Grammatical Aspect of Language Morphology

8/18/2019 Grammatical Aspect of Language Morphology

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Grammatical Aspect ofLanguage

MorphologyChapter 1


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Words…• Range of regular vocab – thousands• 500,000 entries in the dictionary

• at the age of 6 – 13,000 words acquired

• verage high school graduate – 60,000• !ne can learn thousands of words, but still

doesn"t #now the language

• $"%hecatsatonthe&at""' ()ow &any words*+• $"aba&er#engeldi""'

• $"-anassa&pos.etilatet#u""'


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• /nowing a word – a particular sequence odsounds is associated with the &eaning

• ach word listed in the &ental dictionary orleicon – part of a spea#er"s linguistic #nowledge

• $arbitrary" – 2eaning* ound* 2eaning*


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• till, there are words with the sa&e sound anddi4erent &eaning

e'g' bare bear *

- a&e &eaning and di4erent sounds

e'g' sofa couch


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MORPHOLOGY

• mor·phol·o·gy: a study of the structure orform of something

• Morphology is the study of word formation, of thestructure of words.


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Basic concepts and terms

II. Derivational processes

III. Infection

IV. Function wordsV. Problems in morphological description

VI. Interaction between morphology and phonology

VII. Collocations


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Basic Concepts and

Terms (1)Morphology• The study of the structure of words & how

words are formed (from morphemes)Morpheme • The smallest unit of language that carries

meaning (maybe a word or not a word)• A sound-meaning unit• A minimal unit of meaning or grammatical

function•

The level of language at which sound andmeaning combine !. Free morpheme le"ical # $unctionalmorpheme %boy& gentle'B. Bound morpheme derivational #infectional %(ish& (ness& (ly& (pre& trans(& (un'


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)tem %root& base': themorpheme to which other

morphemes are added free / content

(eg teacher! dresses! un"ind)

#tem

bound / functional

(eg wor"ed)


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MORPHEME

$% '*+

LEXICAL MORPHEME(OPEN CLASS)

DERIVATIONAL MORPHEME

FUNCTIONAL MORPHEME

(CLOSED CLASS)

INFLECTIONAL MORPHEME


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Free Morpheme

I. De*nition can occur by itself! notattached to other morphemes*ouns! verbs! ad,ectives! adverbs

+"amples girl! teach! boo"! class! etc.


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Two kinds of Free Morpheme

' 789C7 2!R:)2 (!:; C7+

1' deerb, d., dv (content words+ ollywood

' ?@;C%9!;7 2!R:)2 (C7!- C7+

1' de


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Bound Morpheme

I. De*nition must be attached to anothermorpheme

-. )peci$y grammatical relations with littlesemantic content.

-. ,he boyC-)+D C-!))

-. ! boy

•. %he boo# of yours – prep' $!?" indicates

possessions


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HOW MANY ‘F’ ARE THERE?

?9;9)- ?97 R %) R@7% !? BR !?C9;%9?9C %@-B C!29;- 9%) %)8:R9;C !? BR'


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?9;9)- ?97 R %) R@7% !? BR !? C9;%9?9C %@-B C!29;- 9%) %)8:R9;C !? BR'

?unction words $!?" are &ostly not recogniDed'


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Slips of the tongue

• $ %he .ournal of the editor"

• $%he editor of the .ournal"

• Children o&it function words

e'g' doggie bar#ingA


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Twokinds of Bound Morpheme• 9' -R9>%9!;7 2!R:)2

• &ay change syntactic class

• to for& new words

• ea&ples Eable, unE, reE, etc'

• 99' 9;?7C%9!;7 2!R:)2

• -i4erent for&s of the sa&e word• ;ot change syntactic class

• !nly F #inds in nglish E"s, Es (plural nouns+, Eing, EedE

en, Eest, Eer, Es (E> agree&ent+


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MORPHEME

'*+ $%

LEXICAL MORPHEME(OPEN CLASS)DERIVATIONAL

MORPHEME

FUNCTIONAL MORPHEME(CLOSED CLASS)INFLECTIONAL

MORPHEME


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Morphemes leical

free (open classes+

orphemes functional

(closed classes+ bound derivational

(aGes+ inHectio&al


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Morphemes

• %he word E the &ost basic unit of &eaning

• ords E the basic &eaningful ele&ents of a language'

• 2orphe&e – the linguistic ter& for the &ost ele&ent unit ofgra&&atical for&'

• 2orph – ology – the science of (word+ for&s concerning

#nowledge

• 2orphology – the study of the internal structure of words andthe rules by which words are for&ed,

• nd part of our gra&&atical #nowledge of a language


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A word …• Can be co&posed of one or &ore &orphe&es

oy I ish I ness

&orphe&e – can be recogniDed as a single sound

a gra&&atical

(without+

single &orphe&e – &ono&orphe&ic word


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So,

• ound units co&bine to for& &orphe&es

• 2orphe&es co&bine to for& words

• ords co&bine to for& larger units – phrases andsentences

a + grammatical

singer + er

She is a singer.

B iC t d


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Basic Concepts andTerms (3)

!/" :.re0 eg nhappy

1n0 eg$i"as strong

fumi"as to be strong

#u20 eg 3appiness

4ircum0es e g cho"ma he isgood

i" 5 cho"m 5 o he is

not good


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Roots and stems…• &orphe&e root and one or &ore aGes

• :aint I er

•

Re I read• 7ing I uist

• !@;- R!!%

• ppears in a co&bination with other &orphe&es• 'g' receive conceive perceive decesive

A root may/may not stand

alone as a word.


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• :re


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Rules of word formation …• @gli


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1. Derivation (1)• Derivation derived by rules0 it can also be

called derivational a/"ation or a/"ation.

' di4erent rules e'g' > I aG ; (ba#er+ ; I aG >(criticiDe+

-J I aG > (purify+

; I aG -J(desirable+

' &ultiple co&bination

e'g' organiDational


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1. Derivation (2) %ree structure of KorganiDationalL

-J

; f

> f ; f

organ iDe ation al


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Inflectional morphology• ?unction words – to, it, be are free &orphe&es

• nglish has bound &orphe&es – strict gra&'function tense, nu&ber, person, and etc'

• %hese bound &orphe&es are called9;?7C%9!;7 2!R:)!7!MB'

• Can"t change the gra&&atical category of theste&s to which they are attached'

e'g' )e sails the ocean blue'


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Modern English has only 8 bound inflectional

morphemes:

• 1' – 3rd singular for&

• N' -

• 3' past tense

•

O' ing• 5' s – plural

• 6' $s – possessives

• P' er – co&paratives

• F' est E superlatives


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• 9nHectional &orphe&es – follow the derivational&orphe&es in a word

•

Co&&it I &ent I s (> ; ; +

derv' 9nHect'

Q 9nHectional &orphe&es are productive – applicable tonearly every appropriate base


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Inflectional X Derivational

MorphemesInflectional morphemes Derivational morphemes

Have gram. function Have lexical structure

No word class change May cause word class change

Small or no meaning change Some meaning change

Often required by rules of grammar Never required by rules of grammar

Follow derivational morphemes in a

word

Precede inflectional morphemes in a

word

Productive Sometimes productive


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ENGLISH MORPHEMES!@;- ?R

??98 R!!% !:; C7 C7! C7

(content w'+ (functiongra&' w' +-R9>%' 9;?7C%9!;7 E noun (girl+ E prep'

E verb E articles

E pronouns

:R?98 @??98 @??98 E auiliaryE un E ly E ing, er, s

E re A E ist E s, est, $s

E &ent E er, ed


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The hierarchical structure of words• 2orphe&es added in a


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Rule 1

• %he derivational suG $atic" is attached to the

noun $syste&", for&ing an ad.ective $syste&atic"'


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Rule 2• e attached the derivational pre


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Adjective + ly• ?antastic I al

•

)appy I ly


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Rule productivity• 9nHection is productive used freely to for& new

words fro& the list of free and bound &orphe&es'

• Q er I verbs E ea&ine I er (chairerQ+

• Q th I verbs – heal I th

• Q ed I verbs – clai&bed


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Exceptions: plural / past simple tense /

comparative

• 2an – &en

• Child – children

• Mo – went

• Mood – better

• Qthey &ust be learned separately


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Other morphological processes

• )u&an language capacity – enor&ously creative

•

2isconception can also be creative• i – #ini

• 2ono – #ini*


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Compounding (1)

• 4ompounding (compounds): combine twoor more free morphemes to form newwords

- $ace boo"! 6ouTube 7 recently added

*oun 5 noun 7 same categoryail 5 man - mailman

Ad,ective 5 ad,ective 7 ad,ective1cy 5 cold - icycold


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• ailman 7 the richest word is theheadword / nal

• Three-time loser


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Meaning of compounds:

• he had a red coat in her closet'

• he had a Redcoat in her closet'Q

• igni


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Morphological analysis: identifying

morphemes

• pea#ers have #nowledge of internal structure of

a word

• )ow a new language learner learn wordsA*

• 'g' ugly E Qroot &orphe&e

• er E Qbound &orphe&e


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Summary

• /nowing language – #nowing the &orphe&es

• 2oral I iDe I er I s

• /nowing a word – you #now its for& (sound andgesture+ and its &eaning


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Morphemes can be free or bound

• ?ree girl, the

• %he co&e into two types open (content+ I closed(continuing function+

• ound ed, able

• %hey co&e into two types derivational (derivenew words+ and inHectional (gra&' change to aword+


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• Co&ple words contain a root around which ste&s arebuilt by aGation'

• Rules of &orphology – dter&ine what #ind of aGationproduces actual words such as $un" unIsyste&Iatic

• unIsyste&

• )ierarchical structure – a&biguous words• @n Iloc#able

• @nloc#Iable


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• o&e &orphological rules are productive'

• %hey apply freely to the appropriate ste&'

• 'g' reIdo, reIuse

• eside aGation, co&pounds &ay also befor&ed'

•

%he head of co&pound bears the basic &eaning'

• ac# – for&ations – &isinterpreting

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Grammatical Aspect of Language Morphology