Grammar Train An introduction to English Grammar tesolmaster.com

8/14/2019 Grammar Train An introduction to English Grammar tesolmaster.com

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Grammar Train

Jean-Louis Martine

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3 Jean - Louis Martine Grammar Train tesolmaster.com

* Be careful when deciding if you think a word is a noun or not. Emotions like

Love, Hate and Happiness are all nouns. Activities like play, work and leisure are

also nouns. All the colours are also nouns.

What is it called?

Its called love.

What is it called? Its called wonder.

What is it called? Its called a thunderstorm.

*Nouns come in more than one group.


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I Know

Common and Proper Nouns

A common noun is the name given to any non-specific item object or place.

Common nouns start with a small letter.

A proper noun is the name given to a specific object person or place.

Example

What is it called? Its called a cat. (Common noun)

What is your cat called? His name is Tom.(Proper noun)

What is it called? Its called a city. (Common noun)

What is this city called? Its called London. (Proper noun)

Only names that are specific are proper nouns and all proper nouns are written

with a capital letter.


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I Know

Countable nounsCan you count it? Yes you can!

How many cats are there? There are five cats! (Countable noun)

How many rivers are there? There are hundreds ofrivers. (Countable noun)

All nouns that can be counted can be expressed in the singular or plural. The

most common expression of the plural is by the addition of an s at the end of the

noun.

Cat becomes cats.

River becomes rivers.

This is known as the regular form. For most plural forms the addition of an

s to the original singular form will be sufficient to create the plural.

However there are many exceptions.

Here are some of the most common exceptions.

I Know Regular and Irregular countable nouns

Regular Nouns Irregular Nouns

Singular Plural Singular Plural

Cat > Cats Chid > Children

Pen > Pens Man > Men

Television > Televisions Woman > Women

Hammer > Hammers Person > People

School > Schools Mouse > Mice

Job > Jobs Sheep > Sheep

Session > Sessions Series > SeriesTradition > Traditions Kiss > Kisses

Instrument > Instruments Tooth > Teeth


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I Know

Un-countable nounsCan you count it? No you cant!

Many Nouns cannot be counted by the nature of what they are that is it makes

no sense to use numbers when talking about them. This applies to all abstract nounsand some common nouns.

How much do you love me? I Love you a lot. Correct

Can you count it? No you cant

How many do you love me? I love you twelve! Incorrect


You must really hate him. Yes I hate him a lot. Correct


You must hate him twenty-seven. I hate him thirty.Incorrect


Other examples of uncountable nouns are liquids and similar things like sugar,

salt and butter, which are inherently difficult to count. There are ways that we can get

around this problem by the addition of something that is countable.

e.g.

1) Three spoonfuls ofsugar.Instead of counting the sugar (grain by gain) we count how many spoons of

sugar we want.Red = Uncountable nounBlue = Countable counter part

The same is true of liquids. Like beer, wine, water or milk.

2) Threeglasses ofwine. 3) Fivepintsofbeer.4) Fourlitters ofmilk 5) Sixbags ofcement.5) Twopiecesoffurniture.


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Nouns

Regular Countable Nouns Irregular Countable Nouns Uncountable Nouns

Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular only

Cat > Cats Chid > Children Milk

Pen > Pens Man > Men LoveTelevision > Televisions Woman > Women Money

Hammer > Hammers Person > People Furniture

School > Schools

I know Possessive forms

The simplest way to explain this is that a possessive from of noun is used to

indicate ownership over something from the word possession, meaning to belong

to, or to be owned by.

The simplest way to spot a possessive noun is to look for s

It is Johns book. The book belongs to John.

That is Marys leg. It is part of her body.

That is Louis picture. Louis painted it.

Beijing is Chinas capital city. Beijing belongs to China.

The Mississippi is Americas most famous river. The Mississippi belongs to

America.


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I Know

Compound Nouns and Noun Combinations

Nouns are often put together or combined to express one thing, this is

knownas a noun combination. When noun combinations are a regular occurrence

the two nouns are often joined by a hyphenor can even be written as one word.When nouns are combined they act as one. The first noun in a noun combination often

tells us more about the second main noun acting in some way like an adjective.

Examples: of Compound nouns and noun combinations

light bulb ice-cream weekend

computer virus timetable battlefieldmobile phone schoolbag

homework

I Know

Collective Nouns

Collective nouns are used to refer to groups of people. Although a group

contains more than one individual, collective nouns can be used in the singular,depending on weather you want to emphasise, the group as a unified body or the

individuals within the group.

Everyone is happy

The Staff are happy

The Army is moving into position.

The Army are moving into position.


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I know Pronouns

Pronouns are used to replace nouns or noun phrases when the noun is knownto avoid repetition of the noun in a sentence group of sentences.

e.g.

Bob was very happy Bob had just won the lottery.

Bob was very happy he had just won the lottery.

Bob = Noun he = Pronoun = Bob

There are eight types of pronoun:

Personal Pronouns have two types Subject and Object they are used tostand in place of a noun.

Subject Pronouns: I, You, He, She, It, We, They, Who, Whoever,

Object Pronouns: Me, You, Him, Her, It, Us, Them, Whom, Whomever,

They are also divided to express The Plural and The Singular of

The First Person: Singular I, me, Plural we, us

The Second Person: Singular and Plural you

The Third Person: Singular he, him, she, her, it, Plural they, them

This determines whether am / is /or are, is used and whether or not s or es, is

added to end of the verb in the formation of past tenses.

Reflexive Pronouns have one type and are used to refer backwards orinwards on the subject or object. Think of the word refection.

Possessive pronouns have two types Possessive pronouns and Possessivedeterminers the difference being Possessive pronouns stand alone in a sentence e.g.

Think of the word possession.

It is mine.

And Possessive determiners always come before a noun e.g.

It is my book.


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PRONOUN CHART

Personal Reflexives Possessive PossessiveSubject Object pronoun determiner

I me myself mine my

you you yourself yours your

he him himself his hisshe her herself hers her

it it itself its its

we us ourselves ours our

you you yourselves yours your

they them themselves theirs their

Demonstrative Pronounshelp us to demonstrate something or point it out.

When these words stand alone they are considered to be pronouns because

they replace or stand in for a noun. When they are used before a noun they are

considered to be determiners because the determine which noun we are referring to

e,g, this ball or that.

this, that, these, those,

He is a teacher. (pronoun) This book(determiner)

Interrogative Pronouns are used in the formation of questions and arenormally followed by a question mark. They can also be used in indirect questions

that do not require a question mark. Think of the word interrogation meaning to

question.

who, whom, whose, what, which,

He said What is it your name? He asked the mans name.(direct question) (indirect question)

Relative Pronounsare used to introduce relative clauses that come after anoun or noun phrase. e.g.

He is the manthat came in yesterday. Look at the boy with the blue hat.

Relative pronouns act rather like conjunctions and join two parts of a sentence

together to give more information about the noun subject or object i.e. The clause is

related to the noun.

that, which, who, whom, whose, what, whatever whomever

There are only two Reciprocal Pronouns: One another (more than two or ingeneral) and each other (between two people or things). They are called such as they

are used to demonstrate a reciprocal relation between people or things.

The two boys played with each other. We should love one another.


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I Know Determiners

Determiners are a class of word that are used to help define or identify anoun and are placed before it. You may have noticed that some of them can act as

Pronouns this is when they are used instead of the noun and replace it completely.

The two most commonly used determiners are:

A, An, which are known as The indefinite article as they signify a nounwhich is non-specific e.g.

A cat Referring to no cat in particular

The definite article The which is used to signify a specific noun. e.g.

The cat Referring to one cat in particular.

Possessive determiners

my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their, indicate who or what the noun belongs to.

e.g. My cat. Your cat. His cat. etc. This reflects ownership or possession.

Demonstrative determiners help us to demonstrate something or point itout in exactly the same way as demonstrative pronouns except the do not replace the

noun but precede it adding the information. e.g.

This cat, or that cat.

When these words stand alone they are considered to be pronouns. However

when they are used before a noun they are considered to be determiners.

this, that, these, those,

This is mine. (pronoun)

This book is mine. (determiner)


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I Know Quantifiers

Quantifiers are very specific class ofdeterminer and they are used tosignify number or quantity. Like all determiners quantifiers are place before a noun or

noun phrase.

The most easy to remember and use are the Cardinal numbers1 2 3 4 5 .etc

and the Ordinal numbersFirst Second Third Forth Fifth.. Etc

They can precede any concrete noun.

However with other Quantifiers there use is limited to either countable oruncountable nounsand or to refer to only to two items e.g. both

Quantifier chat

Countable uncountable Singular Plural twoAll X X X

Another X

Any X X X X

both X X X

each X X

Either/neither X X

Enough X XEvery X

Few/fewer/a few X X

Little/less/a little X

Some X X X

Many X X X

Much X

More X X X

No X X X X

Several X X

A lot of X X


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I Know Adjectives

Adjectives are words that give more information about a noun or pronoun.

They are often known as describingwords. Adjectives are often related to Nouns orVerbs i.e. they have a Noun or a Verb as their root. Many of these are followed by

suffixes (word endings): -able -al -ate -an -ant -ent -ful -ist -ive -ory-ous -some -wise -y Sometimes the adjective has long out lived the usage of its

verb or noun root, as in the case of impeccable that originate from the Latin

impeccabilis meaning not liable to sin.

Suffixes are not always used when a Noun acts as an Adjective e.g.

The cat The blackcat

What makes a word an adjectiveis the way it is used i.e. the job it is doing.

Adjectives give more information about a noun and tell us what kind of a thing it is,

that is they describe it.

Look at the sentence part The cat

Adding Adjectives tells us more about the particular cat we are talking about.

What kind of cat is it?

Its a big black cat.

Its a funnycat. Its a big blackand friendly cat.

Noun > Adjective Verb > Adjectivebeauty > beautiful drink > drinkable

truth > truthful work > workable

courage > courageous like > likeable

danger > dangerous talk > talkative

obligation > obligatory communicate > communicative

street > streetwise hurt > hurtful

parent > parental

lone > lonesome

lone > lonely


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I Know Verbs

Verbs are typically referred to as Action (dynamic) words however

this is only one of their many functions Verbs are also used to express a state ofmind, condition or a relationship between one thing and another. One of the chiefdifferences that can be drawn between verb types is Lexicalthat is, one based uponthe words meaning. Verbs that refer to States tend not to be used with Continuousforms,(ing)because states of mind and relationships are not processes that movebut are rather static by nature.

A second and equally important distinction that can be made between Verb

types is that between Main Verbs, verbs that function by themselves and convey the

key meaning in any group of verbs e.g. to love to hit, to sing, and Auxiliary

(meaning to help) verbs that add or help to give extra meaning to the main verb.Auxiliary verbs cannot be used by them selves and must accompany a main verb e.g.

had (had breakfast), can (can swim), is (is sick) etc.

State and dynamic Verbs

This distinction is drawn between different kinds ofMain Verbs.

State verbs express a state of mind, to love, to hate, to know or

a relationship, to be, to belong, to have, to resemble because state are not actions wetend not uses them with continuous from e.g.

I love you. Not I am loving you.

I know him. Not I am knowing him.

I like ice-cream. Not I am liking ice-cream.

Dynamic Verbs describe actions acts activities and processes: to hit, to run,to jump, to change, to flow, to walk, to crawl,

By the very nature of the kinds of things Dynamic Verbs describecontinuous can be used.

I run. (Present simple) I am running. (Present continuous)

I hit him. (Present simple) I am hitting him. (Present continuous)


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List of State Verbs

State of mind Relationshipsto love to be

to hate to ownto know to have

to like to resemble

to understand to belong

to need

to want

to wonder

to dislike

Regular and Irregular Verbs

Regular Verbs

Infinitive Past simple Past principle

Cast Cast Cast

Cost Cost Cost

Cut Cut Cut

Fit Fit/Fitted Fit

Hit Hit Hit

Let Let Let

Put Put Put

Read (long) Read (short) Read (short)

Set Set Set

Shut Shut Shut

Spread Spread Spread

Continuous form of regular verbs

When makingthe continuousform or regular verbs the simple

addition ofing is used. e.g. Cast > Casting Read > Reading.

For words ending in a single consonant with a short vowel sound it is

necessary to double the last consonant to keep the vowel sound short. e.g.

Cut > Cutting Fit > Fitting Set > Setting


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Irregular Verbs

There are approximately 300 irregular verbs in the English language, and there

are no rules or easy way to tell whether or not a verb is regular or irregular. However

irregular verbs can be grouped in accordance with the pattern in which they change

form to make learning easier.

Changes in the past

Infinitive Past simple Past Participle

bind bound bound

feed fed fed

find found found

get got got

have had had

hear heard heardhold Held held

lay laid laid

light lit lit

make made made

meet met met

pay paid paid

say said said

sell Sold sold

shoot shot shot

sit sat satstand stood stood

tell told told

Changes in the past and past participle

Infinitive Past simple Past Participledrink drank drunk

sink sank sunk

Irregular verbs beandgodifferent to all other in so much as their formshave no relation to each other in terms of spelling.

be go

Present Tense am/is/are go(es)Past Tense was/were went

Past Participle been gone


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I Know

Modal Auxiliary Verbs

shall / will / can / could / would / should / may / might / must /

need (nt) / ought (not) to /

Modal auxiliary verbs differ from main verbs in two ways. The first difference is that

they cannot stand alone but must be used in conjunction with a full verb. This

function is exemplified in the name Auxiliary meaning to help or assist. The second

difference of modal auxiliary verbs is to do with their function as Mode changers

Hence the name Modal

To understand modality more clearly consider the following examples:

Come to dinner. (This sentence is an imperative and acts as an order)

Can you come to dinner? (The use of can here is linked to ability rephrased: Are you

able to come to dinner. Remember come is the full verb can is the modal auxiliary

verb.)

Will you come to dinner? (The use ofwill here is linked to intention. Rephrased do

you intend to come to dinner?)

You ought to come to dinner? (The use ofought tohere is being used to express the

speakers belief that s/he thinks X is a good idea.)


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Adverbs

What is an Adverb? Add Verb! Simply it is a word which adds additional information

to a verb. For example: Run quickly

Run is the verb quickly is the adverb

Adverbs can come both before and after the verb. For example:

The boy ran happily down the road. The boy happily ran down the road.

Adverbs answer the question: How? About the verb

How did the boy run? He ran quickly.


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I Know

Phrasal Verbs

Phrasal verbs are an extremely large and potentially confusing area of the English

language. The best way to describe a phrasal verb is to say that it is a number of

words taken together, as a set phrase with a particular meaning.

The one of the greatest problems with learning and teaching phrasal verbs is that there

is not necessarily a direct or obvious connection between to the constituent words and

the meaning of the phrasal verb itself. Another problem with phrasal verbs is that one

phrasal verb might have more than one meaning. Finally there are just so many

phrasal verbs in English it is difficult to know where to start and they are easy to

confuse with each other.

Due to the nature of Phrasal Verbs it is difficult to decisively say whether the full

under the heading of Grammar or Lexis. It is my opinion that it is best to consider

them primarily as Lexical items i.e. Vocabulary and then teach the necessary grammar

to with them.


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Verb Tenses I know

The Present Simple

I do

Form

Subject Pronoun 1st

2nd

and 3rd

person plural Verb

I /you /we/ they + do

Subject Pronoun 3rd

person singular / Noun Verb

he/she/it/ Jack* + does

* For The 3rd person and noun constructions add either s or es to the verb.

Present Simple examples chart

I work in a bank. I teach English.

You work in a bank. You teach English.

We work in a bank. We teach English.

They work in a bank. They teach English.

Jack works in a bank. Jack teaches English.

He works in a bank. He teaches English.She works in a bank. She teaches English.

It counts money in a

bank.

It teaches English.

Note.It refers to animals, machines and inanimate object therefore many verbs do not always make

sense with it.

Meaning

The Present Simple is used to convey a general state of affairs. That

is to say when I say I work in a bank I am not implying that I amworking their now at this very minute but that it is My Job. I work in a bankeveryday.

We can look at the meaning ofThe Present Simple pictorially.

X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

I work in a bank

X = work in bank


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Making Questions with, The Present Simple

To make questions with the present simple we use the verb do for Subject

Pronoun 1st

2nd

and 3rd

person plural and doesfor 3rd person singular.

Therefore the statement I work in a bank becomes the question

Do you work in abank?

When answering a question we use the verb do for positive answers.

anddont (do not) for negative answers.

Yes I do.

No I dont

For the 3rd

person singular (he/she/it/Jack) we use does anddoesnt.

Example

Does he work in a bank?

Yes he does

No he doesnt.


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I Know

The Present ContinuousI am doing

Form

1st

person singular

I am + Verb + ingIm

3rd

person singular

he/she/it/Jack is + Verb + ingHes/Shes/Its/Jacks

2nd

person and 3rd

person plural

we/you/they are + Verb + ingWere/Youre/Theyre

Present continuous example chart

I am reading a book. I am writing a letter.

Jack is reading a book. Jack is writing a letter.

He is reading a book. He is writing a letter.She is reading a book. She is writing a letter.

It is running a program. It is

We are reading a book. We are writing a letter.

You are reading a book. You are writing a letter.

They are reading a book. They are writing a letter.

Note: Contractions are very often used in daily life I am > Im We are > Were etc.

Meaning

1. The present continuous is used to describe an on goingactivity that has recently started and will end shortly. i.e. It is a on going but

temporary state of affairs.

When I say I am reading a book I mean

a) I am reading the book. Now

b) I started reading it recently.

C) I wont be reading it shortly.


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I Know

The Past SimpleI did

Form

1st

2nd

& 3rd

person

I/ he/she/it/Jack /we/you/they Verb + eded for regular verbs past participle form for irregular verbs varry

I Know

The Past ContinuousI was doing

Form

1st

3rd

person singular

I /he/she/it/Jack was + Verb + ing

2nd

person and 3rd

person plural

We/you/they were + Verb + ing

I Know

The Future SimpleI will do

Form

1st

2nd

& 3rd

person

I /he/she/it/Jack /we/you/they will + Verb


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I know

The Future ContinuousI will be doing

Form

1st

2nd

& 3rd

person

I /he/she/it/Jack will be +

/we/you/they

Verb + ing

I KnowThe Present Perfect

I have done

Form

1st

& 2nd

person and 3rd

person plural

I / you/we/they + have Verb + ed

3rd person singular

he/she/it/Jack + has Verb + ed

I Know

The Present Perfect ContinuousI have been doing

Form

1st

& 2nd

person and 3rd

person plural

I / you/we/they + have been Verb + ing

3rd person singular

he/she/it/Jack + has been Verb + ing


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I Know

The Past PerfectI will have done

Form

1st

& 2nd

person and 3rd

person plural

I / you/we/they + will have

he /she/it/Jack

Verb + ed

I know

The Past Perfect ContinuousI will have been doing

Form

1st

& 2nd

person and 3rd

person plural

I / you/we

/they/he /she/ + will have been

it/Jack

Verb + ed


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I Know

The Future Perfect

I knowThe Future Perfect Continuous

I KnowThe Passive and Active Constructions


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The 12 Tense at a glance

The Present Simple

I do

I am

I work in a bank.

He works in a bank.

I am a teacher

He is a teacher

The Past Simple

I did

I was

I worked in a bank.

He worked in a bank.

I was a teacher

He was a teacher.

The Future Simple

I will do

I will be

I will work in a bank.

He will work in a bank.

I will be a teacher.

He will be a teacher.

The Present Continuous

I am doing

I am working in a bank.

He is working in a bank.

The Past Continuous

I was doing

I was working in a bank.

He was working in a bank.

The Future Continuous

I will be doing

I will be working in a bank.

He will be working in a bank.

The Present Perfect

I have done

I have worked in a bank.

He has worked in a bank.

The Past Perfect

I had done

I had worked in a bank.

He had worked in a bank.

The Future Perfect

I will have done

I will have worked in a bank.

He will have worked in a bank.

The Present Perfect Continuous

I have been doing

I have been working in a bank.

He has been working in a bank.

The Past Perfect Continuous

I had been doing

I had been working in a bank.

He had been working in a

bank.

The Future Perfect Continuous

I will have been doing

I will have been working in a

bank.

He will have been working in a

bank.


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Passive Constructions at a glance

The Present Simple The Past Simple The Future Simple

The Present Continuous The Past Continuous The Future Continuous

The Present Perfect The Past Perfect The Future Perfect

The Present Perfect Continuous The Past Perfect Continuous The Future Perfect Continuous


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I know

If & Conditional clauses

We useifwhen we want to talk about uncertain events, activities or things,

that may or may not happen or might or might not be true. In such sentences, the if

represents a condition that must happenfirst hence the name conditionalclauses.

All conditional clauses are separated into two halves the main if clause or

condition that must happen first and the second clause or result which happens

afterwards. Conditionals can understood in terms of cause andeffectwhere If =the cause.

If you drop that glass,it will brake.

If you heat water to 100.c,it will boil.

Conditional clauses can be used with special tenses to indicate how likely the

statement we are making is.

ZERO Conditional

General truths 100% certainty

FIRST conditional

Possible situation & likely outcomes

SECOND conditional

Hypothetical situations or improbable outcomes

THIRD conditional

Impossible situations and hypothetical outcomes


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I knowGerunds and participles

Gerund and participle are terms given to when we use ing forms of the verb Not as

Verbs but as adjectives, adverbs or nouns.

Gerund is the term given to the use of aning form of the verb used as a noun e.g.

The man was laughing. (laughing as a verb)

Laughing is good for you. (laughing acting as a noun)

It is easy to check if an ing is being used as a noun if you can replace it with a noun

then its a gerund.

Chocolate is good for you. (Chocolate is a noun)


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I knowIndirect and Reported Speech

In indirect speech we do not use speech marks and often we do not repeat word for

word what someone has said but rather retransmit or convey the mean of what they

have said. This can be very useful for example if I have just had a conversation and

someone asked what we were talking about I might very well find it very hard to repeat

word for word what was said. However I could quite easily explain what was talked

about and what was and wasnt said in my own words.

Other examples were indirect or reported speech are common are in news reports. For

example a politician gives a long speech that covers many topics. However the news

report needs to sum this up in many less words e.g.

Tony Blair said that Gordon Brown was making a hash of the economy and wouldnt it

be great if he was back in power.

He said that..

It has been reported.

It is assumed that..

Back forming

Very often when we use reported speech we make a tense shift into a past tense e.g.

from the present simple to the past simple.

Documents

Grammar Train An introduction to English Grammar tesolmaster.com