Grandfather Grandfather ClauseClause

•A law made that A law made that allowed citizens to vote allowed citizens to vote without passing the without passing the Literacy test if their Literacy test if their grandfathers could grandfathers could vote before Jan. 1867.vote before Jan. 1867.

Jim Crow LawsJim Crow Laws

•Laws passed by Laws passed by southern states southern states that that segregatedsegregated or or separated blacks separated blacks and whites in and whites in society. society.

The Supreme Court rules on The Supreme Court rules on the Jim Crow Lawsthe Jim Crow Laws

1896:1896: Supreme Court case, Supreme Court case, Plessy vs. Plessy vs. FergusonFerguson. .

-- African Americans claim Jim Crow laws -- African Americans claim Jim Crow laws are unconstitutional (14are unconstitutional (14thth Amendment) Amendment) de jure segregation (segregation by de jure segregation (segregation by law)law)

-- Supreme Court rules:-- Supreme Court rules:

-- segregation IS CONSTITUTIONAL-- segregation IS CONSTITUTIONAL

-- -- “Separate but equal”“Separate but equal”

-- -- Impact: segregation in the south Impact: segregation in the south continues for at least the next 60 years!continues for at least the next 60 years!

Plessy vs. FergusonPlessy vs. Ferguson

• Upholds racial segregation (Jim Upholds racial segregation (Jim Crow laws)Crow laws)

• ““Separate but Equal”Separate but Equal”

Homer Homer PlessyPlessy

THE SEGREGATED THE SEGREGATED SOUTHSOUTH

1896 – 19641896 – 1964A history of LEGAL A history of LEGAL

segregation in southern segregation in southern societysociety

Memphis LawNo Whites on

Tuesday. Blacks can

only visit Zoo on Tuesday

White SchoolWhite School Black SchoolBlack School

White SchoolWhite School Black School

Segregation in 2010?Segregation in 2010?• Legal segregation (de jure Legal segregation (de jure

segregation) is unconstitutional segregation) is unconstitutional BUTBUT segregation by fact (de segregation by fact (de facto) is still ramped! facto) is still ramped!

• Example:Example:• Town 1: 93 % White, 3% BlackTown 1: 93 % White, 3% Black• Town 2: 70% Black, 1% WhiteTown 2: 70% Black, 1% White• Town 3: 82% White, 6% BlackTown 3: 82% White, 6% Black• Town 4: 99% White, 1% BlackTown 4: 99% White, 1% Black

Babylon Village

Wyandanch

West Babylon

Cold Spring Harbor