CHAPTER 2

HUMAN BEHAVIOR AS A SUBJECT MATTER

PHYSIOLOGICAL FACTORS IN BEHAVIOR

• Behavior depends upon physiological factors as well as environmental factors.

• Ruch (1969) defines behavior as “the activities or processes that can be observed objectively such as the organizedpatterns of responses as a whole.

INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES

• An exciting aspect of working in the business world is that a person encounters all kinds of people.

Some ways of detecting individual differences in people are:

1.)listening attentively to their remarks or suggestion2.)observing their behavior.3.)conducting opinion and attitude surveys,4.)using psycological test which are designed to measure specific individual differences.

CAUSES OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES

• HEREDITY AND ENVIRONMENT

-Man has native as well as acquired characteristics.-Heredity is defined as “the transmission of characteristics traits from parents to offspring biologically through the genes.”-People are different from one another because different parents have different physical and mental characteristics.

MECHANICS OF HEREDITY

• Life begins even before birth.It is said to begins with the fertilization of the egg cell by the sperm cell.

• Munn(1961)calls the union caused by the penetration of the sperm cell from the male into the ovum of the female ,”fertilization”.

• The continuance of human life from generation to generation is made possible through the passing of specialized cells from parents to their children.

Determination of sex• Nature intended every man and woman to

have 46 chromosomes ,and 2 genesomes.• Each gene may in combination with another

gene , produce a variety of characteristics .ORDINARY CELL DIVISION• One egg cell and one sperm cell unite to begin one

new human being.• The process of cell division continues and with each

new division ,the number of cells is doubled.

IDENTICAL AND FRATERNAL TWINS

• When twins are developed from the same fertilized ovum, they are said to be identical twins.

• Fraternal twins develop simultaneously from the fertilized ova and do not have the same set of genes.

ENVIRONMENTAL AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

• ENVIRONMENT-refers to all the condition outside the living organism which influence its growth,development ,and behavior from the time it is conceived to the time it dies.

2 kinds of environment wherein a person’s personality may be developed

a.)Prenatal environment- kinds of environment which influence the individual before birth.b.)Postnatal Environment- This is the environment after birth.

• HOME INFLUENCE- child is affected directly or indirectly by the kind of home into which he is born and reared through precept and example.parental attitude toward the child is important.

• NEIGHBOORHOOD INFLUENCE- The child reaered in an urban community specially in apartment houses of an overcrowded section.

• SCHOOL EXPERIENCE- A child’s entrance into school is an experience which involves grave uncertainties.

• TRAINING- is closely attached to environment and includes all of the social ,educational, cultural and moral and religious agencies with which the child comes in contact.

• EFFORT OF THE WIIL- BY MEANS OF THE will,inherited capacities, are realized and intellectual opportunities are utilized.

• SEX- It is also frequently asserted that individual differences may be attributed in part at least to sex.

THE SENSE ORGANS

• Everything we know about this world comes to us through our senses.

• The senses tell us what is going on,It warn us of danger and it also gives us pleasure.

THE SENSORY PROCESS• The senses of our body bring us our sensation ,and

make us feel harmony, weight, heat, cold, hunger, thirst, weariness, and pain.

THE EXTERNAL SENSES AND INTERNAL ONES

• VISUAL – This sense is very high in cognitive value because much of our knowledge of objective sensible relations comes to us through the medium of this sense.

• AUDITORY – The outer part which collects the sound waves ,the middle ear where the small bones ,the incus, the malleus and stapes are found,and the inner ear where the cochlea and the semi circular canals are found.

• The cutaneous sense - is the most extensive of all

the external senses because it embraces a number of powers which arethe sense of contact, sense of pressure, and sense of pain.

• The olfactory sense – These cell acquire impressions of odor from sensible realities.

• The GUSTSTORY SENSE – The organ for this sense is tongue.the proper sensibility for this faculty is flavor, but to be able to excite the organ of taste.

• THE KINESTHETIC SENSE – is the movement sense ,there are number of bodily movements.

• THE STATIC SENSE – it possible for us to know whether we are falling or going up,side up or upside down.

• The oRGANIC SENSE - feeling of nausea or stomach cramps are the feelings felt his sensation

SENSATION AND PERCEPTIONSENSATION- define as the conscious experience immediately upon the stimulation of a sense organ or a sensory nerve. PERCEPTION – awareness of external objects, conditions, relationship as a result of sensory stimulation.

CHARACTERISTIC OF THE PERCEPTION PROCESS

• IT IS SELECTIVE• IT IS STRUCTURING OR PATTERNING PROCESS• IT CONTAINS MEANING• IT IS ADAPTIVE OR SUBJECTIVE FACTORS AFFECTING PERCEPTIONS• ROLE OF THE SENSES ,INTELLEGENCE • CULTURE ,MOTIVES OR DRIVES• TRAINING ,INTEREST• SOCIAL FACTORS ,ATTITUDES• EMOTIONS