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• Green AlgaeGreen Algae are the ancestors of today’s land/terrestrial plants.
• Early land plants faced many challenges.
A. How to conserve waterconserve water?
B. How to reproducereproduce on landland?
C. How to absorb mineralsabsorb minerals from rockyrocky surfacessurfaces?
Plant Evolution
Plant Kingdom
nonvascular vascular
seed seedless
angiosperms gymnosperms
monocots dicots
Plant Classification Review
• Nonvascular:
mosses, hornworts, liverworts
____________________________________
• Vascular, Seedless:
whisk ferns, club mosses, horsetails, ferns
• Vascular, Seed:
Gymnosperms & Angiosperms
Plant Classification Review
Gymnosperms- “naked seeds”
Cycad Ginkgo Tree
Conifers
Kinds of Gymnosperms
• Conifers
• Cycads
• Ginkgo
• Gnetophytes
Ex: Ephedra
Divide your paper in half. Label each section as and
MONOCOTS DICOTS
Create an Angiosperm Foldable
Monocot Dicot Seeds Seeds
Monocot
LEAVES
Parallel leaf venation Net-like leaf venation
Dicot
Monocot Dicot
ROOT SYSTEMS
Fibrous Root System Taproot System
Monocot DicotFLOWER PARTS
Multiples of 3 Multiples of 4 or 5
Monocot Dicot
Monosulcate Mostly tricolpate
Pollen Grains
Monocot DicotStem StructureStem Structure
(vascular bundles)
Primary vascular bundles scattered Primary vascular bundles in a ring
Dicot: Vascular Bundles
RecapThere are two types of Vascular Plants that produce Seeds:
Angiosperms & Gymnosperms Angiosperm seeds develop within a flower.
Angiosperms can be divided into two groups called MonocotsMonocots and DicotsDicots
Gymnosperm seeds develop without a sealedcontainer; called “naked seeds.”
Check on your seeds!! What stage are they in?
From a Seed to a Seedling
• The development of a seed into a seedling is called GERMINATION.GERMINATION.
• What enables a seed to germinate?
* Seed coat damage* Seed coat damage
* Exposure to temperature changes* Exposure to temperature changes
* Penetration of * Penetration of HH22OO & & OO22 through the seed through the seed
coatcoat
Importance of CotyledonsImportance of Cotyledons• “Cots”- provide foodfood for the embryo.
• Once the food is used up, the cotyledons shrivel up and fall off.
Can you label a Monocot Seed?
A. Seed coat
B. Endosperm
C. Cotyledon
D. Embryo
Can you label a Dicot Seed?
A. Seed coat
B. Endosperm
C. Cotyledon
D. Embryo
Fruit and Seed Dispersal
• Three common ways fruit and seeds are dispersed:– Wind– Animals (bees, butterflies, birds, bats)
– Water
Fruit ClassificationFruit Classification
• A fruitfruit is a mature ovary.
• Fruits can be classified using these two two characteristicscharacteristics:– How many flowers or pistils form the fruit?– Is the fruit dry or fleshy?
Use the Chart on Page 619Use the Chart on Page 619
• What type of fruit is a WWaatteerrmmeelloonn?
• What type of fruit is a PineapplePineapple?
• What type of fruit is a Green PeaGreen Pea?
• What type of fruit is an AppleApple?
• What type of fruit is CornCorn or WheatWheat?
Flowers of Monocots & Dicots
Objectives:
Today in lab, students will be able to:
1. Identify the parts of a flower.
2. Identify monocots and dicots based on type of flower and/or type of seed.
3. Properly label a flower diagram and seed diagram.
Flowers and Seeds of Monocots & Dicots
1 2
1 2
1 & 2
Examples of Angiosperms
Monocots vs. Dicots
FLOWER DISSECTION
Lily
A
B
C
D
Lily
A
C
B
Ovary
Stigma
Style
A
B
C
Anther
Filament
Stamen
Stamens and Pistil
B
A
Bud
Sepals
sepals
petals
stamens
pistil
bract
FUNCTIONS OF FLOWER
STRUCTURES
Functions of flower structures
Sepal
• Sepals- protects the flower while it is a bud
Petals
• Sepals- protects the flower while it is a bud
• Petals- attract insects and animals to aid in pollination
Stamen
What’s that?
A
B
C
• Sepals- protects the flower while it is a bud
• Petals- attract insects and animals to aid in pollination
• Stamens- male part of the flower which includes the anther and filament; it produces pollen.
Anther
• Sepals- protects the flower while it is a bud
• Petals- attract insects and animals to aid in pollination
• Stamens- male part of the flower which includes the anther and filament; it produces pollen.
• Anther- produce and release pollen to the stigma of the same or another flower for reproduction.
Anther
Filament
Stamen
• Anther- produce and release pollen to the stigma of the same or another flower for reproduction.
• Filament- elevates the anther away from the flower for pollen dispersal and transports nutrients to the anther.
• Pollen- contains sperm for fertilization.
Pistil
• Anther- produce and release pollen to the stigma of the same or another flower for reproduction.
• Filament- elevates the anther away from the flower for pollen dispersal and transports nutrients to the anther.
• Pollen- contains sperm for fertilization.
• Pistil (Carpel)-female part of the flower which includes the stigma, style and ovary; it produces ovules, which are similar to eggs in animals. Produces seeds and fruit.
Stigma
• Anther- produce and release pollen to the stigma of the same or another flower for reproduction.
• Filament- elevates the anther away from the flower for pollen dispersal and transports nutrients to the anther.
• Pollen- contains sperm for fertilization.
• Pistil (Carpel)-female part of the flower which includes the stigma, style and ovary; it produces ovules, which are similar to eggs in animals. Produces seeds and fruit.
• Stigma- collects pollen on its surface and aids in fertilization
A
C
B
Ovary
Stigma
Style
Style
Where is it located?
What does it do?B
C
A
Style
Where is it located?
What does it do?Style
C
A
• Pollen- contains sperm for fertilization.
• Pistil (Carpel)-female part of the flower which includes the stigma, style and ovary; it produces ovules, which are similar to eggs in animals. Produces seeds and fruit.
• Stigma- collects pollen on its surface and aids in fertilization
• Style- elevates the stigma to collect pollen
B
C
A Ovary
Where is it located?
What does it do?
B
Ovary
A Ovary
Where is it located?
What does it do?
• Pollen- contains sperm for fertilization.
• Pistil (Carpel)-female part of the flower which includes the stigma, style and ovary; it produces ovules, which are similar to eggs in animals. Produces seeds and fruit.
• Stigma- collects pollen on its surface and aids in fertilization
• Style- elevates the stigma to collect pollen
• Ovary- produce ovules (eggs); when fertilized ovules become seeds and fruits.
STOP HERE!
FERTILIZATION
A
Fruit Development
A
B
Fruit Examples with only 1 seed
1
23
6 5
4
7
Example of fruit with multiple seeds
Hibiscus
E
F
A
D
B
C
Filament
Anther
Stigma
Sepal
Style
Petals
A
B
Stigmas
Pistil & Stamens
Anther
Underside of Hibiscus
Petal
Sepal
Confusing Flowers
• Flowers with spurred petals. Count them. There are five. This is a dicot, and the netted venation of the leaves will bear this out. The plant is a colombine, Aquilegia canadensis, and the number of spur this time is always five.
What is a “spur?”• Petals often develop a nectar-containing Petals often develop a nectar-containing
extension of the tubular corolla, called a extension of the tubular corolla, called a spurspur. .
• This may involve one petal, as in the larkspur This may involve one petal, as in the larkspur ((DelphiniumDelphinium), ),
• This may also involve all the petals, as in This may also involve all the petals, as in columbine (columbine (AquilegiaAquilegia))
(Both members of the family Ranunculaceae.) (Both members of the family Ranunculaceae.)
