English Grammar For Kebidanan D4

UNIT 1. Simple Present Tense : S + V-1 Indicate present time (now) uses “stative verb” Indicate regular or habitual action.

Note : - Stative verb untuk suatu pernyataan - being a verb that describe a state rather than an action or event. - tidak dipakai dalam bentuk progressive.

Contoh Stative Verb :Know Believe Love Seem WishUnderstand Hate Appear Smell SoundHave Need See Want OwnBelong Hear Like Taste

Example : 1. They understand the problem now 2. Henry always swim in the evening. (habitual). 3. The coffee tastes delicious 4. Mark usually walks to school (habitual). 5. Your cough sounds bad.

UNIT 2. Present Progressive Continues : S + be (is, am, are) + V-ing Indicate present time (now). Indicate future timeExample : 1. The committee members are examining the material now. (present time).2. George is leaving for France tomorrow. (future time).3. Henry is walking to school tomorrow.4. The secretary is typing the letter now.

EXERCISE : Simple Present and Present Progressive.1. Something….(smell) very good2. We….(eat) dinner at seven o’clock tonight.3. He….(practice) the piano every day.4. They….(drive) to school tomorrow5. I….(believe) you.

UNIT 3 & 4 : Verb – as Complement (GERUND AND TO INFINITIVE) a. Verb followed by infinitive ( to infinitive) try agree after claim promise desire seem hope decide prepare wish attempt + to infinitive refuse need demand tend plan hesitate learn

b. Verb followed by gerund. Admit deny can’t help regret delay postpone mind recall + V-ing miss avoid consider risk enjoy miss ex : - The budget committee decided to postpone this meeting.

- The president will attempt to reduce inflation in the next four years. - We enjoy seeing the exhibition. - Would you mind not smoking in this office.

c. Verb can be followed by infinitive and gerund begin continue hate like prefer remember + V-ing / to infinitive love start forget ex : - He started to study after dinner He started studying after dinner - Joan hates to ride her bicycle to school - Joan hates riding her bicycle to school

d. Verbs + preposition…+ gerund (V-ing) approve of be better of count on give up insist on keep on + Gerund rely on succeed in think about worry about depend on think of

ex : - John gave up smoking because of his doctor’s advice - Henry is thinking of going back to school

e. Adjective + preposition followed by gerund accustomed to capable of intent on successful in + V-ing afraid of fond of interested in tired of

ex : - Mitch is afraid of getting married now. - Joana is intent on finishing school next year. - Craig is fond of dancing.

f. Noun + preposition followed by gerund choice of intention of possibility reason for + V-ing excuse for method for

g. Adjective followed by the infinitive anxious boring dangerous hard eager easy good strange + to infinitive pleased prepared ready able usual common difficult

EXERCISE :1. The teacher decided (accepting/to accept) the paper2. They appreciate (to have/having) this information.3. His father doesn’t approve of his (going/to go) to Europe.4. We found it very difficult (reaching/to reach) a decision.5. Donna is interested in (to open/opening) a bar.

h. Pronoun before the gerund or infinitive. allow order want instruct invite urge persuade promise + O + to infinitive remind beg convince ask permit expect Note : subject + verb + noun/pronoun + to infinitive ex : - Joe asked Mary to call him when she woke up. - You should prepare your son to take this exam.

Note : subject + verb + possessive form noun/pronoun + V-ing ex : - we understand you’re not being able to stay longer. - we regrets her leaving. - we object to their calling at this hour.

EXERCISE : 1. Richard is expecting (us/our) to go to class tomorrow.2. You shouldn’t rely on (him/his) calling you in the morning.3. They don’t approve of (us/our) leaving early.4. George asked (me/my) to call him last night.5. We understand (him/his) having to leave early.

ii. The Verb Need Followed by the infinitive (to infinitive). ex : - John and his brother need to paint the house. - My friend needs to learn Spanish. - He will need to drive alone tonight.

Catatan : Thing (as subject) + V-ing

To be + P3

ex : - This grass needs cutting. (or) This grass need to be cut. - The television needs repairing. (or) The television needs to be repaired.

1. In need of Subject + be +in need of + noun ex : a.) Jill is in need of money. (Jill needs money). b.)The roof is in need repair. (The roof need to be repaired).

EXERCISE :1. It’s too hot and my hair needs….(cut)2. The flowers needs to be….(water)3. James needs….(see) a doctor soon.4. Marry will need….(be) here at eight.5. His car needs….(tune).

COMPARE TO: 2. Participles Pemakaian kata kerja Verb-ing. Bentuk : a. V-ing….,Subject (person) + Verb (tenses bebas) + O present, past, future b. Having + V-3…., S + V-2 + O aktif setelah me, ber past tense

meaning : after + S + had + P-3 (aktif)

c. Having + been + V-3…., S + V-2 + O pasif

setelah di, ter

meaning : after + S + had + been + P-3 (pasif)

Example :1. Practicing her swing every day, Tricia hopes to get a job as a golf instructor.

Subject

2. Having written his composition, Louie handed it to his teacher. (aktif)3. Having been delayed by the snowstorm, Jason and I missed our connecting flight.

(pasif).

Catatan :Participle as adjective : V-ing sebagai kata sifat memiliki arti “yang” / “sedang”.- The crying baby woke Mr. William. (the baby was crying).- The blooming flowers…. (the flowers was blooming).

Bedakan :Counting machine bukan participle tapi “gerund”.

Machine for counting

DANGLING PARTICIPLES Pemakaian “V-ing” setelah preposisi. Preposisi : by upon before + V-ing after while

Ex :- By working a ten hours day for four days, we can have a long weekend.

UNIT 5. Simple Past Tense : S + Verb-2 + complement Used for a completed action at one specific time in the past. Eg : - John went to Spain last year. - Bob bought a new bicycle yesterday. - Maria did her homework last night. - Mark washed her dishes after dinner.

- We drove the grocery store this afternoon

I. PASSIVE VOICE Subject + receives the action

A. Simple Present or Simple Past

Ex : A : Hurricanes destroy a great deal of property each year. P : A great deal of property is destroyed by hurricane.

B. Present Progressive or Past Progressive

Ex : A : the committee is considering several new proposals. P : Several new proposals are being considered by committee.

C. Present Perfect or Past Perfect

Ex : A : The company has ordered some new equipment. P : Some new equipment has been ordered by the company.

D. Modals

A : The manager should sign these contracts today. P : These contracts should be signed by the manager today.

E. Modals + Perfect

Ex : A : Somebody should have called the president this morning. P : The president should have been called this morning.

EXERCISE :

Is, am, are, was, were + verb-3

Is, am, are, was, were + being + verb-3

Have, has, had + been + verb-3

Modals + be + verb-3

Modals + have + been + verb-3

Change into passive!1. Somebody calls the president everyday.2. John is calling the other members.3. Martha was delivering the documents to the department.4. The other members have repealed the amendment.5. The delegates have received the information before the

recess.6. The teacher should buy the supplies for this class.

UNIT VI: PREPOSITION1. During : dipakai mengikuti noun (during + noun), menunjukkan durasi waktu. Ex : During the summer = selama musim panas.

2. From time to time Place place

3. Out of : keluar, kekurangan Ex : - out of room - out of milk Beberapa ekspresi : Out of town, date, work (jobless), the question (imposible), order (not functioning)

4. By : melewati / melalui tempat atau (tempat dekat dengan) Ex : your book is by the window Pemakaian :

1. kalimat pasif (O + to be + P3 + by)2. by + specific time3. by bus / plane / train / ship / car / bike

Expression : - by then (before a time in the past / future)- by way of (via)- by the way (incidentally)- by for (considerably) : dapat dipertimbangkan- by accident / mistake : kebetulan

5. IN : didalam (inside) Pemakaian : - in a room / building / drawer / closet (inside) - in + month / year - in time (not late, early enough) - in the street - in the morning / afternoon / evening - in the past / future - in the beginning / end - in the way (obstructing) - once in a while (occasionally) - in no time at all (in a very short time) - in the mean time (at the same time) - in the middle - in the army / air force / navy - in a row - in the event that (if) - in case (if)

- in touch with (get)

6. ON :above (diatas) Pemakaian : a. on a date / date b. on {a/the} bus / plane / train / ship / bike

c. on a street (situation of a building) : letak d. on the floor of a building. Eig : on the fifteenth floor of that building.

Expression :- on time- on the corner of two streets.- on the sidewalk- on the way (enroute)- on the right / left- on television / radio- on the telephone- on the whole- on the other hand (however ; nevertheless)- on sale- on foot (walking)

7. AT : menunjukkan tempat-tempat umum. Pemakaian : a. at + an address b. at + a specific time Expression :

- at home / school / cinema / hall - at night - at least (at he minimum) - at once (immediately) - at present / the moment (now) - at times (occasionally) - at first (initially)

Beberapa ekspresi dengan preposisi :1. in place of (instesd of)2. for the most part (mainly)3. in hopes of (hoping to)4. off and on (intermittently) = sebentar-sebentar5. all of a sudden (suddenly)6. for good (forever)

UNIT VII. Present Perfect : S + Have/Has + V-3Indicate :

An action happened at an indefinite time in the past. Eg : John has traveled around the world. (We don’t know when)

An action that happened more than once in the past. Eg : George has seen this movie three times.

An action that began in the past and still occurring in the present. Eg : John has lived in the same house for twenty years. (He still lives there)

Note :a. For/Since : For duration of time; for 5 hours. Since beginning time; since 1972.

b. Yet/Already : Indicate something that happened or hasn’t happened.

Already affirmative sentences Yet negative sentences and questions. Already appears between the auxiliary and the main verb.

Pattern :

Example : - We have already written our reports.- We haven’t written our report yet.- Gabriel has already read the entire book.- The president hasn’t decided what to do yet.

Example : - John has yet to learn the material. (same with) John hasn’t learned the material yet. - We have yet to do decide what to do with the money. (same with) We haven’t decided what to do with the money yet.

Has/Have + already + V-3

Has/Have + not + V-3…+ Yet

Have/Has + yet + To infinitive

6. Present Perfect Progressive (continues). Indicate an action that began in the past and still occurring in the present.

Ex : 1. George has been working in the Washington for three years. (not yet completed) 2. Marry has been at home all day. (not yet completed)

UNIT VIII: MODAL AUXILIARIESModal auxiliaries used to indicate something which is potential or uncertain, never used with do, does, did.Modals include :

Present Tense : Past Tense :Will Would (used to)Can CouldMay MightShall Should (ought to, had better)Must (have to) had toNote : Words in parentheses ( ) indicate semi modals.

1. Negation Modals : To make a modal negative, add participle not after the modal. ex : - John would like to leave John would not like to leave.

2. Questions with modals : To make a question, one places the modal at the beginning of the sentence. ex : Would John like to leave? Note : A modal is also directly followed by the simple form (verb word). This is the Infinitive without to. Infinitive : Simple form : To be Be To have Go To go Have Modal cannot be added with [verb + ing] or [verb + s]

Two ways that a modal can occur :1. Modal + simple form of the verb

ex : would be could go will have

2. Modal + have + [V-3]ex : would have been

Has/Have + been + V-ing

could have gone will have had

Meaning of the modals : Will indicate future certainty. ex : - John will begin the job tomorrow. - Maria will leave in January.

Conditional Sentences : Modal used : will, would can, could Conditional sentences certain word “if”. Two types of conditional :

1. The real (factual and habitual)2. Unreal (contrary to the fact or hypothetical)

Hypothetical Situation : - If I have the time, I will go. x y (I will go unless I don’t have time)

(If X is true, than Y is true) - If my headache disappears, we can play tennis. (I will play tennis unless I have a headache) - If I had the time, I would go. The sentence is contrary to the fact because I can not go “If clause can come first or last in sentence”. ex : If we didn’t have to study, we could go out tonight. Or We could go out tonight if we didn’t have to study.

Or

Note : In the unreal condition, the past tense form of be is always were in a conditional

sentence. If were If you were If he were If she were ex : If I were rich, I would travel around the world. (I am not rich, I’m not going travel around the world) But : If I hadn’t been in a hurry, I wouldn’t have spilled the milk.

If +subject + conjugated verb…. + modal

Subject + modal…. + if…. + conjugated verb….

(I was in a hurry, I spilled the milk)Form : Past perfect = Had + [verb in past participle] Modal + perfect = modal + have + [verb in past participle]

Real Condition (possibly true)1. Future Time : If + subject + simple present tense…. + will, can, + [verb in simple form] may, must ex : If I have the money, I will buy a new car.

2. Habitual : If + subject + simple present tense…. + simple present tense ex : - If the doctor has morning office hours, he visits his patients in the hospital in the afternoon. (no modal) - John usually walk to school if he has enough time.

3. Command : If + subject + simple present tense…. + command form Note : Command form consist of the simple form of the verb. ex : - If you go to the post office, please mail this letter for me. - Please call me if you hear from Jane.

Unreal Condition (not true)1. Present or Future time : If + subject + simple past tense…. + would + {verb in simple form} could might

ex : - If I had the time, I would go to he beach with you this weekend. (I don’t have the time, I’m not going to the beach with you) - He would tell you about it if he were here.

2. Past Time : If + subject + past perfect…. + would + have + {verb in past participle} could might ex : - If we had known that you were there, we would have written you a letter. - She would have sold the house, if she had found the right buyer. Note : It is also possible to indicate a post unreal condition without using the word “if”. Form : Had + subject + [verb in past participle] ex : - Had we known that you were there, we would have written you a letter.

- Had she found the right buyer, she would have sold the house.

UNIT IX : COMPARISONA. Equal Comparisons; indicate two entities are exactly the same (are not if

negative). Subject + Verb + as + adjective + as + noun adverb pronoun Ex : - My book is as interesting as yours. Note : 1. Same idea can also be conveyed in another way. Ex : - My house is as high as his - My house is the same height as his. Noun

Adjectives : Noun :Heavy, light WeightWide, Narrow WidthDeep, shallow DepthLong., short LengthBig, small Size

2. Remember that the opposite of the same as “is” different. Ex : - These trees are the same as those. - The teacher is different from ours.

B. Unequal Comparisons Comparative : 1. Adjective + er + than 2. More + adjective + than Pemakaian :

1. 1 suku kata 2. 2. suku kata yang berakhiran y, er, ow, le.

Superlative : 1. Adjective + est 2. Most + adjective + est.

Bentuk : a. Subject + verb + adjective + er + than + noun adverb + er pronoun more + adj/ adv less + adj/ adv

Ex : - John grades are higher than his sister’s.

Subject + verb + the same + (noun) + as + [noun, pronoun]

- He speaks Spanish more fluently than I. - He visits his family less frequently than she does. - This year’s exhibit is less impressive than last year’s.

b. Subject + verb + far + adjective + er + than + noun much pronoun

Subject + verb + far + more + adjective + than + noun much adverb pronoun

Ex : - Mary’s watch is far more expensive than mine. - That movie we saw last night was much more interesting than the one on television. - A watermelon is much sweeter than a lemon.

c. Subject + verb + as + many + noun + as + noun much pronoun

little few

Subject + verb + more + noun + than + noun fewer pronoun less

Ex : - I have more books than she. - February has fewer days than March. - He earns as much money as his brother.

Multiple Number Comparative Mencakup (include) : half, twice, three times, four times, ect. Rule : Subject + verb + number multiply + as + much + noun + as + noun many pronoun Note : bentuk yang salah “twice morw than” Ex : - This encyclopedia costs twice as much as the other one. - Jerome has half as many records now as I had last year.

Double Comparative This sentences begin with a comparative construction, and thus the second clause also in comparative form. Bentuk :

The more + subject + verb + the + comparative + subject + verb Ex : - The more you study, the smarter you will become. - The more he rowed the boat, the farther away he got. - The more he slept, the more irritable he became.

No Sooner…than Posisi selalu di awal kalimat, selanjutnya kata than berada di posisi kalimat berikutnya. No sooner + auxiliary + subject + verb + than + subject + verb Ex : - No sooner we started out for California, than it started to rain. (we hadn’t started out for California because it started to rain) - No sooner will he arrive, than he will want to leave. - No sooner had she entered the building than she felt the presence of somebody else.

Note : No longer means not anymore.

Ex :- John no longer studies at the university. (John does not study at the university anymore)- Cynthia may no longer use the library because her card has expired. (Cynthia may not use the library anymore)

Catatan : Bentuk perbandingan dapat dibuat tanpa menggunakan kta “than”. Biasany kata “of the two” selalu dipakai.

atau

Ex : - Harvey is the smarter of the two boys. - Of the two shirts, this one is the prettier.

Subject + verb + the + adjective + est + in + sing most + adjective count noun least + adjective of + plural count nounEx :- John is the tallest boy in the family.- Deane is the shortest of the three sisters.- Of the three sisters, this one is the prettiest.

Subject + verb + the + comparative + of the two + (noun)

Of the two + (noun) + subject + verb + the + comparative

Question Tag Use to verify the previous statement. S. Present (Vb es), do/does + S (+) (-) (-) (+)

To be, To be + S ? (+) (-) (-) (+)

EXERCISE :1. You’re going to school tomorrow,….?2. Gary sighed the petition,….?3. There’s on exam tomorrow,….?4. Beverly will be attending the university in September,….? 5. She’s been studying English for two years,….?6. It sure is sunny today,….?