Green Algae (Chlorophytes)

“Chlamydomonas”

Green Algae Diversity I

20

“Chlorella”

“Carteria”

Green Algae Diversity I

Helicosporidium

Green Algae Diversity I

Haematococcus

Green Algae Diversity I (Chlamydomonas)

Only different mating types (“+”, “-”) are capable of fertilization

Green Algae Diversity II: Desmids

Cosmarium

“Desmids”Closterium

EuastrumStaurastrumMicrasterias

Triploceras

Spondylosium

Green Algae Diversity II: Desmids

• Semicells

• Isthmus, Sinus

• Pores

• Mucilage

Structure

Green Algae Diversity II: DesmidsAsexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction

Zygote

Scenedesmus

Hydrodictyon

“Pediastrum”

Green Algae Diversity III

Ankistrodesmus

Coelastrum

Pandorina(8 or 16 Cells)

Eudorina(16 or 32 Cells)

“Volvox”500 – Thousands of Cells

Green Algae Diversity IV

Spherical

Flattened

Gonium Platydorina

Sac-Like

Tetraspora

• Small, flagellated, cells (with eyespot) Connected by cytoplasmic strands

• Impart motility to colony

• Incapable of cell division (regA gene)

• “Altruism”

Green Algae Diversity IV (Volvox)

Larger, flagellated located at colony posterior

• Capable of cell division (regA gene inhibited)

• Form hollow balls of flagellated cells inside the colony (“Daughter Colonies”)

Somatic Cells Gonidia

Green Algae Diversity IV (Volvox)

• Daughter Colony Release• Daughter Colony Inversion throughpore (phialopore)

Asexual Reproduction

Green Algae Diversity IV (Volvox)

• Gonidia form sperm packets, invert• Sperm packets release

Male Female Fertilization

• Gonidia form Eggs

(Sexual Reproduction)

Green Algae Diversity IV (Volvox)(Sexual Reproduction)

Zygote Formation Zygote Meiosis to form Biflagellated Spores

• Occasionally, zygotes are spiny (Hypnozygote)

• Only one biflagellated spore survives

• Division of this spore regenerates colony

Green Algae Diversity V

Oedogonium Ulothrix

Spirogyra Zygnema

Green Algae Diversity VSexual Reproduction

• Gamete Formation• Fertilization

•Zygote Release

• Meiosis• Spore Release• Spore GerminationOedogonium

Green Algae Diversity V

Spirogyra

Sexual Reproduction

• Conjugation Tube Formation

• Gamete Formation• Fertilization

• Zygote Formation• Meiosis to Form Spores

Green Algae Diversity VI

Cladophora

24

Green Algae Diversity VI

Trentepohlia

Green Algae Diversity VIII

Ulva Coleochaete

Green Algae Diversity VIIISexual Life Cycle

Ulva

Green Algae Diversity IX

Penicillus Chara Acetabularia

Bryopsis Caulerpa

Hypothesis of Chlorophyte Phylogeny 1

Hypothesis of Chlorophyte Phylogeny 2

Green Algae: Ecology

Marine Freshwater

Green Algae: Ecology

TrentepohliaHaematococcus

Green Algae: Ecology

Chlamydomonas nivalis

Caulerpa

Green Algae: Ecology

Jacques Cousteau Institute

Green Algae: Ecology

Green Algae: Ecology

Helicosporidium

Green Algae: Physiology

Chlamydomonas

Green Algae: Genetics(Hammerling 1930s)

Green Algae: Evolution

Chara

PLANTSGR ALG

GR ALGGR ALG

GR ALGGR ALG

Green Algae: Evolution

Green Algae: Evolution

Horizontal Gene Transfer

Green Algae: Evolution

13

14 Euglena

Green Algae: Evolution

Green Algae: Biofuels

Green Algae: Biofuels

Green Algae: Biofuels

SOUTHERN NEW MEXICO – Columbus will be home to Luna County’s first green energy facility—literally green, in this case. Algae will be cultivated by Sapphire Energy in man-made ponds about 8 miles west of Columbus on the Mexican border, to later be converted to a green goop called algae-based biofuel, oilgae, or algal fuel. “This will be the first Sapphire facility in the country,” says Tim Zenk, spokesperson for Sapphire Energy in San Diego. “We’re looking at different geographies,” says Zenk. “Now our focus is on New Mexico.” Luna County is considered ideal for algae-based biofuel because of the flat desert conditions, the high level of sunlight, and the large amount of underground salt water.

http://www.ecofriendlymag.com/2010/03/23/page/8/

Green Algae - Characteristics

CarteriaChlamydomonas

Green Algae - Flagella

Green Algae – Cell Wall

(Some)

(A Few)(Many)

Green Algae – Chloroplast

Green Algae – Chloroplast

Green Algae – Chloroplast

Horizontal Gene Transfer

Green Algae: Evolution

Rubisco

Large Subunit

Small Subunit

Green Algae – Chloroplast

Fig. 16.4 in Graham et al. 2009

S = Starch

Py = Pyrenoid

Green Algae – Mitosis

Green Algae - Cytokinesis

Furrowing Cell PlateFurrowing

Phycoplast Phragmoplast Phragmoplast

Green Algae – Asexual Reproduction

Chlamydomonas

Green Algae – Asexual Reproduction

Volvox

Gonidia Autocolony Formation

Autocolony Release

Green Algae – Asexual Reproduction

Oedogonium

Green Algae – Asexual Reproduction

Spirogyra

Green Algae – Sexual Reproduction

Chlamydomonas

• Gonidia form sperm packets, invert• Sperm packets release

Male Female Fertilization

• Gonidia form Eggs

Green Algae – Sexual Reproduction

Volvox

Green Algae: Sexual Reproduction

• Gamete Formation• Fertilization

•Zygote Release

• Meiosis• Spore Release• Spore GerminationOedogonium

Green Algae: Sexual Reproduction

Spirogyra

• Conjugation Tube Formation

• Gamete Formation• Fertilization

• Zygote Formation• Meiosis to Form Spores

Green Algae: Sexual ReproductionEgg (n)

Sperm Filaments (n)

Zygote (n)

Green Algae: Sexual Reproduction

Ulva

Eukaryotic Nuclear Algae Phylogeny

Eukaryotic Plastid Phylogeny

Eukaryotic Nuclear Algae Phylogeny

Green Algae (Chara) and Plant Common Characteristics I

Green Algae (Chara) and Plant Common Characteristics II

Eukaryotic Nuclear Algae Phylogeny

Eukaryotic Nuclear Algae Phylogeny: “Fungi”

Cellular Slime Molds(Dictyostelium)

Acellular Slime Molds(Physarum)

?

1 http://www.bio.utexas.edu/research/utex/photogallery/Images/LB_2824_ Chlamydomonas_nivalis_x1000b.jpg

2 http://www.solpugid.com/cabiota/ulva_lobata.jpg

4 http://www.lima.ohio-state.edu/biology/images/volvox.jpg

3 http://www.bio.utexas.edu/research/utex/photogallery/Images/ LB%20933%20Oedogonium%20foveolatum.jpg

5 http://ag.arizona.edu/azaqua/aquaplants/photos/chara.jpg

6 http://www.dgsgardening.btinternet.co.uk/moss.JPG

7 http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/images/130/Chlorophyta/Oedogonium_Images/ Zygote_MC_.tn.jpg

8 http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/reefalgae/Algal%20digital%20or%20web% 20images/Egerod%20Caulerpa%20lentillifera%20300%20dpi%20web%20 image.jpg

9 http://www.geneseo.edu/~Bosch/Ecology/Caulerpa.jpg

10 http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/imgoct05/Scenedesmus-opoliensis.jpg

12 http://www.surialink.com/HANDBOOK/Genera/image_greens/ Acetabularia_pics/Acetabularia_300.jpg

11 http://www.botany.ubc.ca/keeling/BIOL332/PrimarySecon.jpg

13 http://www.panspermia.org/secondary.jpg

14 http://www.keweenawalgae.mtu.edu/ALGAL_IMAGES/euglenophytes/ Euglena_n4_dollartow56_402_b.jpg

15 http://www.biol.tsukuba.ac.jp/~inouye/ino/cy/prochloron.GIF

16 http://www.nps.gov/archive/olym/lichen/struct.jpg

17 http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/images/332/Lichens/Foliose_lichen_130_d.gif

18 http://www.uog.edu/classes/botany/474/images/spirogyra_conj_prep3755.jpg

19 http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/webb/bot311/ Chlorophyta/SpirogyraBig500.jpg

20 http://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/image/47350/chlorella2.gif

21 http://www.dees.dri.edu/Projects/Trbm/cladophora.jpg

22 http://www.riverrevitalizationfoundation.org/Images/10_04Cladophora.jpg

25 http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp/pdb/Images/Chlorophyta/Cladophora/sp_1c.jpg

23 http://www.dees.dri.edu/Projects/Trbm/cladophora.jpg

24 http://www.riverrevitalizationfoundation.org/Images/10_04Cladophora.jpg

26 http://www.nies.go.jp/biology/mcc/images/100images/nies-0211.jpg

27 http://www.nies.go.jp/biology/mcc/images/100images/nies-0211.jpg

28 http://www.csupomona.edu/~jcclark/classes/bot125/resource/ graphics/g/chl_oedogonium.jpg

29 http://genesis.ocean.org.il/pictures/animals/Ulva.jpg

30 http://inapinkbox.com/store/images/Enchantment%20-%20Asiatic%20 Lilies%20Flower%20Bouquet.jpg

31 http://ag.arizona.edu/azaqua/aquaplants/photos/chara.jpg