Grape Industry Analysis Final Report - SunRISE Mapping · · 2014-11-062.2 Project background and consultant’s brief 11 ... 5.3 Wine grape plantings yet to come into production

Grape Industry

Analysis

for Investment

and

Redevelopment

FINAL REPORT

15 September 2014

Project lead

Mildura Development Corporation

Project contributors

Regional Development Victoria, Mildura Development Corporation, Dried Fruits Australia,

Australian Table Grape Association and Murray Valley Winegrowers’

Authors Sue Argus and Alison MacGregor, SunRISE Mapping and Research

a division of Mallee Family Care Inc.

Postal Address: PO Box 1870, Mildura VIC 3502

Telephone: (03) 5021 7492 international + 61 3 5021 7492

Facsimile: (03) 5021 4455 international + 61 3 5021 4455

Email: [email protected]

Internet: http://www.sunrisemapping.org.au

Acknowledgments

The following are acknowledged for their contribution to the study:

• Sunbeam Foods

• Australian Premium Dried Fruits

• Andrew Nemtsas, Murray River Organics

• Australian Vintage

• Sunworld for information on proprietary varieties

• Sheehan Genetics for information on proprietary varieties

• Murray Valley irrigators for their participation in the SunRISE mapping program

Disclaimer

Information in this report is derived from analysis of data from a range of sources. The report

may be of assistance to you but SunRISE Mapping and Research and its employees do not

guarantee that the publication is without flaw of any kind or is wholly appropriate for your

particular purposes and therefore disclaims all liability for any errors, loss or other consequence

which may arise from you relying on any information in this report.

mapping & research

SunRISE

SunRISE Mapping & Research Grape Industry Analysis Page 3 of 65

Contents

1. Summary 6

2. Introduction 9

2.1 Study area 10

2.2 Project background and consultant’s brief 11

3. Data sources and method 12

3.1 SunRISE crop data acquisition and accuracy 12

3.2 Source of crop production and crop prices data 13

3.3 Limitations 14

4. Murray Valley grape plantings 1997 to 2014 15

4.1 Change in wine, table & dried plantings 1997 to 2014 15

4.2 Summary of grape varieties 1997 to 2014 16

4.3 Value of grape production in the Murray Valley 17

4.4 Farm gate value of wine, table and dried grapes 18

4.5 Change in irrigation methods 1997 to 2014 19

4.6 Change in rootstocks 1997 to 2014 20

4.7 Change in property numbers and size 1997 to 2014 21

5. Wine grape industry analysis 23

5.1 Change in wine grape varieties 1997 to 2014 23

5.2 Wine grape production 1997 to 2014 28

5.3 Wine grape plantings yet to come into production 29

5.4 Wine grape prices 1997 to 2014 30

5.5 Crop value of wine grapes 1997 to 2014 34

5.6 Irrigation methods for wine grape plantings 36

5.7 Rootstocks of wine grape plantings 1997 to 2014 37

5.8 Wine grape property numbers and size 1997 to 2014 38

6. Dried grape industry analysis 39

6.1 Change in dried grape varieties 1997 to 2014 39

6.2 Dried grape production 1997 to 2014 42

6.3 Dried grape plantings yet to come into production 43

6.4 Dried grape prices 1997 to 2014 44

6.5 Crop value of dried grapes 1997 to 2014 46

6.6 Irrigation methods for dried grape plantings 48

6.7 Rootstocks of dried grape plantings 1997 to 2014 49

6.8 Dried grape property numbers and size 1997 to 2014 50

7. Table grape industry analysis 51

7.1 Change in table grape plantings 1997 to 2014 51

7.2 Table grape production from 1997 to 2014 54

7.3 Table grape plantings yet to come into production 55

7.4 Table grape prices 1997 to 2014 57

7.5 Crop value of table grapes 1997 to 2014 60

7.6 Irrigation methods for table grape plantings 62

7.7 Rootstocks of table grape plantings 1997 to 2014 63

7.8 Table grape property numbers and size 1997 to 2014 64

8. Bibliography 65


List of figures

Figure 1: Map of the study area 10

Figure 2: Hectares of wine, table and dried grape plantings from 1997 to 2014 15

Figure 3: Summary of changes in grape varieties and areas (hectares) from 1997 to 2014 16

Figure 4: Crop value ($ million) of Murray Valley wine, table and dried grapes 1997 to 2014 17

Figure 5: Farm gate value (weighted average $/hectare) of wine, dried and table grapes 18

Figure 6: Change in irrigation methods for Murray Valley grape plantings from 1997 to 2014 19

Figure 7: Change in rootstocks of grape plantings from 1997 to 2014 20

Figure 8: Change in property numbers and size 1997 to 2014 21

Figure 9: Grape growing properties in 2014 22

Figure 10: Summary of wine, table and dried grape property numbers and average property size 22

Figure 11: Change in wine grape plantings (hectares) from 1997 to 2014 23

Figure 12: Hectares of bearing and non-bearing white wine grape varieties 1997 to 2014 24

Figure 13: Hectares of bearing and non-bearing red wine grape varieties 1997 to 2014 25

Figure 14: Area (hectares) planted to white wine grape varieties 1997 to 2014 26

Figure 15: Area (hectares) planted to red wine grape varieties 1997 to 2014 27

Figure 16: Average yield (tonnes/hectare) from bearing wine grape plantings 1997 to 2014 28

Figure 17: Projected tonnage from wine grape plantings that were non-bearing in 2014 29

Figure 18: Weighted average price ($/tonne) for wine grapes from the Murray Valley 30

Figure 19: Average prices ($/tonne) for white wine grape varieties 1997 to 2014 31

Figure 20: Average prices paid for red wine grape varieties ($/tonne) 1997 to 2014 32

Figure 21: Trends in the planted hectares of Murray Valley wine grapes as prices fluctuate 33

Figure 22: Crop value ($ million) from Murray Valley wine grape crush surveys 1997 to 2014 34

Figure 23: Change in farm gate value ($/hectare) of wine grapes from 1997 to 2014 35

Figure 24: Change in irrigation methods for wine grape plantings from 1997 to 2014 36

Figure 25: Change in rootstocks of wine grape plantings from 1997 to 2014 37

Figure 26: Change in property numbers and size of wine grape properties from 1997 to 2014 38

Figure 27: Wine grape properties in 2014 38

Figure 28: Summary of bearing and non-bearing dried grape plantings 39

Figure 29: Hectares of bearing and non-bearing dried grape varieties 1997 to 2014 40

Figure 30: Change in hectares of dried grape varieties from 1997 to 2014 41

Figure 31: Dried grapes from the Murray Valley (tonnes) delivered to packers 1997 to 2013 42

Figure 32: Average yields (dried tonnes/ha) for dried grape fruit 1997 to 2013 42

Figure 33: Projected tonnage from dried grape varieties that were non-bearing in 2014 43

Figure 34: Weighted average price ($/dried tonne) for dried grape fruit from 1997 to 2013, and

estimated prices for 2014 44

Figure 35: Trends in planted hectares of dried grapes as prices fluctuate 45

Figure 36: Regional income ($ million) from dried grape fruit based on intake data and 2014

estimates 46

Figure 37: Farm gate value or gross income ($/hectare) for dried grape fruit 1997 to 2014 47

Figure 38: Change in irrigation methods for dried grape plantings from 1997 to 2014 48

Figure 39: Change in rootstocks of dried grape plantings from 1997 to 2014 49

Figure 40: Property numbers and average size of dried grape properties 1997 to 2014 50

Figure 41: Dried grape properties in 2014 50

Figure 42: Summary of bearing and non-bearing table grape plantings (hectares) 1997 to 2014 51

Figure 43: Hectares of bearing and non-bearing table grape varieties 1997 to 2014 52

Figure 44: Change in table grape varieties (hectares) 1997 to 2014 53


Figure 45: Annual production estimate (tonnes) of table grapes 1997 to 2014 54

Figure 46: Seasonality of bearing and non-bearing table grape varieties in 2014 55

Figure 47: Projected tonnage from table grape varieties that were non-bearing in 2014 56

Figure 48: Average wholesale price ($ per kilogram) for table grapes delivered into Melbourne and

Sydney markets 1997 to 2014 57

Figure 49: Monthly average wholesale prices ($ per kilogram) for table grapes at Melbourne and

Sydney markets between January and April, 1997 to 2014 58

Figure 50: Trends in planted hectares of table grapes as prices fluctuate 59

Figure 51: Regional income ($ million) from table grapes 1997 to 2014 60

Figure 52: Changes in farm gate value (weighted average $/ha) of table grapes 1997 to 2014 61

Figure 53: Change in irrigation methods for table grape plantings from 1997 to 2014 62

Figure 54: Change in rootstocks of table grape plantings from 1997 to 2014 63

Figure 55: Change in property numbers and size for table grape growers from 1997 to 2014 64

Figure 56: Table grape properties in 2014 64


1. Summary

The study area, referred to as the ‘Murray Valley’ in this report, encompasses the Lower Murray

Darling region of Victoria and New South Wales (Figure 1).

The region has over 1,200 growers producing wine, table and dried grapes from 31,085 hectares

of grapevines. This report tracks the three industries over the past seventeen years with respect

to grape varieties, hectares (bearing and non-bearing), production (tonnes), yields (tonnes/ha),

prices, crop value ($ million), farm gate value ($/ha), irrigation methods, rootstocks, grower

numbers and property sizes.

With over-supply of wine grapes still an issue, the table grape industry on the rise and the dried

grape industry looking to increase its production base, an understanding of development and

investment over the past seventeen years will better inform future investment and adjustment in

response to changing markets and growing conditions.

Non-bearing (new and redeveloped) plantings

In 1997, 22% (5,980 ha) of grapevine plantings were non-bearing (less than three years old). This

high proportion of new (including redeveloped) plantings was fuelled by the wine grape boom,

with 4,640 ha of the non-bearing plantings being wine grape varieties (Figure 2).

Possibly high wine grape prices in the late 1990’s also assisted investment in dried and table

grapes as there were 1,845 ha of non-bearing table grape plantings in 2003 and 1,135 ha of dried

grape plantings; the largest areas of new table and dried grape plantings compared with the

1997, 2006, 2009 and 2014 seasons. New dried grape plantings in the early 2000’s would also

coincide with conversion to trellis drying.

By 2014, only 8% (2,420 ha) of all plantings were non-bearing. 69% of the non-bearing plantings

were table grape varieties (1,670 ha); predominantly Crimson Seedless (Figure 43). Production

from the 2014 non-bearing table grape plantings represents a 24% (40,080 tonnes) increase on

2014 production from bearing plantings (170,040 tonnes) (Figure 47).

Grape varieties

Diversification to new grape varieties is evident in the study region. New dried grape varieties

include Sunmuscat, Sunglo, Diamond Muscat, Black Gem, Selma Pete and Summer Muscat. Wine

grape varieties new to the region include Pinot Gris, Fiano, Montepulciano, Nero d’Avola and

other Muscat and Italian varieties. New table grape varieties include Autumn Royal, Ralli

Seedless, Crimson Seedless and a range of proprietary varieties.

The dominant grape varieties (52% of plantings) are Chardonnay (5,145 ha), Sultana/Thompson

Seedless (4,159 ha), Shiraz (3,576 ha) and Crimson Seedless (3,377 ha) (Figure 3).

Sultana (including Thompson Seedless) plantings decreased by 10,289 ha between 1997 and

2014. As there were around 2,000 ha of new Sultana plantings in this period, 12,289 ha of old

Sultana plantings were removed.

Crimson Seedless plantings increased by 3,329 ha between 1997 and 2014. This was the most

popular variety followed by Shiraz (an increase of 2,290 ha) and Chardonnay (2,114 ha).


Yields

The average yield in 2014 across all wine grapes was 23 tonnes/ha, based on the 2014 Wine

Grape Crush Report (tonnes) and SunRISE crop mapping (hectares). Average wine grape yields

ranged from 18 to 23 tonnes/ha in the seasons 1997, 2003, 2006 and 2009 (Figure 16).

Average dried grape yields across the region ranged from 3.6 to 6.0 dried tonnes per ha, based on

intake tonnages and SunRISE crop mapping (Figure 32).

Table grape production was estimated based on average yields of 20 kg/vine from 1,200 vines/ha.

The greatest increase in production between 1997 and 2014 was in mid- to late-season red grape

varieties; an estimated increase of 59,534 tonnes (Figure 45). There was a significant decrease in

mid-season white table grape production estimated at 22,817 tonnes between 1997 and 2014.

Prices

Prices for wine grapes purchased from the Murray Valley decreased by 59% for red grape

varieties and by 33% for white grape varieties between 1997 and 2014 (Figure 18).

The weighted average price for dried grapes increased from $1,431 per dried tonne in 1997 to an

estimated $1,700 per dried tonne in 2014 (Figure 34).

Average prices returned to table grape growers from the wholesale markets increased overall by

$0.20 between 1997 and 2014 (Figure 48). The greatest price increase ($0.79) was for black

grapes. The price of white grapes between 1997 and 2014 fell by $0.18.

Crop value ($ million)

The estimated crop value of Murray Valley wine, table and dried grapes totalled $362 million in

2014 (Figure 4). Crop value has increased by $101 million (39%) since 1997.

Wine grapes accounted for 35% of the crop value of Murray Valley grapes in 2014, dried grapes

9% and table grapes 56%.

Farm gate value ($/ha)

Farm gate value of wine grapes declined by 37%; from $11,300/ha in 1997 to $7,100/ha in 2014.

For dried and table grapes it increased in the same period by 66% and 19% respectively (Figure 5)

Irrigation methods

Murray Valley grapevines are predominantly (89%) irrigated with drippers or low level sprinklers

(Figure 6).

The dominant irrigation method was furrow in 1997; however this changed to drippers by 2003.

In 2014 wine and dried grape plantings were predominantly drip irrigated, and table grape

plantings predominantly irrigated with low level sprinklers (Figure 24, Figure 38 and Figure 53).


Rootstocks

The proportion of Murray Valley grape plantings on a rootstock increased from 30% in 1997 to

71% in 2014 (page 20).

The dominant rootstocks are Ramsey (33% of grape plantings), Schwarzmann (13%) and Paulsen

1103 (10%) (Figure 7).

67% of wine grape plantings are on a rootstock (Figure 25), 69% of dried grape plantings are on a

rootstock (Figure 39) and 81% of table grape plantings are on a rootstock (Figure 54).

Grower numbers and property size

From 1997 to 2014 grower numbers declined from an estimated 2,445 to 1,277 properties, while

average property size (grapevine area) increased by 119%, from 11.1 ha to 24.3 ha per property

(Figure 8).

In 2014, 24% of grape properties were over 20 ha, growing 75% of grape plantings (Figure 9).

31% of properties growing wine grapes also produce table and/or dried grapes (page 38).

43% of properties growing dried grapes also produce wine and/or table grapes (page 50).

25% of properties growing table grapes also produce wine and/or dried grapes (page 64).


2. Introduction

Mildura Development Corporation has a vision of “Our Region. Our Prosperity.” To achieve this,

it is important that we maintain a detailed understanding of the horticultural commodities that

provide a significant contribution to the prosperity of the region. To that end, Mildura

Development Corporation’s 2013-16 Strategic Plan includes a goal to facilitate regional

innovation and business development, which we do by working with industry and business to

facilitate growth in our region, making economic and statistical research on the region available,

identifying investment opportunities through proactive research, assisting in building vibrant and

sustainable communities by making such research accessible, and supporting innovative alliances

to encourage business development.

Grape industries in the Lower Murray Darling have experienced fluctuating conditions in the

recent decade (wine glut, drought, abnormal climatic events, low water allocations, rocketing of

temporary water prices, flooding, water buyback and exit grants, a high Australian dollar, and

opening of markets in China). Significant changes in planting areas, varieties, water use,

rootstocks, property numbers and size, and irrigation methods are evident across the region’s

horticulture (Mallee CMA 2012 Crop Report and 2012 Irrigated Horticulture of the Lower Murray-

Darling (SunRISE 21, 2012)).

With 31,085 hectares of grapevines planted in the region and a further 10,000 hectares of vacant,

irrigable land that has the potential to be brought back into production, it is critical to collate

accurate and comparative information for sound investment and planning decisions, to assist new

investors coming into the region and existing growers transitioning between wine, table and dried

viticulture, or diversifying to other crop types. In particular, a focus on varietal mix and tonnage

projections, based on current and potential plantings, was required to inform industries’ planning

and marketing strategies.

In 2014 the Mildura Development Corporation in collaboration with Regional Development

Victoria and the three grape industry bodies, contracted SunRISE Mapping and Research to

conduct an industry position analysis of grape crops across the three industry sectors in the

Lower Murray Darling region of Victoria and New South Wales.

The analysis is based on SunRISE crop databases (1997 to 2014) obtained from mapping of

irrigated crops utilising orthophoto imagery (scale accurate, digital, aerial photography), grower

input and industry collaboration.


2.1 Study area

This report covers grapevine plantings in the Lower Murray Darling region of Victoria and New South

Wales (Figure 1). The study area is referred to as the ‘Murray Valley’ in this report. It encompasses the

Murray Darling and Swan Hill wine regions as well as plantings along the Darling River upstream to

Menindee.

Figure 1: Map of the study area


2.2 Project background and consultant’s brief

Irrigated horticulture in the Lower Murray Darling is recovering from a decade of extreme

conditions. New export market opportunities are fuelling confidence in the industry, with

redevelopment and new investment occurring across different irrigated commodities, and rapid

expansion particularly in table grape varieties. Accurate and detailed industry data is required to

inform investment and redevelopment. With the promise of modernised irrigation delivery in the

Older Irrigated Areas of Merbein, Mildura and Red Cliffs, this information will be critical to

redevelopment and new investment in viticulture. The launch of the National Food Plan and its

focus on Asia, will also deliver new investment into horticultural production as markets grow into

the next decade.

Changes to plantings in each industry (investments, redevelopment) will underlie the economic

success of each industry. Clarity on plantings is required to inform decision making, paramount to

a sustainable recovery, avoidance of another ‘boom and bust’ scenario, and sustainable growth

within each industry.

Significant changes in planting areas, varieties, water use, rootstocks, property numbers and size,

and irrigation methods are already evident across the region’s horticulture (Mallee CMA 2012

Crop Report and 2012 Irrigated Horticulture of the Lower Murray-Darling (SunRISE 21, 2012))

although those Crop Reports did not provide analysis to the grape variety level. Similarly, data on

grape plantings from the state government, industry bodies and ABS census data are not available

to the variety level.

Each of the Murray Darling grape industry sectors has conducted their own analyses, but not

using consistent types or sources of information.

This report represents the first coordinated analysis of data to the grape variety level, including

irrigation and cultural management details.

The SunRISE crop database includes planting details from 1997 to 2014. The crop mapping

provides accurate areas as it is based on a time series of high resolution orthophoto imagery

(scale accurate, digital, aerial photography). Crop details, such as crop type, area and irrigation

method, are derived from input from irrigators, field surveys and visual interpretation of the

imagery.

The analysis encompasses grape plantings in the lower Murray-Darling region of Victoria and New

South Wales (Figure 1). The region is referred to as the ‘Murray Valley’ in this report.

2014 planting data is compared in this report with data from 1997, 2003, 2006 and 2009.

The Brief

SunRISE Mapping and Research was contracted to collect, collate and report on:

1. grape variety data in collaboration with dried, wine and table grape growers and industry

groups, with at least 80% of each industry surveyed to the variety level

2. changes in plantings between 1997 and 2014, by variety, property numbers & size, vine

ages, irrigation methods, rootstocks and new plantings for each of the three industries

(wine, table & dried)

3. average production and crop (farm gate) values

4. production projections for dominant varieties, and by seasonality for table grapes


3. Data sources and method

3.1 SunRISE crop data acquisition and accuracy

SunRISE crop mapping

SunRISE crop mapping is based on high resolution orthophoto imagery (i.e. scale accurate digital

imagery processed from aerial photography) which has been updated every three years since

1997.

The scale accurate imagery provides accurate areas. Crop database details such as ownership,

crop type, variety, rootstock, irrigation method and year planted are acquired by a combination

of:

• Interpretation of orthophoto imagery and field surveys

• Preparation of property crop maps for Sunbeam Foods contracted growers

• Preparation of property crop maps for Australia Premium Dried Fruits contracted growers

• Preparation of property crop maps for table grape export registration

• Public domain real estate sales information

• Preparation of property maps for growers for property planning and management;

irrigation design, soil surveys, quality assurance, redevelopment.

65% of the Murray Valley’s 1,277 grape growers have had input to the databases within the last

three years. 90% of growers have been surveyed since inception of the mapping system in 1997.

The imagery is used to identify changes to crops. When a change in planting is identified from

the imagery the crop variety is recorded as ‘not surveyed’ and the approximate year of change

recorded. Hence, crop details for growers who have not been surveyed recently will have crop

variety details recorded for plantings that don’t appear to have changed since the survey and ‘not

surveyed’ recorded for plantings that appear to have changed since the survey.

When details are received for crops previously ‘not surveyed’ the earlier databases are back filled

where relevant.

Orthophoto imagery

Information presented in this report is for the years 1997, 2003, 2006, 2009 and 2014. The

orthophoto imagery used as a map base for each of these years was captured at the start of the

year. Hence the information represents the 1996-97, 2002-03, 2005-06, 2008-09 and 2013-14

irrigation seasons respectively. The imagery is high resolution, generally 35cm or 30cm pixels.

Every crop patch is checked against the imagery time series to ensure changes are correctly

recorded.

The imagery from 1997 to 2009 is the property of SunRISE Mapping and was acquired in

collaboration with regional agencies. 2013 and 2014 imagery was sourced from Google Earth and

from NearMap via a web portal.


3.2 Source of crop production and crop prices data

Wine grapes

Wine grape production and price data was sourced from public domain data:

• Murray Valley Winegrape Utilisation Survey 1997 (Agriculture Victoria, 1997)

• Murray Valley Winegrape Utilisation Survey 2003 (Department of Primary Industries,

2003),

• Australian Regional Wine Grape Crush Survey Murray Darling, Swan Hill 2006

(Department of Primary Industries, 2006),

• Wine Grape Crush Survey Murray Darling / Swan Hill 2009 (Department of Primary

Industries, 2009)

• Wine Grape Crush Report Murray Darling Swan Hill 2014 (Hickey & Hengsen, 2014)

Dried grapes

Dried grape production and price data was sourced from Sunbeam Foods, and from Horticulture

Australia via Dried Fruits Australia.

Table grapes

Table grape production was estimated based on an assumption of 1,200 vines per hectare

yielding an average of 2 boxes per vine in full production (i.e. 2,400 boxes per hectare or 970

boxes per acre).

Table grape prices were sourced from Ausmarket Consultants (2014) based on average prices

($/box):

• for each grape variety

• for grapes sourced from the Murray Valley (Victoria and NSW)

• for grapes sent to Sydney and Melbourne markets in the months January to April

inclusive, for the years 1997, 2003, 2006, 2009 and 2014


3.3 Limitations

Extrapolation of SunRISE crop data

Information on grape varieties, irrigation methods, rootstocks and property ownership are

derived from analyses of the SunRISE crop databases and extrapolation for unknown (‘not

surveyed’) records.

At least 80% of crop varieties are recorded for each year (1997, 2003, 2006, 2009 and 2014) with

the exception of:

• 2014 non-bearing wine grape varieties where only 25% of non-bearing varieties are

recorded. The 2014 non-bearing wine grape varieties have not been extrapolated (Figure

12, Figure 14, Figure 13 and Figure 15).

• 2014 non-bearing table grape varieties where only 62% of non-bearing varieties are

recorded. The 2014 non-bearing table grape varieties were still extrapolated (Figure 43).

At least 70% of crop rootstocks are recorded for each year (1997, 2003, 2006, 2009 and 2014)

with the exception of:

• 2009 and 2014 table grape plantings where only 63% and 54% respectively of rootstocks

are recorded. The 2009 and 2014 table grape rootstock data was still extrapolated

(Figure 54).

Areas and varieties of non-bearing plantings (less than three years old) are provided however the

areas are likely to be under-stated as not all new and redeveloped plantings will have been

recorded. SunRISE relies on visual identification of changes to plantings from the imagery and

from information provided by growers.

Multi use varieties

Total areas (hectares) of grapevine plantings for each year in this report are accurate as they are

mapped from scale accurate high resolution imagery. However, the area split for multi-use

varieties, such as Gordo and Sultana, between the three markets (wine, table and dried) can be

subject to error.

Given that there are large areas of multi-use varieties their influence on total wine/dried/table

areas can be significant. Without direct input from a grower on the market for their produce in a

given season, SunRISE uses the history of the growers produce types, trellising details, crop prices

etc. to assess the likely market that the fruit was consigned to.

Also, the imagery provides visual clues as to produce type; such as white plastic covers over table

grapes, smaller canopy on wine grape plantings and the patterning of canopy on a Shaw trellis for

drying is often distinct.

Area harvested versus area planted

Areas (hectares) stated in this report are the areas planted, not the area harvested.

No attempt has been made to determine the proportion of crop not harvested in each of the

seasons presented. Production and crop value estimates are based on all bearing plantings

having been harvested, whereas this is not necessarily the case.

Property numbers

Property numbers are estimates only. In the SunRISE crop databases a ‘property’ is a corporate

entity or family business where the family business can encompass multiple farms and family

members. However, ‘property’ names are entered into the crop database as specified by growers

and they may represent individual family members rather than the family company. This would

suggest that property numbers are over stated in the analysis.


4. Murray Valley grape plantings 1997 to 2014

4.1 Change in wine, table & dried plantings 1997 to 2014

Figure 2 summarises bearing and non-bearing hectares of wine, table and dried grape plantings

across the Murray Valley from 1997 to 2014.

• New plantings and redevelopment in the vineyard has slowed considerably since 1997. While 22%

of plantings were non-bearing in 1997, only 8% were non-bearing in 2014.

• The largest area of non-bearing plantings in 2014 was table grape plantings (1,670 hectares).

• There were 4,400 hectares of non-bearing wine grape plantings in 2006, despite falling grape

prices; however the ensuing years of continued oversupply, low prices, drought and low water

allocations saw non-bearing wine grape plantings decline to just 530 hectares by 2014. Non-

bearing wine grape plantings in 2014 are predominantly on large corporate holdings.

• The large area (1,135 hectares) of non-bearing dried grape plantings in 2003 is mostly Sultana,

Sunmuscat and Carina plantings coinciding with the removal of over 2,000 hectares of old Sultana

plantings between 1997 and 2003. Possibly income generated from the wine grape boom assisted

redevelopment of dried grape plantings along with conversion to trellis drying.

Figure 2: Hectares of wine, table and dried grape plantings from 1997 to 2014

1997 2003 2006 2009 2014

Grapes 1997 2003 2006 2009 2014 % of 2014

total

Change (ha)

1997-2014

Wine Bearing 9,090 17,260 19,400 19,805 18,220 59% +9,130

Non-bearing 4,640 4,430 4,400 2,120 530 2% -4,110

Table Bearing 4,630 5,840 6,465 6,225 7,085 23% +2,455

Non-bearing 910 1,845 1,575 1,095 1,670 5% +760

Dried Bearing 7,520 4,995 4,835 3,455 3,360 11% -4,160

Non-bearing 430 1,135 400 185 220 1% -210

Total hectares 27,220 35,505 37,075 32,885 31,085 100% +3,865

% Bearing 78% 79% 83% 90% 92%

% Non-bearing 22% 21% 17% 10% 8%

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

35,000

40,000

he

cta

res

Wine non-bearing

Wine bearing

Table non-bearing

Table bearing

Dried non-bearing

Dried bearing


4.2 Summary of grape varieties 1997 to 2014

Figure 3 lists the main grape varieties grown in the Murray Valley region and the change in

hectares from 1997 to 2014. Significant changes in this period were:

• The area of Sultana/Thompson Seedless plantings decreased by 10,289 hectares. (Over 12,290

hectares of Sultanas were removed as there was at least 2,000 hectares of new Sultana

plantings between 1997 and 2014)

• The area of Crimson Seedless increased by 3,329 hectares

• 52% of plantings in 2014 comprised four varieties; Chardonnay (5,145 ha), Sultana/Thompson

Seedless (4,159 ha), Shiraz (3,576 ha) and Crimson Seedless (3,377 ha)

Figure 3: Summary of changes in grape varieties and areas (hectares) from 1997 to 2014

Variety 1997 2003 2006 2009 2014 % of

2014

Change

1997-2014

Dried Other dried 3 10 35 36 124 0% +121

Multi-

use

Black Muscat 18 22 16 14 15 0% -4

Carina 251 285 413 357 363 1% +112

Flame Seedless 171 170 152 113 173 1% +3

Gordo 1,551 1,262 1,291 1,306 1,004 3% -547

Menindee Seedless 905 1,326 1,266 1,074 915 3% +10

Merbein Seedless 49 36 33 24 15 0% -34

Sultana/Thompson 14,448 10,179 7,499 4,660 4,159 13% -10,289

Sunmuscat 17 364 442 480 606 2% +589

Waltham 282 144 102 48 34 0% -249

Zante 390 205 136 35 26 0% -364

Table

black

Autumn Royal 0 13 243 348 354 1% +354

Other black 88 66 77 68 55 0% -33

Table

red

Crimson Seedless 48 808 1,259 1,889 3,377 11% +3,329

Other red 309 231 297 68 30 0% -279

Ralli Seedless 38 112 122 109 210 1% +171

Red Globe 842 1,513 1,496 1,271 1,042 3% +200

Table Other white 350 400 585 263 151 0% -198

Table PBR varieties1 4 15 52 142 597 2% +593

Wine

red

Cab. Sauvignon 1,077 3,463 3,295 2,990 2,629 8% +1,553

Merlot 379 1,900 2,104 1,907 1,664 5% +1,285

Other red 172 565 564 595 560 2% +388

Pinot Noir 12 136 209 284 292 1% +280

Ruby Cabernet 255 571 444 326 225 1% -30

Shiraz 1,287 3,749 4,280 4,089 3,576 12% +2,290

Wine

white

Chardonnay 3,031 5,784 7,439 6,414 5,145 17% +2,114

Colombard 446 1,050 1,046 1,017 660 2% +214

Other white 352 454 559 704 566 2% +214

Pinot Grigio/Gris 0 38 570 827 808 3% +808

Sauvignon Blanc 99 155 513 892 836 3% +737

Semillon 346 480 535 534 476 2% +129

Wine Not surveyed - - - - 397 1% +397

Total hectares 27,220 35,505 37,075 32,885 31,085 100% +3,865

1 PBR (Plant Breeders’ Rights) in this table refers to proprietary varieties only recently, or still waiting to be, granted

plant variety rights


4.3 Value of grape production in the Murray Valley

Figure 4 summarises crop values for wine grapes (Figure 22), dried grapes (Figure 36) and table

grapes (Figure 51) and provides an estimate of the total value of the grape industry in the Murray

Valley region from 1997 to 2014.

Crop value of Murray Valley grape production increased by 39% ($101 million); from $261 million

in 1997 to $362 million in 2014.

Wine grapes account for 35% of the 2014 Murray Valley grape crop value, dried grape fruit 9%

and table grapes 56%.

Figure 4: Crop value ($ million) of Murray Valley wine, table and dried grapes 1997 to 2014

1997 2003 2006 2009 2014

Grapes 1997 2003 2006 2009 2014 % of 2014

total

Change

1997-2014

White wine $79.8 $101.6 $87.1 $72.3 $70.3 19% - $9.4

Red wine $23.0 $82.4 $68.3 $66.3 $59.0 16% + $36.1

Total wine value $102.7 $184.0 $155.3 $138.6 $129.4 + $26.6

Sultanas $33.3 $18.2 $27.9 $21.9 $18.8 5% - $14.5

Sunmuscat - $1.2 $2.3 $2.9 $5.5 2% + $4.3

Raisins $3.4 $2.2 $2.1 $2.0 $1.9 1% - $1.5

Currants $4.5 $3.8 $3.4 $3.5 $4.2 1% - $0.3

Other - $0.1 $0.1 $0.0 $0.1 0% + 0.0

Total dried value $41.2 $25.4 $35.9 $30.4 $30.6 - $10.6

White table $90.6 $94.6 $98.8 $73.6 $58.6 16% - $32.0

Red table $25.0 $46.8 $81.3 $94.3 $123.2 34% + $98.2

Black table $1.7 $2.0 $2.4 $12.3 $20.3 6% + $18.6

Total table value $117.3 $143.3 $182.5 $180.3 $202.1 + $84.8

Murray Valley

income ($ million) $261 $353 $374 $349 $362 100% + $101

$103

$184$155 $139 $129

$41

$25$36

$30 $31

$117

$143 $183$180 $202

$0

$100

$200

$300

$400

Va

lue

of

gra

pe

s

($ m

illio

n d

olla

rs)

Total table

Total dried

Total wine


4.4 Farm gate value of wine, table and dried grapes

Figure 5 shows the change in farm gate value of wine, dried and table grapes from 1997 to 2014.

(Values are summarised from Figure 23, Figure 37 and Figure 52 respectively.)

Farm gate value ($/hectare) represents the gross return to growers before deducting costs of

production. Costs of production are not considered in this analysis (and are not a part of the

project brief), but they vary for wine, dried and table grape production and vary over time having

a significant impact on net income. For instance, while farm gate value of table grapes is much

higher than wine and dried grapes, table grapes have considerably higher production costs

impacting on net income. Information on costs of production can be sourced from relevant

industry groups.

Farm gate value of wine grapes declined by 37%; from $11,300 per hectare in 1997 to $7,100 per

hectare in 2014.

Farm gate values of sultanas, sunmuscats, raisins and currants increased between 1997 and 2014,

with a 66% increase overall for dried grapes.

Farm gate value of white table grapes decreased in the same period by 17%, but red and black

table grapes increased by 31% and 88% respectively.

Figure 5: Farm gate value (weighted average $/hectare) of wine, dried and table grapes

DR

IED

Sultanas $5,031 $4,269 $7,150 $8,749 $8,300 +65% +$3,269

Sunmuscat - $8,289 $6,469 $6,882 $10,313 +24% +$2,024

Raisins $8,048 $8,677 $11,172 $11,709 $10,877 +35% +$2,829

Currants $9,867 $11,171 $9,301 $10,033 $11,326 +15% +$1,460

Other dried - $7,046 $6,782 $14,676 $14,924 +112% +$7,878

$/hectare dried

grapes $5,479 $5,076 $7,422 $8,802 $9,104 +66% +$3,625

TA

BLE

White table $25,409 $27,318 $24,468 $20,145 $21,112 -17% -$4,246

Red table $25,506 $26,304 $31,359 $36,533 $33,295 +31% +$8,224

Black table $21,474 $26,659 $30,577 $33,624 $40,396 +88% +$18,180

$/hectare table

grapes $24,657 $26,728 $28,859 $31,625 $29,425 +19% +$4,768

Grapes 1997 2003 2006 2009 2014 Change 1997-2014

% $/ha

WIN

E White wine $10,127 $12,257 $9,058 $7,089 $7,528 -26% -$2,599

Red wine $18,917 $9,180 $6,975 $6,901 $6,650 -65% -$12,267

$/hectare wine

grapes $11,300 $10,658 $8,007 $6,998 $7,100 -37% - 4,200


4.5 Change in irrigation methods 1997 to 2014

Figure 6 summarises irrigation methods for grapevines across the Murray Valley from 1997 to

2014.

The dominant irrigation method changed from furrow irrigation to drip irrigation between 1997

and 2003.

89% of grapevines are irrigated with drippers or low-level sprinklers.

Figure 6: Change in irrigation methods for Murray Valley grape plantings from 1997 to 2014

1997 2003 2006 2009 2014

Irrigation

method 1997 2003 2006 2009 2014

% of 2014

total

Change (ha)

1997-2014

Drip 3,880 11,885 16,515 19,950 21,420 69% +17,540

Low level 3,890 7,510 7,860 6,765 6,245 20% +2,355

Overhead 8,450 9,715 8,495 4,625 2,600 8% -5,850

Furrow 11,000 6,395 4,205 1,545 820 3% -10,180

Total (ha) 27,220 35,505 37,075 32,885 31,085 100% +3,865

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

He

cta

res

Drip

Low level

Overhead

Furrow


4.6 Change in rootstocks 1997 to 2014

Figure 7 lists rootstocks of grapevine plantings in the Murray Valley study area and shows the

proportion of plantings that are not on a rootstock (29% in 2014). Plantings not on a rootstock

are either on their own roots or have been top-worked on to the roots of the previous variety.

The proportion of plantings on a rootstock increased from 30% in 1997 to 71% in 2014. The

dominant rootstocks are Ramsey (33%), Schwarzmann (13%) and Paulsen 1103 (10% of plantings).

Figure 7: Change in rootstocks of grape plantings from 1997 to 2014

1997 2003 2006 2009 2014

1997 2003 2006 2009 2014 % of 2014

total

Change

1997-2014

Not on rootstock 19,188 17,428 14,667 10,784 8,983 29% -10,205

Dog Ridge 176 433 547 596 689 2% +513

Harmony 299 301 274 208 196 1% -104

Kober 5BB 9 242 300 344 355 1% +346

K51-32 51 119 121 98 87 0% +37

K51-40 127 271 286 263 193 1% +66

101-14 25 128 260 276 304 1% +279

Paulsen 1103 40 1,083 2,362 2,678 3,228 10% +3,187

Ramsey 4,943 9,368 11,070 10,620 10,139 33% +5,195

Richter 99,110 14 59 59 90 98 0% +84

Ruggeri 140 229 1,144 1,632 1,606 1,721 6% +1,493

Schwarzmann 1,571 3,902 4,357 4,208 4,000 13% +2,429

SO4 31 57 80 78 70 0% +39

Teleki 5A,5C 486 918 1,004 979 976 3% +490

Other rootstocks2 32 50 57 56 46 0% +14

Total hectares 27,220 35,505 37,075 32,885 31,085 100% +3,865

% No rootstock 70% 49% 40% 33% 29%

% on a rootstock 30% 51% 60% 67% 71%

2 Other rootstocks: 34EMFoex, 3309 Couderc, Freedom, Riparia Gloire, Rupestris du Lot, Salt Creek

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

35,000

40,000

he

cta

res

Other rootstock

Teleki 5A,5C

SO4

Schwarzmann

Ruggeri 140

Richter 99,110

Ramsey

Paulsen 1103

101-14

K51-40

K51-32

Kober 5BB

Harmony

Dog Ridge

Not on rootstock


4.7 Change in property numbers and size 1997 to 2014

Figure 8 provides estimates of property numbers and average property size (grapevine area)

across the Murray Valley study area from 1997 to 2014.

• The study area has approximately 1,277 properties growing grapevines for wine, dried and/or table

grape production. Average property size (grapevine area) is 24.3 hectares.

• The average property size (grapevine area) more than doubled; from 11.1 hectares in 1997 to 24.3

hectares in 2014.

• There were 1,168 fewer grape growing properties in 2014 than in 1997; a 48% decline in property

numbers.

• The number of properties below 20 hectares decreased by 1,245 properties, while the number of

properties over 20 hectares increased by 77.

Figure 8: Change in the number and size of grape growing properties 1997 to 2014

1997 2003 2006 2009 2014

Property size

(grapevine area) 1997 2003 2006 2009 2014

% of 2014

total

Change

1997-2014

1 to 5 ha 688 667 626 498 322 25% -366

5 to 10 ha 887 792 705 510 366 29% -521

10 to 20 ha 640 629 551 379 282 22% -358

20 to 40 ha 182 229 214 186 188 15% +6

40 to 100 ha 38 59 65 62 75 6% +37

100 to 500 ha 10 39 42 42 38 3% +28

> 500 ha 1 5 6 6 0% +6

Total properties 2,445 2,416 2,208 1,683 1,277 100% -1,168

Average size (ha) 11.1 14.7 16.8 19.5 24.3

688 667 626 498 322

887 792 705

510

366

640 629

551

379

282

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

Nu

mb

er

of

pro

pe

rtie

s

> 500 ha

100 to 500 ha

50 to 100 ha

20 to 50 ha

10 to 20 ha

5 to 10 ha

1 to 5 ha


4.7.1 Grape growing properties in 2014

In 2014, 24% of grape properties were over 20 ha, growing 75% of grape plantings (Figure 9).

Figure 9: Grape growing properties in 2014

Property size

(grape area)

2014

Properties

% of total

properties

2014

Hectares

% of total

hectares

1 to 5 ha 322 25% 995 3%

5 to 10 ha 366 29% 2,620 8%

10 to 20 ha 282 22% 4,005 13%

20 to 40 ha 188 15% 5,800 19%

40 to 100 ha 75 6% 5,110 16%

100 to 500 ha 38 3% 8,145 26%

> 500 ha 6 0% 4,410 14%

2014 total 1,277 100% 31,085 100%

31% of properties growing wine grapes also produce table and/or dried grapes (page 38).

43% of properties growing dried grapes also produce wine and/or table grapes (page 50).

25% of properties growing table grapes also produce wine and/or dried grapes (page 64).

4.7.2 Summary of wine, table & dried property numbers and size

Figure 10: Summary of wine, table and dried grape property numbers and average property size

Property numbers 1997 2003 2006 2009 2014 % of 2014

total

Change

1997-2014

Wine grapes 1,414 1,509 1,362 997 667 44% -747

Table grapes 590 667 614 512 443 30% -147

Dried grapes 1,270 928 767 497 397 26% -873

Total properties* 2,445 2,416 2,208 1,683 1,277 100% -1,168

Average property size

(grape ha)

Change 1997-2014

% ha

Properties with wine

grapes 13.2 17.7 20.8 25.2 32.9 + 150% + 19.7

Properties with table

grapes 13.6 17.1 18.3 19.5 23.2 + 71% + 9.6

Properties with dried

grapes 9.9 11.1 11.6 11.7 13.6 + 38% + 3.7

Average size (grape ha) 11.1 14.7 16.8 19.5 24.3

*Note: Total property numbers across the study area are less than the sum of property numbers for

each of the wine, table and dried grape growers as many growers produce across two or more of the

three markets.


5. Wine grape industry analysis

5.1 Change in wine grape varieties 1997 to 2014

5.1.1 Bearing and non-bearing plantings

Wine grape plantings increased by 5,020 hectares between 1997 and 2014, largely due to the

planting of red wine grape varieties between 1997 and 2003.

The area of wine grape plantings peaked around 2006.

In 1997, 34% of wine grape plantings were non-bearing (i.e. new plantings less than 3 years old)

but by 2014, non-bearing plantings reduced to only 3%.

Figure 11: Change in wine grape plantings (hectares) from 1997 to 2014

1997 2003 2006 2009 2014

Wine grapes 1997 2003 2006 2009 2014 % of 2014

total

Change

1997-2014

White non-bearing 2,530 2,958 3,265 1,505 230 1% -2,300

White bearing 7,877 8,287 9,612 10,204 9,342 50% +1,465

Red non-bearing 2,110 1,472 1,135 615 300 2% -1,810

Red bearing 1,213 8,973 9,788 9,601 8,878 47% +7,665

Total wine grapes (ha) 13,730 21,690 23,800 21,925 18,750 100% +5,020

% Bearing 66% 80% 82% 90% 97%

% Non-bearing 34% 20% 18% 10% 3%

% White grapes 76% 52% 54% 53% 51%

% Red grapes 24% 48% 46% 47% 49%

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

he

cta

res

White non-bearing

White bearing

Red non-bearing

Red bearing


5.1.2 Hectares of bearing and non-bearing white wine grapes

Figure 12 shows the area (hectares) of bearing and non-bearing (less than three years old) white

wine grape varieties from 1997 to 2014.

Planting of white wine grape varieties has slowed considerably since 1997. Only 2% (230 ha) of

white wine grape plantings were non-bearing in 2014, compared with 24% (2,530 ha) in 1997.

Figure 12: Hectares of bearing and non-bearing white wine grape varieties 1997 to 2014

Variety

1997 (ha) 2003 (ha) 2006 (ha) 2009 (ha) 2014 (ha)

bearing Non-

bearing bearing

Non-

bearing bearing

Non-

bearing bearing

Non-

bearing bearing

Non-

bearing

WH

ITE

win

e g

rap

es

Chardonnay 1,228 1,802 3,635 2,149 5,608 1,831 6,278 136 5,142 3

Chenin Blanc 42 2 49 1 40 0 34 0 12 -

Colombard 341 105 734 315 995 51 890 127 660 -

Crouchen 24 0 37 6 42 5 41 5 45 -

Doradillo 61 1 26 0 11 0 7 0 2 -

Fiano 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 23 23 -

Frontignac 11 0 1 0 2 9 9 0 14 -

Gordo 1,166 114 869 216 875 229 805 340 832 18

Muscat Canada 25 1 11 0 8 22 22 35 52 -

Muscat other 26 4 46 2 48 0 44 93 126 6

Other white3 22 0 9 3 8 3 7 2 4 5

Pinot Grigio/Gris 0 0 0 38 37 532 574 253 801 6

Riesling 130 0 112 5 109 45 120 5 82 -

Sauvignon Blanc 67 31 125 30 145 368 485 407 826 10

Semillon 22 325 446 34 436 99 499 35 470 5

Sultana 4,652 145 2,094 86 1,092 4 174 0 58 -

Traminer 5 0 1 12 12 0 12 0 12 -

Verdelho 1 0 63 4 67 0 67 16 60 4

Vermentino 0 0 2 2 4 0 5 16 24 -

Viognier 0 1 10 55 62 68 127 11 97 -

Waltham 52 0 18 0 11 0 3 0 1 -

Not surveyed* 172

Total white hectares 7,877 2,530 8,287 2,958 9,612 3,265 10,204 1,505 9,342 230

% bearing/non-bearing 76% 24% 74% 26% 75% 25% 87% 13% 98% 2%

*Not surveyed: 75% (172 hectares) of non-bearing white wine grape varieties are unrecorded for

2014; hence 2014 non-bearing areas have not been extrapolated. All other figures have been

extrapolated with over 80% of varieties recorded.

3 Other white wine varieties include: Arneis, Flora, Italia, other Italian varieties, Malvasia, Palomino,

Prosecco, Savignin, Taminga, Tokay Friulilo and Verdejo.


5.1.3 Hectares of bearing and non-bearing red wine grapes

Figure 13 shows the area (hectares) of bearing and non-bearing (less than three years old) red

wine grape varieties from 1997 to 2014.

Planting of red wine grape varieties has slowed considerably since 1997. Only 3% (300 ha) of red

wine grape plantings were non-bearing in 2014, compared with 63% (2,110 ha) in 1997.

Figure 13: Hectares of bearing and non-bearing red wine grape varieties 1997 to 2014

Variety

1997 (ha) 2003 (ha) 2006 (ha) 2009 (ha) 2014 (ha)

bearing Non-

bearing bearing

Non-

bearing bearing

Non-

bearing bearing

Non-

bearing bearing

Non-

bearing

RE

D w

ine

gra

pe

s

Black Muscat 10 0 7 6 8 0 5 0 6 -

Cab. Sauvignon 349 727 3,203 260 3,255 40 2,868 122 2,594 35

Carina, Zante 123 8 48 0 16 2 20 0 1 -

Chambourcin 9 3 9 0 5 0 5 0 3 -

Cienna 0 0 0 30 29 18 47 0 43 -

Dolcetto 0 0 8 4 12 0 12 0 5 -

Durif 0 0 2 12 15 9 24 0 19 -

Graciano 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 8 -

Grenache 81 5 52 18 53 8 46 0 36 -

Malbec 2 0 11 0 11 5 12 0 17 12

Mataro 19 2 21 36 49 2 40 0 31 -

Merlot 80 299 1,658 242 1,833 271 1,896 11 1,657 7

Montepulciano 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 15 -

Nebbiolo 0 0 7 4 11 0 8 0 8 -

Negro Amaro 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 9 -

Nero d'Avola 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 12 4

Other red4 7 1 4 7 10 3 11 5 14 -

Petit Verdot 0 0 63 110 159 0 139 45 162 -

Pinot Noir 6 6 69 66 135 74 207 77 292 -

Red Frontignac 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 8 -

Rubired 21 0 17 0 0 0 0 8 7 12

Ruby Cabernet 140 114 529 43 438 6 326 0 225 -

Sagrantino 1 0 1 0 1 4 4 0 7 -

Sangiovese 1 2 69 44 89 7 76 0 68 -

Shiraz 345 942 3,179 569 3,630 651 3,817 272 3,570 6

Tarrango 19 0 15 12 21 9 4 0 4 -

Tempranillo 0 0 0 9 9 25 34 33 57 -

Not surveyed* 225

Total red (ha) 1,213 2,110 8,973 1,472 9,788 1,135 9,601 615 8,878 300

% Bearing/non-bearing 37% 63% 86% 14% 90% 10% 94% 6% 97% 3%

*Not surveyed: 75% (225 hectares) of non-bearing red wine grape varieties are unrecorded for

2014; hence these figures have not been extrapolated. All other figures have been extrapolated

with over 80% of varieties recorded.

4 Other red varieties includes; Barbera, Cabernet Franc, Gamay, Italian varieties, Lagrein, Lambrusco Maestri,

Tannat, Touriga and Zinfandal


5.1.4 White wine grape varieties

Figure 14 shows the total area (bearing plus non-bearing hectares (Figure 12)) of white wine

grape varieties and change from 1997 to 2014.

The dominant white wine varieties Chardonnay (54%), Gordo (9%), Sauvignon Blanc (9%), Pinot

Grigio (8%), Colombard (7%) and Semillon (5%) make up 92% of the 2014 planted area of white

wine grapes.

White wine grape plantings decreased by 835 hectares between 1997 and 2014.

Figure 14: Area (hectares) planted to white wine grape varieties 1997 to 2014

Variety 1997 2003 2006 2009 2014 % of 2014

total white

Change

1997-2014

WH

ITE

win

e g

rap

es

Chardonnay 3,031 5,784 7,439 6,414 5,145 54% +2,114

Chenin Blanc 44 50 40 34 12 0% -32

Colombard 446 1,050 1,046 1,017 660 7% +214

Crouchen 24 43 47 47 45 0% +21

Doradillo 63 26 11 7 2 0% -61

Fiano - - - 23 23 0% +23

Frontignac 11 2 10 9 14 0% +3

Gordo 1,280 1,084 1,104 1,145 850 9% -429

Muscat Canada 25 11 30 58 52 1% +26

Muscat other 30 48 48 137 132 1% +102

Other white5 23 12 11 9 9 0% -14

Pinot Grigio / Gris - 38 570 827 808 8% +808

Riesling 130 116 154 126 82 1% -49

Sauvignon Blanc 99 155 513 892 836 9% +737

Semillon 346 480 535 534 476 5% +129

Sultana 4,797 2,180 1,096 174 58 1% -4,739

Traminer 5 12 12 12 12 0% +7

Verdelho 1 67 67 83 64 1% +62

Vermentino - 4 5 21 24 0% +24

Viognier 1 65 129 138 97 1% +97

Waltham 52 18 11 3 1 0% -51

Not surveyed - - - - 172 2% +172

Total white (ha) 10,407 11,246 12,877 11,709 9,572 100% -835

% Bearing 76% 74% 75% 87% 98%

% Non-bearing 24% 26% 25% 13% 2%


Prosecco, Savignin, Taminga, Tokay Friulilo and Verdejo.


5.1.5 Red wine grape varieties

Figure 15 shows the total area (bearing and non-bearing hectares (Figure 13)) of red wine grape

varieties and change from 1997 to 2014.

The dominant red wine varieties Shiraz (39%), Cabernet Sauvignon (29%) and Merlot (18%) make

up 86% of the 2014 planted area of red wine grapes.

Red wine grape plantings increased by 5,855 hectares between 1997 and 2014.

Figure 15: Area (hectares) planted to red wine grape varieties 1997 to 2014

Variety 1997 2003 2006 2009 2014 % of 2014

total

Change

1997-2014

RE

D w

ine

gra

pe

s

Black Muscat 10 13 8 5 6 0% -4

Cabernet Sauvignon 1,077 3,463 3,295 2,990 2,629 29% +1,553

Carina, Zante 132 48 18 20 1 0% -130

Chambourcin 12 9 5 5 3 0% -9

Cienna - 30 47 47 43 0% +43

Dolcetto - 12 12 12 5 0% +5

Durif - 15 24 24 19 0% +19

Graciano - - - 8 8 0% +8

Grenache 86 71 61 46 36 0% -51

Malbec 2 11 15 12 29 0% +27

Mataro 20 57 52 40 31 0% +10

Merlot 379 1,900 2,104 1,907 1,664 18% +1,285

Montepulciano - - - 7 15 0% +15

Nebbiolo - 11 11 8 8 0% +8

Negro Amaro - - - 9 9 0% +9

Nero d'Avola - - - 10 16 0% +16

Other red6 8 11 13 17 14 0% +6

Petit Verdot 0 173 159 183 162 2% +162

Pinot Noir 12 136 209 284 292 3% +280

Red Frontignac - - - 8 8 0% +8

Rubired 21 17 0 8 19 0% -2

Ruby Cabernet 255 571 444 326 225 2% -30

Sagrantino 1 1 5 4 7 0% +7

Sangiovese 3 113 97 76 68 1% +65

Shiraz 1,287 3,749 4,280 4,089 3,576 39% +2,290

Tarrango 19 26 30 4 4 0% -16

Tempranillo - 9 34 66 57 1% +57

Not surveyed - - - - 225 2% +225

Total red (ha) 3,323 10,444 10,923 10,216 9,178 100% +5,855

% Bearing 37% 86% 90% 94% 97%

% Non-bearing 63% 14% 10% 6% 3%

6 Other red varieties includes; Barbera, Cabernet Franc, Gamay, Italian varieties, Lagrein, Lambrusco Maestri,

Tannat, Touriga and Zinfandal


5.2 Wine grape production 1997 to 2014

Estimates of wine grape yields (tonnes/hectare) in the Murray Valley study area were derived by

dividing tonnages reported in annual Wine Grape Crush Surveys7 by hectares of bearing vines

from SunRISE crop mapping (Figure 12 and Figure 13).

The average yield in 2014 across all varieties was 23 tonnes/ha, and ranged from 18 to 23

tonnes/ha in the seasons 1997, 2003, 2006 and 2009 (Figure 16). The yield averages are slightly

higher than those reported previously (19 tonnes/ha; Martin, Dunn, & Krstic (2007), or 20

tonnes/ha (range 5 to 43 tonnes/ha); Retallack (2012)).

Note that the average yields in Figure 16 are derived from bearing plantings across corporate,

contracted and uncontracted vineyards. The estimate assumes that:

• All bearing vines were harvested; whereas each season some crop is not harvested due to

being uncontracted or damaged for example by drought, heat damage, flooding or

moulds.

• Vines less than three years old are not harvested (although there may be some small

crop).

Note also that the Wine Grape Crush Survey may slightly over or under-represent intake in the

earlier surveys because not all wineries submit their data, and some Murray Valley fruit is

crushed by wineries outside the survey or wineries bring fruit in from outside the Murray Valley

study area.

Figure 16: Average yield (tonnes/hectare) from bearing wine grape plantings 1997 to 2014

1997 2003 2006 2009 2014

Wine grapes 1997 2003 2006 2009 2014 Change 1997-2014

% t/ha

White 22.9 20.7 24.5 20.8 25.3 + 11% + 2.5

Red 23.3 15.7 18.4 17.0 19.9 - 15% - 3.4

Average tonnes/ha 22.9 18.1 21.4 18.9 22.7 - 1% - 0.2

7 Wine Grape Crush Survey data compiled and published on behalf of Murray Valley Winegrowers Inc. by

Agriculture Victoria (1997), Department of Primary Industries (2003), Department of Primary Industries

(2006), Department of Primary Industries (2009) and Hickey & Hengsen (2014).

10

15

20

25

30

yie

ld (

ton

ne

s/h

ect

are

)

whites

reds

total


5.3 Wine grape plantings yet to come into production

Only 530 hectares (3%) of wine grape plantings were non-bearing in 2014 (less than three years

old), and these were predominantly planted on large corporate holdings. The non-bearing

plantings will come into production in 2015-2017.

Figure 17 provides an indication of the tonnages (11,801 tonnes) that the 2014 non-bearing

plantings will contribute once they reach full production. The tonnages are estimates based on

2014 average yields as per Figure 16.

Production from the 2014 non-bearing plantings represents a 3% increase on the 2014 production

(413,627 tonnes) from bearing plantings.

Figure 17: Projected tonnage from wine grape plantings that were non-bearing in 2014

2014

Bearing

(ha)

2014 Non-

bearing

(ha)

Production from

2014 Wine Grape

Crush Report

(tonnes)

Projected production

from 2014 non-

bearing plantings

(tonnes)

White wine grapes 9,342 230 236,803 5,820

Red wine grapes 8,878 300 176,824 5,981

Total hectares 18,220 530

Production estimate (tonnes) 413,627 11,801


5.4 Wine grape prices 1997 to 2014

Price ($/tonne) data presented in Figure 18 is sourced from Wine Grape Crush Reports 1997 to

2014. The prices are averages that include purchased grapes as well as winery grown grapes.

Prices for wine grapes purchased from the Murray Valley decreased by 59% for red grape

varieties and by 33% for white grape varieties between 1997 and 2014.

Figure 18: Weighted average price ($/tonne) for wine grapes from the Murray Valley

1997 2003 2006 2009 2014


% $

White $ 443 $ 591 $ 369 $ 341 $ 297 - 33 % -$ 146

Red $ 811 $ 586 $ 379 $ 407 $ 334 - 59 % -$ 477

Weighted average

($/tonne) $ 493 $ 589 $ 373 $ 370 $ 313 - 37 % -$ 180

$200

$300

$400

$500

$600

$700

$800

$900

pri

ce

$/t

on

ne

white varieties

red varieties

all varieties.


5.4.1 Average prices for white wine grape varieties

Average prices ($/tonne) for white wine grapes grown in the Murray Valley (Figure 19) were

collated from annual Wine Grape Crush Surveys.

The weighted average price for white varieties has decreased by $146/tonne since 1997.

Figure 19: Average prices ($/tonne) for white wine grape varieties 1997 to 2014

1997 2003 2006 2009 2014

White varieties 1997 2003 2006 2009 2014 % of 2014

crush

Change8

1997-2014

Chardonnay $1,024 $867 $382 $293 $242 45% -$782

Chenin Blanc $431 $373 $337 $460 $239 0% -$192

Colombard $393 $366 $301 $283 $251 6% -$143

Crouchen $584 $483 $496 $444 $414 1% -$170

Doradillo $206 $258 - -

Fiano $397 1% $397

Frontignac $88 $383 $287 0% $199

Gordo $356 $353 $350 $366 $279 11% -$78

Muscat $1,133 $694 $356 3% -$777

Other white9 $193 $300 $416 $395 $314 0% $120

Pinot Gris $687 $677 $611 $455 14% -$232

Riesling $424 $505 $395 $381 $481 1% $57

Sauvignon Blanc $395 $523 $502 $456 $354 12% -$41

Semillon $528 $483 $378 $309 $233 5% -$296

Sultana $269 $309 $263 $272 $194 0% -$75

Traminer $259 $610 $246 $209 0% -$50

Verdelho $416 $328 $274 $347 0% -$69

Viognier $1,014 $542 $389 $348 1% -$666

Waltham $260 $287 - -

Weighted

average $/tonne $ 443 $ 591 $ 369 $ 341 $ 297 100% -$ 146

8 The change is measured from 2003 if there was no intake reported for a particular variety in 1997.


Prosecco, Savignin, Taminga, Tokay Friulilo and Verdejo

$100

$200

$300

$400

$500

$600

$700

$800

$900

$1,000

$1,100

pri

ce

$/t

on

ne

Chardonnay

Chenin Blanc

Colombard

Crouchen

Gordo

Other white

Pinot Gris

Riesling

SauvignonBlanc

Semillon

Sultana

Viognier

Verdelho


5.4.2 Average prices for red wine grape varieties

Average prices paid for red wine grapes grown in the Murray Valley (Figure 20) were collated

from annual Wine Grape Crush Reports.

The weighted average price for red varieties has decreased by $477/tonne since 1997.

Figure 20: Average prices paid for red wine grape varieties ($/tonne) 1997 to 2014

1997 2003 2006 2009 2014

Red varieties 1997 2003 2006 2009 2014 % of 2014

crush

Change

1997-2014

Cab. Sauvignon $1,051 $538 $362 $413 $328 27% -$722

Cienna $576 0% -

Grenache $578 $447 $356 $453 $249 0% -$329

Malbec $695 $485 $409 $360 0% -$335

Mataro $723 $320 $262 $238 $315 0% -$408

Merlot $982 $596 $385 $381 $349 19% -$633

Other reds10

$431 $510 $472 $321 $461 0% +$30

Petit Verdot $464 $321 $392 $290 2% -$174

Pinot Noir $682 $509 $448 $475 $366 3% -$315

Red Frontignac $841 $597 0% -$244

Ruby Cabernet $848 $513 $270 $500 $422 2% -$91

Sangiovese $494 $269 $402 $347 0% -$147

Shiraz $1,023 $657 $399 $416 $323 44% -$700

Tempranillo $513 $396 $460 $290 1% -$224

Weighted average

$/tonne $ 811 $ 586 $ 379 $ 407 $ 334 100% -$ 477

10

Other red varieties includes; Barbera, Cabernet Franc, Gamay, Italian varieties, Lagrein, Lambrusco

Maestri, Tannat, Touriga and Zinfandal

$200

$300

$400

$500

$600

$700

$800

$900

$1,000

$1,100

pri

ce

$/t

on

ne

Cabernet Sauvignon

Grenache

Malbec

Merlot

Other red varieties

Petit Verdot

PinotNoir

RubyCabernet

Sangiovese

Shiraz

Tempranillo


5.4.3 Pricing and wine grape planting trends

High prices for red wine grapes in the late 1990s coincides with a surge in planting of red wine

grape varieties in the Murray Valley between 1997 and 2003. Hectares peaked in 2006 although

prices were very low by 2006.

Similarly, an increase in the average price for white wine grapes between 1997 and 2003 was

followed by an increase in white wine grape plantings that continued to 2006. Wine grape

planted areas have retracted since 2006 coinciding with stable but low average prices.

Figure 21: Trends in the planted hectares of Murray Valley wine grapes as prices fluctuate

1997 2003 2006 2009 2014

1997 2003 2006 2009 2014 Change 1997-

2014

Wh

ite

Hectares 10,407 11,246 12,877 11,709 9,572 - 835 ha

Price ($/t) $ 443 $ 591 $ 369 $ 341 $ 297 -$ 146

Re

d Hectares 3,323 10,444 10,923 10,216 9,178 + 5,855 ha

Price ($/t) $ 811 $ 586 $ 379 $ 407 $ 334 -$ 477

$443

$591

$369$341

$297

-

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

14,000

$0

$300

$600

$900

he

cta

res

pla

nte

d (

be

ari

ng

an

d

no

n b

ea

rin

g)

retu

rn (

$/t

on

ne

)

$811

$586

$379 $407$334

-

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

14,000

$0

$300

$600

$900

he

cta

res

pla

nte

d (

be

ari

ng

an

d n

on

be

ari

ng

)

retu

rn (

$/t

on

ne

)


5.5 Crop value of wine grapes 1997 to 2014

5.5.1 Regional income from wine grapes

Crop values provide an indication of the (potential) contribution to regional or National income

from annual production of a crop.

Crop values for Murray Valley wine grapes are published in the annual Wine Grape Crush Surveys

and are summarised in Figure 22.

Regional income from wine grapes increased from $103 million in 1997 to $129 million in 2014; a

26% increase.

Figure 22: Crop value ($ million) from Murray Valley wine grape crush surveys 1997 to 2014

1997 2003 2006 2009 2014

Wine grapes 1997 2003 2006 2009 2014 % of total

2014 income

Change

1997-2014

White $79.8 $101.6 $87.1 $72.3 $70.3 54% - $9.4

7 Red $22.9 $82.4 $68.3 $66.3 $59.0 46% + $36.1

Total ($ million) $102.7 $184.0 $155.3 $138.6 $129.4 100% + $26.6

$20

$40

$60

$80

$100

$120

Cro

p v

alu

e

($ m

illio

n d

olla

rs)

white varieties

red varieties


5.5.2 Farm gate value of wine grape production

Figure 23 shows the change in farm gate value of wine production from 1997 to 2014. The farm

gate values (return $/hectare) have been calculated using Grape Crush Survey crop values (Figure

22) and hectares of bearing wine grape plantings from SunRISE crop mapping (Figure 11).

Farm gate value ($/hectare) represents the gross return to growers before deducting costs of

production. Costs of production are not considered in this analysis (and are not a part of the

project brief), but they vary over time and have a significant impact on net income. Costs of

production from 2002 to 2011 have been reported by WGGA (2008), Retallack (2010) and

Retallack (2012). Information on costs of production can also be sourced from relevant industry

groups.

Farm gate value of wine production has declined by 37% since 1997; from $11,300 per hectare in

1997 to $7,100 per hectare in 2014.

Figure 23: Change in farm gate value ($/hectare) of wine grapes from 1997 to 2014

1997 2003 2006 2009 2014


% $/ha

White $10,127 $12,257 $9,058 $7,089 $7,528 - 26% - $2,599

Red $18,917 $9,180 $6,975 $6,901 $6,650 - 65% - $12,267

$/hectare $11,300 $10,658 $8,007 $6,998 $7,100 - 37% - $4,200

$5,000

$10,000

$15,000

$20,000

farm

ga

te v

alu

e

$/h

ect

are white varieties

red varieties

Average of red

and white

varieties.


5.6 Irrigation methods for wine grape plantings

Figure 24 summarises irrigation methods for wine grape plantings from 1997 to 2014.

The dominant irrigation method changed from furrow irrigation to drip irrigation between 1997

and 2003.

81% of wine grape plantings are drip irrigated.

Figure 24: Change in irrigation methods for wine grape plantings from 1997 to 2014

1997 2003 2006 2009 2014

Irrigation

method 1997 2003 2006 2009 2014

% of 2014

total

Change (ha)

1997-2014

Drip 2,990 9,200 12,900 15,885 15,190 81% +12,200

Low level 1,090 2,730 2,750 1,950 1,290 7% +200

Overhead 6,000 7,630 6,900 3,750 2,160 12% -3,840

Furrow 3,650 2,130 1,250 340 110 1% -3,540

Total (ha) 13,730 21,690 23,800 21,925 18,750 100% +5,020

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

He

cta

res

Drip

Low level

Overhead

Furrow


5.7 Rootstocks of wine grape plantings 1997 to 2014

Figure 25 lists rootstocks of wine grape plantings in the Murray Valley study area and shows the


are either on their own roots or have been top worked on to the roots of the previous variety.


dominant rootstocks are; Ramsey (30% of plantings), Schwarzmann (12% of plantings), Paulsen

1103 (8% of plantings) and Ruggeri (7% of plantings).

Figure 25: Change in rootstocks of wine grape plantings from 1997 to 2014

1997 2003 2006 2009 2014

1997 2003 2006 2009 2014 % of 2014

total

Change

1997-2014

Not on a rootstock 8,697 9,817 9,005 7,333 6,247 33% -2,449

Dog Ridge 86 209 293 342 318 2% +232

Harmony 149 140 125 82 66 0% -83

Kober 5BB 8 185 232 269 248 1% +240

K51-32 31 99 102 81 64 0% +33

K51-40 114 252 269 249 172 1% +57

101-14 23 125 252 264 266 1% +243

Paulsen 1103 25 676 1,533 1,727 1,477 8% +1,452

Ramsey 2,955 5,696 6,986 6,731 5,698 30% +2,744

Richter 99,110 11 56 55 69 75 0% +63

Ruggeri 140 220 1,062 1,337 1,425 1,362 7% +1,142

Schwarzmann 1,073 2,740 2,913 2,682 2,206 12% +1,133

SO4 31 56 79 78 70 0% +39

Teleki 5A,5C 293 548 589 568 464 2% +171

Other rootstocks 15 29 31 25 18 0% +3

Total hectares 13,730 21,690 23,800 21,925 18,750 100% +5,020

% No rootstock 63% 45% 38% 33% 33%

% on a rootstock 37% 55% 62% 67% 67%

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

he

cta

res

Other rootstock

Teleki 5A,5C

SO4

Schwarzmann

Ruggeri 140

Richter 99,110

Ramsey

Paulsen 1103

101-14

K51-40

K51-32

Kober

Harmony

Dog Ridge

Not on rootstock


5.8 Wine grape property numbers and size 1997 to 2014

Figure 26 provides an estimate of the number of wine grape growers and their average property

size. Property size is the total hectares of grapevines, including table and dried grape plantings.

Figure 26: Change in property numbers and size of wine grape properties from 1997 to 2014

1997 2003 2006 2009 2014

Property size

(grape area) 1997 2003 2006 2009 2014

% of 2014

total

Change

1997-2014

1 to 5 ha 342 354 313 234 141 21% -201

5 to 10 ha 453 442 401 295 172 26% -281

10 to 20 ha 429 443 394 245 154 23% -275

20 to 40 ha 147 182 156 133 110 16% -37

40 to 100 ha 34 53 56 50 55 8% +21

100 to 500 ha 9 34 37 34 28 4% +19

> 500 ha 1 5 6 7 1% +7

Total properties 1,414 1,509 1,362 997 667 100% -747

Average size (ha) 13.2 17.7 20.8 25.2 32.9

In 2014, there were 667 wine grape properties with a total of 21,915 hectares of grapevines. 31%

(205) of the 667 wine grape properties also produced table and/or dried grapes. Production

across the 21,915 hectares of grapevines comprised 1,560 hectares dried, 1,605 hectares fresh

table grapes and 18,750 hectares wine grapes.

30% of wine grape properties are over 20 ha and grow 82% of the grape plantings (Figure 27).

Figure 27: Wine grape properties in 2014

Property

size(grape area)

2014

Properties

% of total

properties

2014

Hectares

% of total

hectares

1 to 5 ha 141 21% 445 2%

5 to 10 ha 172 26% 1,225 6%

10 to 20 ha 154 23% 2,185 10%

20 to 40 ha 110 17% 3,425 16%

40 to 100 ha 55 8% 3,705 17%

100 to 500 ha 28 4% 5,960 27%

> 500 ha 7 1% 4,970 23%

2014 total 667 100% 21,915 100%

342 354 313 234 141

453 442 401

295

172

429 443 394

245

154

0

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

1,400

1,600

Nu

mb

er

of

pro

pe

rtie

s

> 500 ha

100 to 500 ha

50 to 100 ha

20 to 50 ha

10 to 20 ha

5 to 10 ha

1 to 5 ha


6. Dried grape industry analysis

6.1 Change in dried grape varieties 1997 to 2014

In 1997, 2009 and 2014 the proportion of non-bearing areas (less than 3 years old) was 5% to 6%

(Figure 28). The relatively high proportion (19%) of non-bearing areas in 2003 was due to large

plantings of Sultanas as well as new plantings of Carina currants and Sunmuscat.

Further details on the 6% of non-bearing dried grape plantings in 2014 are provided in Figure 33.

Figure 28: Summary of bearing and non-bearing dried grape plantings

1997 2003 2006 2009 2014

1997 2003 2006 2009 2014 % of 2014

total

Change

1997-2014

Cu

rra

nt

Bearing 456 336 370 350 369 10% -88

Non-bearing 53 107 160 22 19 1% -34

Ra

isin

Bearing 420 255 190 174 179 5% -241

Non-bearing 23 10 58 22 3 0% -21

Sult

an

a

typ

es Bearing 6,623 4,254 3,907 2,504 2,270 63% -4,353

Non-bearing 344 795 114 82 124 3% -220

Sun

mu

sca

t

Bearing 7 140 360 425 535 15% +528

Non-bearing 10 222 68 55 71 2% +61

Oth

er1

1

Bearing 13 9 9 2 7 0% -6

Non-bearing 0 1 0 4 5 0% +5

Total (ha) 7,950 6,130 5,235 3,640 3,580 100% -4,370

% Bearing 95% 81% 92% 95% 94%

% Non-bearing 5% 19% 8% 5% 6%

11

Other dried varieties include; Bruce’s Sport, Flame Seedless, Grants, Hannaman Currant, Italia Muscat,

Ruby Seedless

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

7,000

8,000

He

cta

res

Currant non-bear

Currant bearing

Raisin non-bear

Raisin bearing

Sultana non-bear

Sultana bearing

Sunmuscat non-b

Sunmuscat bearing

Other non-bearing

Other bearing


6.1.1 Hectares of bearing and non-bearing dried grape varieties

Figure 29 shows the area (hectares) of bearing and non-bearing dried grape varieties from 1997

to 2014.

The non-bearing areas give an indication of the popularity of different varieties in each season.

Figure 29: Hectares of bearing and non-bearing dried grape varieties 1997 to 2014

Variety

1997 (ha) 2003 (ha) 2006 (ha) 2009 (ha) 2014 (ha)

bearing Non-

bearing bearing

Non-

bearing bearing

Non-

bearing bearing

Non-

bearing bearing

Non-

bearing

Cu

rra

nt Black Gem - - - - - - - - 1 1

Carina 148 35 150 107 242 159 316 22 345 17

Zante 308 18 186 0 128 0 33 0 23 0

Ra

isin

Gordo 250 21 168 10 132 54 139 22 151 3

Waltham 170 2 87 1 58 4 35 0 28 0

Sult

an

a t

ype

s

Diamond Muscat - - - - - - - 5 6 38

MenindeeSeedless 7 6 14 5 17 1 14 1 11 4

Merbein Seedless 30 2 18 4 21 1 15 1 10 1

Selma Pete - - - - - - - - 2 7

Shirana - - 2 5 6 27 27 0 26 0

Sultana 6,587 336 4,221 781 3,864 86 2,449 73 2,206 48

Summer Muscat - - - - - - - 2 9 1

Sunglo - - - - - - - - 1 25

Sunmuscat 7 10 140 222 360 68 425 55 535 71

Other 13 0 9 1 9 0 2 4 7 5

Total hectares 7,520 430 4,995 1,135 4,835 400 3,455 185 3,360 220

% bearing/non-bearing 95% 5% 81% 19% 92% 8% 95% 5% 94% 6%


6.1.2 Change in dried grape varieties 1997 to 2014

Figure 30 shows the total area (bearing and non-bearing hectares (Figure 29)) of dried grape

varieties and change from 1997 to 2014.

The overall area of Sultana plantings consigned to the dried fruit market declined by 4,669

hectares between 1997 and 2014. Gordo, Waltham, Zante and Merbein Seedless varieties have

also declined.

On the other hand, Sunmuscat plantings increased by 589 hectares and Carina by 179 hectares.

Figure 30: Change in hectares of dried grape varieties from 1997 to 2014

1997 2003 2006 2009 2014

Variety 1997 2003 2006 2009 2014 % of 2014

total

Change

1997-2014

Cu

rra

nt Black Gem - - - - 3 0% +3

Carina 183 257 401 338 363 10% +179

Zante 326 186 129 33 23 1% -303

Ra

isin

Gordo 271 178 187 161 154 4% -118

Waltham 172 88 61 35 28 1% -144

Sult

an

a t

ype

s

Diamond Muscat - - - 5 44 1% +44

Menindee Seedless 12 18 18 14 16 0% +3

Merbein Seedless 31 21 21 16 10 0% -21

Selma Pete - - - - 8 0% +8

Shirana 0 7 32 27 26 1% +25

Sultana 6,923 5,003 3,949 2,522 2,254 63% -4,669

Summer Muscat - - - 2 10 0% +10

Sunglo - - - - 26 1% +26

Sunmuscat 17 361 428 480 606 17% +589

Other 13 10 9 7 12 0% -1

Total hectares 7,950 6,130 5,235 3,640 3,580 100% -4,370

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

7,000

8,000

He

cta

res

Currant

Raisin

Sultana

Sunmuscat

Other


6.2 Dried grape production 1997 to 2014

The Murray Valley accounts for 98% of National dried grape production. Figure 31 shows

production (dried tonnes) for the Murray Valley based on aggregated data from Horticulture

Australia, made available by Dried Fruits Australia.

Figure 31: Dried grapes from the Murray Valley (tonnes) delivered to packers 1997 to 2013

1997 2003 2006 2009 2013

% of total

in 2013

Change (t)

1997-2013

Sultanas 23,976 13,724 23,182 12,432 11,081 62% - 12,895

Sunmuscat - 895 1,847 1,641 3,247 18% + 3,247

Raisins 1,932 1,304 1,306 1,115 1,120 6% - 812

Currants 2,893 2,010 2,689 1,999 2,494 14% - 399

Other - 31 48 23 65 0% + 65

Total dried tonnes 28,802 17,963 29,072 17,210 18,007 100% - 10,794

Average yields (dried tonnes per hectare) for the Murray Valley were calculated from tonnages in

Figure 31 and SunRISE hectares for bearing dried grape plantings (Figure 28).

Yields have, in general, increased since 1997 with the average yield in 2013 40% (1.5 tonnes/ha)

higher than in 1997. The 2013 yields are approximate as they are based on 2013 tonnages and

2014 hectares. 2014 tonnages were unavailable at the time of the analysis.

Figure 32: Average yields (dried tonnes/ha) for dried grape fruit 1997 to 2013

1997 2003 2006 2009 2013

1997 2003 2006 200912

2013 Change 1997 to 2013

% tonnes/ha

Sultanas 3.6 3.2 5.9 5.0 4.9 + 35% + 1.3

Sunmuscat - 6.4 5.1 3.9 6.1 - 5% - 0.3

Raisins 4.6 5.1 6.9 6.4 6.3 + 36% + 1.7

Currants 6.3 6.0 7.3 5.7 6.8 + 7% + 0.4

Other - 3.4 5.6 4.0 8.8 + 161% + 5.4

weighted average

(dried tonnes/ha) 3.8 3.6 6.0 5.0 5.4 + 40% + 1.5

dried tonnes/acre 1.5 1.5 2.4 2.0 2.2

12

Severe sunburn impacted on the Sunmuscat crop in 2009, hence the unprecedented low Sunmuscat yields

in this season.

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

8.0

Yie

ld (

ton

ne

s/h

ect

are

)

Sultanas

Sunmuscat

Raisins

Currants


6.3 Dried grape plantings yet to come into production

220 hectares of dried grape plantings were non-bearing (less than three years old) in 2014 and

will come into production in 2015-2017. Figure 33 provides an indication of the tonnages that

those plantings will contribute to annual crops as they reach full production.

The projected tonnage from 2014 bearing plantings (18,007 dried tonnes) has been calculated

using the 2013 average yields from Figure 32. And as 2013 yields are calculated using 2014

hectares, tonnages for 2013 and 2014 are the same.

The projected tonnage from 2014 non-bearing plantings (1,936 tonnes) has been calculated using

the highest 2013 average yield from Figure 32 (8.8 tonnes/ha) as new plantings and new varieties

(e.g. Sunglo) are yielding much higher than district averages.

The projected production from 2014 non-bearing plantings (1,936 tonnes) represents an 11%

increase on the estimated 2014 production from bearing plantings (18,007 tonnes).

Figure 33: Projected tonnage from dried grape varieties that were non-bearing in 2014

Variety

2014

Bearing

(ha)

2014

Non-bearing

(ha)

Production estimate

from 2014 bearing

plantings

(dried tonnes)


from 2014 non-bearing

plantings

(dried tonnes)

Cu

rra

nt Black Gem 1 1 8 12

Carina 345 17 2,333 152

Zante 23 - 153 -

Ra

isin

Gordo 151 3 947 22

Waltham 28 - 173 -

Sult

an

a t

ype

s

Diamond Muscat 6 38 30 330

Menindee Seedless 11 4 54 39

Merbein Seedless 10 1 48 5

Selma Pete 2 7 9 58

Shirana 26 - 126 -

Sultana 2,206 48 10,769 424

Summer Muscat 9 1 44 10

Sunglo 1 25 3 222

Sunmuscat 535 71 3,247 621

Other 7 5 65 41

Total hectares 3,360 220

Production estimate

(dried tonnes) 18,007 1,936


6.4 Dried grape prices 1997 to 2014

Weighted average prices ($ per dried tonne) paid for dried grapes purchased from the Murray

Valley are shown in Figure 34. The weighted average price takes into account the proportion of

fruit received as 5-crown, 4-crown and 3-crown, light or dark.

Consolidated data were provided by Sunbeam Foods and Horticulture Australia with the

exception of 2014 values which are estimates as advised by Dried Fruits Australia. 2014 was a

poor season for Sultanas with only a small proportion of the crop classed as light colour and the

majority being 4 crown brown at $1,700/tonne.

Figure 34: Weighted average price ($/dried tonne) for dried grape fruit from 1997 to 201313

, and

estimated prices for 2014

1997 2003 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

1997 2003 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

Sultana $1,390 $1,323 $1,203 $1,252 $1,758 $1,758 $1,726 $1,609 $1,941 $1,701 $1,700

Sunmuscat $1,390 $1,323 $1,285 $1,385 $1,850 $1,820 $1,820 $1,820 $1,880 $1,704 $1,700

Currants $1,557 $1,869 $1,280 $1,280 $1,289 $1,754 $1,759 $1,581 $2,133 $1,776 $1,675

Raisins $1,750 $1,700 $1,625 $1,625 $1,650 $1,825 $1,825 $1,825 $1,965 $1,900 $1,736

Other $1,203 $1,600 $1,600 $1,600 $1,600 $1,600 $1,700

Ave. $/dried

tonne $1,431 $1,412 $1,234 $1,286 $1,752 $1,767 $1,742 $1,646 $1,953 $1,725 $1,699

13

Consolidated data sourced from Horticulture Australia.

$1,000

$1,200

$1,400

$1,600

$1,800

$2,000

$2,200

we

igh

ted

ave

rag

ep

rice

($

/to

nn

e)

sultanas Sunmuscat Currants other Raisins


6.4.1 Trends in dried grape plantings as prices fluctuate

The charts in Figure 35 track changes from 1997 to 2014 of average prices and corresponding

planted area (hectares) of sultanas, sunmuscat, currants and raisins. Sunmuscat has been the

preferred variety for new or redeveloped dried grape plantings.

Figure 35: Trends in planted hectares of dried grapes as prices fluctuate

1997 2003 2006 2009 2014

1997 2003 2006 2009 2014

Sultana 6,967 5,050 4,021 2,586 2,393 hectares

$ 1,390 $ 1,323 $ 1,203 $ 1,758 $ 1,700 price ($/dried t)

Sunmuscat 17 362 428 480 606 hectares

$ 1,390 $ 1,323 $ 1,285 $ 1,820 $ 1,700 price ($/dried t)

Currant 509 443 530 371 387 hectares

$ 1,557 $ 1,869 $ 1,280 $ 1,754 $ 1,675 price ($/dried t)

Raisin 443 266 248 196 181 hectares

$1,750 $ 1,700 $ 1,625 $ 1,825 $ 1,736 price ($/dried t)

-

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

$-

$500

$1,000

$1,500

$2,000

he

cta

res

(be

ari

ng

an

d n

on

be

ari

ng

)

pri

ce (

$/d

rie

d t

on

ne

)

sultanas (hectares) sultanas ($/tonne)

0

250

500

750

1,000

$-

$500

$1,000

$1,500

$2,000

he

catr

es

(be

ari

ng

an

d n

on

be

ari

ng

)

pri

ce (

$/d

rie

d t

on

ne

) sunmuscat (hectares) sunmuscat ($/tonne)

0

250

500

750

1,000

$-

$500

$1,000

$1,500

$2,000

he

cta

res

(be

ari

ng

an

d n

on

be

ari

ng

)

pri

ce $

/ d

rie

d t

on

ne

currants (hectares) currants ($/tonne)

0

250

500

750

1,000

$-

$500

$1,000

$1,500

$2,000

he

cta

res

(be

ari

ng

an

d

no

n b

ea

rin

g)

pri

ce (

$/

dri

ed

to

nn

e)

raisins (hectares) raisins ($/tonne)


6.5 Crop value of dried grapes 1997 to 2014

6.5.1 Regional income from dried grapes

Crop values provide an indication of the (potential) contribution to regional or National income

from annual production of a crop.

Crop value of Murray Valley dried grape fruit has been calculated from:

• Bearing hectares from SunRISE mapping as per Figure 29

• 98% of National dried fruit intake as per Figure 32, and

• Weighted average prices as per Figure 34

Crop value $ = area bearing (ha) × average yield (tonnes/ha) × average price ($/tonne)

Average yields in 2013 were used to estimate 2014 crop values.

Figure 36: Regional income ($ million) from dried grape fruit based on intake data and 2014

estimates

1997 2003 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

1997 2003 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

Sultanas $33.3 $18.2 $27.9 $16.3 $13.3 $21.9 $14.7 $6.8 $16.1 $18.9 $18.8

Sunmuscat - $1.2 $2.3 $2.4 $2.1 $2.9 $3.2 $1.9 $4.8 $5.5 $5.5

Currants $4.5 $3.8 $3.4 $2.3 $2.9 $3.5 $2.1 $1.8 $4.7 $4.4 $4.2

Raisins $3.4 $2.2 $2.1 $1.2 $0.9 $2.0 $2.1 $0.7 $1.4 $2.1 $1.9

Other - $0.1 $0.1 - - - $1.4 $1.0 $0.6 $0.1 $0.1

Total ($

million) $41.2 $25.4 $35.9 $22.2 $19.2 $30.4 $23.4 $12.2 $27.5 $31.0 $30.6

$0

$5

$10

$15

$20

$25

$30

$35

$40

$45

Re

gio

na

l in

com

e (

$ m

illio

n)

Raisins Other Currants Sunmuscat Sultanas


6.5.2 Farm gate value of dried grape fruit from 1997 to 2014

Farm gate value ($ per hectare) of dried grape production has also been calculated (Figure 37).

Farm gate value represents the gross return to growers before deducting costs of production.

Costs of production are not considered in this analysis (and are not a part of the project brief),

but they vary over time and have a significant impact on net income. Information on costs of

production can be sourced from relevant industry groups.

Between 1997 and 2014, there was a 66% increase in the average gross income ($ per hectare)

for dried grape fruit.

Figure 37: Farm gate value or gross income ($/hectare) for dried grape fruit 1997 to 2014

1997 2003 2006 2009 2014

1997 2003 2006 2009 2014 Change 1997-2014

% $/ha

Sultanas $5,031 $4,269 $7,150 $8,749 $8,300 + 65% + $3,269

Sunmuscat - $8,289 $6,469 $6,882 $10,313 + 24% + $2,024

Raisins $8,048 $8,677 $11,172 $11,709 $10,877 + 35% + $2,829

Currants $9,867 $11,171 $9,301 $10,033 $11,326 + 15% + $1,460

Other - $7,046 $6,782 $14,676 $14,924 + 112% + $7,878

Weighted mean $/ha $5,479 $5,076 $7,422 $8,802 $9,104 + 66% + $3,625

$2,000

$4,000

$6,000

$8,000

$10,000

$12,000

$14,000

gro

ss i

nco

me

($

/ha

)

sultanas

sunmuscat

currants

raisins


6.6 Irrigation methods for dried grape plantings

Figure 38 summarises irrigation methods for dried grape plantings from 1997 to 2014.

Drip irrigation has been the dominant irrigation method since 2009, replacing furrow irrigation as

the dominant method. Drip irrigation increased by 1,850 hectares between 1997 and 2014.

Figure 38: Change in irrigation methods for dried grape plantings from 1997 to 2014

1997 2003 2006 2009 2014

Irrigation

method 1997 2003 2006 2009 2014

% of 2014

total

Change (ha)

1997-2014

Drip 230 1,145 1,385 1,605 2,080 58% +1,850

Low level 630 820 880 705 630 18% 0

Overhead 1,470 995 735 310 220 6% -1,250

Furrow 5,620 3,170 2,235 1,020 650 18% -4,970

Total (ha) 7,950 6,130 5,235 3,640 3,580 100% -4,370

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

He

cta

res

Drip

Low level

Overhead

Furrow


6.7 Rootstocks of dried grape plantings 1997 to 2014

Figure 39 lists rootstocks of dried grape plantings in the Murray Valley study area and shows the



The proportion of plantings on a rootstock increased from 14% in 1997 to 69% in 2014.

The dominant rootstocks are; Ramsey (39% of plantings), Paulsen 1103 (19% of plantings) and

Schwarzmann (7% of plantings).

Figure 39: Change in rootstocks of dried grape plantings from 1997 to 2014

1997 2003 2006 2009 2014

1997 2003 2006 2009 2014 % of 2014

total

Change

1997-2014


Dog Ridge 7 15 23 28 32 1% +25

Harmony 34 32 30 31 28 1% -6

Kober 5BB - 5 8 6 2 0% +2

K51-32 13 11 13 12 16 0% +2

K51-40 6 10 6 7 7 0% +1

101-14 1 1 3 2 7 0% +6

Paulsen 1103 11 293 370 427 688 19% +677

Ramsey 834 1,434 1,509 1,300 1,380 39% +546

Richter 99,110 2 2 2 2 1 0% -1

Ruggeri 140 5 19 49 27 48 1% +43

Schwarzmann 125 253 265 238 245 7% +120

SO4 - - - - - - -

Teleki 5A,5C 41 42 41 36 31 1% -11

Other rootstocks 5 7 8 6 2 0% -3

Total hectares 7,950 6,130 5,235 3,640 3,580 100% -4,370

%Not on rootstock 86% 65% 56% 42% 31%

% On a rootstock 14% 35% 44% 58% 69%

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

7,000

8,000

he

cta

res

Other rootstock

Teleki 5A,5C

Schwarzmann

Ruggeri 140

Richter 99,110

Ramsey

Paulsen 1103

101-14

K51-40

K51-32

Kober 5BB

Harmony

Dog Ridge

Not on rootstock


6.8 Dried grape property numbers and size 1997 to 2014

Figure 40 provides an estimate of the number of dried grape growers and their average property

size. Property size is the total hectares of grapevines, including any table and wine grape

plantings.

Figure 40: Property numbers and average size of dried grape properties 1997 to 2014

1997 2003 2006 2009 2014

Property size

(grape area) 1997 2003 2006 2009 2014

% of 2014

total

Change

1997-2014

1 to 5 ha 308 237 234 169 114 29% -194

5 to 10 ha 504 349 266 174 149 38% -355

10 to 20 ha 366 269 197 104 90 23% -276

20 to 40 ha 83 61 55 38 32 8% -51

40 to 100 ha 8 7 9 8 7 2% -1

100 to 500 ha 1 4 5 3 4 1% +3

> 500 ha 1 1 1 1 0% +1

No. of properties 1,270 928 767 497 397 100% -873

Average size (ha) 9.9 11.1 11.6 11.7 13.6

In 2014, there were 397 dried grape properties with a total of 5,415 hectares of grapevines. 43%

(169) of the 397 dried grape properties also produced table and/or wine grapes. Production

across the 5,415 hectares of grapevines comprised 3,555 hectares dried, 370 hectares table

grapes and 1,490 hectares wine grapes.

34% of dried grape properties are over 10 ha and grow 75% of the grape plantings (Figure 41).

Figure 41: Dried grape properties in 2014

Property size

(grape area)

2014

Properties

% of total

properties

2014

Hectares

% of total

hectares

1 to 5 ha 114 29% 345 6%

5 to 10 ha 149 38% 1,030 19%

10 to 20 ha 90 23% 1,270 23%

20 to 40 ha 32 8% 900 17%

40 to 100 ha 7 2% 525 10%

100 to 500 ha 4 1% 830 15%

> 500 ha 1 0% 515 10%

2014 total 397 100% 5,415 100%

308 237 234 169 114

504

349 266 174

149

366

269

197

104 90

0

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

1,400

Nu

mb

er

of

pro

pe

rtie

s

> 500 ha

100 to 500 ha

50 to 100 ha

20 to 50 ha

10 to 20 ha

5 to 10 ha

1 to 5 ha


7. Table grape industry analysis

7.1 Change in table grape plantings 1997 to 2014

New table grape plantings between 1997 and 2014 have predominantly been red grape varieties.

The proportion of red table grape plantings increased from 25% of 1997 table grape plantings to

57% of 2014 plantings.

The proportion of black table grape plantings increased slightly, from 2% of 1997 plantings to 8%

of 2014 plantings, while white table grapes declined from 73% of 1997 plantings to just 36% of

2014 plantings.

Figure 42: Summary of bearing and non-bearing table grape plantings (hectares) 1997 to 2014

1997 2003 2006 2009 2014

Table grapes 1997 2003 2006 2009 2014 % of 2014

total

Change

1997-2014

Black non-bearing 16 18 292 206 102 1% +86

Black bearing 80 73 73 342 568 6% +488

Red non-bearing 408 1,099 755 709 1,123 13% +715

Red bearing 991 1,728 2,569 2,744 3,835 44% +2,844

White non-bearing 486 728 528 180 445 5% -41

White bearing 3,558 4,038 3,823 3,139 2,682 31% -876

Total table grapes (ha) 5,540 7,685 8,040 7,320 8,755 100% +3,215

% Bearing 84% 76% 80% 85% 81%

% Non-bearing 16% 24% 20% 15% 19%

% Black grapes 2% 1% 5% 7% 8%

% Red grapes 25% 37% 41% 47% 57%

% White grapes 73% 62% 54% 45% 36%

Note: Grape varieties for 38% of 2014 non-bearing plantings were not recorded. Hence, 2014

non-bearing figures in Figure 42 and Figure 43 are extrapolated from 62% of recorded varieties

and are indicative only. All other figures have been extrapolated with at least 80% of varieties

recorded.

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

7,000

8,000

9,000

He

cta

res

White non-bearing

White bearing

Red non-bearing

Red bearing

Black non-bearing

Black bearing


7.1.1 Hectares of bearing and non-bearing table grape varieties

The non-bearing areas of table grapes in Figure 43 give an indication of changes in the popularity

of different varieties. For instance, Red Globe was popular from 1997 to 2003 but new plantings

of the variety have since declined.

Figure 43: Hectares of bearing and non-bearing table grape varieties 1997 to 2014

1997 (ha) 2003 (ha) 2006 (ha) 2009 (ha) 2014 (ha)

Colour &

season Variety bearing

Non-

bearing bearing

Non-

bearing bearing

Non-

bearing bearing

Non-

bearing bearing

Non-

bearing

Bla

ck g

rap

es

Early

Mid

Other14

4 2 5 1 6 0 4 0 4 1

PBR varieties 0 0 0 3 3 32 37 63 128 5

Mid Black Muscat 7 2 10 0 7 1 8 1 9 0

PBR varieties 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 30 65

M-L Ribier 39 1 20 0 12 0 8 0 7 0

Late

AutumnRoyal 0 0 2 10 11 233 231 116 324 30

Other15

31 11 36 5 35 24 52 5 45 1

PBR variety 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 7 21 0

Re

d g

rap

es

Early

Cardinal 69 1 40 0 18 0 10 0 4 0

Flame 147 16 146 17 140 6 93 16 142 28

Ralli Seedless 7 31 71 42 111 12 103 7 160 50

Mid

Other16

38 2 28 0 19 0 9 0 5 0

PBR varieties 0 0 0 1 1 2 3 2 14 85

Red Emperor 171 10 95 2 66 0 33 0 12 0

Red Globe 509 333 1,177 335 1,376 121 1,220 52 967 75

M-L

Crimson 32 16 154 654 777 482 1,258 632 2,512 865

Other17

17 1 18 48 61 132 16 0 8 0

PBR variety 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 10 20

Wh

ite

gra

pe

s

Early

Menindee 607 286 1,031 276 1,126 122 969 90 814 85

Other18

29 8 26 12 33 0 14 0 9 0

PBR varieties 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 7 2 10

Mid

Other19

27 9 32 11 32 116 65 0 9 0

PBR varieties 1 3 6 5 11 0 0 4 6 10

Thompson 2,595 133 2,655 341 2,292 161 1,896 68 1,658 190

M-L Waltham 58 0 38 0 30 0 10 0 5 0

Late

Calmeria 123 44 163 31 178 16 124 8 105 0

Ohanez 118 3 79 10 73 12 58 1 33 0

Other20

1 0 8 40 47 98 2 0 0 0

PBR varieties 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 41 150

Total (hectares) 4,630 910 5,840 1,845 6,465 1,575 6,225 1,095 7,085 1,670

% Bearing / non-bearing 84% 16% 76% 24% 80% 20% 85% 15% 81% 19%

PBR varieties are proprietary varieties only recently, or still waiting to be, granted plant variety rights.

14

Other early-mid season black varieties: Fantasy Seedless, Kyoho, Maroo Seedless 15

Other late season black varieties: Black America, Purple Cornichon 16

Other mid season red varieties: Christmas Rose, Queen, Red Malaga, Ruby Seedless 17

Other mid-late season red varieties: Nyora, Red Prince, Red Rob, Zante 18

Other early season white varieties: Centennial, Early Muscat, Merbein Seedless, Perlette, Sunmuscat 19

Other mid season white varieties: Apple, Dawn Seedless, Golden Globe, Italia, Kismiski, Moss Sultana 20

Other late season white varieties: Hunisa, Jade Seedless, Stanley Seedless


7.1.2 Change in table grape varieties 1997 to 2014

Figure 44 lists table grape varieties by colour and seasonality and shows change in the total area

of each variety between 1997 and 2014.

The dominant table grape varieties, Crimson Seedless (39%), Thompson Seedless (21%), Red

Globe (12%) and Menindee Seedless (10%), make up 82% of the 2014 planted area of table

grapes.

Figure 44: Change in table grape varieties (hectares) 1997 to 2014

Colour &

Season Variety

21 1997 2003 2006 2009 2014

% of 2014

total

Change

1997-2014

Bla

ck g

rap

es

Early

Mid

Other varieties 6 6 6 4 5 0% -1

PBR varieties - 3 35 99 133 2% +133

Mid Black Muscat 8 10 8 9 9 0% +1

PBR varieties - - - 14 95 1% +95

M-L Ribier 40 20 12 8 7 0% -34

Late

Autumn Royal - 13 243 348 354 4% +354

Other varieties 42 40 59 57 46 1% +5

PBR variety - - 2 9 21 0% +21

Re

d g

rap

es

Early

Cardinal 70 40 18 10 4 0% -65

Flame 163 163 146 109 170 2% +8

Ralli Seedless 38 112 122 109 210 2% +171

Mid


PBR varieties - 1 3 5 99 1% +99

Red Emperor 181 97 67 33 12 0% -169

Red Globe 842 1,513 1,496 1,271 1,042 12% +200

M-L

Crimson 48 808 1,259 1,889 3,377 39% +3,329

Other varieties 18 66 193 16 8 0% -10

PBR variety - - - 1 30 0% +30

Wh

ite

gra

pe

s

Early

Menindee 893 1,307 1,248 1,059 899 10% +6

Other varieties 37 38 34 14 9 0% -27

PBR varieties - - 1 8 12 0% +12

Mid

Other varieties 36 43 148 65 9 0% -27

PBR varieties 4 11 12 5 16 0% +12

Thompson 2,728 2,997 2,454 1,965 1,848 21% -880

M-L Waltham 58 38 30 10 5 0% -53

Late

Calmeria 167 195 195 132 105 1% -62

Ohanez 121 89 85 59 33 0% -88


PBR varieties - - - 1 191 2% +191

Total (hectares) 5,540 7,685 8,040 7,320 8,755 100% +3,215

% Bearing 84% 76% 80% 85% 81%

% Non-bearing 16% 24% 20% 15% 19%

M-L = Mid to Late season.

PBR (Plant Breeders’ Rights) in this table refers to proprietary varieties only recently, or still waiting to be, granted

plant variety rights

21

Details of ‘other varieties’ are listed in a footnote on page 52.


7.2 Table grape production from 1997 to 2014

Table grape production (tonnes) has been estimated based on an average yield of 20 kg per vine

from 1,200 vines/ha. Only the bearing plantings (hectares) from Figure 43 have been used in the

calculation.

The greatest increase in production between 1997 and 2014 was in mid- to late-season red grape

varieties, equating to an estimated 59,534 tonnes of additional fruit as new plantings have come

into production (Figure 45). There has been a significant decrease in mid-season white varieties

equating to an estimated reduction of 22,817 tonnes between 1997 and 2014.

Figure 45: Annual production estimate (tonnes) of table grapes 1997 to 2014

1997 2003 2006 2009 2014

1997 2003 2006 2009 2014

% of 2014

total

Change (t)

1997-2014

Wh

ite

Early 15,246 25,362 27,822 23,614 19,806 12% +4,560

Mid 62,951 64,651 56,057 47,075 40,134 24% -22,817

Mid-Late 1,396 911 714 236 129 0% -1,267

Late 5,809 5,993 7,168 4,423 4,298 3% -1,511

Re

d

Early 5,351 6,150 6,457 4,928 7,343 4% +1,992

Mid 17,241 31,206 35,092 30,357 23,959 14% +6,718

Mid-Late 1,194 4,127 20,104 30,565 60,729 36% +59,534

Bla

ck

Early-Mid 99 130 193 981 3,160 2% +3,061

Mid 157 236 174 183 942 1% +785

Mid-Late 941 477 292 200 157 0% -784

Late 734 917 1,087 6,840 9,382 6% +8,648

Total tonnes0 111,120 140,160 155,160 149,400 170,040 100% +58,920

0

50,000

100,000

150,000

200,000

An

nu

al p

rod

uct

ion

est

ima

te

(to

nn

es)

Black Late

Black Mid-Late

Black Mid

Black Early-Mid

Red Mid-Late

Red Mid

Red Early

White Late

White Mid-Late

White Mid

White Early


7.3 Table grape plantings yet to come into production

Figure 46 shows the proportion of bearing and non-bearing table grape plantings in 2014 by

seasonality.

The main non-bearing (less than three years old) plantings comprise 885 hectares of mid to late

season red grapes. The 885 hectares of mid to late season red grapes are Crimson Seedless (865

ha) and PBR varieties (20 ha) as shown in Figure 47.

Figure 46: Seasonality of bearing and non-bearing table grape varieties in 2014

Early Early-

Mid Mid

Mid-

Late Late

Table grapes in 2014 Early Early-

Mid Mid

Mid-

Late Late Total

% of 2014

total ha

Black non-bearing - 6 65 - 31 102 1%

Black bearing - 132 39 7 391 568 6%

Red non-bearing 78 - 160 885 - 1,123 13%

Red bearing 306 - 998 2,530 - 3,835 44%

White non-bearing 95 - 200 - 150 445 5%

White bearing 825 - 1,672 5 179 2,682 31%

Total table grapes (ha) 1,304 138 3,135 3,427 751 8,755

% Bearing 87% 96% 86% 74% 76%

% Non-bearing 13% 4% 14% 26% 24%

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

3,500

He

cta

res

White non-bearing

White bearing

Red non-bearing

Red bearing

Black non-bearing

Black bearing


7.3.1 Table grape varieties yet to come into production

Significant areas (1,670 hectares) of table grapes were non-bearing in 2014 and will come into

production in 2015–2017. Figure 47 provides an indication of the tonnages (40,080 tonnes) that

those areas will contribute to the annual crop as they reach full production.

The largest area of non-bearing plantings in 2014 was Crimson Seedless which will contribute an

estimated 20,760 tonnes in coming seasons; a 34% increase on 2014 production.

Production from the 2014 non-bearing plantings represents a 24% increase on the estimated

2014 production from bearing plantings (170,040 tonnes).

Figure 47: Projected tonnage from table grape varieties that were non-bearing in 2014

Colour &

season Variety

22

2014

Bearing

(ha)

2014 Non-

bearing

(ha)

Estimated

production for

2014 bearing areas

(tonnes)


from 2014 non-

bearing areas

(tonnes)

Bla

ck g

rap

es

Early

Mid

Other varieties 4 1 87 24

PBR varieties 128 5 3,073 120

Mid Black Muscat 9 - 219 0

PBR varieties 30 65 723 1,560

M-L Ribier 7 - 157 0

Late

Autumn Royal 324 30 7,786 720

Other varieties 45 1 1,091 24

PBR variety 21 - 505 0

Re

d g

rap

es

Early

Cardinal 4 - 101 0

Flame 142 28 3,412 672

Ralli Seedless 160 50 3,830 1,200

Mid

Other varieties 5 - 126 0


Red Emperor 12 - 297 0

Red Globe 967 75 23,205 1,800

M-L

Crimson 2,512 865 60,291 20,760


PBR variety 10 20 241 480

Wh

ite

gra

pe

s

Early

Menindee 814 85 19,540 2,040


PBR varieties 2 10 45 240

Mid


PBR varieties 6 10 140 240

Thompson 1,658 190 39,784 4,560

M-L Waltham 5 - 129 0

Late

Calmeria 105 - 2,526 0

Ohanez 33 - 793 0

Other varieties - - 0 0


Total hectares 7,085 1,670

Production estimate (tonnes) 170,040 40,080

22

Details of ‘other varieties’ are listed in a footnote under Figure 43 on page 52.


7.4 Table grape prices 1997 to 2014

Wholesale prices ($/kg) paid for table grapes sent into the Melbourne and Sydney wholesale

markets between January and April (inclusive) from 1997 to 2014 were sourced from Ausmarket

Consultants.

The data provided by Ausmarket Consultants represented averages and highest and lowest prices

per month by variety. SunRISE Mapping are unable to further calculate a weighted average,

however the average monthly prices already take the volume of delivery at each price into

consideration, by variety.

The average prices returned to growers from the wholesale markets increased overall by $ 0.20

between 1997 and 2014. The greatest price increase ($0.79) was for black grapes. The price of

white grapes between 1997 and 2014 fell by $0.18.

Figure 48: Average wholesale price ($ per kilogram) for table grapes delivered into Melbourne and

Sydney markets 1997 to 2014

1997 2003 2006 2009 2014

Table grapes 1997 2003 2006 2009 2014 Change ($)

1997-2014

White $ 1.06 $ 1.14 $ 1.02 $ 0.84 $ 0.88 - $ 0.18

Red $ 1.06 $ 1.10 $ 1.31 $ 1.52 $ 1.39 + $ 0.32

Black $ 0.89 $ 1.11 $ 1.27 $ 1.40 $ 1.68 + $ 0.79

Average price $/kg $ 1.03 $ 1.11 $ 1.20 $ 1.32 $ 1.23 + $ 0.20

$0.80

$0.90

$1.00

$1.10

$1.20

$1.30

$1.40

$1.50

$1.60

$1.70

wh

ole

sale

ma

rke

t p

rice

($

/kg

)

Black

Red

White


7.4.1 Monthly wholesale prices for table grapes delivered into

the Melbourne and Sydney markets

Figure 49: Monthly average wholesale prices ($ per kilogram) for table grapes at Melbourne and

Sydney markets between January and April, 1997 to 2014

1997 2003 2006 2009 2014

1997 2003 2006 2009 2014

Wh

ite

January $ 1.31 $ 1.08 $ 1.09 $ 1.17 $ 1.00

February $ 1.01 $ 0.91 $ 1.08 $ 0.90 $ 0.87

March $ 0.93 $ 1.21 $ 0.88 $ 0.69 $ 0.79

April $ 0.97 $ 1.25 $ 1.04 $ 0.79 $ 0.85

Re

d

January $ 1.19 $ 1.16 $ 1.36 $ 1.89 $ 1.63

February $ 1.01 $ 1.12 $ 1.31 $ 1.44 $ 1.32

March $ 1.03 $ 1.16 $ 1.32 $ 1.35 $ 1.31

April $ 1.03 $ 0.99 $ 1.18 $ 1.30 $ 1.32

Bla

ck

January $ 1.04 $ 1.90 $ 1.74 $ 3.70 $ 1.91

February $ 0.82 $ 1.08 $ 1.15 $ 1.43 $ 1.84

March $ 0.89 $ 1.02 $ 1.17 $ 1.30 $ 1.59

April $ 0.86 $ 1.06 $ 1.40 $ 1.19 $ 1.31

Average $/kg $ 1.03 $ 1.11 $ 1.20 $ 1.32 $ 1.23

$0.50

$1.00

$1.50

$2.00

$2.50

$3.00

$3.50

$4.00

wh

ole

sale

ma

rke

t p

rice

($

/kg

)

Black Red White


7.4.2 Trends in pricing and areas of table grape plantings

The charts in Figure 50 show change from 1997 to 2014 in average prices for table grape plantings

(dashed blue lines) and corresponding changes in planted area (hectares).

Figure 50: Trends in planted hectares of table grapes as prices fluctuate

1997 2003 2006 2009 2014

1997 2003 2006 2009 2014 Change 1997-

2014

Bla

ck

Hectares 96 92 365 548 670 +574

Price ($/kg) $0.89 $1.11 $1.27 $1.40 $1.68 +$0.79

Re

d Hectares 1,399 2,827 3,324 3,453 4,958 +3,558

Price ($/kg) $1.06 $1.10 $1.31 $1.52 $1.39 +$0.33

Wh

ite

Hectares 4,044 4,766 4,351 3,319 3,127 -917

Price ($/kg) $1.06 $1.14 $1.02 $0.84 $0.88 -$0.18

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

$0.00

$0.50

$1.00

$1.50

he

cta

res

(be

ari

ng

an

d

no

n b

ea

rin

g)

Pri

ce $

/kg

Black hectares planted Black $/kg

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

$0.00

$0.50

$1.00

$1.50

he

cta

res

(be

ari

ng

an

d n

on

be

ari

ng

)

Pri

ce $

/kg

Red hectares planted Red $/kg

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

$0.00

$0.50

$1.00

$1.50

he

catr

es

(be

ari

ng

an

d n

on

be

ari

ng

)

Pri

ce $

/kg

White hectares planted White $/kg


7.5 Crop value of table grapes 1997 to 2014

Crop value provides an indication of the (potential) annual contribution to regional or National

income from annual production of a crop.

Crop value of Murray Valley table grapes was calculated from:

• The area (hectares) of bearing table grape plantings from SunRISE mapping (Figure 43)

• Assuming an average table grape yield of 24,000 kilograms/hectare (20 kg/vine and 1,200

vines/ha), and

• Average prices ($/kilogram) in the Melbourne and Sydney markets. The market price

applied to each variety is based on the approximate month it is harvested (assuming it is

sent directly to the market)

Crop value $ = area bearing (ha) × average yield (kilograms/ha) × average price ($/kilogram)

Figure 51: Regional income ($ million) from table grapes 1997 to 2014

1997 2003 2006 2009 2014

1997 2003 2006 2009 2014

% of total

in 2014

Change

1997-2014

Wh

ite

Early $20.0 $27.4 $30.4 $27.7 $19.8 10% -$0.2

Mid $63.6 $58.5 $60.3 $42.2 $35.0 17% -$28.6

Mid-late $1.3 $1.1 $0.6 $0.2 $0.1 0% -$1.2

Late $5.6 $7.5 $7.4 $3.5 $3.7 2% -$2.0

Re

d Early $6.4 $7.1 $8.8 $9.3 $12.0 6% +$5.6

Mid $17.4 $34.9 $46.0 $43.8 $31.7 16% +$14.3

Mid-late $1.2 $4.8 $26.5 $41.2 $79.6 39% +$78.4

Bla

ck

Early-mid $0.1 $0.2 $0.3 $3.6 $6.0 3% +$5.9

Mid $0.1 $0.3 $0.2 $0.3 $1.7 1% +$1.6

Mid-late $0.8 $0.5 $0.3 $0.3 $0.2 0% -$0.6

Late $0.6 $1.0 $1.5 $8.1 $12.2 6% +$11.6

Total $ million $117.3 $143.3 $182.5 $180.3 $202.1 100% +$84.8

Farm gate value ($/hectare) of table grape production has also been calculated (Figure 52). Farm

gate value represents the gross return to growers before deducting costs of production. Costs of

production are not considered in this analysis (and are not part of the project brief), but they vary

over time and have a significant impact on net income. Information on production costs can be

sourced from relevant industry groups.

$-

$20

$40

$60

$80

$100

$120

$140

$160

$180

$200

$220

Co

ntr

ibu

tio

n t

o r

eg

ion

al

inco

me

($

mill

ion

)

White Late

White Mid-Late

White Mid

White Early

Red Mid-Late

Red Mid

Red Early

Black Late

Black Mid-Late

Black Mid

Black Early-Mid


7.5.1 Farm gate value of table grapes 1997 to 2014

Figure 52: Changes in farm gate value (weighted average $/ha) of table grapes 1997 to 2014

1997 2003 2006 2009 2014

Change 1997-2014

% $

Wh

ite

Early $31,559 $25,960 $26,261 $28,193 $24,013 -24% -$7,545

Mid $24,261 $21,729 $25,817 $21,526 $20,927 -14% -$3,334

Mid-late $22,263 $29,108 $21,076 $16,549 $19,011 -15% -$3,252

Late $23,276 $30,075 $24,907 $19,029 $20,425 -12% -$2,851

$/hectare $25,409 $27,318 $24,468 $20,145 $21,112 -17% -$4,246

1997 2003 2006 2009 2014

Change 1997-2014

% $

Re

d Early-mid $28,642 $27,813 $32,535 $45,421 $39,132 +37% +$10,490

Mid $24,174 $26,811 $31,483 $34,624 $31,705 +31% +$7,531

Mid-late $24,810 $27,814 $31,693 $32,372 $31,460 +27% +$6,650

$/hectare $25,506 $26,304 $31,359 $36,533 $33,295 +31% +$8,224

1997 2003 2006 2009 2014

Change 1997-2014

% $

Bla

ck

Early-mid $24,861 $45,620 $41,667 $88,893 $45,836 +84% +$20,975

Mid $19,759 $26,007 $27,607 $34,389 $44,158 +123% +$24,399

Mid-late $21,457 $24,416 $28,129 $31,152 $38,204 +78% +$16,747

Late $20,735 $25,339 $33,522 $28,495 $31,333 +51% +$10,599

$/hectare $21,474 $26,659 $30,577 $33,624 $40,396 +88% +$18,180

Wgtd ave. $/ha $24,657 $26,728 $28,859 $31,625 $29,425 +19% +$4,768

$15,000

$25,000

$35,000

$45,000

$/h

a g

ross

in

com

e

White Early

White Mid

White Mid-

Late

White Late

$15,000

$25,000

$35,000

$45,000

$/h

a g

ross

in

com

e

Red Early

Red Mid

Red Mid-

Late

$15,000

$35,000

$55,000

$75,000

$95,000

$/h

ect

are

g

ross

in

com

e

Black

Early-Mid

Black Mid

Black Mid-

Late

Black Late


7.6 Irrigation methods for table grape plantings

Low level sprinklers remained the dominant irrigation method for table grape plantings from

1997 to 2014.

96% of plantings are irrigated with low level sprinklers or drippers.

Figure 53: Change in irrigation methods for table grape plantings from 1997 to 2014

1997 2003 2006 2009 2014

Irrigation

method 1997 2003 2006 2009 2014

% of 2014

total

Change (ha)

1997-2014

Drip 660 1,540 2,230 2,460 4,150 47% +3,490

Low level 2,170 3,960 4,230 4,110 4,325 49% +2,155

Overhead 980 1,090 860 565 220 3% -760

Furrow 1,730 1,095 720 185 60 1% -1,670

Total (ha) 5,540 7,685 8,040 7,320 8,755 100% +3,215

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

7,000

8,000

9,000

He

cta

res Drip

Low level

Overhead

Furrow


7.7 Rootstocks of table grape plantings 1997 to 2014

Figure 54 lists rootstocks of table grape plantings in the Murray Valley study area and shows the




dominant rootstocks are; Ramsey (35% of plantings), Schwarzmann (18% of plantings) and

Paulsen 1103 (12% of plantings).

Figure 54: Change in rootstocks of table grape plantings from 1997 to 2014

1997 2003 2006 2009 2014

1997 2003 2006 2009 2014 % of 2014

total

Change

1997-2014


Dog Ridge 83 210 232 226 339 4% +257

Harmony 116 129 120 95 101 1% -15

Kober 5BB 1 52 60 70 105 1% +104

K51-32 6 9 6 5 7 0% +1

K51-40 6 9 10 8 15 0% +8

101-14 1 1 4 10 31 0% +30

Paulsen 1103 4 114 459 524 1,062 12% +1,058

Ramsey 1,154 2,238 2,575 2,589 3,060 35% +1,906

Richter 99,110 0 1 1 19 22 0% +22

Ruggeri 140 4 64 246 155 312 4% +308

Schwarzmann 373 909 1,179 1,287 1,549 18% +1,177

SO4 0 1 1 0 0 0% 0

Teleki 5A,5C 151 328 373 375 481 5% +330

Other rootstocks 12 14 18 25 26 0% +14

Total hectares 5,540 7,685 8,040 7,320 8,755 100% +3,215

% No rootstock 65% 47% 34% 26% 19%

% on a rootstock 35% 53% 66% 74% 81%

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

7,000

8,000

9,000

he

cta

res

Other rootstock

Teleki 5A,5C

SO4

Schwarzmann

Ruggeri 140

Richter 99,110

Ramsey

Paulsen 1103

101-14

K51-40

K51-32

Kober 5BB

Harmony

Dog Ridge

Not on rootstock


7.8 Table grape property numbers and size 1997 to 2014

Figure 55 provides an estimate of the number of table grape growers and their average property

size. Property size is the total hectares of grapevines, including dried and wine grape plantings.

Figure 55: Change in property numbers and size for table grape growers from 1997 to 2014

1997 2003 2006 2009 2014

Property size

(table grape area) 1997 2003 2006 2009 2014

% of 2014

total

Change

1997-2014

1 to 5 ha 94 111 118 111 86 19% -8

5 to 10 ha 205 227 204 151 103 23% -102

10 to 20 ha 205 210 174 146 120 27% -85

20 to 40 ha 75 94 86 69 94 21% +19

40 to 100 ha 8 12 18 20 28 6% +20

100 to 500 ha 3 13 13 14 10 2% +9

Total properties 590 667 615 513 443 100% -147

Average size (ha) 13.6 17.1 18.3 19.6 23.2

110 of the 443 table grape properties also produced wine and/or dried grapes in 2014.

Production across the 10,275 hectares of grapevines comprised 220 hectares dried, 1,300

hectares wine grapes and 8,755 hectares table grapes.

30% of table grape properties are over 20 hectares and grow 73% of grape plantings (Figure 56).

Figure 56: Table grape properties in 2014

Property size

(grape area)

2014

Properties

% of total

properties

2014

Hectares

% of total

hectares

1 to 5 ha 86 19% 240 2%

5 to 10 ha 103 23% 775 8%

10 to 20 ha 120 27% 1,725 17%

20 to 40 ha 94 21% 2,935 29%

40 to 100 ha 28 6% 1,925 19%

100 to 500 ha 12 3% 2,675 26%

2014 total 443 100% 10,275 100%

94 111 118 111 86

205 227 204

151 103

205 210

174

146

120

75 94

86

69

94

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

Nu

mb

er

of

pro

pe

rtie

s

100 to 500 ha

50 to 100 ha

20 to 50 ha

10 to 20 ha

5 to 10 ha

1 to 5 ha


8. Bibliography

Agriculture Victoria. (1997). Murray Valley Wine Grape Industry Advisory Council Winegrape Utilisation

Survey 1997. Department of natural Resources and Environment, Agriculture Victoria.

Department of Natural Resources and Environment.

Ausmarket Consultants. (2003). Melbourne Monhtly Grape Prices collated by Fresh Port. Sydney:

Ausmarket Consultants.

Ausmarket Consultants. (2014). Melbourne Monthly Grape Prices 1997, 2003, 2006, 2009, 2014 high-

low-average-best from informaton collected by Fresh State. Sydney: Ausmarket Consulting.

Ausmarket Consultants. (2014). Sydney Monthly Grapes 1997, 2003, 2006, 2009 and 2014 high-low-

average-best price reports compiled from Sydney Market Reporting Service. Sydney: Ausmarket

Consultants.

Department of Primary Industries. (2003). Australian Regional Winegrape Crush Survey - Victoria / NSW

Murray Valley. Department of Prinary Industries.

Department of Primary Industries. (2006). Australian Regional Wine Grape Crush Survey Murray

Darling, Swan Hill. Vicitorian Government.

Department of Primary Industries. (2009). Winegrape Crush Survey Murray Darling / Swan Hill.

Department of Prinary Industries. Victorian Government.

Hickey, T., & Hengsen, K. (2014). Wine Grape Crush Report Murray Darling/Swan Hill. Mildura: Murray

Valley Wine Grape Industry Advisory Committee.

Martin, S. R., Dunn, G. M., & Krstic, M. P. (2007). Regulating Yield to Improve Wine Quality and Reduce

Industry Costs. Final Report to Grape and Wie Research and Development Corporation. Project

DNR 03/02. Department of Primary Industries, Victoria. Grape and Wine Research and

Development Corporation.

Retallack, M. (2010). Updating vineyard costs of production data for the Murray Valley Wine Region.

Mildura: Murray Valley Wine Growers Inc.

Retallack, M. (2012). Economic Benchmarking for the Murray Valley Wine Region seasons 2010/11.

Mildura: Murray Valley Winegrowers Inc.

Retallack, M. (2012). Murray Valley and Riverina Water Use Efficiency Study 2011/12. Murray Valley

Winegrowers Inc and Riverina Winegrapes Marketing Board.

Sydney Market Reporting Service. (2003). Sydney Monthly Grape Prices . Sydney: Ausmarket

Consulting.

Sydney Market Reporting Service. (2006). Sydney Monthly Grape Prices. Sydney: Ausmarket Consulting.

Sydney Market Reporting Service. (2009). Sydney Monthly Grape Prices. Sydney: Ausmarket Consulting.

WGGA. (2008). Regional Benchmarking Report prepared as part of the 'Capacity Building for Australian

Wine Grape Growers' project. Adelaide: prepared for Wine Grape Growers Australia by

Scholefield Robinson Horticultural Services.

Documents

Grape Industry Analysis Final Report - SunRISE Mapping · · 2014-11-062.2 Project background and consultant’s brief 11 ... 5.3 Wine grape plantings yet to come into production