Grammar Unit12

8/12/2019 Grammar Unit12

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UNIT 12

GRAMMAR

Modal verbs.

1. Modal verbs of probability, present and future.

The main modal verbs that express probability are described here in order of

certainty. Willis the most certain and might/couldare the least certain.

1) Will .

a! Willand wontare "sed to predict a f"t"re action. The tr"th or certainty of

#hat is asserted is more or less ta$en for %ranted.

e.g. His latest book willbeout next month.

b! Willand wontare also "sed to express #hat #e believe or %"ess to be tr"eabo"t the present. They indicate an ass"mption based on o"r $no#led%e of

people and thin%s their ro"tines character and &"alities.

e.g. Leave the meat in the oven. It wontbecooked yet.

Its Monday morning, so I guess right now Sarah will be takingthe children to

school.

2) Must and cant.

a! Mustis "sed to assert #hat #e infer or concl"de to be the most lo%ical or

rational interpretation of the sit"ation. 'e do not have all the facts so it is less

certain than #ill.Mustin this meanin% is not "sed to spea$ abo"t the f"t"re.

e.g. ou say he walked across the Sahara !esert" He must bemad"

ou must be joking" I sim#ly dont believe you"

b! The ne%ative of this "se is cant.

e.g. She canthave a ten$year$old daughter" Shes only twenty$one hersel%"

3)Should.

a!Shouldexpresses #hat may reasonably be expected to happen. (xpectation

means believin% that thin%s are or #ill be as #e #ant them to be. This "se of

shouldhas the idea of if everythin% has %one accordin% to plan.

e.g. &ur guests should behere soon 'i% they havent got lost(.

)his homework shouldnt takeyou too long 'i% youve understood what you haveto do(.

*e should be movinginto our new house soon 'as long as nothing goes wrong(.

b!Shouldin this "se has the idea that #e #ant the action to happen. It is not

"sed to express ne%ative or "npleasant ideas.

e.g. ou should passthe exam. ouve worked hard 'N!ou should %ail the

exam(.

") Ma#$ might and could.

a!Ma#expresses the possibility that an event #ill happen or is happenin%.

e.g. *e ma# goto +reece this year. *e havent decided yet.*heres -nn She ma# be havinga bath, I dont know.

b!Mightand couldare sli%htly more tentative and sli%htly less certain than ma#.

e.g. It might %ain. )ake your umbrella.


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ou could beright. Im not sure.

c! &ouldntis not "sed to express a f"t"re possibility. The ne%ative of couldin

this "se is might not.

e.g. ou might not beright.

d! &ouldnthas a similar meanin% to cantabove only sli%htly #ea$er.e.g. She couldnt havea ten$year$old daughter" Shes only twenty$one hersel%"

2. Modal verbs of probability in the past.

All the modal verbs above can be "sed #ith the perfect infinitive to spea$ abo"t

probability in the past. They express the same varyin% de%rees of certainty.

A%ain will have doneis the most certain and might' could have doneis the

least certain.

e.g. I met a tall girl at your #arty. 0ery attractive. )hatllhave beenmysister, 1atsy.

It must have beena good #arty. 2veryone stayed till dawn.

)he music cant have beenany good. 3obody danced.

*heres 1ete He shouldve beenhere ages ago.

He ma# have gotlost.

He might have decidednot to come.

He could have hadan accident.

3. Other uses of modal verbs.

1) bligation and advice.

a! Mustexpresses stron% obli%ation. )ther verb forms are provided by have to.

e.g. ou must t%#harder.

oull have to dothis exercise again.

I hate having toget u# early.

b! Mustexpresses the opinion of the spea$er.

e.g. I must getmy hair cut.

ou must dothis again. ')eacher to student(

(ave toexpresses a %eneral obli%ation based on a la# or r"le or based on thea"thority of another person.

e.g. 4hildren have to goto school until theyre sixteen.

Mum says you have totidy you room.

c! Mustntexpresses ne%ative obli%ation.ont have toexpresses the absence

of obli%ation.

e.g. ou mustntsteal. Its very naughty.

ou dont have to goto 2ngland i% you want to learn 2nglish.

d! Shouldand ought toexpress mild obli%ation or advice.Shouldis m"ch

more common. ught tois not "sed in &"estions.e.g. ou should goto bed. ou look very tired.

ou ought to takethings easier.

e! Should *ought to) + the pe%,ect in,initiveis "sed to refer to a desirable


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e.%. &an'could'will'wouldyo" help me/

) Willingness and %e,usal.

a! Willexpresses #illin%ness. Wontexpresses a ref"sal by either people or thin%s.

e.g. Illhel# you.

She says she wontget u# until shes had break%ast in bed.)he car wontstart.

b! The past is expressed by wouldnt.

e.g. My mum said she wouldntgive me any more money.

I. Modal verbs of probability.

1. &hoose the best continuation a to i ,o% sentences 1 to 4.

1 0o" m"st have met some fascinatin% people2 0o" m"st $no# To$yo is expensive

+ 0o" cant have lived in T"nisia for ten years

0o" cant be tired

3 0o" m"st be exha"sted

4 0o" may find it diffic"lt to settle do#n

5 0o" co"ldnt have %one on holiday

6 0o" mi%ht thin$ abo"t %oin% to -pain

7 0o" co"ld ta$e a taxi

a after all yo"r hard #or$.b after to"rin% the #orld for years.

7 if yo"ve lived there.

dd"rin% yo"r trip to Africa.

e #hen yo"ve 8"st had a holiday.

% #itho"t learnin% some Arabic.

gto the airport tomorro#.

hbeca"se yo" had a bro$en le%.

i for yo"r next holiday.

2. &hoose the best continuation a to j ,o% sentences 1 to 15.

1 Im still #aitin% for the money the ban$ is s"pposed to have sent me.

2 Theres still no si%n of Alex.

+ Its %ettin% rather late to deal #ith this no#.

I #ish yo" #o"ldnt leave yo"r ba% near the door li$e that.

3 0o"d better ta$e yo"r "mbrella #ith yo".

4 This piece is the ri%ht shape b"t it doesnt fit.

5 There sho"ld be a fillin% station here.6 Its a very lon% boo$.

7 )h sorry yes these are yo"r $eys.

19 :eave yo"rself plenty of time for the 8o"rney.


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a. 0o"re bo"nd to need it if yo" dont.

b. -"rely yo" cant have finished it already;

c. It sho"ld have %ot here by no#.

d. It can ta$e &"ite a lon% time in the r"sh ho"r.e. It cant be the ri%ht one after all.

f. Thats stran%e; I cant see one any#here;

%. 0o" co"ld al#ays come bac$ tomorro#.

h.


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1 A can8t have le%t D must have le%t E might have le%t

2 A must D can E could have

+ A can hardly D are bound to E might as well

A could have %allen D must have %allen E may have %allen3 A might have sent her D must have sent her E could always send her

4 A must D can E may

5 A may D must E are bound to

6 A is bound to have let D must have let E can let

7 A can D may as well E might

19Ashould have started D must have started E might have started

. &omplete the email with the wo%ds below.

may be seein% may have left co"ld be comin%

may not have done co"ldnt have left may have fo"nd

co"ld have fallen may be visitin%

From: Robin Nicholas

To:


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14th>cent"ry explorers

Ima%ine #hat it 1!li$e to have sailed aro"nd the #orld in a small #ooden shipas Cra$e and his men did in 1355>1369. )n a ship only some +3 metres lon% it

2! easy for the 69 or so cre# to live comfortably. (xploration #as part of #ar

and rivalry #ith other nations so these voya%es +! attac$s on other ships and

to#ns and had to ma$e a profit. There #ere all the "s"al dan%ers too. A ship !

destroyed by a storm or r"n o"t of food and #ater and the captain 3! little idea

of #here the ship #as or #here it #as %oin%. (xplorers 4! many #ron%

decisions in an a%e #hen there #ere only basic maps and navi%ation e&"ipment

and in "n$no#n parts of ocean #here a ship 5! for #ee$s #itho"t reachin% land.

Fery often places they tho"%ht they 6! t"rned o"t to be m"ch f"rther on or in adifferent direction.


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. Is it really tr"e/

3. I dont believe he has been meanin% to do it.

4. It is impossible that he sho"ld have ref"sed yo"r re&"est.

5. (vidently he has not read the boo$.

6. Im certain that he has heard the %on%.7. It #as some special occasion Im s"re.

19. shes in America.

2.Im s"re she thin$s Im st"pid.

23.I bet I loo$ silly in this coat.

24.Theyre al#ays b"yin% ne# cars > Im certain they ma$e a lot of money.

25.Im s"re hes not a teacher > hes too #ell dressed.

26.0o"re an architect/ Im s"re thats an interestin% 8ob.

27.Im s"re yo"re not serio"s. I $no# yo"re 8o$in%.

+9.Im s"re hes %ot another #oman he $eeps comin% home late.

4. W%ite a new sentence with the same meaning$ beginning as shown.

1. R"nnin% is not allo#ed on the stairs. There is a dan%er of accidents.

R"nnin% is not allo#ed on the stairs. 0o" .................................................

2. 0o"d better not "se this ladder. :oo$ at it; Im s"re its not safe.

0o"d better not "se this ladder. :oo$ at it; It....................................................

+. I thin$ I $no# ho# this #indo# %ot bro$en. Im s"re someone $ic$ed a

ball a%ainst it.

I thin$ I $no# ho# this #indo# %ot bro$en. -omeone.....................................

. Unless yo" follo# instr"ctions its possible for a %ymnasi"m to be a

dan%ero"s place.Unless yo" follo# instr"ctions a %ymnasi"m...................................................

3. Ive t"rned off the electricity. Im s"re its safe to to"ch these #ires no#.

Ive t"rned off the electricity. It..........................................................................


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4. )"ch; 'hy didnt yo" tell me that piece of metal #as hot;

)"ch; 0o".........................................................................................................;

5. 'here are the fire fi%hters/ I expected them to have arrived by no#.

'here are the fire fi%hters/ They.......................................................................

6. Im s"re yo" didnt clean this bo#l properly.0o".......................................................................................... I can see stains

on it.

15. ead these th%ee sho%t te9ts about missing people. !hen speculate about

what #ou think happened in each case. =se must$ might and cant.

1. :inda ?eyton has bee missin% for three #ee$s. It is $no#n that

she #as stayin% in a hostel near (xeter "ntil &"ite recently and it

is tho"%ht that she has a boyfriend in ristol over 39 miles a#ay.:inda is only 14 years old and sho"ld have been attendin%

school.


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have phoned for a lift.

2 I loved stayin% #ith my %randparents #hen I #as a child. They let me read

all the boo$s in the ho"se and told me I co"ld %o = #as able to %o to bed as

late as I #anted.

+ This carpet #as priced at 399 b"t I co"ld %et = #as able to %et a disco"ntbeca"se of this little mar$ in the corner.

I co"ldnt have fo"nd = havent been able to find my diary for days. Its

terribly inconvenient.

3 Ive no idea #here my brother is livin% no#. I . . . #hen I #as at school b"t I . . . no#. ':nd

verb negative(

: 'hen Ive passed my drivin% test I . . . hire a car from o"r local %ara%e.

; At the end of the month the ?ost )ffice #ill send him an enormo"s

telephone bill #hich he . . . pay. 'negative(

< I ... remember the address 'negative(O . . . yo" even remember the street/

'negative(

= 'hen the fo% lifts #e . . . see #here #e are.

>0o"ve p"t too m"ch in yo"r r"c$sac$P yo" never . . . carry all that.

?'hen I #as a child I . . . "nderstand ad"lts and no# that I am an ad"lt I . . ."nderstand children 'negative, negative(

@ 'hen yo" have ta$en yo"r de%ree yo" . . . p"t letters after yo"r name/

A Cont try to loo$ at all the pict"res in the %allery. )ther#ise #hen yo" %et

home yo" . . . remember any of them 'negative(

9B'hen I first #ent to -pain I. . . read -panish b"t I . . . spea$ it. ':nd verb

negative(

99 . . . yo" type/> 0es I . . . type b"t I ... do shorthand. ':nd verb negative(

9: Im loc$ed in. I . . . %et o"t; 'negative( > . . . yo" s&"ee,e bet#een the bars/

'negative( >No; I . . .P Im too fat. 'negative(9; ... I spea$ to Mr ?itt please/> Im afraid hes o"t at the moment. . . . yo"

rin% bac$ later/

9< If yo" stood on my sho"lders . . . yo" reach the top of the #all/ Q No Im


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afraid I . . . 'negative(

9= If I san% . . . yo" accompany me on the piano/ >No I. . . I . . . play the

piano; 'negative, negative(

9>If a letter comes for me . . . yo" please for#ard it to this address/

9?-he made the #all very hi%h so that boys . . . climb over it. 'negative(9@They too$ his passport so that he . . . leave the co"ntry 'negative(

9A . . . yo" tell me the time please/ O Im afraid I. ... I havent %ot a #atch

'negative(

:B If yo" had to . . . yo" %o #itho"t food for a #ee$/ O I s"ppose I ... if I had

plenty of #ater.

:9 . . . yo" lend me 3/ >No I . . . 'negative(

::They "sed to chain val"able boo$s to library des$s so that people . . . ta$e

them a#ay 'negative(

:;. 'e really #anted to b"y a ho"se last year b"t #e 8"st afford it.

?. My brother read #ell by the a%e of seven b"t hes al#ays had problems#ith maths.

@. :ast ni%ht #e heard a noise o"tside o"r #indo#. 'hen #e t"rned off the

li%ht #e see a deer in the %arden.

A. )ne day last #ee$ I loc$ed my h"sband o"t of the ho"se by mista$e b"t

l"c$ily he %et in thro"%h an open #indo#.

9B.


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9>. 'hen the %ara%e had repaired o"r car #e . . . contin"e o"r 8o"rney.

9?. At five years old he . . . read &"ite #ell.

9@. 'hen I arrived everyone #as asleep. ort"nately I . . . #a$e my sister and

she let me in.

9A. The s#immer #as very tired b"t he . . . reach the shore before hecollapsed.

:B. The police #ere s"spicio"s at first b"t I . . . convince them that #e #ere

innocent.

". >ill the spaces in the ,ollowing sentences b# inse%ting must o% the

p%esent$ ,utu%e$ o% past ,o%m o, have to.

1 -he . . . leave home at ei%ht every mornin% at present.

2 Notice in a pict"re %allery Bameras stic$s and "mbrellas ... be left at thedes$.

+


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+9armers . . . %et "p early.

. =se the %eui%ed ,o%m o, the in,initive a,te% ought to and should.

9."t #e o"%ht 'to have( yo"r brother here to tell "s exactly ho# far #e can%o.

:.Tea is bet#een half past five and six and it sho"ld 'to be( ready no#.

;.n"t ice.

A.S0o"r father and I sho"ld 'to arrange( everythin% before I came hereS he

said.

9B.)"%htnt yo" 'to answer( that letter no#/

99.'here is his car/ .SI dont thin$ he had the least idea of #hat I meant.S S0o" sho"ld 'to be(

more explicit my dear.S

III. "onsolidation.

1. >ill in the blanks with can *be able)$ ma# o% must?

1. S'ill yo" $no# #here to %o/S S0es than$ yo". I ... al#ays as$ my

brother.S

2. SCidnt she hear o"r sho"tin%/S S-he says she heard nothin%.S S-he ... have

#andered a lon% #ay.S

+. 'hat ... he have meant #hen he said it/

.


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7. The old man c"pped his ear in his palm. SI thin$ I ... be %ettin% deaf. I ...

not hear yo".S

19. SThere #as someone on the phone for yo"S he said. S)h #ho/S SI dont

$no# he didnt say. -ome man.S SIt ... have been Mi$e.S SI $no# Mi$e. It

#asnt Mi$e.S S)h. Then I ... not thin$ #ho it ... have been.S11. I #ent strai%ht from the station to the cl"b and played billiards. It ... have

been after eleven #hen I reached the flat.

12. -he #as be%innin% to #ant to as$ him in b"t she $ne# that she ... not do it

yet.

1+. Its a most interestin% story.


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tho"%ht.

2. Must*n-t)$ need*n-t),should*n-t) and don-t have to

Match the beginning o, each sentence with the most suitable ending.

1 :"cy sho"ld be havin% brea$fast

2 ?atsy sho"ldnt %o cl"bbin% all ni%ht

+ Henny sho"ldnt have %one o"t

Me%an m"stnt oversleep

3 Nic$y doesnt have to %et "p yet

4 Natalie didnt need to h"rry

5 -haron neednt have set the alarm cloc$

a #hen she #as s"pposed to be st"dyin%.bbeca"se she #o$e "p early any#ay.

cb"t she*s too nervo"s to eat.

d #hen she has an exam the next day.

e if shes not %oin% to #or$ today.

% or shell be late for her intervie#

gbeca"se she #asnt late.

3. &hoose the co%%ect alte%native.

Th"rsday

N(I: Im doin% a trainin% session after #or$ next Monday. Ban yo"

email these people/

R)I( 1! M"st I do = -ho"ld I do it no#/

N(I: 'ell #e 2! m"st have sent = sho"ld have sent them earlier really.

R)I( )h all ri%ht then.

riday

NA)MI Ive had an email abo"t a trainin% day on Monday. Co yo" thin$ I

+! m"st = o"%ht to ta$e my laptop/(::I( 'ell yo" ! m"stnt = dont have to. "t I al#ays ta$e mine 8"st in

case I need it.

Monday

NA)MI


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". &hoose the co%%ect ,o%m.

. 0o" mustn8t / don8t have to cond"ct any chemistry experiments

"nless yo" are #earin% safety %lasses.

3. There are a lot of boo$s #hich Anna did not have to read / need not

have read as part of her "niversity co"rse b"t #hich she decided to read o"t of

interest.

4. *e don8t have to / *e8d better not tal$ for too lon%. These calls are

expensive.

5. I #ent to see the dentist yesterday b"t l"c$ily = didn8t need to have /9

needn8t have had any painf"l treatment;

6. 0o" didn8t have to tell me /shouldn8t have told me abo"t the party.

No# its not a s"rprise;7. -ome people believe that the %overnment does not have to / should

not allo# %enetically modified crops to be %ro#n on a lar%e scale as they co"ld

spread o"t of control.

19. These boo$s are on the #ron% shelf. Theyshouldn8t/ mustn8tbe here.

11. The report concl"ded that the resc"ersshould not have attem#ted /

didn8t have to attem#t to move the in8"red passen%ers before medical help arrived.

12. ?lease p"t the paper c"ps and plates in the bin. 'e mustn8t / don8t

have to leave the room in a mess.

1+. There is plenty of time. 'e mustn8t be /don8t have to be at the cinema"ntil 6.99.

. &omplete the sentences with must*n-t)$ needn-t o% should*n-t).

1 'eve r"n o"t of soap. I %et some more in the mornin%.

2 0o" finish that report toni%ht if yo"re too tired. Midday tomorro# is

the deadline.

+ 'hat are yo" doin% here/ yo" be at colle%e/

a text messa%e #o"ld have been )@.

8. &omplete the sentence using one wo%d in each gap.

1. In the early years of motorin% drivers didnt to ta$e a drivin% test.

2. 0o" si%n the application form at the end of the pa%e or it #ill not be

accepted.


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+.


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It #as #ron% of yo" to spea$ to my mother li$e that.

0o"............................................................................................................................

3 -he promised to phone me before l"nch. Its seven ocloc$ no#.

-he.................................................................................................................by

no#.4 I made far more sand#iches than #e needed.

I....................................................................................................so many

sand#iches.

5 Its essential that my father doesnt find o"t #hat Ive done.

My father..................................................................................................................

6 In my opinion it #o"ld be #ron% for them to move ho"se no#.

I dont thin$ they.......................................................................................................

7 My sister offered me a lift so it #asnt necessary for me to call a taxi.

As my sister offered me a lift I................................................................................19 1 thin$ its a %ood idea to chec$ the timetable before #e leave.

'e.............................................................................................................................

4. &omplete the te9t with one wo%d in each gap.

R"bbish > or ref"se as #e 1! really call it > is bi% ne#s at the moment. or many

years people in ritain 2! had to pay a local tax 'council tax( #hich incl"des a

char%e for ref"se collection. In many parts of the co"ntry people have also been

+! to as$ their local co"ncil to remove "n#anted ho"sehold items s"ch as

f"rnit"re and electrical appliances.


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ni%ht;

2 The instr"ctions #ere in rench. I translated them into (n%lish for

him.>

0o" not translate! them.


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The p"ppy ta$e! it. I sa# him r"nnin% by 8"st no# #ith somethin% in his mo"th.

It be! yo"r %love.

16'eve r"n o"t of petrol; >

Im not s"rprised. I noticed that the tan$ #as nearly empty #hen #e left home. Q

0o" tell! me; 'e %et! petrol at the last villa%e. No# #eve %ot a 19>mile #al$;17If the %ro"nd hadnt been so soft the horse I bac$ed #in! instead of comin% in

second. storey ho"se 'this was the original #lan(,b"t money ran

o"t so they b"ilt a b"n%alo# instead.

22If the do% hadnt #o$en "s #e not notice! the fire for several ho"rs and by

that time it spread! the ho"se next door.2+'hy didnt yo" #ait for me yesterday/ Q

I #aited five min"tes. Q

0o" #ait! a little lon%er;

2

'ell I s"ppose it be!. 'It is #ossible.( "t #ho #o"ld do a thin% li$e that/

;;There is only one set of footprints so the $idnapper carry! his prisoner o"t.


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S"t ... yo" be a cheat if yo" dont $no# #hat it is/S

SI ... not! of co"rse. I am not one.S

SIs Grandad a cheat/S

SI sho"ldnt be s"rprised.S

S... I as$ him if he is a cheat/SSI dont thin$ yo" ... .S

S'hy not/S

S


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#hat this is all abo"t.S 'FGUEZT KYC DE FGRC FGUDG FDEC JENE KR[ZEC

FGUEJ NOJT(

@. $no#s he ... read classics.


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F)BA K -?(A@ING.

1. (e%e a%e seve%al idioms to e9p%ess su%p%ise. Stud# them and use them in #ou% own

sentences.

It beats me#This expression is "sed to express s"rprise at somethin% that yo"

find diffic"lt to "nderstand

SIt beats meho# he can live in that horrible apartment;S

It$s beyond me.The expression Sit$s beyond meS means Sits impossible for me to

"nderstandS

SIt$s beyond me#hy Mary #ants to marry Hohn.S

% bolt from the blue.To refer to somethin% as a bolt from the bluemeans

that it happened completely "nexpectedly.

The chairmans resi%nation came as a bolt from the bl"e;SOut of the blueIf somethin% happens out of the blue it happens "nexpectedly"au&ht una'ares.If someone is !au&ht una'ares they are s"rprised and "nprepared

for #hat happens.

SThe sec"rity %"ard moved so silently that the thief #as !au&ht una'aresS

(rop a bombshell.If someone ma$es an "nexpected or shoc$in% anno"ncement

they drop a bombshell.

S


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s"rprised shoc$ed or fri%htened by somethin%.

SThe acc"sed #as stru!* dumb#hen the verdict #as anno"nced.S

ords fail me.This expression is often "sed #hen someone is so shoc$ed s"rprised

or to"ched by somethin% that they dont $no# #hat to say.

S'hat do yo" thin$ of obs attit"de/S /ords fail me#/onders 'ill never !ease#This sayin% is "sed to express pleas"re or s"rprise at

somethin%.

SIdioms are increasin%ly pop"lar #ith learners of (n%lish.onders 'ill never !ease#S

2. &omplete each o, these idioms.

1. S'o# ho# did yo" %et that br"ise/S

S me;S

2. 'e #ere str"c$ by the candidates anno"ncement

+. The mind at the tho"%ht of #hat yo" co"ld do #ith all that money.

. 'e mi%ht have fine #eather for o"r holidays. X0es and pi%s;

3. Actress -haron -tone raised a fe# last ni%ht #hen she donned an enormo"s

endi fox #rap to the Binema A%ainst AIC- benefit in Rome.

4. Mary #ont believe that I have a do% "ntil she sees it. -hes s"ch a Thomas.

5. They seemed to be tal$in% calmly #hen o"t she slapped him in the face;

6. The actress #as ca"%ht #hen the a"dience reco%ni,ed her and started to ma$e

a beeline as$in% for a"to%raphs.

7. Ima%ine yo" $no#in% (ri$; Its a isnt it/

19.The :iverpool football cl"b dropped a #hen they anno"nced that they hadsac$ed their mana%er.

3. ende% the ,ollowing te9t into Anglish using modal ve%bs and at least 1 active

wo%ds and e9p%essions *including the idioms). Suggest #ou% own e9planation o, the

m#ste%#. Make su%e #ou use the modal ve%bs o, p%obabilit#.

YDYEZ[ [\ ]^_`EYY Z_^Y[g

]jk q > quk qqw q qquzq kw{|}~ qj ]j| q>_q > u| kq j jqqq kq

qj qu kq| }j. Yj { k| {jq| k q{qq w qqqq qqq qkq Z ]|!.

qj kq uzk kq SEk>152S qkq jkkwj { qkj. q kq q qw u| {w.

{ qqq w {| kq qq k| kq k{kq kkz S q kuk k . `| jqz| z u| qkq Z

q qj { q . qjq jqq qS. k|

qwq |k j kw{kw k kq q q w k|. Zkq q{k kq} qkj}} { SYk}j qqu~ qzq |ukw/;S kjq kq qkq q kkz u|q

quzq.


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q kq k{q qzq quwk q>kwq q~ q{wkq| q qkq qk qu. E~k z

q{ q kj ]jkqq q qjwkw qq| qjqqq j| qq| {kk|} kuw qu kq| uz}~kw .

`qzq z jqk q qj ]jk qq qjwkw qw|j j| gj| kz~ qj u| kq qq|

w q qk|}kw } jkq qkw kuq qq kk qu kqq.

}j qq| jw q k qkkw kk} q| qwkqw}kw kkq q{ q {| k~k >q qu{q

}kw q q ]jkqq q w} }j | jw qq qu| kkjq.

Eqqu~w qu k{qw ]jkq q qq j qqww k{ kjq {|q j. D } 1753 qj qq

z w| }>jq kqqq qwq k} q{ jqq. qj q qkq qw| q k kq j q

kkqw q kq q w| | qu. q | { q q qu{qk q quw qq qjkw qjq jq kjq.

R(ACING K -?(A@ING

1. >ill the gaps in the sentences using ke# wo%ds ,%om the te9t. !he pa%ag%aph

numbe%s a%e given to help #ou.

1. An is someone #ho st"dies the stars and planets "sin%

scientific e&"ipment incl"din% telescopes. para 1!

2. If yo" a radio si%nal yo" send it thro"%h the air. para 1!

+. An is a person or creat"re from a planet other than

(arth. para 1!

. A is an extremely lar%e %ro"p of stars and planets. para+!

3. The planets of o"r solar system the s"n. para +!

4. comm"nication is comm"nication bet#een different

stars. para +!

5. A is the distance that li%ht travels in a year. t#o #ords

para 3!

6. A is a period of one tho"sand years. para 4!

7. A is a hole or space that allo#s %as to escape. para 6!

19.A is a s"bstance in food that plants animals and people

need to %ro#. para 7!


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2. ecide i, these statements a%e t%ue *!) o% ,alse *>). !hen check #ou% answe%s in

the te9t.

1. There are almost a million stars in o"r %alaxy.

2. The oldest broadcast has already travelled 69 li%ht years from (arth.

+. It #o"ld ta$e a tho"sand years for a messa%e from a planet 1999 li%ht years a#ay

to reach (arth.

. In the early days of research astronomers foc"sed on findin% planets li$e the

(arth.

3. -ome sin%le>cell (arth creat"res can live in temperat"res of min"s 299B.

4. (veryone a%rees that ma$in% contact #ith aliens #o"ld be a %ood thin%.

3. ead the te9t. etell it pa#ing special attention to the use o, #ou% active

g%amma% and vocab.

Is Stephen 0a'*in& ri&ht about aliens

Ste#hen Hawking thinks that making contact with aliens would be a very bad idea

indeed. ]ut with new, massive telesco#es, we humans are ste##ing u# the search.

Have we really thought this through

The h"nt for intelli%ent species o"tside (arth may be a staple of literat"re and film

b"t it is happenin% in real life too. -pace probes are searchin% for planets o"tside

o"r solar system and astronomers are caref"lly listenin% for any messa%es bein%

beamed thro"%h space. inspirin% it #o"ld be to %et confirmation that #e

are not alone in the "niverse to finally spea$ to an alien race. 'o"ldn*t it/

'ell no accordin% to the eminent physicist -tephen


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". &hoose the best answe% acco%ding to the te9t.

1. -tephen ind the ,ollowing wo%ds and ph%ases in the te9t.

1. a t#o>#ord no"n meanin% a vehicle containing cameras and other e^ui#ment

that is sent outside the 2arths atmos#here to collect in%ormationpara 1!

2. a t#o>#ord ad8ective meanin% making you %eel great res#ect and admiration and

sometimes %ear para 1!

+. an ad8ective meanin% obviouspara !

. an ad8ective meanin% not necessarypara !

3. a no"n meanin%%riendly conversation in which #eo#le tell 6okes and laugh at

each other para 4!

4. a verb meanin% move ^uickly in circlespara 7!5. a fo"r>#ord expression meanin% outside the area o% knowledge, ex#erience or

interest para 7!

6. an ad8ective meanin% knowing a lot about di%%erent sub6ectspara 19!

8. Match the beginnings and endings to make ph%ases ,%om the te9t.

1. free,in% a. inspirin%

2. solar b. year

+. li%ht c. point

. life d. n"mber

3. a#e> e. form


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4. sheer f. system

;. iscussion

o aliens e9istB Should we t%# to make contact with themB Wh#B Wh# notB


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R(ACING K -?(A@ING 2!

1. ead the a%ticle below. iscuss the impo%tance o, lea%ning ,o%eign slang at school

and =nive%sit#.In other 'ords

_oreign slang is o%ten overlooked at school ` which isnt much good %or real li%e, says

)homas Ste#hens.

V'haassss"""pppp//;;W If d"rin% a freshers* party I introd"ce myself #ith these #ords

all ri%ht #ord! yo"*ll probably smile nervo"sly and ma$e a mental note to chan%e

co"rse if necessary to avoid me. If ho#ever I*d said exactly the same thin% t#o years

a%o yo"*d probably have b"rst into la"%hter at my 'ildean #it and V#hass"ppedW mestrai%ht bac$. 'hat*s "p indeed/

(n%lish is (n%lish yo" mi%ht thin$ a means of comm"nication for millions of people

aro"nd the #orld. And yo" #o"ldn*t be #ron%. "t lan%"a%e is also a f"ndamental

means of self>expression the Vdress of tho"%htW accordin% to Cr Hohnson and of

identity.

'hen social %ro"ps #ant to create an identity #hy they #ant to do this is another

story;! they create their o#n c"stoms and lan%"a%eP if yo" are then a#are of the codesof cond"ct and slan% yo" can %ain membership of these excl"sive %ro"ps. "t it*s not

8"st %ood eno"%h to learn these Vpass#ordsW. :an%"a%e is alive every year ne# #ords

are born and others die and if yo" don*t $eep yo"r fin%ers on the lin%"istic p"lse yo"*ll

be exposed as an imposter a c"lt"rally o"t>of>to"ch fa$e. That*s #hass"pp.

In the case of st"dents ho#ever the social %ro"p is very lar%e. University is a meltin%

pot of national dialects and apart from a fe# local idioms st"dents in -o"thampton #ill

be on the same #avelen%th as those at -t Andre#s.

This lin%"istic %lobali,ation leads dependin% on yo"r point of vie# to either c"lt"ral

enrichment or bland homo%eneity. "t yo"r point of vie# is not important; In the box

belo# yo" #ill find common #ords heard on camp"ses across the U@ #hich yo"

probably didn*t learn at school. :earn them "nderstand them and if yo" #ant "se

them. -orted;

i -lan% Glossary%ll ri&ht/


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% -uby 4Murray5 a c"rry

Spa& bol spa%hetti olo%nese

Fit physically attractive

-ou&h physically "nattractive

Min&in& physically "nattractive6ush of food men etc! delicio"s

7oo8e alcohol

6ashed terribly terribly dr"n$

0eavin& of a place! very b"sy

6oaded very rich

S*int very poor

9na!*ered very tired

aff of inferior style= taste

To !hill to relaxSorted; No problem;

o hassle; No problem;

% blo*e a boy= man

% !opper a policeman

% mate a friend

To *ip to sleep

% pad a ho"se% &ee* someone lac$in% social s$ills"heers; Than$s; or Good health; or Goodbye;

2. &an #ou guess the meaning o, the slang# and collouial ph%ases in boldB

1. I sear!hed hi&h and lo'for my $eys b"t no oy.

2. I found myselfcoo$in&for ei%hteen people the other ni%ht.

3. My friend is al#ays &oin& on abouthis 8ob.

. I #o"ldn*t have the first ideaho# to &o aboutfixin&a car let alonetellin&

anyone else ho# to fix theirs.

;. Cavid has only &one and%ot married;


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1


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T(-T 0)UR-(:

1. C%amma%. &hoose the co%%ect answe%.

1. J0o" pay the bills today.*

JI $no#. I promise I #on*t for%et.*

A #o"ld shall B m"st

2. J #e %o to the beach tomorro#/*

J0es that*s a %reat idea.*

A -hall M"stn*t B 'o"ld

+. JI*m %oin% to the cinema. Co yo" #ant to come #ith me/*

JNo than$ yo". I do my #or$.*

A co"ld #o"ld B have to

. J0o" p"t that shirt in the #ashin% machine.*

JI $no#. It has to be dry>cleaned.*

A m"st m"stn*t B co"ldn*t

3. J'as yo"r s"itcase very heavy/*J0es b"t I carry it by myself.*

A #as able to can*t B o"%ht

4. J yo" drive/*

J0es b"t I haven*t %ot my o#n car.*

A Mi%ht -ho"ld B Ban

5. JI ride a bicycle "ntil I #as ei%ht.*

JNeither co"ld I.*

A co"ldn*t co"ld B can*t

6. J yo" open the door for me please/*J0es certainly.*

A -hall M"st B 'o"ld

7. Jen had a hard time tryin% to find the lea$ in the pipe.*

J"t he stop it #asn*t he/*

A #as allo#ed to #as able to B co"ld

19. JI sa# Tina in to#n last ni%ht.*

J0o" have seen her. -he is on holiday in -pain.*

A #o"ld co"ld B can*t

11. J'here*s Bolin/*JI*m not s"re.


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13. J I help yo" madam/*

J0es I*m loo$in% for the mana%er.*

A 'o"ld M"st B May

2. Docab. Suggest active vocabula%# units co%%esponding to the ,ollowing

de,initions

1. phr.v. inf.! to spoil or dama%e somethin% or to do somethin% #ron% or

badly

2. inf.! to thro# somethin% carelessly

+. inf.! a sit"ation ca"sin%! diffic"lty or tro"ble

. a stron% expression of an%er and disapproval abo"t somethin% made by a

%ro"p of people or by the p"blic

3. someone #ho is ta$en as a prisoner by an enemy in order to force the other

people involved to do #hat the enemy #ants4. a television or radio pro%ramme

5. describes a place #here %hosts often appear

6. to %ive somethin% and be %iven somethin% else insteadP to exchan%e

7. to disappear or stop bein% present or existin% especially in a s"dden

s"rprisin% #ay

19.idiom! to be deserved "nder the circ"mstances

11.idiom! in a position of %reat happiness or s"ccess

12.idiom! be very different from somethin% else

1+.idiom! in a very remote place

1.idiom! to have a chance as of %ainin% or accomplishin% somethin%.

13.idiom! to be overcome by ones feelin%s


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ABTIF( F)BA.

p. 7 :earn the collo&"ialisms in F12.1!

p. 74 :earn the #ords and phrases in F12.2! a ne#s b"lletin flee one*s homes

co"ntry etc.! an adaptation a play#ri%ht a series of smth a broadcast ca"se

panic s"e smb a co"rt case fictio"sp. 75 s#ap ta$e t"rns to do smth pay a phone! bill

p. 76 77 ha"nted spoo$y a #ere#olf vanish reveal claim %ive smb a tal$ on

smth ta$e smb on a to"r of #eird an enco"nter s"fficient learn the #ords and

phrases in F12.+! fort"ne>tellin%

R12.1 p"t smb strai%ht thro"%h to voicemail! it*s bo"nd to #or$ o"t a mate

text smb stare at smb

R12.5 %et smb a drin$ Bheers; settle in to a ne# flat! a t#o!>bedroomed flat

move in be $een to do smth odd the other day ni%ht! next door have a loo$

clothes from the fifties vanish into thin air hold one*s hands o"t free,in% cold anoption

Focab"lary pl"s Idioms abo"t feelin%s=opport"nities.

e on top of the #orld %et carried a#ay have a ro"%h time $eep an eye on stand

a chance be in t#o minds %et yo"r act to%ether miss the boat serve yo" ri%ht be

thrilled to bits

Documents

Grammar Unit12