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Grammar
What you will need to know for the quiz:
Phrases Irregular Verbs:to lie vs. to lay
Clauses
Need to review? • Four kinds of sentences
• Four kinds of complements
Review
Kinds of Sentences
Complements
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Four Kinds of Sentences
1. Simple Sentence
2. Compound Sentence
3. Complex Sentence
4. Compound-Complex Sentence
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1. Simple Sentence
Definition: a sentence that contains a main (or independent) clause—a subject and verb (or predicate)
Example:
Kate ran to the restaurant.
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2. Compound Sentence
Definition: a sentence that contains two or more main (or independent) clauses and no subordinate (or dependent) clauses
Example:
Kate ran to the restaurant, and Caleb walked.
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3. Complex Sentence
Definition: a sentence that contains one main (or independent) clause and at least one subordinate (or dependent) clause
Example:
Crying out loud, Kate ran to the restaurant.
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4. Compound-Complex Sentence
Definition: a sentence that contains at least two main (or independent) clauses and one or more subordinate (or dependent) clauses
Example:
Crying out loud, Kate ran to the restaurant, and Caleb walked.
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Complements
Definition:
a word or words used to complete the sense of a verb.
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Four Types of Complements
1. Predicate noun (subject complement):Rhoda became a star.2. Predicate adjective:Betty was courageous.3. Direct Object:Janet loves Jill.4. Indirect Object:Give me the hammer, please.
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Question for review: Which are linking verbs?
Sentences one and two
contain linking verbs:
Rhoda became a star.
Betty was courageous.
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Clauses
MAIN
SUBORDINATE
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Main Clause
Definition: All sentences include a main clause (or independent clause)—that is, a subject and a verb.
Example:
The dog jumped over the plate.
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Subordinate Clauses
Adjective
Noun
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Adverb
Adjective Clause
Definition: a subordinate (or dependent) clause that functions as adjective (tells more about the noun)
Example:
Hilda, who hated all things fuzzy, hugged a little bunny.
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Adverb Clause
Definition: a subordinate (or dependent) clause that functions as adverb (tells the when, why, how, where, under what condition)
Example:
Before we go, I must put on my shoes.
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Noun Clause
Definition: a subordinate (or dependent) clause that functions as noun
(as subject, direct object, indirect object, subject complement,object of preposition, or appositive)
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Kinds of Noun Clauses
as subject as direct object
as indirect objectas predicate noun
(or subject complement)
as appositive
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As object of preposition
Noun Clause: As Subject
That it snowed surprised me.
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Noun Clause: As Predicate Noun
(or Subject Complement)
The question was how to cross the bridge.
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Noun Clause: As Object of Preposition
You give the drum to whoever wants it.
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Noun Clause: As Direct Object
Chapin girls know that reading is fun.
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Noun Clause: As Indirect Object
Sally told whoever was nearby her story about the fish.
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Noun Clause: As Appositive
My teacher’s wish that I become a lifelong lover of literature could happen.
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Phrases
PREPOSITIONAL
VERBAL
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Phrases: Verbals
Gerund
Participial
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Infinitive
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Infinitive Phrase
Definition: a group of words consisting of an infinitive and all the words related to it (an infinitive is a verb form that can be used as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb). An infinitive usually begins with “to.”
Question for review:What is the infinitive alone? Back to kinds of verbals.
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to speak
(the infinitive)
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Kinds of Infinitive Phrases
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as subject
as predicate noun(or subject complement)
as direct object
as appositive
Infinitive Phrase: As Subject
To snow hard is a wonder.
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Infinitive Phrase: As Predicate Noun
(or Subject Complement)
The trick was to carry the egg slowly.
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Infinitive Phrase: As Direct Object
Chapin girls like to study hard.
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Infinitive Phrase: As Appositive
My teacher’s wish to climb Bear Mountain could happen.
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Prepositional Phrase
Definition: a group of words consisting of a preposition, a noun or pronoun that serves as the object of the prep., and any modifiers of that object (they can function as adjective or adverb in a sentence)
Example: Brenda the brave, in blue jeans (adj.), screeched with laughter (adv.).
Question for review:Where is the appositive? Back to kinds of phrases.
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On the ferris wheel Brenda the brave screeched with laughter.
(the appositive)
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Participial Phrase
Definition: a group of words consisting of a participle and words related to it (a participle is a verb form that is used as an adjective—present ends in -ing; past ends in -ed or -en)
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Participial Phrase: Examples (present and past)
Tapping my foot, I looked out the window with longing.
Filled with anger, the woman stormed into the building.
Question #1 for review:What are the participles alone?
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Question #2 to test your knowledgeof gerunds vs. participles.
filled
(past participle)
tapping
(present participle)
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Gerund Phrase
Definition: a group of words consisting of a gerund and words related to it (a gerund is a verb form that ends in -ing—not to be confused with present participles!—and functions as a noun)
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Which is the gerund?Which is the participle?Walking on my tiptoes is fun.
Walking down the street that windy day, I wished I took the bus.
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Participle:
Walking down the street that windy day, I wished I took the bus. Gerund:
Walking on my tiptoes is fun.
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Kinds of Gerund Phrases
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as subject
as predicate noun(or subject complement)
as object of preposition
as direct object
as indirect object
as appositive
Gerund Phrase: As Subject
Running in water is good for your legs.
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Gerund Phrase: As Predicate Noun
(or Subject Complement)
Her hope was getting a good seat.
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Gerund Phrase: As Object of Preposition
You’ll need shoes for walking through the mud.
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Gerund Phrase: As Direct Object
I love playing the piano.
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Gerund Phrase: As Indirect Object
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She gave playing the piano a chance.
Gerund Phrase: As Appositive
Mary’s role, playing Nora in A Doll House, was a great opportunity for her.
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To Lay: to put, place
• Present: I lay, you lay, she lays, etc.
• Past: I laid, you laid, etc.
• Present perfect: I have laid, you have laid, etc.
• Past progressive: I was laying, you were laying, etc.
To Lie
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To Lie: to recline
• Present: I lie, you lie, she lies, etc.
• Past: I lay, you lay, etc.
• Present perfect: I have lain, you have lain, etc.
• Past progressive: I was lying, you were lying, etc.
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Back to “to lay.”
Is this correct?
The old man lay on the couch.
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Yes!
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