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• Greece is located on the Balkan Peninsula insouthern Europe.
• Seas – The Agean to the east betweenGreece and Turkey
The Mediterranean Sea to the south
The Ionian Sea to the west
2) Greek Facts•The southern part of Greece is the
Peloponnesus and is connected to themainland by an isthmus.
• About 2000 islands in the surrounding seaswere part of Greece.
• The largest island was Crete, southeast ofthe mainland.
• Colonies of Ancient Greece spread acrossthe seas and were located on the coastsof Northern Africa, Spain, Italy, andAsia Minor.
• Mt. Olympus was thought to be the homeof Zeus – the most powerful of the gods.
• The sea brought people together.• Greece had many natural harbors.• The sea was a source of food.• Trade was possible.• The sea made it possible to form new
colonies and to trade ideas.
4) cultural borrowing Adapting customsfrom one culture foruse in another.
5) epic A long story-poem.
• Minoans lived on the island of Crete.• British archaeologist, Arthur Evans,
discovered the ruins of the ancientkingdom. He called it the Minoancivilization in honor of the legendaryking of Crete called Minos.
• Minoans built huge palaces that may havebeen the center for governing and forreligion.
7) Minoan WritingMinoans developed a system of writing.• The only remaining records were written on
clay tablets.• No one knows what caused the decline of
the Minoan civilization.
• Mycenaeans lived in Mycenae, a city nearthe coast of Peloponnesus.
• They were war like people.• They traded with the Minoans and learned
much of their culture. (cultural borrowing)• They changed Minoan art styles to make them
more warlike.• They changed the Minoan written language to
match their own.
• Mycenaeans eventually controlled Crete.• They also built huge palaces and walls to
protect them.• Trade lead to the establishment of many
colonies.• No one knows why this civilization weakened.• Some believe the Dorians marched through
burning villages and palaces.• Others believe that “Sea Peoples” attacked
Mycenae.
• Homer is the author of two of thegreatest Greek epics.
• The Iliad – a story about a great war-possibly the Trojan War.
• The Odyssey – the story of Odysseus and his ten-year journey home.
10) polis
11) acropolis
12) agora
a city-state in ancient Greece-a city and the farms, towns, andvillages around it.
a walled fort built on a hill
an open-air market and gathering place in Greek city-states
13) tyrant
14) aristocracya wealthy ruling class
a cruel ruler, someone whousually took control of agovernment illegally and ruledalone
15) helota slave owned by the state inancient Sparta
16) mytha story passed from generationto generation that usually tellsabout an ancient god or hero
17) oligarchy
18) democracy
19) majority rule
a system in which a smallgroup controls the government
rule by the people
a system in which the ideas and decisions supported by the mostpeople are followed
City-States such as Megara, Argos,Corinth, Athens, and Sparta, weremade up of a city, small towns,villages, and nearby farms. A City-State was called a polis.
Most Greek communities built a fort on top of a large hill
called an acropolis. The acropolis was the center of religion in the city-state. People met in the agora to trade and
discuss the news. Kings (tyrants) ruled the city-states
of early Greece. Later each city-state developed its
own form of government.
In some city-states the aristocracyshared authority with the king.
In other city-states democracies wereformed and male citizens tookpart in assemblies to make laws.
Most city-states had fewer than5,000 people.
When they became too crowded,some city-states set up colonies.
Greek ideas were spread throughoutthe Mediterranean area throughtrade and colonization.
City-states began to compete for tradepartners and land.
Both Sparta and Argos wanted to control Peloponnesus.
Athens and Thebes wanted to controlnortheast Peloponnesus.
Sparta and Athens were not rivals inthe beginning, but they had differentideas and lifestyles.
Located in the southern Peloponnesus Simple life – much physical activity Descendents of Dorian settlers Slaves (helots) were the captured
people who had lived in the areabefore the Spartans.
Helots were owned by the state. Sparta had 10 times as many slaves
as citizens.
Girls were trained at home in gymnastics and running.
Women had fewer rights than men, but more rights than women in other city-states.
They handled business matters.
Their most important role was raising strong children.
Spartans lived a simple life anddidn’t want change.
They were afraid travel and tradewould bring unwanted changes totheir society.
Sparta had 2 kings Kings had little authority except in war Each king was part of a 30 member
senate (all 60 years or older) All male citizens were allowed to
participate in the assembly 5 wealthy landowners were elected to
handle daily governing (euphors)
Senators and euphors held the mostpower.
A small group like this is an oligarchy. Spartan government was admired by
other city-states.
Located in Attica – northeast part ofPeloponnesus Peninsula
Men served in the army during wartimes.
Citizens were encouraged to participate in government.(democracy – rule by the people)
Every free man over the age of 20 hadfull political rights and took partin the assemblies.
Each man had one vote and themajority ruled.
Persons causing trouble could bevoted out of the city-state for aperiod of 10 years.
Women could not vote, but they wereconsidered to be citizens.
Slaves in Greece made up one-thirdof the population.
They were owned by private citizens. They did much of the work and had
no rights as citizens.
Greeks were loyal to their city-states. Greek city-states had a strong cultural
connection – belief in a commonancestor, common language, andreligion
Olympics brought all the city-statestogether.
They believed Zeus and the other godscontrolled the events in the world.
They shared a common alphabet – probably influenced by the Phoenician
alphabet.
27) league a group of allies
28) tragedy
29) comedy
a serious play with anunhappy ending
a humorous play
30) plague a deadly sickness
a person who appeals to the emotions and prejudices of people in order to arouse discontent and advance his or her own political purposes
31) demagogue
Around 540 B.C. Persia conqueredGreek cities in Asia Minor.
About 500 B.C. the Greeks rebelledagainst Persia.
Athens sent army to help the colonies,but they couldn’t defeat the Persians.
Persia’s King Darius I sent troops toattack Athens.
Athenians met Persians on the plain ofMarathon.
Persia had more men, but Athens wasable to defeat them in one day.
Darius I died, and his son Xerxes tookover as king.
In 480 B.C. Xerxes sent 200,000 soldiersin 800 ships to attack Greece.
The Greek city-states joined their armies and navies to fight Persia.
The Greeks won the war even though they had less men.
Greek city-states formed leagues incase of future attacks.
Sparta led the Peloponnesian League.
Athens led the Delian League.
A time of achievement Pericles was the leader of Athens. He felt that every citizen had the
right to vote – not just the wealthy. He arranged for jurors to be paid so
they would not lose money beingaway from their jobs.
He offered support to those workingin the arts and building trades.
Writers and scientists were encouraged Great thinkers such as Socrates lived
in Athens at that time.
Socrates
Peloponnesian war Athens and Sparta were not satisfied
with their power Peloponesian League supported Sparta
Delian League supported Athens War lasted 27 years Sparta attacked Athens Citizens of Athens moved into the city City became crowded and disease and
starvation weakened the people
One fourth of the Athenian army died. Pericles also died. Demagogues (bad leaders) took over. Athens surrendered to Sparta in 404
B.C. Sparta replaced Athen’s democracy
with an oligarchy. Athens rebelled and returned to a
a democracy.
Some of the greatest thinkers andteachers lived in Athens duringthe end of the Golden Age and after.
Socrates taught by asking questions. He made his students think rather than
giving them the information. Socrates often criticized Athenians
in an effort to get them to return totheir former greatness.
The Athenian court accused Socratesof teaching dangerous ideas toyoung people.
He was sentenced to death by drinking poison.
He drank the poison because hefelt it was more important to obeythe law than to save his life byrunning away.
Plato was a student of Socrates. Like Socrates, he was disappointed
with the leadership in Athens. Plato said that the leader should be
a good person because good peopleare just and wise.
He thought it was possible to becomea good person by studying hard andloving wisdom.
He thought the philosophers (lovers ofwisdom) would make the best rulers.
In 385 B.C. Plato started a school called
the Academy.
Philosophers could attend the Academy
and learn all they needed to govern
wisely. Plato also had thoughts about what
ittakes to be a good citizen.
A good citizen thinks and feels and then
takes action.
He thought people should be well informed, understand other
view points, and be responsible for their own behavior.
Plato’s ideas about citizenship areshared by many people today.
Aristotle was a student of Plato’s. He was interested in how things were,
not how he wanted them to be. He entered the Academy at 18 and
studied for 20 years. Aristotle studied law, economics,
astronomy, science, and sports. He left the Academy when Plato died. Aristotle and Plato disagreed about
many things, but they both believedthe best life was spent searching fortruth and knowledge.
Vocabulary
alliancealliance
HellenisticHellenistic
multiculturalmulticultural
an agreement to cooperate
Greek like
relating to many cultures
HelenisticAge
Discoveries in Astronomy
Spread of GreekLanguage &
Religion
Alexander theGreat
New Ideas inMathematics
Study of Medicine
and Surgery
Multicultural Empire
Phillip II of Macedonia defeated Athensand its allies gaining control of most ofGreece.
Phillip greatly respected Greek culture andwanted to preserve it.
Phillip died, his son Alexander took over asking at the age of 20.
Alexander dreamed of world conquest. He created the largest empire of the time.