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Grammar Book
Alicia (Ashley) King5th Period
Table of Contents1) Nationalities2) Stem Changers3) Para4) Object Pronoun Placement5) Indirect Object Pronouns6) Gustar7) Affirmative and Negative Words 8) Superlatives9) Reflexives10) Affirmative tú commands+irrregulars+pronoun placement11) Negative tú command+irregulars+pronoun placement12) Sequencing events13) Preterite=Past Tense14) Deber=Should/ought to15) Present progressive16) Present progressive irregulars17) -ly=_mente18) End adjectives with a when adding mente.19) Preterite20.) Futuro21.) Demonsteative Pronouns22.) Ordinal numbers23.) Using the imperfect
Nationalities
Stem Changers
o ue e i e ie u ue
There are no stem changes in the
nosotros or vosotros form
Poder: To can
Puedo Podemos
Puedes Podéis
Puede Pueden
Pedir:To ask for
Pido Pedimos
Pides
Pedís
Pide Piden
Pensar:To thinkPienso Pensamo
s
Pienses
Penscáis
Piense Piensen
Jugar: To play
Juego Jugamos
Jueges
Jugáis
Juege Juegan
ParaPara is used as “to”, “for”, and “in order to”. It is used to imply purpose, indications, directions, and
recipients of items.-Ex: Vamos al restaurante para comer.-Ex: El regalo para mi mamá.-Ex: Tengo dinero para comprar algo.-Ex: Eres para tú
Object Pronoun Placement
1)Attach the pronoun to the infinitive2)Attach the pronoun to a progressive tense3)Attach the pronoun to an affirmative command4)Place the pronoun before a conjugated verb
Indirect Object Pronouns
These pronouns tell ‘to whom’ or ‘for whom’ the action of a verb is presented for.
Singular Plural
Me Me Nos UsTe You
(Familiar)Os You-all
Le He, she, it, you (formal)
Les You-all, them
Gustar• Gustar = To like
Gustar SingularMe gusta Nos
gustaTe gusta Os gustaLe gusta Les gusta
Gustar PluralMe gustan Nos
gustanTe gustan Os gustanLe gustan Les
gustanEx: Me gusta una mapa
Ex: Te gustan nachos
Affirmative & Negative Words
Alguien
También
SiempreAlgo Alguno
Algún
Nada Nadie NingúnNinguno Nunca
T
ampoco
Superlatives• Superlatives are added to adjectives and adverbs to express
extremes. Take off the last vowel and add –ísimo and change the
adj. or adv. To agree with gender and numbers. -Ex: Mucho Muchísimo-Ex: Muchas Muchísimas
If an adj. or an adv. end in c, g, z, these consonants must be changed into c > qu, g > gu, z > c. -Ex: Rica Riquísima-Ex: Largo Larguísima-Ex: Feliz Felicísimo
Reflexives Reflexives verbs are used to
show people doing things for themselves.
Reflexives Pronouns are used to show that the subject receives the action of the reflexive verb.
ReflexiveEx: Lola se lava la cabezaEx: Me despierto en la cama
Non-ReflexiveEx: Me hablo con RobertoEx: Ellos se lavan el perro
Me Nos
Te Os
Se Se
Reflexive Pronouns
Affirmative tú commands+irrregulars+pronoun placement
When informally commanding a younger person, friend, or child you drop the “s” of a conjugated tú form.
If there is a object pronoun then you can attach it to the end.
Irregular Affirmative Tú Commands• Di • Haz• Ve• Pon• Sal• Sé• Ten • Ven
Examples of affirmative tú commands:• ¡Cómelo! = Eat it!• ¡Ven aquí! = Come here!• ¡Hazlo! = Do it!
Negative tú command+irregulars+pronoun placement
To informally command someone to NOT to do something, you would put a verb in the “yo” form, change the ending vowel to an opposite vowel, and add an “s”.
If there is an object pronoun then you must place the pronoun before the conjugated verb.
Opposite vowels:• Ar endings change into e• Er/Ir endings changes into a
Irregular negative tú commands:• Digas• Hagas• Vengas• Tengas• Pongas• Salgas• Vayas• Seas
Examples of negative tú commands:• No me digas• No seas estúpido• No vayas a la escuela
Sequencing eventsTransitions or time references.
Primero Entonces Luego Después Por Fin
First Then Later After Finally
Antes de Después de
Before… After …
Por la mañana Por la tarde Por la noche
In/during the morning
In/during the afternoon
In/during theevening/night
Los lunes Los martes Los miércoles
Los jueves
Los viernes
On mondays
On tuesdays
On wednesdays
On thursdays
On fridays
Los sábados
Los domingos
On saturdays
On sundays
Preterite=Past TenseAr and Er/Ir endings for preterite verbs.Perfected action in the past.-é -amos
-aste
-ó -aron
-í -imos
-iste
-ió -ieron
Preterite Changes
-car for a preterite changes into –qué in the yo form.
-gar for a preterite changes into –gué in yo form.
-zar for a preterite changes into –cé in yo form.
• Sacar la basura-Saqué la basura.
• Jugar el tenis-Jugué el tenis
• Comenzar la tarea-Comencé la tarea.
Trigger words Un dia Una vez Ayer A noche Hace un año Ya El mes pasado Anteyear Por una hora Por fin Do Veces
It is set up for a preterite.
-car for a preterite changes into –que in the yo form.
-gar for a preterite changes into –gué in yo form.
-zar for a preterite changes into –cé in yo form.
Deber
It means to should or to ought to.
Examples:Debo sacar la
basura.I should take outthe trash.
Debo Debemos
Debes
Debe Deben
Modal verbs Deber-Should, out to. Desear-To desire Necesitar-To need Poder-To can, could , be able
to. Querer-To want, would like to Saber-To know info, to know
how. Soler-Usually, used to.
The 2nd verbs is not conjugated, but rather left in the infinitive form.
Present Progressive
It a verb stating that a person is doing something currently in the present. It is like the english version of –ing.
-ando -ando-ando-ando -ando
-iendo -iendo-iendo-iendo -iendo
Example: Estoy estudiando.-I am studying.
Present Progressive Irregulars
When an –er or –ir verb ends in a vowel, it changes from –iendo to –yendo.
Leer LeyendoOír OyendoTraer Trayendo
E>I stem-changing vowels and other vowel stem-changers change in the present progressive.
Pedir Pidiendo
Servir Sirviendo
Decir Diciendo
Dormir Durmiendo
Venir Viniendo
-Mente
Using adjectives or adverbs, change them into adverbs and add -mente.
If an adjective ends with an e, l, or z, just add –mente.
Reciente Recientemente
Frecuente Frecuentemente
Fácil Fácilmente
Normal Normalmente
Especial Especialmente
End adjectives with an a when adding -mente
Adjectives that end in –o or –a changes to the feminine form.
Cuidadoso Cuidadosamente
Rápido Rápidamente
Lento Lentamente
Tranquilo Tranquilamente
When using two adverbs, drop the –ment from the first one.
Example: Lenta y cuidadosamente.
PreteriteAndar>Anduv_Estar>Estuv_Poder>Pud_Poner>Pus_Querer>Quis_Saber>Sup_Tener>Tuv_Venir>Vin_Conducir>Conduj_Producir>Produj_Traducir>Traduj_Decir>Dij_Traer>Traj_
-e-iste-o-isteis-ieron
“j” verbs drop “i” in -eron
Trigger Words are words that might emphasis a preterite verb coming up. Examples: Ayer, el mes pasado.
-car,-gar,-zar -car for a preterite changes into –qué in
the yo form. -gar for a preterite changes into –gué in
yo form. -zar for a preterite changes into –cé in yo
form.
SpockHacer• Hice• Hiciste• Hizo• Hicimos• Hicieron
Dar• Di• Diste• Dio• Dimos• Dieron
Ver• Vi• Viste• Vio• Vimos• Vieron
Ir/Ser• Fui• Fuiste• Fue• Fuimos• Fueron
Snakey VerbsPreterite verbs with a y spelling changeEx: Creer- Creí, creíste,creyó,creímos,creyeron
Demonstrative Adjectives and Pronouns
Singular Adjectives Plural AdjectivesEste/Esta-This Estos/Estas-TheseEse/Esa-That Esos/Esas-ThoseAquel/Aquella-That Aquellos/Aquellas- Those (over there) (over there)
Singular Pronouns Plural PronounsÉste/ésta éstos/éstasÉse/ésa ésos/ésasAquél/aquélla aquéllos/aquéllas
Neuter-An unidentified nounEstoEsoAquello
Add accents when not clearly stating the object or thing.
Ordinal Numbers Primero(a)-First Segundo(a)-Second Tercero(a)-Third Cuarto(a)-Fourth Quinto(a)-Fifth Sexto(a)-Sixth Séptimo(a)-Seventh Octavo(a)-Eight Noveno(a)-Ninth Décimo(a)-Tenth
When using nouns, they must agree in numbers and gender.
Primero turns into primer and tercero turns into tercer when in front of a masculine noun
El Futuro
-é-ás
Infinitive+ -á-emos-án
Los Irregulares:Decir DirHacer HarPoner PondrSalir SaldrTener TendrValer VendrPoder PodrQuerer QuerrSaber Sabr
Prepositions Derecha(de)-Right Detrás(de)-Behind Lejos(de)-Far Adentro(de)-Within Encinma(de)-Above Al lado(de)-Side
Izquierda(de)-Left Delante(de)-In front Cerca(de)-Close/near Afuera(de)-Outside Debajo(de)-Below Entre-Between
Using the imperfect for the past-ar -er -ir• -aba -ía -ía• -abas -ías -ías• -aba -ía -ía• -ábamos -íemos -íamos• -aban -ían -ían
IrregularsSer Ir VerEra Iba VeíaEras Ibas VeíasEra Iba VeíaÉramos íbamos VeíamosEran Iban Veían
Possessive Adjectives and Pronouns
Mío(a) Tuyo(a)Suyo(a)Nuestro(a)Suyo(a)
Míos(as)Tuyos(as)Suyos(as)Nuestros(as)Suyos(as)
Reflexive Pronouns and Verbs
Me Ex: Me escondoTe Te escondesSe Se escondeNos Nos escondemosSe Se esconden