Graphite potential inGreenland

Graphite is the most common natural-ly occurring form of crystalline carbon.It has special characteristics due to itscrystallographic structure, making gra -phite a very important industrial min-eral with many applications includingrefractories, electrodes and crucibles,brake linings, lithium-ion batteries,etc. The production of total graphitein 2017 was 1.2 mio. tonnes. A conser-vative prediction is that the demandfor flake graphite will rise 50% by2025 to about 900,000 tonnes peryear, especially due to the productionof lithium batteries for electric cars.

In November 2017, a workshop on the‘Assessment of the graphite potential inGreenland’ was arranged jointly by theGeological Survey of Denmark and Green-land (GEUS) and the Ministry of MineralResources (MMR), Government of Green-land. This workshop deviated from thestandard resource assessment proceduresapplied in previous workshops, becauseno statistic grade/tonnage model has beenestablished. Instead the focus of the work-shop was to present and discuss: 1) thegraphite value chain, 2) the Nordic gra -phite projects and operations, 3) the cru-cial parameters for graphite occurrenceevaluation, and 4) known graphite occur-rences in Greenland and their potential.

This edition of Geology and Ore providesan overview of: 1) the sources of graphiteand the deposit types, 2) the graphiteproducts, and 3) known graphite occur-rences in Greenland. A GEUS report docu-menting results from the workshop isavailable.

Sources of graphite

Graphite deposits can be derived frombiogenic, magmatic or carbonatitic sour -ces.

Biogenic sources of graphite are restrict-ed to sedimentary environments and theaccumulation of algae, phytoplankton,

humic or organic material. These syn-genetic deposits yield either microcrys-talline or flake graphite (see section ontypes of graphite), depending on themetamorphic grade of the host rock. Inlow-grade rocks, graphite deposits occuras black shales, graphitic slates or graphi-tised coal. For high-grade rocks, graphitedeposits occur in gneisses, quartzites orgranulite facies rocks.

Magmatic sources of graphite are carbon-bearing fluids (or, less commonly, melts). Thegraphite deposits form through rapid depres-surisation and quenching of CO2/CH4-richfluids, which trigger rapid crystallisation offine-grained graphite within breccia matrixesand fractures in the walls. These depositsyield vein graphite.

Carbonatitic sources of graphite arelimestones, marbles and calc-silicate rock.These rock types can undergo decarbona-tion reactions and thereby form carbonaterocks with graphite deposits. Thesedeposits yield either microcrystalline orflake graphite, depending on the meta-morphic grade of the host rock.

Types of graphite

Natural graphiteMicrocrystalline graphite (also knownas amorphous)Microcrystalline graphite is the most abun-dant form of graphite but also the lowest-priced graphite. This form of graphitecommonly occurs as micro-crystalline par-ticles fairly uniformly distributed in weaklymetamorphosed rocks, such as slates, orgraphite beds of sedimentary origin. Thegrade varies and reflects the carbon con-tent of the original sediment. Some micro-crystalline graphite deposits are formedfrom contact metamorphism, whereasothers are a result of regional metamor-phism. Micro-crystalline graphite is mainlyused for lubricants, refractory products,paints, drilling mud etc.

Crystalline flake graphiteThe crystalline flake graphite is the com-mercially most important form of naturalgraphite. It occurs less commonly in naturethan microcrystalline graphite but morecommonly than vein graphite. It occurs inmetamorphic rocks such as marble, gneiss-es and schist. It consists of many graphenesheets stacked on top of each other withweak bonds holding them together andtherefor occurs as separate flakes. Theflake size and crystallinity depends on thegrade and temperature of the metamor-phism, with amphibolite to granulite faciesmetamorphism producing the importanteconomic deposits. The large crystals allowit to be used in more high-valued applica-tions, such as refractories, foundries and,to some extent, in lithium-ion batteriesand other battery types.

Vein graphiteVein graphite is the rarest, most valuableand highest-quality type of natural gra -phite. It occurs in solid lumps in veinsalong intrusive contacts. Vein graphiteresults from deposition of carbon-bearingfluids (or melts) that are channelledthrough fracture systems. The most eco-nomic significant vein deposits are fromhigh-grade upper amphibolite to granulitefacies environments. Vein graphite is aniche market of c. 5,000 tonnes/year. It isused for electrical applications, frictionproducts and powdered metal.

Synthetic graphiteSynthetic graphite is manufactured fromcalcined petroleum coke, coal tar pitch,anthracite, recycled synthetic graphite ornatural graphite. It is very costly to pro-duce synthetic graphite as its precursormaterial has to be baked at high tempera-tures of >2500˚C for several days. The syn-thetic graphite is of very high quality andhas a purity of 99.99%. It is used in high-end products such as electrodes in steelproduction, and in aluminium production,in lithium-ion batteries for electric vehiclesand in the electrical, chemical, nuclear,mechanical and aerospace industries.

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Graphite potential in Greenland

Physical and chemical properties

The three forms of carbon (charcoal,graphite and diamond) are distinguishedby chemical and physical properties. Thegravities of charcoal, graphite and dia-mond are 1.3 – 1.9 g/cm3, 2.266 g/cm3

and 3.5 g/cm3, respectively. Graphite hasa hardness of 1 to 2 (Mohs scale), whichmakes it a soft and flexible material. It isheat resistant to about 3000˚C (in a re -ducing atmosphere) and it is an excellentconductor of heat and electricity. Graphiteis chemically inert, environmentally friend-ly, resists chemical attack by mostreagents and is infusible in most commonfluxes. Flake graphite has a very high crys-tallinity and a strong anisotropy along thegraphene layers causing lubricity. Othermolecules can intercalate be tween thegraphene layers and give it expandableproperties.

Graphite products

Natural graphite is characterised by manyparameters, the two most important onesfor commercially traded flake graphitebeing purity (carbon content) and particlesize distribution (PSD). High carbon con-tent products have been processed in sev-eral steps for purification and are, there-fore, more expensive. Large flakes aremore rare and, therefore, attracts higherprices. In contrast, smaller sizes of scree -ned product are cheaper as this material ismore abundant. Typically, screened prod-ucts are commercially available in classesfrom –200 mesh (75 mi crons) to +32mesh (500 microns).

Graphite concentrate, called category 0product, is usually not sold on the market.Instead, the concentrate is screened intostandard products of different meshgrades (categories 1 and 2). Mines typical-ly have their own advanced screeningplant and convert their concentrate direct-ly into standard products.

If the graphite is subsequently milled to aso-called micronised product, it is classi-fied as a category 3 product.

Special-value added products such asexpandable or expanded graphite, spheri-

cal graphite, lubricants and graphene havea more complex production process.These category 4 products are the mostexpensive. Prices are typically opaque andindividually agreed to be tween processor/trader and customers.

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Main lithostratigraphic units in Greenland with location of known graphite occurrences.

GableGletscher

Advance Bugt

Qaarsut

Utoqqat

Maligiaq

Akuliaruseq

Grænseland

Amitsoq

Sissarissoq + Kalaaq

Illukulik

Kangerluk

Kangikajik

Auppaluttoq

Giesecke

NiaqornatIlugissoq

Langø

Palaeogene ma�c volcanics

Phanerozoic sediments

Palaeozoic granites

Palaeoproterozoic infracrustal rocks

Mesoproterozoic alkaline plutons

Mesoproterozoic supracrustals

Palaeoproterozoic supracrustal rocks

Late Archaean granites

Archaean basement

Graphite occurrence

250 km

Main applications

Graphite is a very important industrialmineral with many applications in bothlow-tech industries (lubricants, paints,drilling mud, brake linings, pencils, etc.)and in high-tech industries, such as electri-cal, chemical, nuclear, mechanical andaerospace (refractories, electrodes, cath-odes and anodes in aluminium, etc). Inparticular, the market for graphite anode-material in lithium-ion batteries is expect-ed to grow, reflecting the changesinduced by expansion of the carbon-freetransport sector. Additionally, graphite asa raw material for graphene, which carriesthe potential to be used as electrical con-ductors and for construction material, isconsidered to have a substantial growthpotential.

Historic graphite mining inGreenland

Graphite has been known to Greenlandersfor several hundreds of years. Theyshowed specimens to English whalers,which lead to a British expedition toGreenland in 1845, where 100 tonnes ofgraphite were quarried from shallow pitsat Langø, West Greenland. Later theDanish government prohibited this min-ing. In the beginning of the 19th centurythe mining company Grønlandsk Mine -drifts Aktieselskab carried out explorationfor graphite in Greenland. A number ofgra phite occurrences and deposits werepro spected by the company and describedby Ball (1923) with other occurrences des -cribed by Bøggild (1953). The first andonly real graphite mine in Greenland was

situated at Amitsoq near Nanortalik,South Greenland. It was in operationbetween 1914 and 1924 and it producedc. 6,000 tonnes of ore at an averagegrade of 21% Cg (graphite in carbon).

Graphite occurrences inGreenland

Occurrences of graphite and graphiteschist are reported from many localities inGreenland.

South GreenlandAmitsoq The Amitsoq Island north of Nanortalik, inSouth Greenland, encompasses the formerAmitsoq graphite mine. Several graphiteshowings are also reported in the sur-rounding Nanortalik region (see below).The graphite at Amitsoq is hosted bygraphitic schists embedded in strongly-sheared cordierite-sillimanite-biotitegneisses. The host rocks are Palaeo -proterozoic high-grade metamorphicgneisses of the Ketilidian Psam mite zone.The graphite content ranges from c. 20–35%, with an overall mean graphitic car-bon content of 28.7%. The graphite existsin various morphologies, ranging fromfine-grained specular forms to large dis-crete crystals, to agglomerations, whichspan areas of up to 15 m in size. Theaverage flake size is 0.2–0.3 mm, butlarge flakes up to 15 mm have beenreported. The ore genesis is associatedwith volcanogenic massive sulphide (VMS)formation, as a result of syngenetic depo-sition of organic material from bacteriathat thrive in hot sulphide exhalations.Subsequent deformation and metamor-phism transformed the organic materialinto flaky graphite. The old ore-reservefigures indicated that the occurrence con-tained 250,000 tonnes of graphite (non-compliant estimate). The current licenceholder of the area is Alba Mineral Resour -ces.

Nanortalik region incl. Sissarissoq andKalaaq The Nanortalik region surroundingAmitsoq hosts laterally extensive systems

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Geological map of known graphite occurrences in the Nanortalik region (Source: Jeroen van Gool).

Sissarissoq

Kalaaq

of graphite occurrences that can poten-tially be traced for many kilometres withinthe same tectonostratigraphic level. Thisarea is considered to carry a high potentialfor undiscovered occurrences. At Sis sa -rissoq, west of Nanortalik, a graphite-richlens, 30 m long and 1.5 m wide, is hostedin biotite-garnet-schist. Chemical analysesyielded 22–25% Cg and 7–12% S, with aratio of flake to amorphous graphite of3:7. The current licence holder of the areais Alba Mineral Resources. In 2017, AlbaMineral Resources discovered a newshowing at Kalaaq. It is situated betweenAmitsoq and Sissarissoq, and consists ofmultiple thick graphite layers that extendfor more than 460 m. The grade averages25% Cg with a maximum of 29% Cg.Exploration is ongoing.

Illukulik and KangerlukAt Kangerluk, sheared semi-massivegraphite lenses are common in rust zones.A 30 m long and 9 m wide semi-massivegraphite lens with up to 60% graphiteoccurs on the north shore of KangerlukFjord hosted by a micaschist. South ofKangerluk, at Lindenow Fjord, graphiteoccurs in the Illukulik area both as lowgrade graphite schist and higher gradegraphite veins that intrude the schist.

Grænseland Coal, anthracite and graphite occur in athin sedimentary unit in the FoseelvFormation near the base of the KetilidianSortis Group in Grænseland, South-WestGreenland. Carbonaceous material wasaltered to almost pure graphite during

contact metamorphism caused by intrud-ing mafic dykes. The amount of graphitehas reported to be 10,000 tonnes (non-compliant resource). The southern part ofthe occurrence is grap hite schist whereasthe northern part is an anthracite coallayer.

West GreenlandUtoqqat and MaligiaqAt Utoqqat, graphite occurs in Archaeangneisses and schists. Seven horizons ofgraphite-bearing schists extend for 1.2 kmand have widths between 1 and 10 m. Inthe beginning of the 1900, 80 tonnes ofsample material from two closely spacedgraphite-bearing zones, sampled at regu-lar intervals, are reported to yield 21% Cgand 5.5% S. Farther to the east, at

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From the closed Amitsoq graphite mine (Photo: Nanortalik Museum).

Maligiaq, graphite-bearing mica schistshave been sampled over a distance of 800m with carbon content in graphite rang-ing from 5% to 25% Cg.

Akuliaruseq In the Nordre Strømfjord region, WestGreenland, graphite is abundant inPalaeoproterozoic sulphide-rich supra-crustal rocks. The Nordre Strømfjordsupracrustal belt is particularly enriched.Here, the graphite is accumulated in asupracrustal sequence composed of folia -ted biotite garnet ± graphite ± sillimanitegneiss, locally interlayered with amphibo-lite, marble bands and ultramafic rocks.The metamorphic grade is upper amphi-bolite facies. The graphite is considered torepresent metamorphosed bituminous andsulphide-rich strata deposited in a volcanicarc or back-arc environment, associatedwith subduction related to the c. 1.85 GaNagssugtoqidian Orogeny.

At Eqalussuit, just north of NordreStrømfjord, the graphite mineralisationoccurs as layers and lenses. This minerali-sation, called the Akuliaruseq occurrence,is hosted in schists, amphibolites andultramafic rocks, which form a narrow,steeply-dipping synform. The graphiteoccurrence was investigated by Kryolitsel-skabet Øresund A/S between 1982 and1986. They reported that the graphite wasconfined to three separate horizons in thenorthern limb and is predominately hostedby sillimanite schists that could be fol-lowed along strike for about 6 km. Gra -phite occurs as two different types: 1) dis-seminated graphite flakes, grading 6–8%graphite, occurring as both large lumpyflakes and small flakes, none of whichcontain impurities; and 2) massivegraphite in intensely deformed parts ofthe schist, grading up to 20–24% Cg. Thethickness of the graphite-bearing rocksvaries between 35 and 60 m, but they

contain numerous 1–20 m wide low-grade zones. Resource estimate databased on in-fill drill holes (down to 40 m),carried out by the current licence holder,Graphite Field Resources Ltd., predict agraphite resource of 12.6 million tonnesgrading 6.3% Cg including a high-gradezone encompassing 2.8 million tonnesgrading 12% Cg.

GieseckeThe sequence of felsic garnet ± graphite± sillimanite gneiss at Akuliaruseq can befollowed along strike to the north-east toLake Giesecke and Ataneq, and makesthis area prospective for graphite. Thegraphite is not evenly distributed in thegneisses but is concentrated in strata -bound layers of 0.5–20 m width. Thegraphite concentration in this area variesfrom 0.5–7%.

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Geological map of the Nordre Strømfjord region with the Akuliaruseq occurrence to the left. The Giesecke occurrence in the middle and Ataneq to theright (Source: 21st North 2013).

Giesecke

Ataneq

Qaarsut, Niaqornat and IlugissoqAt Nuussuaq, West Greenland, threeoccurrences of graphite have been regis-tered. Two of the occurrences, Qaarsutand Niaqornat, are early Cretaceous toPalaeocene bituminous shales containinggraphite. The third occurrence is theIlugissoq graphite andesite volcano thatproduced pyroclastic rocks and lava flowsat Nuuk Killeq. The amount of outcrop forthe latter is very large, however, thegraphite content of 2% is very low. Thesediments at Qaarsut and Niaqornat wereintruded by Palaeogene mafic dykes,which caused the carbonaceous matter inthe sediment to be metamorphosed toamorphous graphite. At Qaarsut, quart-zitic bituminous shales are metamor-phosed over a zone of 3–5 m on bothsides of an ultramafic dyke. Three samplesfrom the Qaarsut occurrence were collect-ed and analysed. The results are reportedto yield 93 to 95% Cg and 3.6–4.9% ash.These numbers, however, most likely rep-resent ore concentrates or very-richgraphite-bearing samples or even massivegraphite or graphite flakes. As such, theyare probably not representative of the

entire occurrence. Small-scale miningactivities were undertaken occasionallybetween 1908 and 1924, in a 0.2 m thickgraphite layer hosted in a sandstone andshale sequence.

Langø, UpernavikSouth of Upernavik, graphite occurs aslenses and veins in pelitic and garnet-bear-ing schist at the island Langø and adjacentareas. The host rock is a pegmatite intrud-ing the Palaeoproterozoic Karrat Group atthe end of the c. 1.85 Ga Nagssugtoqi -dian–Rinkian Orogeny. The area experi-enced high-grade metamorphism duringthe Nagssugtoqidian–Rink ian Orogeny.The graphite is crystalline occurring locallyas fibrous crystals up to 2 cm long. Bulk-sampling and bench testing in the early20th century yielded high grades of up to81% C. However, samples are not docu-mented to be representative and, despitethe good quality of the samples, theoccurrence is small and not considered tohave economic importance. Today, fiveabandoned pits are still visible. They are 1-3 m wide and 5-15 m long and a coupleof meters deep.

North GreenlandGable Gletscher, Thule District, The Palaeoproterozoic Prudhoe Landsupracrustal complex hosts hydrothermallyoverprinted, pyrite- and graphite-richschists with large rust zones estimated tocontain 10–20% of graphite. However,the area is underexplored and needs clos-er investigation to study the potential forgraphite. A section at Gable Gletscher wasstudied for graphite and returned valuesof 8.5 and 3.9% Cg, which are consid-ered as minimum values.

Advance Bugt, Inglefield Land, The Palaeoproterozoic Etah Group ofInglefield Land also hosts graphite-richsupracrustal rocks and large rust zones. A2–3 km long and 500 m wide conforma-ble rust zone is present in the northernpart. The rust zone contains disseminatedand semi-massive Fe-sulphides ± gra phite.The graphite content ranges from lessthan 0.5 to 5% Cg. Three samples weremeasured and contain 2.4% Cg. The oc -currence, Advance Bugt, was found by RioTinto Mining and Exploration Ltd. in 1991and studied further by GEUS in 1995.

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Sampling at the Akuliaruseq occurrence, carried out by Graphite Field Resources (Photo: Claus Østergaard, 21st North).

East GreenlandAuppaluttoq The Auppaluttoq area is located in thePalaeoproterozoic mobile belt ofAmmassalik, about 60 km north-west ofTasiilaq. Graphite-bearing supracrustalrocks, including biotite and quartziticschists, outcrop along the coast west ofthe Sermilik Fjord. The schists are brown-ish to greenish grey and fine to mediumgrained. The graphite occurs as millimetre-thick layers and films alternating withbiotite. The flakes range in length from 1to 6 mm, with the most common sizebeing 3–4 mm. In the most distinct miner-alised area, the supracrustal schist isbetween 50 m and 100 m thick, and may

contain several graphite layers. Thegraphite-rich layers vary in width from 5m to 15 m and are discontinuously trace-able along three separate ridges for c.750–1,000, 1,500 and 2,000 m. The lastlicence holder, Graphite Field ResourcesLtd., made two new profiles 400 m apart.The analyses yielded a weighted averageof 2.3% Cg over 13.2 m. and 7.6% Cgover 14.5 m. High-grade grab samples ofsemi-massive graphite-schist yielded 10.4to 30.4% Cg.

Kangikajik Kangikajik peninsula, 100 km north-eastof Tasiilaq, is also part of the Palaeopro-terozoic mobile belt of Ammassalik. Five

graphite-bearing supracrustal units inArchaean gneisses were identified. Gra -phite occurs mainly as flake graphite (0.2–3 mm) hosted in schists. The graphite-bearing zones extend along strike for sev-eral kilometres and individual zones aretypically about 100 m long and 5 m wide.

The graphite is hosted in shear zones andfolds where the graphite content decreas-es outwards from the shear zones and thehighest concentrations occur in the largestshear zones. Recon naissance prospectingprogrammes in the late 1980s and early1990s estimated that the potential gra -phite resource is c. 500,000 tonnes ofgraphite (non-compliant resource). Metal -

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Old graphite pit at Langø (Photo: Bjørn Thomassen, GEUS).

Typical colour anomaly in the Prudhoe Land supracrustal complex.View eastwards with Gable Gletscher in the background (Photo: Thomassen et al. 2002).

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lurgical tests yield 9% Cg in the crude orewith 74% of the flakes above 100 mesh.The grade of the graphite concentratewas about 92% Cg with some im purities.

Assessment results

The graphite potential in Greenland isconsidered to be good, although, graphiteis still an underexplored commodity.During the workshop, seven graphiteoccurrences were discussed using two dif-ferent scoreboards filled out by the partici-pants; some of the occurrences arelicensed, some not. One scoreboard char-acterised the current knowledge and sta-tus of the individual occurrences. Theresult from this exercise aligns very wellwith the views expressed by geologistsover the past decades – namely, thatthere are many positive indicators forgraphite in Greenland, but that the tech-nical knowledge of the quality of thegraphite from the known occurrences islimited. The other scoreboard shows theactivities the participants recommend toadvance the knowledge of the occur-rences. This scoreboard assessment result-ed in a range of recommendations reflect-

Graphite mineralisation at Kangikajik (Photo: Rosing-Schow et al. 2017).

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Scoreboard – status of occurrences

Grain-character CrystallinityGrade Depth/shapeTonnage By-products/penal es (chem/phys)Bene cia on amenability Market solu onExploita on

Average scoreboard points obtained for each occurences showing how the knowledge status wasevaluated for the seven occurrences included in the assessment.

ing the low level of knowledge. The rec-ommendations for most of the occur-rences follow the traditional geologicalknowledge build-up, starting with field-work such as mapping, sample collectionand geophysics.

However, more laboratory analyses of thecollected samples such as geochemistryand petrography were recommendedreflecting the need to gain more dataregarding the quality of the graphite, andthus, metallurgical tests were recommend-ed. This was in particular the case for theadvanced and licensed occurrences, suchas Akuliaruseq and Amitsoq, for whichmetallurgical tests and laboratory studiesare prioritised and investigations on defin-ing the ore-body given lower priority.

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Outcropping semi-massive graphite-schist mostly rusty and coated by iron sulphate at Auppaluttoq (Photo: 21st North).

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Auppalu oq Akuliaruseq Giesecke Amitsoq Sissarissoq Kangikajik Illukulik

Scoreboar recommenda ons

Lab studies Field/geophys Trench/drilling

Metallurgical Market studies Economic studies

Scoreboard showing which activities the participants recommended for the seven occurrences.

Additional reading

Ball, S.H. 1923: The mineral resources of

Greenland. Meddr. Grønland 63, 1, 1-60.

Berthelsen, A. & Henriksen, N. 1975: Geological

map of Greenland 1:100,000 Ivigtut 61 V.1 Syd.

The orogenic and cratongenic geology of a

Precambrian Shield area. Grønlands Geologiske

Undersøgelse.

Bøggild, O.B. 1953: The mineralogy of Greenland.

Meddr. Grønland 149 (3), 422 pp.

Bondam, J. 1992: Graphite occurrences in

Greenland – a review. Open file series 92/6.

Geological survey of Greenland.

Høeg, E. 1915: Extrakt af Grafitrapporter, Grønl -

ands Minedrift (A/S (in archives of Geological

Survey of Denmark and Greenland, GEUS Report

File 21148), 11 pp.

Kalvig, P. 1992: Geologiske undersøgelser af

grafitforekomsten Kangikajek, Tasiilaq Kommune.

Internal report, Tasiilaq Kommune, 41.

Kalvig, P. 1994: Industrial mineral occurrences in

Greenland – a review. GGU Open file Series 94/4, 94.

Rosing-Schow, N., Bagas, L., Kolb, J., Balic-

Zunic, T., Korte, C. & Fiorentini, M.L. 2017:

Hydrothermal flake graphite mineralization in

Paleoproterozoic rocks of south-east Greenland.

Miner. Deposita 52, 769-789.

Lindaas, G. 1915: Rapport over expeditionen til

Upernavikdistriktet. sommeren 1915. internal

report, Grønlands Minedrifts A/S, 25 pp. (GRF

no. 21150).

Morthost, J. & Keto, L. 1984: Report on the

graphite exploration in Aluliaruseq area. 1983.

Internal report, Kyoliteselskabet Øresund A/S.

Vol. 1, 29 pp. 22 plates. Vol. 2 (drilling statistics

and core-logs).

Nielsen, B.L. 1973: A survey of the economic

geology of Greenland (exclusive fossil fuels).

Rapp. Grønl. Geol. Unders. 56 (45 pp).

Sharp, G. 1991: Gossan search on Inglefield Land,

North West Greenland, 22 p. Unpublished report,

RTZ Mining and Exploration Ltd., Bristol, UK,

GRF. No. 21084.

Simandl, G.J. 2015: Graphite deposit types, their

origin, and economic significance. British

Columbia geological survey paper 2015-3.

Steensgaard, B.M., Stendal, H., Kalvig, P. &

Hanghøj, K. 2016: Review of potential resources

for critical minerals in Greenland. Center for min-

erals and materials report, 2016/3.

Taylor Jr., H.A. 2006: Graphite. In: Kogel, J.E.,

Trivedi, N.C., Barker, J.M. & Krukowski, S.T. (eds):

Industrial minerals and rocks. 7th edition, pp.

507-518.

Thomassen, B., Krebs, J.D. & Dawes, P.R. 2002:

Qaanaaq 2001: mineral exploration in the Olrik

Fjord – Kap Alexander region, North-West

Greenland. Danmarks og Grønlands Geologiske

Undersøgelse Rapport 2002/86, 72 pp.

Thrane, K. & Kalvig, P. 2019: Graphite potential

in Greenland. Reporting on the 9th Greenland

Mineral Resource Assessment Workshop.

Danmarks og Grønlands Geologiske Undersøgelse

Rapport (in press).

Typical graphite-pyrite schist, west of Gable Gletscher. Logo is 8.5 cm (Photo: Thomassen et al. 2002).

Front cover photographAuppaluttoq area

(21st North)

The Ministry of Mineral Resources (MMR)

Government of GreenlandPostbox 930

Imaneq 1A, 2013900 Nuuk Greenland

Tel: (+299) 34 68 00Fax: (+299) 32 43 02E-mail: mmr@nanoq.glInternet: www.govmin.glwww.naalakkersuisut.gl,

www.greenmin.gl

Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS)Øster Voldgade 10

DK-1350 Copenhagen KDenmark

Tel: (+45) 38 14 20 00E-mail: geus@geus.dkInternet: www.geus.dk

Authors and editorsKristine Thrane, Per Kalvig GEUS

Graphic ProductionHenrik Klinge Pedersen, GEUS

PhotographsGEUS unless otherwise stated

PrintedJanuary 2019,

PrintersRosendahls A/S

ISSN1602-818x (print)2246-3372 (Online)

No. 32 - January 2019

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