor

intelligent.

The woman on the phone was neither

Rose nor her mother.

• Las

frases negativas como Ese hombre no

era

ni

Pedro

ni

Juan

se

pueden traducir

de

dos

formas:

The man on the

phone

wasn't either

Peter

or John.

The man on the phone was neither

Peter nor John.

94

STANLEY



UNIT

41

ENGLISH GRAMMAR

1

Infinitive

of

Purpose

• La

idea

de

proposito generalmente

se

expre-

sa con el infinitive. Es decir, usamos

to

+

infinitive

para hablar acerca del proposito de

hacer algo (para + infinitive):

She went to Paris

to learn

French.

He

shouted

to warn

us of the danger.

Mary telephoned to

invite

us to her

wedding.

The

secretary went

out to post the

letters.

•

Tambien usamos

to + infinitivo

cuando

nos

referimos acerca del proposito de alguna cosa,

o

el porque alguien necesita o quiere algo:

I

need something

to

open

this tin.

The rich Arab had six bodyguards

to

protect

him.

This fence is

to keep

people out of my

property.

This generator

is

here

to produce

electricity.

• Tambien podemos usar in order to/so as +

to + infinitivo con un

infinitivo negativo:

He

pulled out his knife

in order/so as to

frighten

them.

- She

walked

on

tiptoe

in order/so as not

to

wake

her

children.

• Con to be y to have:

She

gave up her job

in

order/so

as to

have

more time for her family.

She

got up early

in order/so as to have

a big breakfast.

She left

work

at

four

in

order/so

as to

be

home early.

• Con can y could se usa el so that

...

(para

poder):

She is learning French

so that

she

can

study in Paris.

He moved to Boston

so

that

he

could

see his girlfriend more often.

• Para que el

pueda...:

Give

him my phone number

so

that

he

can

phone

me.

He

wears glasses

so

that

nobody

can

recognize him.

•

Infinitivo

+

sustantivo

+

preposicion:

He

wants

a

case

to

keep

his

tapes

and

records

in.

I need a tin opener

to open

this tin of

asparagus

with.

•

Esto

es

cuando hablamos

de

algo

en

particu-

lar, pero si nos referimos a algo con un sentido

en

general usamos

for

+

gerundio:

This is a box

for

keeping old books in.

- This is a

tool

for

cutting

wood.

96

STANLEY



UNIT 42

Conditional Structures

• El condicional se forma igual que el future,

anteponiendo

al

infinitive

las

particulas

would

o

should.

ENGLISH

GRAMMAR

1

Affirmative

I should/would go

you would go

he

would go

we should/would

go

you would

go

they

would go

Interrogative

should/would I go?

would you go?

would he go?

should/would we go?

would you go?

would they

go?

Negative

I should/would not go

you

would

not go

he

would not go

we should/would go

you

would not go

they would not go

• La

particula should solo

se usa en

ingles

muy

formal:

I

thought they

would give me a diploma.

They expected that the plane

would

arrive

on time.

She hoped they would come to the

party.

• El condicional se suele abreviar, sobre todo

en conversacion: I'd, you'd, he'd, she'd, it'd,

we'd, you'd,

they'd.

I'd

go if I

could.

I'd

go to

Paris

if I

spoke French.

She'd

buy the house if she had money.

I'd

speak louder

if I had to.

• El

condicional negative tambien

se puede

abreviar:

I wouldn't, you wouldn't, he

wouldn't, etc.

I wouldn't go if I

were you.

Condicional

compuesto

•

Affirmative

I would have gone.

You

would have

gone.

He would have gone.

We

would have gone.

You would

have gone.

They would have gone.

• Interrogative

Would

I

have gone?

Would

you

have gone?

Would

he

have gone?

• Negative

I wouldn't have gone.

You

wouldn't have gone, etc.

98

STANLEY



UNIT 42 (Cont.)

ENGLISH GRAMMAR

Types

of

conditional sentences

• Las frases condicionales en ingles moderno

se

suelen dividir en tres tipos:

Type 1:

•

What will

you do if it

rains?

if

+

present

+

future

If

it

rains, we will stay

at home.

Type 2:

•

What

would

you do if it

rained?

if +

past

+

simple conditional

If it

rained,

we would stay at home.

Type

3:

• What would you have done if it had rained?

if

+

past perfect

+

perfect conditional

If

it

had

rained,

we

would stayed

at home.

• Con las

frases condicionales

del

tipo

1, el

verbo

principal

se

pone

en

futuro simple,

y

la frase subordinada en

presente.

No impor-

ta el orden:

If

you run, you will catch

the train.

They

will

go

without

you if you

don't

hurry.

- If the

weather

is

good,

we

will

go for a

picnic.

The

boys

will play

football

if the

teacher

lets

them.

• Con las frases del tipo 2, el verbo principal se

pone

en

condicional simple,

y la

frase subor-

dinada en pasado:

If

you ran, you would catch the train.

-

They

would go

without

you if you didn't

hurry.

If the weather

was good, we would go

for

a

picnic.

The

boys

would play

football

if the

teacher

let

them.

STANLEY

• Con las frases del tipo 3, el verbo principal se

pone

en

condicional compuesto,

y la

frase

subordinada en

pluscuamperfecto.

If

you had run, you would have caught

the train.

They would have gone without

you

if

you hadn't hurried.

If

the weather

had been

good, we

would have gone

for a picnic.

The

boys

would have played

football

if

the teacher

had let

them.



UNIT 43

ENGLISH GRAMMAR

Structures

with

Get

• Get es, quiza, el verbo que mas se usa en el

lenguaje

coloquial ingles. Se usa, sin embargo,

mucho menos

en el

lenguaje escrito,

y

algunos

profesores

opinan

que el usar

get

en el lengua-

je

escrito

es mat

ingles . G et tiene cuatro sig-

nificados.

1. Cuando se usa con un complemento directo,

significa algo asf como recibir, obtener, con-

seguir, coger. El significado exacto depende

de

la frase:

Did you

get

the parcel?

Can

you get the tickets for tonight's

concert?

Can

you get a pound of sugar and a

sack of

potatoes

in the supermarket?

I'll come and get you at the airport

tomorrow.

He

got a punch on his nose.

2.

Cuando

se usa con

cualquier otra cosa (ad-

jetivo, infinitive, participio, preposicion, adver-

bio),

get

generalmente sugiere algun cambio

o

movimiento. De nuevo, el sentido exacto depen-

de

del resto de la frase.

• Cuando lo que sigue a get es cualquier cosa

menos

un simple complemento directo, casi

siempre se refiere a un cambio de estado: las

cosas o las

personas

que se

hacen diferentes,

se

mueven de sitio, comienzan otras activida-

des,

etc. El significado

exacto depende

de la

clase

de palabra que vaya detras del get, y del

resto

de la

frase.

Con un

adjetivo, get tiene

un

significado parecido

a become:

-

That woman

is

getting old.

He

got

a punch on his nose.

102

STANLEY

•

Cuando

el

get

va

seguido

de un

participio,

a

menudo tiene el mismo sentido que

to be:

The

goods

got damaged

in transit,

(were damaged)

The thief got

caught

by the police, (was

caught)

He

gets invited to all

parties,

(is

invited)

3. Cuando detras del get hay un complemento

directo seguido

de un

adjetivo, infinitive, partici-

pio,

preposicion o adverbio, el significado es

"causar un cambio":

Get

him to stop

doing that.

You

can

get

your hands warm in

front

of

the

fire.

I

can't get Peter to arrive

on

time.

4.

El

participio

got se usa con

algunas formas

habladas

con el

verbo have, cuando

se

refiere

a posesion, relaciones u obligation:

I've got a friend who lives in Paris.

What

have

you got

in

your hand?

We

haven't

got any news yet.

• Hay que

observar,

no

obstante,

que

esto

so-

lamente

ocurre

en

presente

de

indicative.



UNIT 44

ENGLISH GRAMMAR

Still, yet, already,

since,

for, during

Always - never

• Los adverbios

always

y

never

se pueden usar

en

los

comienzos

de

frase

con

oraciones

de im-

perative:

Always pay the

money

you

owe.

- Never say

that

again.

- Always tell me the truth.

-

Never throw stones at people.

Always ask for advice.

Never

go

jogging alone.

Still

(todavia)

• Se usa para frases afirmativas e interrogati-

vas. Su posicion es la misma que los adverbios

de

frecuencia:

Mr Evans is still in bed.

Are you still waiting for an answer?

Jimmy

still

works for that company.

Yet

(todavi'a)

• Se usa

para frases

con

sentido negative,

a

menudo

en

preterite perfecto. Generalmente

lo

solemos poner al final de la frase:

I

haven't

finished the job yet.

She hasn't

written the letter

yet.

Have you

finished washing

the car yet?

Already (ya)

• Su posicion es la misma que los adverbios de

frecuencia, aunque tambien puede ir al final:

This

machine

is already too

old.

I've

already read the newspaper.

He already

knows the truth. He knows it

already.

Since

(desde)

• A menudo se usa para expresiones de tiempo

con preterito perfecto

o

pluscuamperfecto:

I haven't seen him.

I met her

last

week. I hadn't

seen

her

since 1990.

Ago

(hace)

• Se

pone

al

final

de la

frase.

Se

refiere

a

algo

que sucedio algun tiempo atras sin idea de con-

tinuidad. Normalmente se usa un verbo en pa-

sado (past tense):

I went to London six months

ago.

I

studied Latin

years

ago.

For (durante)

• Se usa para marcar la duration de un periodo

de tiempo. Suele ir seguido del artfculo indeter-

minado

a, o de un

numeral.

A

menudo

se usa

con preterites perfectos o pluscuamperfectos:

I

haven't

seen her

for six months,

o

She has

been

on the phone

for an

hour.

During

(durante)

• Suele ir seguido del artfculo determinado the,

o un

adjetivo posesivo:

- It was

very cold

during the

winter,

o

I

spoke

to him

during

the

interval.

I learned a lot during

my

stay with you.

Nota:

• Con la expresion

the

last se usa for:

I haven't seen him for the last two

weeks.

We haven't

done

anything for the

last

three hours.

4

STANLEY



UNIT

45

Question

Tags

• Las coletillas o

question tags

son preguntas

que se

ponen

al

final

de una frase

afirmativa:

,verdad?

ENGLISH GRAMMAR

1

1 . Las frases con verbos auxiliares o defectives

forman

la coletilla con el mismo verbo. Si la fra-

se

es afirmativa la

coletilla

ira en forma interro-

gativa/negativa. Si la

frase

es negativa, la cole-

tilla ira en

forma interrogativa solamente:

You are a man, aren't you?

She is a woman, isn't she?

He

isn't a boy, is he?

She isn't a girl,

is

she?

He has a

dog, hasn't

he?

We

have a son, haven't we?

He

hasn't got a dog,

has he?

We

haven't

got a

son,

have we?

You can speak French, can't you?

She couldn't

run

fast,

could she?

She could cook,

couldn't she?

He

can't speak Italian,

can he?

2. Con los demas verbos se usan las particulas

do, does,

en

presente:

You

come every day,

don't you?

She

plays tennis very well,

doesn't

she?

You don't speak Chinese, do

you?

She doesn't cook very well, does she?

3. En

pasado

se usa

did:

You

went to Madrid, didn't you?

She

spoke

at the

meeting,

didn't she?

4. En

futuro

se usa la

parti'cula

will.

Recuerda

que

will not = won't:

You will

go

tomorrow,

won't you?

They won't come tomorrow,

will they?

5. En

condicional

se usa

would:

They would come

if

they could,

wouldn't

they?

She

wouldn't

tell

you,

would she?

Con el

verbo impersonal

there is/there are:

There

is a lot of

money, isn't there?

There are many people, aren't there?

There isn't much time, is there?

There aren't many trees, are there?

There wasn't anny

coffee,

was there?

6

STANLEY



UNIT 46

Passive Voice

• La voz

pasiva inglesa, igual

que en

castellano,

se

forma

con el

auxiliar to

be, y el

participio

del

verbo

que se

conjuga.

• La preposicion espanola por se traduce por by.

ENGLISH

GRAMMAR

1

Activa

Pasiva

Presente

The dog

eats

the

bread.

These boys study this

book.

The bread is eaten by the dog.

This book is studied by these

boys.

Pasado

The cat drank the milk.

The

player threw

the

ball.

The milk was drunk by the cat.

The ball was thrown by the

player.

Future

Susan will read the book.

Alice

will wash

the

dishes.

The book will be read by Susan.

The

dishes will

be

washed

by

Alice.

Condicionai

My

mother would do

it

better.

They would eat the cake.

It

would

be

done better

by my

mother.

The

cake would

be

eaten

by

them.

Preterite perfecto I

have broken

the

jar.

He

has written two books

this year.

The jar has

been broken

by me.

Two

books have been written

by him

this

year.

Pluscuamperfecto

She

had

made

a

delicious

cake.

This artist had painted

the picture.

A

delicious cake had been

made by

her.

The

picture

had been painted

by

this artist.

Future perfecto

They will have stolen

the money.

She will have taken

the medicine.

The money will have been

stolen

by

them.

The medicine will have been

taken

by

her.

Condicionai

compuesto

would have broken

that.

That would have been broken

by me.

Recuerde

• La voz

pasiva

en

ingles

se usa

mucho

mas que en

castellano.

Se usa a

menudo para traducir formas impersonales:

se

dice,

se

piensa...

It is

said...

It is thought...

8

STANLEY



UNIT 47

ENGLISH

GRAMMAR

Interrogative Pronouns

Who

(quien)

• El

pronombre interrogative

who es

sujeto

de

oracion:

Who was that woman?

Who is going to do it?

Whom

(a

quien)

• Es

complemento indirecto

o

circunstancial,

y

a

menudo

va

acompahado

por una

preposicion:

Whom

did you see last night?

A quien viste ayer noche?

Whom

did you

speak

to?

,A

quien hablaste?

Whom

did they go with?

iCon

quien/quienes fueron?

Whom

are you

talking about?

iDe quien estais hablando? (acerca de)

Whom

did he

tell?

iA quien se lo dijo?

•

Ffjese

que

colocamos

la

preposicion

al

final

de la frase. Antiguamente se colocaba al princi-

pio

-

With whom

are you

going?

pero

eso ha

caido en desuso.

• En

ingles coloquial

a

veces

se

suprime

la m

de whom:

Who are you

going

with?

Who were you talking to?

Whose

(de

quien)

• Es un complemento determinative. Indica po-

sesion:

Whose is

this

car/Whose car is

this?

quien es este coche?

What

(que)

• Se usa

para cosas:

What did you say last night?

iQue dijiste ayer noche?

Which

(cual)

• Se usa para cosas y personas y es mas se-

lectivo

que

what:

Which is the

cheapest?

Which

is the best?

We have two

Susans

here.

Which

one

do you want to see?

Why

(por

que?)

"Why was he

late?"

"Because he

missed

the

train."

When

(cuando)

"When do you come here?" "I come here

every day."

Where (donde)

"Where do you live?" "I live in New York."

How

(como)

"How

did you

come?"

"I

came

by

train."

I Recuerde

que cuando os pronombres who y

what

son

sujetos de oracion no se usan particulas de

interrogacion:

Who

came yesterday?

Who told you that?

Who ate all the bread?

Who spoke at the meeting?

What happened last night?

What caused the

fire?

110

STANLEY



UNIT 48

Relative

Pronouns

Who (quien, que,

el cual)

• Es el sujeto de la frase subordinada de relati-

ve. Se usa para personas:

This

is the man who

came.

Those are the boys who said that.

That

•

Puede

ser

sujeto

de una

frase

de

relative

de-

tras de all,

everyone, everybody,

no one,

nobody

and

those:

&

Everybody

who/that

knew

her

liked her.

Nobody

who/that

saw the accident will

forget

it.

Whom (a quien)

• Es complemento indirect© o c ircunstancial, se

usa para personas:

This is the man whom I saw.

This is the girl with whom he fell in love.

• La

forma whom

se

considera

muy

formal.

En

ingles coloquial generalmente usamos who o

that, y todavia es mas corriente omitir el pro-

nombre:

The girl whom I asked, told me to come

back today.

The girl who I asked, told me to come

back today.

The

girl

that I

asked, told

me to

come

back today.

The girl I asked, told me to come back

today.

• En las

oraciones

que

proporcionamos

una n-

formacion extra se puede usar la preposicion

antes de whom (para personas) y which (para

cosas). Asf que se puede decir to whom, with

whom, about whom, for which, etc.:

Mr

Jones,

to

whom

I

spoke

on the

phone last night, is interested in your

plan.

112

STANLEY

ENGLISH

GRAMMAR

1

• Sin embargo, en ingles coloquial, a menudo

ponemos la preposicion detras del verbo en la

oracion de relative. Cuando hacemos esto ge-

neralmente usamos

who en vez de

whom:

This

is Mr

Carter,

who I was

telling

you

about.

Whose (cuyo)

This is the man

whose

son is so

tall.

Which

or

that

(el cual)

• Generalmente se usa para cosas, pero a ve-

ces

tambien para personas:

The car

(which/that)

I bought last week,

broke down yesterday.

• Which no se suele usar detras de

all,

everything, little, much, none, no, o

despues

de superlatives. Solemos usar that

o lo

omiti-

mos:

Everything

(that)

you say will be taken

down.

This is the best hotel (that) I know.

What

(lo que)

And this is

what

he said.

Is that

what

you wanted?

• Cuando el sujeto es una mezcla de personas

y cosas usamos

that:

Those are

the men and the carts that

we saw

on

the

way.



Appendix

ENGLISH GRAMMAR

1

Irregu

Infinitive

to be

to

begin

bo blow

to break

to bring

to build

to buy

to catch

to

come

to cost

to cut

to do

to draw

to

drink

to eat

to fall

to

feel

to find

to get

to give

to go

to grow

to

have

to hear

to keep

to know

to lead

to leave

to let

lar verl

Past

was/were

began

blew

broke

brought

built

bought

caught

came

cost

cut

did

drew

drank

ate

fell

felt

found

got

gave

went

grew

had

heard

kept

knew

led

left

let

)S

Past

participle

been

-ser, ester

begun -empezar

blown -soplar

broken

-romper

brought

-traer

built -construir

bought -comprar

caught

-coger,

atrapar

come

-venir

cost -coster

cut

-cortar

done

-hacer

drawn -dibujar

drunk

-beber

eaten

-comer

fallen

-caer

felt -sentir

found

-encontrar

got -conseguir

given

-dar

gone ir

grown

-crecer

had

-tener,

tomar

heard

-oir

kept

-guardar

known -saber,

conocer

led -conducir

left -salir,

dejar

let -dejar,

permitir

Infinitive

to lie

to make

to meet

to pay

to put

to read

to

ring

to run

to

say

to see

to sell

to send

to shine

to show

to shut

to sit

to sleep

to

speak

to spend

to stand

to swim

to

take

to

tell

to

think

to understand

to wake

to wear

to win

to

write

Past

lay

made

met

paid

put

read

rang

ran

said

saw

sold

sent

shone

showed

shut

sat

slept

spoke

spent

stood

swam

took

told

thought

understood

woke

wore

won

wrote

Past

participle

lain

-yacer

made -hacer

met -encontrarse

paid

-pagar

put -poner

read

-leer

rung

-llamar

(al timbre

run -correr

said -decir

seen

-ver

sold

-vender

sent -enviar

shone

-brillar

shown

-mostrar

shut

-cerrar

sat -sentarse

slept

-dormir

spoken

-hablar

spent -gastar,

pasar

stood

-ester

de pie

swum -nadar

taken

-coger,

tomar

told

-decir, contar

thought

-pensar,

creer

understood

-entender

woken -despertarse

worn -llevar

puesto

won

-ganar

written -escribir

116

STANLEY



Appendix

ENGLISH GRAMMAR

The

days of the week

Sunday

domingo

Monday

lunes

Tuesday

martes

Wednesday miercoles

Thursday

jueves

Friday viernes

Saturday sabado

Possessive

Adj.

my

its

your

our

his

your

her their

Possessive Pron.

mine

its

yours

ours

his

yours

hers theirs

Personal pronouns (object forms)

me him it you

you her us them

Months of the year

January

enero -

July Julio

February febrero August agosto

March marzo September septiembre

April

abril October octubre

May mayo November noviembre

June

junio

December

diciembre

Interrog.

Pron.

who? when?

whom? where?

whose? how?

which? why?

what?

Relative

Pron.

who

whom

whose

which

that

what

Numbers

Cardinals

one

two

three

four

five

6 six

7

seven

8

eight

9

nine

10

ten

11 eleven

12

twelve

13 thirteen

14

fourteen

15

fifteen

16

sixteen

17

seventeen

18

eighteen

19

nineteen

20 twenty

21

twenty-one

22 twenty-two

23

twenty-three

30 thirty

40

forty

50

fifty

60 sixty

70

seventy

80

eighty

90 ninety

100 a

hundred

101 a

hundred

and one

200 two

hundred

500 five

hundred

1.000

a

thousand

Ordinals

1

st

first

2

nd

second

3

rd

third

4

th

fourth

5

th

fifth

6

th

sixth

7

th

seventh

8

th

eighth

9

th

ninth

10

th

tenth

11

th

eleventh

12

th

twelfth

13

th

thirteenth

14

th

fourteenth

15

th

fifteenth

16

th

sixteenth

17

th

seventeenth

18

th

eighteenth

19

th

nineteenth

20

th

twentieth

21

st

twenty-first

22

nd

twenty-second

23

rd

twenty-third

30

th

thirtieth

40

th

fortieth

50

th

fiftieth

60

th

sixtieth

70

th

seventieth

80

th

eightieth

90

th

ninetieth

100

th

a hundredth

101

st

a hundred and first

200

th

two hundredth

500

th

five hundredth

1,000

th

a thousandth

2,000

th

two thousandth

1,000,000

th

a millionth

117

STANLEY



Appendix

ENGLISH GRAMMAR

1

Verbo

to be

Indicative

Present

Present perfect tense

am 1 have been

you are you

have been

he is he has

been

we

are we

you are you

have been

have been

they

are

they have been

Past tense Past

perfect

tense

was 1 had

been

you

were

you

had been

he was he had been

we were

we had

been

you

were

you had been

they were they had been

Future Future perfect tense

shall/will be 1 shall/will have been

you will be you will have been

he

will be he will have been

we shall/will

be we

shall/will have been

you

will

be you

will have been

they will be they will have been

Conditional

Present

I should/would be

you would be

he

would be

we should/would be

you

would be

they would be

Past conditional

I should/would have been

you would have been

he would have been

We should/would have been

you would have been

they would have been

Imperative

let me be

be

let

him be

let us (let's) be

be

let them be

Infinitive Gerund

to be being

Subjuntive

Past

tense

if I

were

if you

were

if he

were

if we

were

if you were

if

they were

Nota:

El

imperfecto de subjuntivo del verbo

SER

(TO BE) es el unico que se usa en

la

practica.

Ej: "si yo fuera rico" -If I were

rich.

Participle Past

participle

been have

been

119

STANLEY



Appendix

Verb to have

ENGLISH GRAMMAR

1

Indicative

Present

have

you have

he has

we

have

you have

they have

Past

tense

h d

you had

he had

we had

you had

they had

Future

I shall/will have

you will have

he will have

we shall/will have

you

will have

they will have


have

had

you have had

he has had

we

have

had

you have had

they

have

had

Past

perfect tense

had had

you had had

he had had

we had had

you had had

they had had

Future perfect tense

I shall/will have had

you

will have

had

he will have had

we shall/will have had

you

will have

had

they

will

have

had

Condit ional

Present

I

should/would have

you

would have

he

would have

we should/would have

you would have

they would have

Past

conditional

I should/would have had

you would have had

he would have

had

we

should/would have

had

you would have had

they would have had

Imperative

let me have

have

let him have

let us

(let's) have

have

let them have

Infinitive

To

have

Gerund

Participle

Past

participle

Having Had Have had

121

STANLEY



Appendix

ENGLISH

GRAMMAR

Verb to love

Indicative

Present

love

you love

he loves

we love

you love

they love

Past tense

loved

you

loved

he

loved

we loved

you loved

they loved

Future

I shall/will love

you will love

he will love

we

shall/will love

you will love

they will love

Present

perfect tense

have

loved

you

have

loved

he has

loved

we

have

loved

you

have

loved

they

have

loved

Past perfect tense

had loved

you had loved

he had

loved

we had

loved

you had loved

they had loved


I

shall/will have loved

you will have loved

he

will have loved

we

shall/will have loved

you will have loved

they will have loved

Conditional

Present

should/would love

you

would love

he would love

we

should/would love

you

would love

they would love

Past conditional

I

should/would have loved

you would have loved

he

would have loved

we should/would have loved

you would have loved

they would have loved

Imperat ive

let me

love

love

let him

love

let us (let's) love

love

let them love

Infinitive

To

love

Gerund Participle Past participle

Loving Loved Have loved

123

STANLEY



Appendix

Verb to love

ENGLISH

GRAMMAR

1

Indicative

Present

Interrogative

do 1 love?

do you love?

does he love?

do we

love?

do you love?

do they love?

Negative

I do not love

you do not love

he

does not love

we do not love

you do not love

they do not love

Past

tense

interrogative

did I love?

did you love?

did he love?

did we love?

did you love?

did

they love?

Negative

I did not

love

you did not love

he

did not

love

we did not love

you did not love

they

did not

love

Future

Interrogative

shall/will I love?

will you love?

will he love?

shall we love?

will you love?

will they love?

Negative

I

shall/will

not

love

you will not love

he

will not love

we shall/will

not love

you will

not

love

they will not love

Present

perfect tense

Interrogative

have I loved?

have you loved?

has he loved?

have

we

loved?

have you loved?

have they loved?

Negative

I

have

not

loved

you have not loved

he has not loved

we have

not

loved

you have not loved

they have not loved

Past perfect tense

Interrogative

had I

loved?

had you loved?

had he loved?

had we loved?

had you

loved?

had they loved?

Negative

I had not

loved

you had not loved

he

had not

loved

we had not

loved

you

had not

loved

they had not loved


Interrogative

shall/will I have loved?

will you

have loved?

will he have loved?

shall we have loved?

will you have loved?

will they have loved?

Negative

I

shall/will

not have loved

you will not have loved

he will not have loved

we shall/will not have loved

you

will not have loved

they will

not

have loved

Subjuntive

Nota.- Salvo muy raras excepciones, el

modo subjuntivo

no se usa en

ingles.

For

regla

general se usa el

mismo

tiempo que en indicative. Ej.: "Cuando

yo

vaya"-When

I go.

Conditional

Present

Interrogative

should/would

I

love?

would you love?

would he love?

should/would we love?

would

you

love?

would they love?

Negative

I

should/would

not

love

you would not love

he would not love

we should/would not love

you would not love

they would not love

Past conditional

Interrogative

should/would I have loved?

would

you

have loved?

would he have loved?

should/would we have loved?

would you have loved?

would they have loved?

Negative

I

should/would

not

have loved

you would not have loved

he would

not

have loved

we

should/would not have loved

you would not have loved

they would not have loved

Imperative

Negative

do

not let me

love

do not love

do not let him love

do not let us

love (let's

not

love )

do not love

do

not let

them love

124

STANLEY



Appendix

ENGLISH

GRAMMAR

Verbo

there

to be -

haber (impersonal)

Indicative

Present

there is

there

are

hay

Past tense

there was

there were

habia/hubo

Future

there will

be

habra


there has been

there have been

ha habido

Past perfect tense

there

had been

habia/hubo habido


there will have been

habra habido

Condit ional

Present

There would be

Habria

Past condit ional

There would have been

Habria habido

Imperat ive

Let there be

jHaya

Infinitive

There

to be

Haber

Gerund

There being

Habiendo

Participle

Past participle

12 5

STANLEY



Appendix

V

erbo "to be able"

poder

ENGLISH GRAMMAR

1

Indicative

Presente

can/I am able

you

can/you are able

he can/he is able

we can/we

are

able

you can/you

are

able

they can/they

are

able

Pasado

I could/l was

able

you could/you were able

he could/he was able

we

could/we were able

you

could/you were able

they

could/they were able

Futuro

I shall/will be able

you will

be

able

he

will

be able

we

shall/will be

able

you will

be

able

they will

be

able

yo puedo

tu puedes

el

puede

nos.

podemos

vos. podeis

ellos

pueden

podia, pude

podias, pudiste

podia, pudo

podiamos,

pudimos

podiais,

pudisteis

podian,

pudieron

podre

podras

podra

podremos

podreis

podran

Preterite

perfecto

I have been able

you

have been able

he

has

been able

we have been able

you have been able

they have been able

Pluscuamperfecto

I had been able

you

had

been able

he

had been able

we had been able

you

had been able

they had

been able

Futuro perfecto

I

shall/will have been able

you will have been able

he

will have been able

we shall/will have been able

you

will have been able

they will have been able

he podido

has

podido

ha

podido

hemos

podido

habeis podido

han podido

habfa

podido

habias

podido

habia podido

habiamos

podido

habiais

podido

habian

podido

habre podido

habras podido

habra

podido

habremos

podido

habreis

podido

habran podido

Conditional

Condicional

I

could/would

be

able

you could/would be able

he

could/would be able

we could/would be able

you could/would

be

able

they could/would be able

podria

podrias

podria

podriamos

podriais

podrian

Condicional compuesto

I should/would have been able

habria

podido

you would have been able habrias podido

he would have been able habria podido

we should/would have been able

habriamos podido

you would have been able

habriais

podido

they would have been able habrian podido

126

STANLEY



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GUIDE TO PREPOSITIONS

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