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Le s auteurs sont i l1 ff al lt ll lc n t p r ie s d e bien vON
l oi r 1 1 0 # S e n v qy e r.t o ns 1 0 0 0 rs a r ti c le s , cO
I IJ /J J /( /I it ,( lt io I lS ,contr ibut ions cl etudesp ar p
offe recom ma nd ee, et, en p lu s, d'en g a rd e r c o pi e.
----_.__----
La Societe n'assume nullement la responaahil itddos opinions
exprimees par les auteurs des articles.
DE LA
SOCIETJ~ ] D ' A R C f l f : O L O G T E C O P T E_0-
TOME XVII( 1 1 U (t 3-1 'l) 0 II)
LE CA llH EIM l'IIIM EH H: III< : L 'IN S'l 'IT lJ 'l ' Jo
'IlA NC AIS ll'A IIC III:;O LO (H E ()H IE NT AL I~
M C M L X I V
( 'JN'- : 1.1 \ !
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!. .f!
G H E E K L O A N W O R D S I N C O P T I C [I)BY
W , A . G IIlG IS( IN I IE L lG lU N A m l , \ PACIIOM!US
H-MUI,IAI\IIA~!)
Whal i llV arillhly a ttrac ts the atlon tio n o f th e
l'(,(HlPi' of a C op ti c l ex !',( '~ p l '( : i a ll r i f i t is
w ritte n in the f:\a' ldie d ialec t, is thn v er y l ib er al
URewltidl i s 1 II 1H tn o f Greek loan w ord s , o f which s o few
, in([P(~(I, ar e to herou nd in titl ' A nc il'n L E u y p t i a l
l la I lHllau(] , T h ( ) f ; U GI'(~('k l o an w on ts o cc u
r(~v(~!'y\\ ' l ll ' l ' l ' ill C o p l i c : l i t e ra tu re , h
e i t I li hl ic n l, l it ll rg i ea l, t lw o l o U ic :i ll ,01'
11011-1 i l .nral 'Y, ie , l ega l d oc um en ts and pe rso uu l Ic
tte r . ' I 'h(HI!rh l101H1Sa n( l v er hs natl1l 'uHy p r e d om i
n a t e , lh e G re ek I OHU wo r d s l Ilay con i c IromallY o th
e r p ar l o f s p ee ch ex ce pt p ro no un s ,S o e x t e n s i v
e i s t h i s Us e o f Gl'eek lo an w o rd s in C o p t ic l lw t ,
in tile
pa s t , cer tn in s ch ola rs h av e hcou i n cl i n ed to e x
pl '( 's s t lw il ' ([oulll:; as towhntitcl ' C o p t i c WM ev er
rea l ly a co lloqu ial langu age and not m ere lya l il p ra l' Y
( li ak e l, 12), A s a m atte r o f fac t, it is ju st . t ho c on
tr ar y, Io r it isI IOW gl!lw l'H lly re eogn i7 .c ([ tha t C op
tic is I , l w dil ' l 'cI, h e i r to the H p o k e nfo rtH o f
tlt(~ A ncien t Egy ptian T'I l I lHuagp, A ll liv in ![ IanguH ges
havoa t("lI lu !lc ), to b or ro w c on vc ui cu t t())'JIIS Ir om
o l.ho r IH llgu H![e S, so me to
III Thi" sltl(iy form s part o f a Ihl~; ; i ; ; wh ich I pn)s (
'nl l 'd 10 t he l in iv e rs il y ofIVlallehcstl 'r 1'01 ' a Ph,
D, Dewec, I lake this oppo rtun ity to ('xpl'!'' ' once ngaillmy {l
rcnt i n d e b t e d n e s s to P r of '. D r , \V , C, T i l l wh
o u nd e r t o o k lo superv i se m ywnrk , l is iuvnlunhlo
/lIlvi"" 1 1 1 1 1 1 wlIs t r l l l , l i v ( ' criticism Wel'l) of
V(,I'YIP'I)at nssis tauceto 1 1 1 1 ' ill Illy l'I': ;I'III'I',h w
o r k ,I'J III h is 1 II 'li d e -Pis tis S0 l ' i l i a IIdd Ih e
C op lil) 1 . 1 1 1 1 1 ( 1 1 : 1 1 ( 1 ) ' , !< " C, I I l R r
k i l , l 1'1'-
llw l'L l,d : Ii I alii raisinl( l.hl'. '1I1I',lioll Wlllilhl'l
' ill 1111 ' 1'1111;;I'IISI: of t l l Il w o r d , it('VIII' \\,:lS
a l i ve."" , I d o th ink Ihal it was a rt if ic ia l , l ! t a t
.i t w as 1 . 1 \ 1 ' 1 1 1 1 1 1 : " 1 1 : : 1 )of lI lt , s ..t
lO oll ill d 1 10 10 1' n ", IlI 'o l lll ' , .. ". It : ;('ems 10
IIII'II l i ll 'l ' ll I 'Y d i a l( ' ll t l u h -o!'ldl 'd h~ II
:lIIl'il'ly who"" 1111'1111"1'0 IIalllPil 10 1'1'11.1 and 'Hil" al
'l l 'l ' irllvillir IlIOI'!,or Il 'ss Clil 11"'l l l ,sl 'lvl '~1
011 frl l l l l II", \1111'1.1 I' . " r . ' / , ' / '. ' ' '' "
101. XXVII, I'P' 11 ,1 '1 , 1 : , ;1 ,1 ;'1 . A lso S . Uasc lc o
in !J,l , '" x xx , p, :l:l!1 II.
n ,
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64 S O C II ~ T1 :; D 'A n C II I~ O L O Gm CO PT l l.a gr 'e
a[,e l', o th e rs to a le s s e r e x te n t . F o r e xam ple ,
in t h e c ollo qu ia l A rab ico f E gyp t loa n w o rd s from fo
re ign la ngu age s a re v e ry n um ero u s " T hi st e n d en cy
to bo rr ow ing i s li kew is e n o t i c e a h le i n E u rop e an
langu age s,o n e o f t he la t e s t a dd i t i on s b eing th e
Hus s i a n w o rd { (Spu t n i k .If t lw Gre ek loan w ord s in C
op t ic re t a i n m ore o r le ss t he ir orig inal
fo rm , th is i s la rgdy d u e to th e fac t th a t C o p li c
u s e s t he G I'e e k a l p h a b e t .J" Hpi ! . ! : o f ! h i H
, hOWOVPI ' , l w l ' p 11 I ' (~ 1I111111 '1 'OUKl l s l. a n e l'
l ) o f v o w e l ( 'l ll Il lg n si n t h es e l o u n w o rd s w
h i ch , w he re n o t d ue 1.0 me r e cnrelessuess OIl th epad, o
f t he sc r i b e , m ay he ac c ou n t e d fo r , if th e word was
t aken o v e rf rom speech rather t h an fro m w ri t i n g.'W it h
I 'l' ga l' (1 t o t hc e xte nt o f th is bo r r ow i ng o f Gre
ek lo an wo r d s in
C op ti ( ', L do rt e s t im ate ll t h e n umb e r o r H ue "
W ( lI 'l I .H nt l I IOI ' ! ) t h an n i n ehu nd re d in th e ~
a 'k lic N ew Tes tamen t (I), m i ll a t m o re th an f i f t y i
n t h el lu le (! f 81 . Pac l tOmu ,~(~) . In th e w ri t in gs o
f S t. S ho no uti t he i r n um b e ri s e s t im at e d a t m or
e th an f iv e h u nd re d , an d in th e 11!s l ruc t ion:~ o f 81
.Pachorn i ll ,~(~) t h e re a rc s e v en hu nd re d and s i x ty
-s i x Gre ek w ord s in n in eI n J I I I ( I I ' ( ~ ( 1 nn d l i
f ty l in es , wh i d l mnkn s OIl!! ( : rol 'k wnn l ppl l i ne an
r l aqu ar t e r . ( ja se le e g iv e s th c n u mb er o f G re ek
w ord s in t i re S a 'ld i c v ers i o no f t i ro N i ce n C r ee
d at no t ! n S f ' t h an f if tl ~ lJ l l, l J x d lu l in g p
rop e r n am e s (II). Int i re ~ 1 I 'l tI i (: ver s io n o r t i
ro i1pllr}htl l l ' fJmntrlPiurum t h l~I ' ( l n re , aeeol 'd i l
lH 1, 0IT op fI lP I ', Jo ur hu nd re d and Io rt y -Io ur G rr
,ek lo an w ord s : tw o [nm dredn nd Ii lt y- Ii ve n ou ns , t h
i r t Y - R P v l J l I ad. jo rl iv()s , l l i l w t o P I l a d v
er l rs , n i nc t y -I lv cv e rb s , l iv e p re p o s i t i o ns
an d th i r t y -t h r e e p ar t ic le s an d conjunctions (0).1
1'1th e ~ a'i ll i c t e xt o f th e Q u es ti on s o f T h eo do
re A rll. v an L an tsc ho ot l i s t s
(I) L. 'I'll. Lm, 'o l l ' r , 'C I'P W -C op l. o ' i n C o p l
.i l: S l . ll i1 i n H i ll hOI lOI ' of W. I~.Crnm ,IIldll'lill
I!f t Il l ! f lyZl l1Il il ll ' I lIsl it lt ll ', llo s lo u , 1
\ ) ;iO , " . fifi 1 1 ' . , alld L'1I111'O l' t i I l lU'I) tiltN
O " " " ' i I ! 'l '",~IIlIllI'lIt NultitlilflW, le !lwtN
rl'lIl'ilrilll! 1{1'I'flllll'. l.ouvniu , 1 \ ) rill.(')I., 'lh.
Lm"oll' I ' , 'L a l'i'{~I!ld e S . Paddllllll' il l l 'al:lwlIIil
l ll ll t ll l ilw, l .o u vn in ,1 \ l:I:l, " ". 1 G :i -1Ii : l
.
1"1 C f. E . A , W , 111111111 ' : , (;"lllil: r i / J I I I ' I
' ! I 1 I I I 1 I , 1 \ 1 1 :1 , (lp. 1 frf i - 17f i .1'1 S .
f:ASI:r.Jo:I':, :rl,
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66 S () C ll ~T lt D 'A nC " '~ () L OG IE C O PT I
~.-----------------__----------as po ss ib le l!l. A t th i s pe r
iod , i t m u st hav e b e en the amliition o f theEgyp t ian s tu
d en t to le arn Gre ek so as to share in H elle n is t i c c u ltu
re ..In th e th i rd p lace , Gre ek was no t r e s t r i c t e d
to thc ed uc at cd E gy pllans
on ly , s in ce , fn r s ev e rn l ce n tu r ie s , Grneks an d
Egypt i ans ha d mixr]togr the r b o th in the t owns and . t he
coun t ry , ha ll in te rm arr ied , and hadshared tou e thm ' i n
the soc i al li fe o f th e coun t ry .
In conR ec lu ence o f th is , w e find Grenk w nrrls o r L at i
n w ord s i nGre ek c lress h o r r ow e r l f rom al l spheres o f
li fe . A mong o llie !al t i t lc ~ sw e hav e the fo llo wing: f
i 7r o 7 T p !1 . 1 7 I 'O O T r O S , a p x c . . , v , C l . U y
O U O ' 1 d . A l f J S , d W I l ! r )n { s ,d O V ~, e l! !1 .T O
V TC l.P X O S , l7 T C l .P X 05 , s 7T f- I ' P 0 7T 0 5, t i y
ew Jv , l ! C l . l r f C I . p , l ! 6 ( 1 1 J5, I W C I . I 0 ' 1
, -C tI Vd .p W 5 , r 1.e l~ O T ep o 5, 1 J f d Y C t PX 0 5, 1 i
! ' OA lT eUO ( 1 . cV05 , 1 J f P C X l 7 T 6 0 ' I T 0 5 , 1i ! '
p l ( 1 i 1 0 1 P W 5,1 J f P O V O I ) T n 5 , 0 'C l.T pd .7 T I)
5 , 0 ' 1 P CX Tr ) y 0 5 , 0 '1 p ! 1 . T I 1 A d n ) 5 , O 'V (1
bO U ) . 0 5 , - r p, bO V I) O > .
I r 1 . , , 'Amon g m i l i t a r y te rm s we hav e su ch WOl'(
f\ ns : A e , 'e ' . . . . ' Pllro n , ' l i f C l . I ) 0 7 T l \
l ! 1 .'pal loply', 1 J f O A e r 1 . o . 'war', 1 J f U A r ) 'gl
l te ' 1 J f V p y o 5 'l . o W ! ' I ', O 'd A 7 J 'I Y~
'1.I'lIl1l-pd ' , O ' 7 T e l p ! 1 . ' l l III1I1'. ' l 'hu
IIIW-(,OIlI 'I .H11111 I i 'g a l 1 l 1 l' lI i 1 'Kll'f~ 1'f 'l l
I 'I 'RIntnd.h y R l I (~h t n r l llH I lH : ( 3 1 , f ! . ! 1 .
'I.rihlllllll', s , ' y u r ) 'HIlI 'dy', e ~ f J u O ' { ! 1 . '
au t hor i l y ' ,e p ( . t r ) T d p I O V 'w hip pin g P OR t', l
! p m { 5 ' jU(lnC', A 6 y o s ' su re ly le t t e r" , r l d p T V
p O >
I 1 ., ~ '1 " ' 1 7 1 r 'L ,'wi t .nr:ss', o f ! . o A o y i C l
. 'f e c aru uon , ' l i J ' p X ' J ' I S sa o , U 7 T O Y p C l
.yell) 0 H lgn .Thl !1I Wl l huvc th n I Il 1t r1 nH o f w(>i l
lh tH nm l I II (' nH I II 'I ~H ,H l ld l n s : a p o v p C l .
,< \' l 7 TA O V1 ', l ! e vT r) I ) d plO l' , l !V {S lO l) ,
l! O iJ P I , ' ~ e0 '1 r) s , ~ p y C l . ' ) O I! , IS p y o l' j
of ( 'O i I lH :l c ep dT w l ' , O A O l! O T 1w o s, 0 '1 C1 .T
np , T p ' ( . t n O 'w l) ; o r taxes : c il )S p ' O 'f !. O !; ,
( ~ 'w h O ' lO l "l: yy p c tC P O I J , 1 J fp 0 0 '1 I r1 . 01 )
, T e A O S j nnd, l i ll :d l y , wO I ' c ll l l 'O ll l ll 'c l
.l 'l l w i t l : .IlwI "Y Il lIH lH i u lI l : c i Y , . . ) I )
'Hi . l 'i fe' c i O A I ) T I { S 'al hldl". i 3 p ! 1 . b e l O I
) 'prizl! ', , s p O ( 1 0 'o. . ,.' I :OI l I 'HP' , ' l 'a l ' I
", e t c . S o tr ln w o rl lH w n l' l! 1 I1 1o p tl !d 1 1 ' 0 1
1 1 t hn ( .1 '1 '1 '1 .h l ' l' i l llS I1I IH ' y I 'd l! t' I'
l' f[ t o R O Il J( ~nlll.mlli p i r n n O l l l l ! 1 I 0 1 1 wli
i l 'h w as fore ign 1 . 1 ) Egypt i a l ll if e ( ~ ) ,HI[('" l IH
: l ! p V 0 ' 1 C 1 . A A O > ' i ep', x e l ( 1 . C l . p p 0 5
'Lorrrnt", X ' W I! 'sno w', e t! '.O ther Gree k w ord s rc fe r
re ([ t .o an im als or o }I,i f 'e1 .s whi ch w ere kno wn 10t"n E
Hy pli allH o llly lhr ollgh th l! C I'I 'I 'I< 8 O f' l . h n i
r laIlHllagn,r,-{1'- c i A e l! T r . .. .'cork', & . e ~ 'hl!l
l l", A V X " I C I . 'llIIIIP-Kt.lllld'; W[(1(J i l (10 I '
'Illill'hk', r. l ' 'Adf, 'Hlnh ,
1111.. S:IIMIIIT, 'i li ,' 1 1 1 ' ~" 'l l' if i oil'I' I 'i ,;
ti s S " I '\ ,i :o ' ill 1, I V ' / ' 1 1 ' . \\IV. 1 " ' : .! 1
!1 1 1 '.1'1 t' Sn INIIIIIII"I" ' 1 1 " 1 1 1 1 ' 1 ' 1 < 1 1 "
" " 1 1 illlI'l' " i , ;\1I\':i"" 0 1 " 1 ' \'''l'tis,'I'''1I
:-1l'l'lIrl,, 1 1 1 1 0 1L j l ( , I ' : I ; ; I ~ : ' i :, " C II
I'; i (' . S t l ld i, 's i l ;'h ll ll ll l' I l l ' W . I ' : . l
: I 'I ' , ', " , ) il l / 1 , , 1 / , ' / ; / 1 4 , h i '
IIY:IIII/;I '"
1mlillllc, p. : lO t .
GREEK LOAN WORDS IN CO PTIC . 67'plate', T p c L 7 T f ; ~ c t '
table', ' f 1 ! 1 . v 6 - 'torch", c p l d A r ) 're se rv oir , b
ow l', X A ! 1 . ( 1 V >'m an t le ' .
M a n y re ligi ou s te rm s in Greek en te red the Egyp t i ,;m
language th rought lr o J ew is h Iliaspora in E gy pt" It w as p
rec ise ly f o r ' th e Je wis h c om mu nit yin Egy pt t h a t th
e Sep t u ag i n t 01' Greek V ers i on o f the O ld Test amentw as
m ade in the H II 'd cen tu ry B.C . S u ch re li giou s te rm s
wou ld c er ta in lyhave li nen u se d in t h eo log i ca l a nd p
h il os o ph ic al d i scu ss i on s b e tweenJew s and E gy pt
ians , ana , in th is w ay , the y w ould hav e en t e red the
spokenhmguage o f Egyp t . Fu rthe rm ore , w hen the 01( [ T es ta
me nt ( Se pt ua gi nt )c a m e to b e c on sid er ed in Chris t
ian Egyp t as an in t egral p a rt o f the H olyS cr ip tu res ,
the b o r r ow i n g o f su ch re ligiou s te rm s w ou ld na tu ra
lly hav eincreased , A mong su ch te rm s w e hav e , fo r ex am p
le : a y y e A o > 'angel ',c i r 1 . l { v ' amon ' , c i p X l
l p e u s - c h i c f - p r i e s t " , y p c t c p n ' S c r i p t
u r e " , e V T o A , f ' c o r n -maudrnon t " , $ U ( r / ( X '
sucr i f i cp ' , $ u o ' I C l . O " h { p l O V 'al l .at ', l !
C l . T C l . 7 f i T C l . O ' r 1 . ! 1 . 'vei l ',l l l b r , ,
'T O . 'uric', l ! O p b a V ' em 'h al l' , ' ni fl ', l l O p b C
l . V a 5 ' l Il e Ha e r ( ~ ([ t l' e aHu r l, V O r l O '' law',
' l i J ' C l . p d S o O ' , s : ' t radi t . iol l l ', m p e O '
b U T I ! p o . ' 0 1 < 1 0 1 " , 'l Iw w ]w r' o f t he J ew is
hSanhedr i n ' , l 'cte:bl 'm y m as te r', h l b b ov l 'o u r m
aste r ', and o the rs .W iL h t he e st ab li sh m en t o f C hris
t iani ty in EUyp t, Gre ek loan w ord s
I I I! e nH lC ve l 'Y nu rne rnn s , and I.hiH wn s na tu r a l
Hop ing t lrat the H o lyScr i p t u r on and the Chu rch S erv ic
es w ere , to commence w ith , in Greeko n ly l ll . F u rt he rm o
re , t he d o ct ri ne s an a p r u o l . i c e s o f t he C hris
tian C hu rc hw e re a l,l .a ek nd h y t he ) la ga ll p h i l o s
o p I H ' l ' s a nd th in ke rs , a IH I , i n t h e i r1 . 1 1 1
' 1 1 , th e Ch r i s t i a n 1 .I wo loU ia ll R w r ot e t o r le
fc n d th e ir t e ne ts a n d to p rov et 1 1 1 ~ RllpPI 'iol 'i
ly of CIII 'i st ial l i~y nver p l lg an i R II l, : u H lt h l il
' a p o lo u n ti e s wereW l' iU I! Il i n G re e k. In o rlll'I '
to e xp lai n C hri s t ian d oc tr ine s co nc ern ingt lt e B l
es se d T rin i ty , t he Div in i t .y o f C hr is t , the r e s u
r r e c t i on o f theho t ly and o the r p rob lem s wh i c h were
ra ised la te r on resp e c t i ng th eDivil l i ty of the H oly S
piri t , tho N on-b eginn ing o f th e S O T l , th e Natu r eIII '
Chl 'iKI., s u c h t cnns aH : T p ld s , ocol, u 7T ~ 0' 1 C 1.O
'l$ , o r . tO O U O 'I O ; ;, A O yO ; ; ,
\1I\
('! ; 0 '1 '0 1 11 t . h o V lh 1 ~ 1' " t. I I I'Y O I lW I II
'lb , h O W II VI 'I ', 'C li l ' i s li l l il i ly 1 ,, 'l pl 'd
, i l l i l l :Y p t . l i S" l s l ' w l " , I ' I ' , 10 1 ' l 'l
I l V l l lw l l l l il l S I I I I II I I I' r il ' l: n n l . i u
u u l r O I I S I ~ i o " S I l " S S , 1.0 r ov iv o t h e 11111 i
u n u l111111(1"', I Il 1 d H I ) t .0 W I ' II I" , " 1 I ,' II ,'
"i ~i 1 I1 ' , II. I. 1 1 1 - : 1 , 1 . ,1 1 " lk ll i , : C " I I
. I I I '" i n 1 ':H Y pl . ' i l l. 1 . 1 1 ' . / 1 . . vu l , V I
I I (1!I:l:l), ( 1 . 1 : 1; 11 1' . A b o .I. (:1'111'1011
MII,NI':, ' J t : g y p l . i n l l Nnt iuunl i smu nd e r Gre e k
and Ilom an ru le ' ill J.E.A., vol . XL V ( 1 ! J2 1 :1 ) , I ' P
: 22G-23ll.
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68 S O C I E TE D 'A R CH E O L O G IE C O PT E.' l r l'V eu p.a
, ! fo al> , a & Jp .a , & v da 'l a ai 5 , c tlc Jv e
tc . w er e re pe ate dly a nd u niv ers allyu se d. T he y, c on
se q ue n tly , a c qu ir e d p art ic u la r th eo log ic al m ean
in gs .S u c h te rm s c ou ld no t e a s ily h e r e p la c e d b
y o the r n ativ e w o rd s wh i c hd id no t have th e sam e th eo
lo gic al an d h is to r ic al v a lu e s.C lo se ly re la te d to
this, certain o th er Gl'e ek w ord s were ad o p te d in
Cop t i e , hccauso t hey oonveye.l conceptions w h i c h t lw C
op ls ow e d toC h r i " l i l l n i t y . T he E U n l l i n l l
01' C o p t i ( ~ eql l i vl l lm l i . WIIH i l .her I I h a m L o
l I ( H Ior , if r e t a i n e d , w as c on f in e d to a p ar t
ic u la r m ean ing. Fo r e x am ple , th eCop t s IIha JH io ne d
w ord s s u c h as b ~ o l l i. ~ me a n i n g 'spir i l . ' o r '
s oul ' , an dborrowed ~ u ; o f fO I ' 'ROU]' and 1 ' i J v e u (
1 c t Ior '~piril.', ill order to ge t aWIIYf rom th e ir p re vio
u s p ngan id ea o f th e ( 'omposi t i oJ l o f m an w hic h di l
l e redIro m th e C II l'iK l.iu Jl eO llc ep l.'I oIl. V e ry I'a
td y th e w ord II I'I G (1 ) w as u se din C op tic to ind ic a te
'sp ir i t '. T he y also ke p t th e ir A MllT (2) t o s ig n if
y'l le ll ' 01' 'A h yH S ', h u t a (l op te d ' l r l ' c t p d .
d e l a o s fO I' t h e h lc s sc d u hod o o f th egood ,
'pal'll(liRIl'. Th e y us e d J\.'I mos t ly wi th lire me an i IIg
of e d iJ ,i e l lo s h (:1),hu t a d . p i ; Ior h um an flesh. '
r lwy restricler] 211' 1' 1. 0 ' h e a ! ' t ' 01' gene ral ly'l i
te in s id e o f th e hotly ', hu t u se d UW{J .c t to ind ic ate
'Ih e w ho le ho dy '.T h e y arlopted th e Gre e k w ord & y y
e A o s ( I I ) wilh a par ticular meaning, i.e.'a spiritual h n i
n { ~ sent hy God ', hu t continued to me their n ativ e w or ds'
I.lI.IU)IIIG, 1'~HI2(1JiK whe n it w as a (l 'l(~slion o f 11 'l li
eSHI~I lIP' I" i ll a H I~ IHH' also n sc . S o a lso , th e C re e
k w o rd ' lr l 'P W b O T E p O S h as u s ua ll y il l Cop t i c
I . I H ~1II (~al l i l ig o r p rie st , w hils t i ts C o p l i c
( '( ! l li va ln n l 2)\.)\.0 iK \1H(~(! t o n x pl ' ( ~ S ! 4the
meaning 'elder '.A ll im p u rtan t p o in t to n o te is th a t in
p a r t y C op tic te x ts G re ek lo anW () l' dK I II 'n I ' ( ,
I'Y fe w ( 1 0 ) , am i i . l l iK i~ lIolicPIII, ln alw ill l uu -
r l i l l l f "K, wlJ('1I a
(I) ( I .g. tWG NTC IINOY['J"(;] 'Spirit of God', ( M h n( J ir
l! ,~ t il ! l a J I .1 i .~ , ,; i onal 'chp%-lJilJll l! . I i I l
I l ( , l l i s i ! 1111 Caire, {I, p. 7(I:I, 12, S). . .
1 '1 I II a d d i ti o n L o I(!:~O!.J!.I.' ()'J.",'a) II I l h
- h r e w o 1' 1 gll.( .11(:. S'I 'EINIlOlll"I ', 'BI 'IIl() l'
lulI l{:PIl iil"' I' d i ( ~ A l l f i i l l i : r lr - r
IWi'lisl'hl'lI ~~pl'llrh(\1 1 1 1 . 1l . i t eratur il l C o p L i
e S t ud i o s il l h O I l O I ' o r V I ' . E . C r u il l' ) il
l Il l1 l id;n 4 1 1 1 1 ' l I y Z l l l t t ; l I l 1iUNlilll t l
l , l ': 20: !.
1 '1 A. Bi i l l l . l l : , Hil l . 1,I ' : t : ;1'01/. t I , ,
1 ' li": Il ' iil ' l l 'I ';1/I / 1 1 1 1 1 / ; " 1 ' 1 1 1 ' " '
1 " 1::l.I') = n - i n PM id li ( :u l I 1 :11 ; (IVII! C(,II,[.).
' 1 < 1' 0( > [, ~ ' " I t .1 I I (VII!.Vlllr 1"'Il l .),
till'
gloss o r l sninh i ll t ir e C lr cs ll 'l ' B p a l l y IIlhll
l 'al i ' . I I ' Y I ' I ( 11 l~ d dl l' o ~ I.he I I II 'l l C I
'I II .) ,l i te ( ; I' ( 'l 'k - C o p t i c 1 :l o ss al 'y 0 1 1
Hosea nnd A I Il O S , l it " ~ ; e ll il - A ld I l Il I lI I lC f
l 'a t :1 I l IC I I I ., lhe
G R EE K L O AN W O R D S IN C O PT I C . 69te nd e nc y tow ard
s p u r ism m ad e its ap p e a ranc e (I). Th is te nd e nc y
ispar t i cular ly remarked in th e Psa lm s , w he re , a s L a
Croze and W oid ehav e p oin te d ou t (2), w e find som e p salm s
w rit te n in p ure C op tic w itho utth e ad d it io n o f any G
re e k lo an w o rd s . Ind e e d , th e p sa lm s o fte n p re fe
rth e nativ e w o rd , e v e n if th e Gre e k e qu iv a le n t is
used in o th e r p a rts o ft iro O M T e s tam en t. T h is p u
rism is also to b e re m a rke d in th e Ilo hair icO ld IIm i
NIl\\ T e s tam en ts w hic h d e ar ly show 11 p r e f e r e n ce
fo r C op ticwo r d s ra th e r than Gre e k lo an w o rd s (3). In
s tanc e s o f th is p ro c e s s o fpurism ar e so numerous t hat
a c om par iso n o f th e Bnhu i t ic an d Sa'tdicVe r s i on s w
ou ld f i ll m any p arrA S. It w ill su ff ic e to H iv e a few e
xam ple s o fG ro ok w ord s w hic h, n l l . h o u u h u se d in
th e ~ a (t( lic N ew T e s tam e n t, a reI I lwayi' \ re nd er e
d in th e B ohair ic V er s io n b y the ir C op tic e qu iv ale n
ts (I,).( & 7 l ' ) c t p v e iO " O c t l 'to d eny ' > (An
)A rNA (S), . 'lC.A I )XG I, A r X CO ~ .1 (S) , q 2W I'C , r( J )O
r" (D ) j ( 3 c t ' 7 l ' 1 1 ~ e l v't o bap t i z e ' >RAn" I~
(S), l D M C ( B ) ; ( 3 d . ' 7 l ' 1 I u p . a 'bapt i~ I I I '
:> K1I . nT IC-~lA (S) , (IHIC ( B ) ; e ~ c p p a / v c l V '
to m ake glad ' >yI).lI.N (S) , 0YNO< t ,I 'A( I ) I (B ) j !
2 r t i A c t O ' ( ' r a , 'sca' :> OAAACC . h ( S ) , 1 0M ( B
) ; l l c t p ' 7 l ' O S ' f r u i t '::> KAI)1I0 ( ; (S), O y
TA 2 (ll); l l o G ( 1 . e i v 'to ad orn ' :> KOCM l [ ! 1
(S),COAC(;J\. (B); AU7TeiIJ 't o H r ic v n' > ) \ .Y"GI (S) ,
HI IIl1.IJ,-OIl)\.I.lI. (S) ,t b m r < . (B); 'lrl'l]yn ' s o u
r c e ' >1 I11 [ "H I5), MOy ~ l l (8); a 1 c t u p o v v 'to c
r u c i f y '
I ' II J 'i ~ M 1 ' l: ic l ll PIIPYI'IIS ( (1 00 A ,J) . . , d
. P . E . KAI II ,I ' :, i ll 1 ' I 1 1 ' o l o l f i s r l w l .it
l ' l 'atlt l 'zl 'il l( l lfJ.I,XXIX (1! )5{1), Nr. 7/8, col. 685;
F. L. GIlIl~'FITII, 'The date of the OM Coptic.T cx ts ' in A.Z., 1
90 1 , pp e . 80 -81 .
(I) S . ( ; A s l , : u m , op. elt., in B.Z., x x x , p. 22ft
fT .( ') L A < :1 1 01 .1 -: , T lu i s auru (!pi.~/()licl'l,qa
C1'IIzil lnn,Q, I.. nr , I': 7:l; W O l m : , l l a n ti q u iu
u
vorsuntutu A"If'Il'iiIlCllt'lllll, Vi i /m i .q 1 '1 N o v i '
l' es t am en t i ; d. IIlso C. WI':SSJo:I,I ', ' H i e
gl'.IdllllViil'l,l'r ill d er sn h id is ch e n u nd hnh ai ri se
hen Ps alm env ors iu n ' ill I J c u f c s c / t l ' i f t c ndo '
ih;II'),!'I,i"hi,dwlI A l a ui em i e d e l' lVis.wm:dllift l 'n,
5{1 /3 I WiCII, 1!Jt (), p. (j.
( "I ( ;. S 'n :I N ll ol Il 'I ', '1II 'IIWri i l l l l (: I
'1I iihl'l' d i l l A l l n i l l ( : dl'l" IWl'l i sl 'i1l '1I
Spl'/ldw 1 1 1 1 1 1Lilm'IIII11" i l l ( . C o p L ic S t u d i e s
il l 1 1 01 1 01 ' 0 1 ' W . E . C I ' I I I I I ' ) , l l l l l l
l ! t i l l o f t lie 1 J y z a l l t i n eIn"/ilutIJ, p. 203.
(6) A . BUI I l . IG , Di e 81' . Lc hn ro ol 'l !c l' i m s ah
id is ch c n t m d bohairiscbe N e ue n T es tam en t,f il ii I I (
' h C I I , 195/1, 8,V,
!III Bull., t. X V I I . 7
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6/7
7 0 S OC IE TE D 'A RC HE OL OG IE C OPT E.:> CTAYI'OY (S) ,
10)1 (B) ; T p O C P I / ' food ' :> TrOH (S) , ~[J (B) ;T P I J
C P I / ' l u xu r y ' :> TI'y11 (S) , OyNO GllArrG)l.lA (B),
GI'IIT (5 ) ; e U A o y i a 'b l e s s l l lg .> ~YM)rr~(B),
OIOY (S) ; 3-1/101 'Bhn! l t ! t ' 2> 0111 - cI{.\1I( [ o m ) ,
_X_OI (S), ~GJI,"W2n (B); X O A I / 'null' :> xoxu ( 5 n ) ,
CIO)G ( 5 ) ,0)AU) I ( B ) , a w l m any o the r s . .',T h e n w e
hav e i n s t n n c e s , w he re a G re e k lo an w o rd IS u s e
d m bo t hSa 'M i c aw l Bohairic , in s p i t e o f th e I a c t t
ha i, i ts e x a c t e q u i v a l e n t pxi s l~in Cop t i c ,
e,g. AI-G,"" ( d y e A t 1 ) 'h e rd ' : 02, 021; .\ITGI(I 'I ) ( a
I T e r , ! )'to ask' : 'I'WK2; ITAl'nlATGYC ( y p a r l r . t a T
e u S " ) 'R crih n' : C,\2, CA~;(G)n' l l ' l ' (d ' ( e l l l I 1
T I ) 'flx eo pl,' : ('KII)I., i ic x ; G~.GCT(G!I ( l E e r J ' 1
1 ) ',iti s l aw fu l ': (I)O){;, CO)G; KI[;)l.GyGl(I~) ( l ! e A e
u e l l l ) 'to order ,'coll llnarul :0'1'(''- CA21H>, -I; xxo c
( ) . a 6 s : ) 'p e o p le ' : 1'111110)(" (1))1.0)1.; IlICTIC( -
u r { U 1 1 5 ) 'fa ith ' : I~A2'I'G,--I" j 110IIII('OC ( 1 r f o I
J l J p 6 . ) 'had' , 'evil ': GT ~,ooy,C'I':>(J)oy; CIIG('~C (
u ' n - e e r 1 a ) H(~(~d: ci('o(o)c,', XI'OX_; 'XAI' le ( X c / P
I . )'1'1':1 rGNA(lleb. V B , 3 . s .) ;
&BeGl"(1os:>AII01'10C (I I P et. I I , 7 ; I I I , 1 7 . S )
; d f ) w o s :>.A.IK)o"IOr. (ilft. X X V I I , (I. S . ) ;
&1'(1ls > KAIJlIOe (lIo.~ X I I f , a A )(B . XI'GH'I'C); h
rlT lf J e u (1 a : - : - GIIIOYHIA W~. L X X X , 12 . S ); X c t T
c t -J U ') l! el Jl : :- AIU>KG ( P s . L X V II I , 2 G . S ),
OAIKG W~.X X X I V , 3 . S ) jx l ] p l J x f J e i , > 1 None (
A c . X I V , 18;X X V I I , 7 .8 .1 fl. S D ; Rom . V , '7 SB ; I
P et . I V , 1 8 . S ); VI7rUp> AAIUNHin.X I lI , G . s n A 2) ;
1 r f e p , o l J r J ' , a r J ' ( 1 6 . >111OIWl'IIA (ps . C X
X X I Y , " ' . B ) ;' C 1 A I 1 I J . f 1 e A W f . > l'W
I'M1CAGC (ps . I J X V I I , 22. T I); ~7 r ap~ l $ >
2yll).I'-'XOIITA ( A c . H , 115. S D ) (2).2 Som e tim e s , a G
re e k w o rd w as e xp l a i n e d hy ano the r G re e k w o
rd
w hic h w as m ore fam ilia l ', e.g. IlGHT(IH1A j1 GIlCWl'U
HnHoyr . ludW '~X IV , 8 . S 1 (= Tb 1 r f 1w ( 1c t T O V
M'ol!To,) ' th e e ar ea se or th e bod y ofth o l i on ' .
:1 T he n n rnhc r o f Gre e k w o rd s in a te x t tranala to
rl I rom a Gre e ko rigina l is u su ally le s s than that in '0 te
xt w ritte n o rigin ally in C op tic .T he re a son fo r th is is
th a t th e tran s la to r f rom th e G re ek knew Gre ek andCop t
i c , an d )"1 had tho t e n d en cy to p uris m (3), w hile th e:
C op tic w rite rw ho w as igno ran t o f G re e k, w as u nc onsc
io u s o f th e fo r e ign or igin o fth e GI'I~I~kw ord s h e u
sed .
(I) cr . .J , Zm r :l .l m , ' B ei tr 1 i{ l e 7 . 1 1 1 ' kop
t ; Dor l ckap rophc t cn t lhersnI7.llnr, ' in Bibl icn2S (1
!)fI!,), I 'P ' 1 OS -1 II2; L . '('II. L,WOIIT, 'Lo Copl(\
80111'1'.0 a ux iliairc d u e , ' p e 'ill !lillI/wire r id ' lns t
i tu! dld)hi/o/'Wi,u'i d'J / is loiTl ' IIr ientol, L XI
(1!J:I:1-:1 (I), p. S71 If.
(I! Lj~l~ of ~(I!'h w ord s ar e [ound ill C. WESSELY, 'Die
1:1'. L I ~h ll lV i il 't e l' i n d e l's ah , u . b ol l . l's
nlm on vo rs io n u .s .w .', p. I i; 'J 'h . IIOI'I'Nlm, L O be r
F or m , U.S,IV.,p. 11 If.; II. 'I'1I0MI'RON, Th o (Jos/I" l 1 1 81
. John lu,,()/,dillf{ 1 0 t ll ll fllri i ll,11 Copt
ic1I111II11Ul'iJlI (Lol ldo l l 1 !l2/1), p . xx II; W _ C. TI I ,V
" ' Di e k op t is (' () (1 1 I V e l' si on e n del 'S ap il 'l Il
ia S al ol lI ol li s' , i n BihliC(1 :IG ( 1 !H i S ) , I 'p .
S!J-Gl.:" L . T h. L"TOllT, 'Grcco-Coplo ' in Cop tic S tu d ie s
il l hono r o f W. E . C rum ,
B u li et in o f t he B y za n ti ne I ns ti tu te , P : 66
.7
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72 SOC l lt T lt D 'A nC I II ~OL OG IE c o rr s ,A o Gre e k w
o rd s lo ane d in C op tic w e re tre ate d on the sam e le v e l
as
C op tic w ord s . H yb rid fo rm a tio n s w ere c on s tru c
te d from a Gre e k w o rdto ae th er w ith a C op tic e le m en t.
KAT" an d ''''fA w e re u se d in th ep ronom inal fo rm like C op
tic p re p o s it io n s . Som e Gre e k su b s tan tiv e sto o k-
a C op tic p llu ra l e nd in g.
:; 0 S itc h C op tic fo rm s o f G l'e e k w o rd s aR d e v ia
te f rom tho s tand a rdGre ek fo rm and s p e l l i n g , a rc an
ind ic atio n that s u c h wo r ds h ad b e c om etlto l 'o llah1y
natu ra lize d , and , c on se qu en tly , th e ir o r thoU ll'ap
l,y w asa c c o r d i ng to th e c u r re n t C op tic p ro nu nc
ia tio n . A ll th is d e ar ly ao e sto p ro ve tha t th e l o a n
e d Gre e k w o rd s in C op tic a rc no t d u n m e re ly toth e w
h im o f th o t r a ns lu to rs o f th e C op tic O ld an d N ew '
I ' e s t amen t a ,o r an ind ic a tio n that th e se w e re to o
lazy to find th e C op tic e qu iv ale nto f Ow Gr e e k WOI'(I, o
r w ho d ou bte d th e su flkie n ry o f th e C op tic w o r dto
I.l '1 IllH Ia le ac c u rate ly th e m ean ing im plie d in th e G
re e k w o rd in thoH o ly S c rip tu re s.C h ri st iu n w o rk s,
it shou ld he no te d , aro no t th e on ly w r it ings w h ic
h
ad op te d G re e k lo an w o rd s (I), fo r o th e r sc hoo ls
and se c ts su c h a s th eM an id lUo ans ana tho Gno stic s, u se
rl m any Gre e k lo an w o rd s in th e irli te ra tu re . Ind e e
d , th e b o rrow ing o f O r l ic k wo r ds 1 1 0 ( 1 s la rt c t]
c e n tu r ie sb e fo re th e H o ly Sc rip tu re a w e re tran s
la te d in to C op tic . T illis w as th ere n son w hy the C op
lie Iranslalors u se r l su ch w ord s as had alro ad y b ec om ep
art o f th e C op tic v oc ahu lary . A s w e hav e p oin te d ou t
alre ad y, th e C op tict r ans lntnr s , p ~ p n c i n l l y th
oso o f th n n o h a i r i e Ve r s i o n o f L 1wHo l y SC t 'i J
lt ll l' (~ s ,f a v o l l l ' ( ' , L r a the r It C O p t ie W O
I'I It ha n n t :r od ( Olin, hilt , l w v m t i w l n H H , t 1 1
( ~ yd id UHP t i le Gr 'e ek lo an w ord , w he n it w as fam ilia
r. lt is t ru e th at G r( ~()klonn W O J ' ( [K we r o V P J ' Y
rn re , if no t a lm os t l i o n - e x i s t e n t , in tho Dem
oticwritil l ! (K of tJ w P to le m aic p erio d (2), hu t t h i H
do eK nn l I I l P H n that GI'I~nkwon l " W(H'(: no t i ll !I fi
ll in pve l ' y ( I IlY COI IV( \ ) 'H l d .i oT l .It Hi l l l p l
y in dic ale s th a]
(I) L . 'l 'h , LEFOIIT, 'L a J itH ~ l'a l,lI r( J p{ :y pt ie
nn l' a ux d or nie rs s il ~d "s a va nt ['j uv n-K io Il I lJ 'l
l h ll ' , i l l (;/"'()I'; 'I 'IO d'/I'frillllll I I " ~ ,
IIl'lIx"lIl'~ 1 \ ) :11, p. :11 r.- :12!l , I'~p.. i l l l l yp. :
I ' : l IIL; L . ' I ' h . L I ' : I ' O I l ' l ', ' 1 . . . l : o
pl . ( ' s ou rc o . fll( ,.',p ,f )7 1I L; W ,C . ' 1 ' 1 1 , 1 "
' l i nKKopl isd,e. n( . l l t iger Slul l t! d cr Fo r s chung" ,
ill Urh!, t.:I, N " 2, L ou vn in 1 !H i l l ,p p . 1I87-f I8! ' l
.
I') P. E , KAIIl , l l , l 'heololJische Literaturzei tullC, LXX
IX, 1 95! 1, N r. 7/8, c o l . 48II.
G R EE K L O AN W O R DS I N C O PT IC . 7 3th e y had no t y e
t b ee n a llow ed to ap pe al ' in th e w ritte n langu age , ac
co rd ingto th e o ld E gy p tian trad it io n . Su c h an att i tu
d e ha s a lw ay s b e e n thesa me in e ve ry lan gu age to wa rd
s foreign words used in th e v ulga r to ngu eheforo th ey w ere a
dm itte d to l i t e r a tur e .In c one l u s i o n , I shou ld
like to m en tio n w hat m ay b e c alle d . th e p sy -
c ho log ic al fac to r in th e ad op tio n o f Gre e k lo an w
o rd s in C o p tic . T hu s ,n n um he r o f Gre e k w o rd s w
ere take n ov e r in to Cop t i c ho t b ec au se th ei rn ativ e c
qu iv alo nts fa ile d to c on vo y th o righ t m ean in g, b ut s
im ply b ec au seth e w rite r p re fe rre d. a wo r d w hic h m ay
hav e so u nd ed n i c e r to h is c ar ,or b e c a u s e he d id
no t w ish to u sc a c om mo n-p lac e e xp re ss io n, o r s im
plyin o rd er to av oid re pe a ting a w ord , w he n he had to u
se th e sam e e xp re s s io nin a suhsequcnt p a s s a g e , T he
G re ek loan w ord w ou ld , in th is c ase , hav es er ve d a s a
sy nonym w ith th e C op tic o ne (1). The fo l l ow ing ar e e x
amp l e so f th is ty pe o f Gre e k lo an w ord : (3ol7()tiv ' to
h d p'= + W,'OOT" TAGI~1(F); {A1T'~elVto hop e' ='' '2' 1' 0 0 -, 1
'1GOyO, u'o)(I)'I' ORO>' 211"~, ID( 1 < . , , ) H211... ;
fJ,tTOIlioeiv ' to r ep en t', 'ro gro t' = 211'1', 11211'1'
JI.
