Green Economy in Sub-Saharan Africa

7/28/2019 Green Economy in Sub-Saharan Africa

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Green Economy in Sub-Saaran AricaLessns Benn, E, Gn, Nb nd Nge



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ABS Access Benefit Sharing

ADB African Development Bank

BDS Business Development Services

BMU Federal Ministry of the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety

CBNRM Community Based Natural Resource Management

CDM Clean Development MechanismCER Certified Emission Reduction

CRGE Climate Resilient Green Economy (Ethiopia)

COP Conference of the Parties

CP Cleaner Production

CSR Corporate Social Responsibility

EIP Eco Industrial Park

EFR Environmental Fiscal Reform

EPA Environmental Protection Agency

FCPF Forest Carbon Partnership Facility

GE Green Economy

GEF Global Environmental FacilityICI International Climate Initiative

LDC Least Developed Country

LED Local Economic Development

MET Ministry of Environment and Tourism of Namibia

NRM Natural Resource Management

PES Payment for Ecosystem Services

PREMA Profitable Environmental Management

REDD Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forests Degradation

R-PP REDD Readiness Preparation Proposal

SED Sustainable Economic Development

SSA Sub-Saharan AfricaUNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development

UNDP United Nations Development Programme

UNEP United Nations Environment Programme

UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

VCM Voluntary Carbon Markets

List of abbreviations



GrEEN EcoNomy iN SuB-SaharaN africa 3

Content

Figure: Overview of the status quo of Green Economy in five selected countries � � � � � � � � � 4

Executive summary � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 4

1. Introduction � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 6

2. Green Economy: a relevant concept in Sub-Saaran Arica? � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 82.1 Environmental and developmental challenges in Sub-Saharan Africa � � � � � � � � � � 10

Box 1: Promoting renewable energies in remote areas of Namibia � � � � � � � � � � � � 16

Table: Major challenges related to development and Green Economy in SSA � � � � � 11

2.2 Economic opportunities through GE � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 12

3. Status quo and potential or Green Economy in te region � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 14

3.1 Policy and regulatory framework � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 15

3.2 Opportunities for greening economic sectors � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 17

Box 2: Climate Change Adaptation Insurance in Ghana � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 19

Box 3: Resource efficiency initiatives in industrial zones in Ghana � � � � � � � � � � � � 22

Box 4: Pendjari Biosphere Reserve in Benin � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 223.3 The role of the private sector � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 23

4. Drivers and barriers to implementation � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 24

4.1 Drivers for GE � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 25

4.2 Major barriers to GE � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 26

5. Maor conclusions � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 28

Literature � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 30



4 ExEcutivE Summary

Figure: Over view of the status quo of Green Economy in five selected countries

BENIN

GE sll n s nn sge�N eng GE segn le lnned, seneesng en ns-ens se llngles n le� GiZ ssed se GE-eledses, s s ssnblenng s�

EThIOPIA

in Deebe 2011, e nleened s clereslen Geen En (crGE)

seg bked b e pemnse� te crGE s beendeeled n en wuNDp nd des n elll ewk, nldng nnng ens w emns fnne�

NIGERIA

N ell GE l n le,e sse s nl ddessedg e lens lenge� cenl n eg n e ll gend�cle nge gn nde deelen e clenDeelen mens (cDm)jes (Nge led se bgges cDm je na) esell n e nng,nsn nd bldngse wee es e e

e deelen e sd�

NAMIBIA

Geen En clnDlges k le n Jl2011 w n be seen s s se wds nge sse n e nnlgend� te GE dlgeswee sed b GiZ�Bde nd ssnbles see be e ssng kes GE�

GhANA

N ell l n le b eEnnenl pen agen(Epa) s deeled “GnGes Geen” den nlelng GE le nge�te newl nd l s e jllenge GE n e e�GiZ s sng nbe

ses nsne neln w le ngedn lene dnnd ese een n nd sll eneses�




UNEP denes Green Economy (GE) as one that ‘resultsin improved human well-being and social equity, whilesignicantly reducing environmental r isks and ecologi-cal scarcities’. In short, an economy that is low carbon,resource ecient and socially inclusive. However, theconcept and its implications are still vague when it comesto the Arican context. Te Deutsche Gesellschat ürInternationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH’s sectornetwork or sustainable economic development in Sub-Saharan Arica thereore decided to analyse the status quoo GE in Sub-Saharan Arica with a special ocus on new challenges in the area o sustainable economic develop-ment.

Tis study is a synthesis report based on ve country studies. In order to adequately apprehend the great variety o prevailing conditions and circumstances in Aricancountries, ve very dierent countries in terms o size,

geographic position, DAC classication, economic situ-ation and environmental setting were chosen: Benin,Ethiopia, Ghana, Namibia and Nigeria. In comparing thecountry studies to dene commonalities and dierences,the present study aims not to paint a comprehensive pic-ture but rather to identiy general trends or the region.

Te comparison shows that the dierent countries areat very dierent stages in respect o implementing GE. While all countries integrate aspects o it in a number o strategies and policies, only Ethiopia has an overarching GE strategy in place. Te legal and regulatory ramework

to oster GE is still in its inancy stage in all countries andconcepts to realise the transition to a GE are not yet inplace. Te most promising markets related to GE tend tobe those related to agriculture such as biotrade, sustain-able tourism and renewable energies. Additionally, the issue o GE usual ly alls within theresponsibilities o the Ministry o Environment, whosecapacities and implementation power are oten limited.Tis leads to two important setbacks: rst, the orcesdriving the transition towards GE are oten so weak thatdemands and suggestions are oten drowned out. Second,the topic is usually viewed rom a purely environmental

angle which does not take economic aspects and argu-ments suciently into account.

Te study also aims to identiy potential drivers or a GE.Here, the economic use o abundant natural resourcescould play a signicant role. Eectively used and sustain-ably managed, these natural resources could oer greateconomic potential, which is currently under-exploited.

Another important driver is the need or aordableand sustainable energy sources, as a great part o thepopulation still lacks access to energy. At the same time,economic transormation and economic growth, neces-sary to lit people out o poverty, will require substantialenergy resources. Te high cost o connecting remoteareas and communities to the grid make the developmento decentralized sustainable energy solutions as well as theuse o renewable energies important drivers on the way towards a GE.

Finally, the country studies reveal that there is no generalrule or silver bullet to achieve a transition to a GE in thecontext o Sub-Saharan Arica. o promote the transition within the ramework o sustainable economic develop-ment, it is essential to bring ministries concerned witheconomic growth and development as well as privatesector actors on board. o this end, it will be crucial tobuild capacity and create awareness among the respective

stakeholders by highlighting the economic benets andpotentials GE oers. Trough this, powerul cooperationpartners and supporters can be gained. Closer inter-ministerial cooperation as well as cooperation betweenministries and the private sector should also be ostered inorder to generate concrete demand or GE initiatives.

Executivesummary



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1. Introduction

Te manuacturing sector signiicantly contributes to te transitiontowards a Green Economy in Sub-Saaran Arica by improvingresource eiciency, establising cleaner production patterns andproducing environment riendly products. Yet, its potential remainslargely unexploited. Poto: © GIZ / Micael Tsegaye




Te ollowing study as been commissioned by GIZ’ssector network or Sustainable Economic Develop-ment in Sub-Saaran Arica as a result o on-goingGE-related discussions and te callenges arising orArica. In order to achieve long-term sustainable growth,countries in Sub-Saharan Arica need to adapt theireconomies and growth models taking ‘Green Growth’or ‘Green Economy’ concepts into account. Only in a scenario, where economic growth and the conservationand sustainable management o natural resources areequally taken into consideration, poverty can be reducedin a sustainable way. On behal o the German FederalMinistry o Economic Cooperation and Development(BMZ), GIZ supports partner countries in the transitiontowards a Green Economy, helping them to use upcom-ing opportunities, manage potential risks throughout thetransormation process, and tap into new markets andproducts based on a GE.

Tis study is a synthesis report based on ve country studies. In order to adequately apprehend the great variety o prevailing conditions and circumstances in Aricancountries, ve very dierent countries in terms o size,geographic position, DAC classication, economic situ-ation and environmental setting were chosen: Benin,

Ethiopia, Ghana, Namibia and Nigeria. Comparing thecountry studies to dene commonalities and dierences,this study does not aim to draw a comprehensive picture,but to derive general trends or the region. Te ocus isalso set on opportunities and challenges arising within theramework o sustainable economic development. Tus,other very important topics linked to GE such as water-and waste-management, climate change or agriculturalproduction could not be analysed in-depth. However,the inter-linkages to their respective economic potentialsand risks have been established and highlighted. Boththe analysed sectors and the addressed topics are based

on UNEP’s GE concept and are analysed with ocuson the transormation to a more sustainable economicdevelopment.

Te ve country studies are based on an analysis o secondary literature, strategy papers o the respectivegovernments, research papers and in-depth interviews with relevant stakeholders active in the eld o GE. Eachcountry study ends with recommendations based on theanalysis. Stakeholders interviewed included public institu-tions, universities, research institutes, relevant NGOs,experts on GE, donor organisations active in the respec-tive countries and some selected private sector initiatives.Te ocus has only been on those actors that would beable to provide an input on GE and sustainable economicdevelopment, especially related to the ecological transor-mation o the economy and the identication o possiblemarkets, products and services or a greener economy. Additionally, all country studies analyse the prevailing legal and regulatory ramework conditions as well as theeconomic potential or a transition towards a GE.

Te study thereore solely ocuses on those aspects o GEthat are directly related to the ecological transormationo the economic system and does not include an exhaus-tive overview on GE in the various countries. Tus themain objective o this synthesis report is to identiy trends and possible interventions to promote the transi-tion towards a GE in the context o sustainable economic

development in Sub-Saharan Arica.

While recent developments, such as the Rio+20 sum-mit or new developments on the regional level have beentaken into account when writing this report, the vecountry studies were developed throughout 2011 and donot take any urther developments into account.



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2.Green Economy:a relevant concept inSub-Saharan Africa?

Te replacement o ossil uels troug oter sources o energyessentially reduces greenouse gas emissions. Furtermore,abandoning traditional cooking uels, suc as irewood or carcoal,improves indoor air quality and particularly reduces ealt risksor poor ouseolds. Poto: © GIZ / Kamikazz, Senegal



9GrEEN EcoNomy iN SuB-SaharaN africa

In te middle o te global inancial crisis, te UnitedNations Environment Programme (UNEP) called or aglobal Green New Deal, encouraging governments tosupport economic transormation to a greener economy. In the light o the Rio+20 conerence, GE has become a topic that is discussed and promoted by a variety o inter-national organisations and governments, most prominent-ly in Asia, but also starting in Arican countries.

Te UNEP report ‘owards a Green Economy: Pathwaysto Sustainable Development and Poverty Eradication’denes a Green Economy as one that results in ‘improvedhuman well-being and social equity, while signicantly reducing environmental risks and ecological scarcities’. Inits simplest orm, a GE can be thought o as one which islow-carbon, resource ecient and socially inclusive. In a GE, growth in income and employment should be drivenby public and private investments that reduce carbonemissions and pollution, enhance energy and resource e-ciency, and prevent the loss o biodiversity and ecosys-tem services. Tese investments need to be catalysed andsupported by targeted public expenditure, policy reormsand regulation changes. Te development path shouldmaintain, enhance and, where necessary, rebuild naturalcapital as a critical economic asset and as a source o pub-

lic benets, especially or poor people whose livelihoodsand security depend on nature.1

However, the concepts ‘Green Economy’ and ‘GreenGrowth’ are still quite vague in the Arican context asthey are discussed and dened in dierent ways by di-erent institutions. Additionally, many actors interviewedexpressed their concerns about the similarities to the orig-inal concept o sustainable development. Furthermore,they are a lso concerned that industrialised countries willuse higher environmental standards only to protect theirown markets. Te concept o ‘Green Economy’ would

then serve merely as a cover or new orms o (Eco) pro-tectionism.

1 UNEP, Green Economy, A synthesis for policy makers, p.1

Te Arican Development Bank (A DB) recently published a discussion paper titled ‘Facilitating GreenGrowth in Arica’ that served as an input or Rio+20, which embraces the concept o Green Growth and denesits importance or Arica.2 It denes Green Growth in the Arican context as ‘pursuing inclusive economic growththrough policies, programmes and projects that investin sustainable inrastructure, better manage natural re-sources, build resilience to natural disasters, and enhanceood security.’3 ogether with the OECD, the UN andthe World Bank, A DB is developing, on behal o theG20 Development Working Group, a series o policy tools or promoting Green Growth through a toolkit orpolicy makers. It is also greening its portolio, especially on the country level, and investing, particularly in GreenInrastructure.

GE is highly relevant to the Arican context, as it provideseconomic opportunities and growth potential or Aricaneconomies highly dependent on natural resources. At thesame time, the potential or economic growth itsel is putat risk through the existing environmental challenges thatclimate change and environmental degradation pose or Arican economies.4 Te ADB emphasises the act thatGreen Growth can be instrumental in sound manage-

ment o these highly relevant natural resources. Most o the population rely directly on natural resources or theirimmediate livelihoods, jobs and well-being. Tus manag-ing natural assets and resources in a more sustainable way will not only reduce vulnerability to overexploitation andconsequently reduce acute threats to the environment andeconomic growth but also increase the benets o using these abundant natural resources.5

2 AfDB, Facilitating Green Growth, Perspectives from the AfDB, June 2012


4 UNEP, A Green Economy in the context of Sustainable Development andPoverty Er adication – What are the implications for Africa? 2011




10 2� GrEEN EcoNomy: a rELEvaNt coNcEpt iN SuB-SaharaN africa?

2.1Environmental anddevelopmental challengesin Sub-Saharan Africa

Sub-Saharan Arica is one o the regions most aected by climate change.6 Changes in rain patterns and increasing weather- and climate-related disasters will signicantly intensiy the vulnerability o Arican economies, whichare highly dependent on natural resources. Based on theinormation rom the various country studies, it is ap-parent that there is a general increase in the requency o droughts and foods, as well as other natural disasters.

Water scarcity and water management are increasing problems, especially within a scenario o growing popula-tion and economies where the livelihoods o a majority o the population depend on natural resources and agri-culture. Water scarcity is made more severe by late andunpredictable rain patterns. Additionally, uneven distri-bution o water resources is a major problem in a numbero countries, such as Ethiopia. Access to water is an area in which most o the countries have managed to improve

perormance throughout recent years, however, coverageis not complete and the problem persists, especially inNigeria.

6 IPCC, Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) Climate Change 2007

Increasing desertication and land degradation are among the major causes o low and in many places declining ag-ricultural productivity; a process accelerated by increasedpopulation and livestock pressure. In Ethiopia this iseven leading to ood security risks. Generally there is noawareness o the link between bad arming practices andland degradation and there are ew incentives or moresustainable land management. In some areas (especially inNigeria and Benin) nomads are moving to less arid areas,disrupting local ecosystems, increasing land erosion ratesand causing social conficts with the indigenous armers.

Deorestation rates are extremely high all over Sub- Saharan Arica. Around 4 million hectares o orest(which is also another important livelihood source or a signicant proportion o the population) is being lost peryear.7 Tis leads to urther degradation o land, increasedcarbon emissions, and loss o income sources, especially or poor sections o the population.

Te table provides an overview o the most importantenvironmental and developmental risks identied in thecountry studies.





BENiN Ethiopia GhaNa NamiBia NiGEriaClimatecange

Dgs, lds ndle, len ns eee j lsks

Sggesed nese nnll bl w sng een b seee ldng nddgs de glblwng

inesng essen dsse nd elegenes

inesng een dgs nd enl dsses

feen nd nens eee eens ss dgs, wndss,lds nd esn elkel nese

Waterscarcity

We s s gesn e n� vlnebl- sdes nded n2001 ed ednn nll n e nge 20 % 30 % nnllb 2025 w esln

we edn 40 % 60 %

uneen dsbns e j ble�alg E selel bndnwe, s ne elwes ese sgees n e wld

ms n l-lenge: nesed wes, eebedb nsble nllens

Less n 50 % en’s we dends e b e lblesl

Desertiica-tion & landdegradation

onl n e n,bese nls be-ween edes en nd es

pln lng ndegded lnd: 72 %�

Lnd degdn s ne e j ses lw nd n n lesdelnng glld nd nn-ng d nse ndl e

pln lng ndegded lnd: 69 %�

N weness e lnkbeween bd nges nd lnd deg-dn, n nenes ssnble lndngeen, esse nng ln

92 % e lnd e sdened s e-d,d se-d� p-ln lng n degdedlnd: 28 %�

te bs nesn -es 26 lln eesnd s led 60 %delne n ellesk e e ls40 es

40 % e lnd e sdened s e-d,d se-d�

pln lng ndegded lnd: 12 %�pesenl lsng b350,000² nnll s lnd ss dese�inesed ln ndlesk esse ngnl lnds e -eleed desenn se es

Energy pele w ess ele: 73 %

Se ssl els:37 %

Se enewbleeneg: 62 %

i d eneg

pele w ess ele: 85�1 %

Se ssl els: 9 %


hge ned enl dwe

pele w ess ele: 47�1 %

Se ssl els:32 %


pele w ess ele: 65�7 %�

Se ssl els:68 %


pele w ess ele: 53 %

Access towater andsanitation(population

witoutaccess in %)

pele w ess:

• water 25 %

• sanitation: 88 %

Benn s enldeelng s nnlwe l nlde seg snnnd gene�

pele w ess:

• water: 62 %


aess se we sbeen led ge ls ew es (ewee s gess sbeen de)

pele w ess:

• water 18 %


pele w ess:

• water: 8 %


pele w ess:

• water 42 %


Otercallenges

Lss es e, eeensn esn nll s s nd n llles, esell ne ss e Gl Gne n e s

cn d nse 10 %; s ll elneble eeewee ndns

tbe eln ndnng / es delen /nnl lss 10 % GDp de ennen-l degdn

hiv a ds nde /eble ess edn / d ss /eneg ss

Table: Major challenges related to development and Green Economy in Sub-Saha ran Afric a8

8 The table uniquely reproduces the major environmental and development challenges as described in the fivecountry studies. Further challenges, such as waste tr eatment and water are therefore not r eflected in this table.



12 2� GrEEN EcoNomy: a rELEvaNt coNcEpt iN SuB-SaharaN africa?

2.2Economic opportunitiesthrough GE

Arica contains seven out o the ten astest growing economies in 2012 and is experiencing its longest incomeboom or 30 years, with gross domestic product growthrates averaging about 5 % annually over the past decade.9 However, economic growth is mainly based on resourceexploitation and research shows that adjusting GDP tothe loss o natural growth leads to signicantly lower, andin some cases even negative, growth rates.10 Addition-ally poverty, unemployment, underemployment and low human development remain the major concerns and chal-lenges to be tackled in the uture.

In a key note speech at the Arican Economic Conerence,the Ethiopian Prime Minister emphasised that despite theenvironmental and social challenges, Arica is in a goodposition to shit to GE and to use the economic potentialresulting rom GE. Tis is mainly due to the act thatits economic backbone and its most important sector oremployment are based on agriculture and the exploita-tion o natural resources, which is where the economic

transormation to a GE needs to start.11

Conserving and enhancing the natural capital o the con-tinent will be an important source o income, livelihoodand jobs or the majority o Aricans and an excellentstarting point or a transition towards a GE. Sectors a-ected by conserving the natural capital include not only agriculture and natural resource exploitation, but alsoimportant service industries such as tourism.

Another important economic opportunity or GE arisesrom the act that (i) a large share o the population in

Sub-Saharan Arica is stil l without access to modernenergy and (ii) an economic transormation and the eco-nomic growth necessary to li t countries out o poverty will require important energy resources and electricity generation. Apart rom Ghana, the majority (> 50 %) o the population in the analysed countries do not have ac-cess to electricity.12 Te Arican continent has enormousuntapped potential sources o renewable energy, including solar energy, biomass and wind energy that incur ew op-portunity costs and entail huge potential or job creation,

9 IMF Regional Economic Outlook , 2012 / The Economist , 201110 UNEP, A Green Economy in the Context of Sustainable Development and Pov-

erty Eradication: What are the implications for Africa , 2011

11 Keynote address by Meles Zenawi on Green Economy and Structural Transfor-mation in Africa, October 2011, www.uneca.org/aec/2011/updates/Speech%20by%20HE%20Meles%20Zenawi.pdf

12 Human Development Report, 2010, http://hdr.undp.org/es/estadisticas

economic development and long-term energy security.13

Tis includes job creation through the developmento new industries related to renewable energy and alsothe possibility or diversied economic activity. It alsoincludes powering o rural businesses, as well as the possi-bility to diversiy local production processes, or examplethrough upgrading o arming activities, rerigerationpossibilities etc.

Another aspect, especially or those countries aiming orindustrialisation, is the availability o mature, ecientand sustainable technologies, and the possibility to leap-rog towards them with the support o the internationalcommunity. Tis could help to avoid an industrialisationprocess that would ollow the same path as the industria-lised countries.14 With the availability o new and cleanertechnologies and options, as well as regarding the magni-tude o the already existing environmental challenges anddegradation, Arica should not opt or a ‘grow rst – cleanup later’ approach. A decision in avour o unsustainablegrowth patterns, investments in polluting technologiesand inrastructure would create immense and avoidablecosts as those technologies would need to be replaced at a much higher cost in the uture and because current use o polluting technologies and inrastructure leads to irrevers-

ible destruction o natural resources.

Despite these benets and opportunities or GE, thecontinent lags behind and awareness o GE remainslow. Only a ew countries have recently developed a GEstrategy, such as Ethiopia and South Arica. However,taking into account both the necessity or growth and theconservation o natural resources, a comprehensive GEstrategy can lead to more sustainable and inclusive growthopportunities.

13 Keynote address by Meles Zenawi on Green Economy and StructuralTransformation in Afr ica, October 2011, www.uneca.org/aec/2011/updates/Speech%20by%20HE%20Meles%20Zenawi.pdf Why a GE matters for LDCs, UNEP, 2011

14 Keynote address by Meles Zenawi on Green Economy and StructuralTransformation in Afr ica, October 2011, www.uneca.org/aec/2011/updates/Speech%20by%20HE%20Meles%20Zenawi.pdf

http://www.uneca.org/aec/2011/updates/Speech%20by%20HE%20Meles%20Zenawi.pdf



http://hdr.undp.org/es/estadisticas

















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3.Status quo andpotential for GreenEconomy in the region

Renewable energies exibit a ig potential or economicdevelopment in SSA since tey elp to surmount energypoverty, create employment, and reduce adverse eectson te environment. Poto: © GIZ / Cordula Kropke




Te ollowing capter provides an overview o testatus quo o GE in te fve countries analysed, as wellas o teir respective GE potentials. It analyses therelevant policies and regulatory ramework in the selectedcountries, the relevant economic sectors, and also providesexamples o regional and national initiatives that are cur-rently being undertaken.

3.1Policy and regulatory

frameworkTe various country studies show that there is growing awareness at national level about the necessity to addressand tackle the dierent challenges arising rom envi-ronmental degradation and climate change and, conse-quently, to shit development patterns towards greenerdevelopment models. Te analysed countries tend to in-tegrate GE-related aspects at the highest levels o nationalstrategies but in terms o implementation, there are ew tangible eects or the beneciaries.

Most o the countries studied have endorsed a numbero international treaties and conventions relating toGE. Amongst other commitments, they combat cli-mate change (UN Framework Convention on ClimateChange – UNFCC), desertication (UN conventionto combat desertication) and the loss o biodiversity (Convention on Biodiversity, Convention on Interna-tional rade in Endangered Species o wild auna andfora). Likewise, there is a clear tendency to integrateenvironmental aspects and sustainability into the long-term national vision, even i the concept o GE is neithermentioned specically and nor is central to the vision.

Te central ocus remains on poverty eradication or thepoorer countries (Ethiopia, Benin) and on economicgrowth and the generation o prosperity in middle incomecountries (Namibia, Nigeria and Ghana).

As an example, both Nigeria and Namibia have main-streamed sustainable development into developmentplanning at the highest level. Te long-term developmentrameworks or these countries (Vision 2020 and Vision2030) integrate the concept o sustainable utilisation o natural capital or ensuring development. For example,one o the important objectives o Namibia’s Vision 2030is to ‘ensure the development o Namibia’s natural capital

and its sustainable utilisation, or the well-being o thecountry’s social, economic and ecological well-being’.15

15 Office of the President, Namibia Vision 2030, 2004

Te view expressed by Nigeria’s National Planning Com-mission that the concept o GE can be successul, i it isvery closely related and integrated into the overall country vision, is a lso shared by the other countries analysed.

However, transerring the outcomes o international trea-ties to country-specic situations, as well as incorporating GE strategies into National Development Plans remainsa challenge. Te general ocus is usually on promoting economic development and surmounting the most press-ing social concerns, without considering the potential o GE or reaching more inclusive and sustainable growth. At the same time, line ministries and related governmentagencies are too understaed to be able to implement allinternational agreements in a sound and coherent manner.

As with international treaties and conventions, countrieshave the tendency to develop a series o National SectorStrategies that relate to a number o GE topics. All o thecountries analysed have developed strategies or climatechange mitigation and adaptation, biodiversity, indus-try, tourism, agriculture, sheries, water and sanitation,transport, etc. Nevertheless, when it comes to implemen-tation, there remains a lack o clear competencies, sta and unding or a comprehensive implementation through

coherent action plans. Consequently, there is an urgentneed to support institutions (e.g. by capacity building onGE topics, M & E, human and nancial support) in orderto enhance the realisation o GE-commitments made within various national strategies.

Similarly, the analysis shows that, apart rom in Ethiopia,no coherent strategies or GE have yet been developed by the countries. Most o the green strategies developed soar ocus on sustainable development and climate changemitigation (Benin, Ghana, Namibia, Nigeria) rather thanon the economic opportunities o GE. Te need or rais-

ing awareness and building capacities on the benets o GE is very strong.

In the case o Ethiopia, the country has developed a Cli-mate Resilient Green Economy (CRGE) strategy, basedon its Growth and ransormation Plan (2011 – 2015).Tis document describes the steps required or trans-orming Ethiopia’s economy into one which is carbonneutral and climate resilient and, urthermore, denesthe roles and responsibilities o governmental and non- governmental stakeholders. Te country’s Green Growthplan ocuses mainly on seven areas (transport, industry,crop, livestock, REDD, energy and building and green

cities) and was presented by the Ethiopian Prime Ministerin Durban, South Arica in December 2011. Alongsidethe overall policy ramework, it includes nancing mecha-nisms rom the Ministry o Finance, which are expectedto make the implementation o the plan more easible.



16 3� StatuS quo aND potENtiaL for GrEEN EcoNomy iN thE rEGioN

In Namibia, as a rst step towards developing an overallGE strategy, so called Green Economic Coalition Dia-logues took place in 2011. Tey have been supported by GIZ and were the rst national stakeholder consultationsrelated to GE in the country. Te Green Economic Coali-tion Dialogues represent an important entry point orthe topic o GE in the Namibian context. Tey providea more in-depth overview o the dierent positions andinterests relating to the topic.

One option to enhance and strengthen awareness o GEat national level could be the integration o GE indicatorsinto national monitoring and evaluation systems. Tiscould help to assess the potential impact o GE on socialand economic parameters and to prepare the ground orelaborating on greener development plans.

At the level o economic and regulatory instruments,there is little knowledge and awareness on which policy mixes could be developed to promote GE. Neither anoverarching ramework nor coherent strategies that refectthe national commitments have been developed so ar. In-stead, a series o laws and regulations have been progres-sively set to respond to specic needs. At the legislationlevel, the most requent to be ound ocus on returning

those rights to communities which concern natural re-sources, environment or natural species protection. Mosto the countries promote environmental impact assess-ments (Namibia, Ghana, Benin) but there is generally a lack o capacity or implementation. In Namibia andNigeria, based on inormation rom the respective Min-istries o Finance, no projects incentivising a switch tomore environmentally riendly technologies are currently planned. Similar situations can also be ound in the othercountries. Tere are only a ew isolated measures, such astax exemptions or solar panels in isolated areas in Benin, which are intended to improve access to energy. Another

interesting example is the successul implementation o tax exemptions or environmentally riendly motorcyclesin Benin (ZECO 4 initiative). Due to this tax incen-tive, almost all highly polluting motorcycles have beenreplaced by cleaner alternatives. In Namibia the govern-ment provides subsidised loans under the Solar Revolving Fund to stimulate the use o renewable energy technolo-gies in both, rural and urban areas. Te Solar Revolving Fund is a credit acility where Namibians, especially thoserom o-grid communities, receive a loan or o-grid re-newable energy technology. Te Solar Revolving Fund isattached to a number o certied distributors (see examplein Box 1) who are issued with a purchase order rom the

und once a loan application has been approved. Te rel-evant ministry conducts a verication visit to ensure thatthe system has actually been installed and that the loanhas been used or the intended purpose.

As previously mentioned, initiatives are isolated and thereis a general lack o economic incentives. Green procure-ment initiatives, besides the ew relating to solar heaters inNamibia, are yet to be promoted.

BOX 1: PROMOTING RENEWABLE ENERGIES IN

REMOTE AREAS OF NAMIBIA ThROUGh SOLAR ShOPS

In Namibia, the Ministry of Mines and Energy has de-

veloped a solar shop programme as a way to promote

renewable energies in remote areas. The concept of

solar shops will help to ensure that solar equipment

and technology can be easily distributed throughoutthe country. To achieve this objective, existing distribu-

tors and hardware shops are offered the opportunity to

become official distributors of solar equipment with the

help of subsidised loans for the stocking and warehous-

ing of this technology. The programme plans to create

108 solar shops. At the same time, individuals buying

renewable energy technology from the olar shops can

apply for a loan from the Solar Revolving Fund.

For urter inormation, see:www.mme.gov.na/energy/pd/SRFFactSeet.pd

Additionally, governments promote a number o otherinitiatives relating to GE. One o the most interesting isthe creation o Natural Resource Accounts (Namibia, Ni-geria and Ethiopia). National Resource Accounts help toevaluate the contribution o the environment to national wealth by developing ‘satellite’ accounts or natura l assetssuch as sh, orests, wildlie, water and minerals. Te idea is to eed additional data into conventional national eco-nomic accounts so that the gross domestic product (GDP)also incorporates elements refecting a country’s naturalcapital, which is a crucial component o the GE-approach.

Measuring the natural capital o the country will help toactor the depletion o natural resources into GDP. Tis isespecially important or countries where natural resourcesare the most important asset type and where the predomi-nant source o income and employment is based on itsexploitation. Only i the natural resource base is securedor conserved in the long term, a country could achievesustainable growth. Tereore, natural resource accountsare an important planning mechanism or strategic devel-opment.

Another concept that is becoming increasingly popular inall ve countries is Community Based Natural Resource

Management (CBNRM). CBNRM is an approach thatallows local communities to manage natural resources inorder to provide or their own livelihoods. Te respectivecommunity acquires the legal rights over local naturalresources, is responsible or their sustainable manage-

http://www.mme.gov.na/energy/pdf/SRFFactSheet.pdf





ment and receives the economic benets that accrue. Teapproach empowers local communities and provides thepotential to increase the income o even the most isolatedand ragile populations whilst acilitating conservationmanagement in rural areas.

A series o programmes promoting renewable energies as well as biouels (bioethanol, jatropha) have been devel-oped in the ve countries as they are especially suitableor providing o-grid energy solutions to remote commu-nities. Nevertheless, these programmes are stil l underde-veloped. At the same time, the massive use o biouels isheavily criticised and biouels should only be promotedi they do not negatively aect ood production. In thecase o Namibia, an Environmental Impact Assessmentanalysing the potential impacts o industrial plantation o jatropha was unavourable and the cabinet has thereoredecided not to proceed with the project.

An analysis o the governmental actors responsible or GEshows that in most o the countries the Ministry o theEnvironment or similar ministries lead in most aspectsrelated to GE. Tis is also one o the major reasons why the ocus o GE is generally on ecological aspects ratherthan on economic development. Additionally, Ministries

o Environment are commonly weaker ministries and,thus, requently lack the nancial power and coordinating capacity to support the mainstreaming o GE into govern-ment policies. However, there are also counterexamples.In Ethiopia, or instance, government still managed todevelop a comprehensive Green Growth strategy eventhough there is only an environmental authority and noMinistry o the Environment.

Nevertheless, or topics relating to economic develop-ment other players, such as the Ministries o Industry and rade (or equivalents), would be need to play a more

active role in order to increase the impact. However, theirinterest, knowledge and technical capacity are ratherlimited in many countries.

A similar set-up to the one proposed in Ethiopia, wherethe national response to climate change and the devel-opment o the GE ramework is being implemented ina tripartite way, could be an interesting way orwardto mainstream GE with all relevant players. While theEnvironmental Protection Agency (EPA) is in charge o coordinating the national response to climate change andthe GE ramework, the Prime Minister’s oce has beenincubating the process. It leads the steering committee

responsible or resource mobilisation, taps into climatenancing rom international organisations as well as romnational budget, and denes the strategic direction relat-ing to long-term GE development. Te steering commit-tee and the EPA are supported by a number o technical

committees that are chaired by the relevant ministries.Te mobilised budget is available through a NationalFinance Facility or Climate that is attached to the strat-egy and is administered by the Ministry o Finance andEconomic Development.

3.2Opportunities for greeningeconomic sectors

Given the challenges o achieving inclusive and sustain-able growth, creating jobs and reducing poverty while, atthe same time, conserving natural resources as a basis oreconomic development in Arica, a change in the percep-tion o economic opportunities is needed. GE cannot only ocus on the legal and regulatory ramework, but needsto be perceived as an opportunity to reach inclusive andsustainable growth in all economic sectors. o show thebenets o GE, initiatives that reduce poverty and gener-ate income as well as employment should be prioritised,as they are more likely to be implemented by governmentsin the region. Te ocus should be on those activities that

provide the greatest economic potential.

UNEP’s GE Report ocuses on the ollowing key sec-tors, exhibiting the potential to combine economic andenvironmental interests o a given country: agriculture,buildings, cities, energy, sheries, orests, manuactur-ing, tourism, transport, waste and water.16 Te ollowing chapter bases its analysis on these key sectors dened by UNEP. Given the country contexts o Benin, Ethiopia,Ghana, Namibia and Nigeria, special emphasis has beenput on agriculture, tourism and energy, as well as a num-ber o cross-cutting issues.17 Te sectors analysed in more

detail have been chosen both or their overall economicimportance and due to the act that most o the existing initiatives take place in these sectors. Te ollowing chap-ter does not aim to provide an exhaustive overview o thedierent sectors, but rather highlights those opportunitiesthat provide the most promising economic potential inrelation to GE in the region.

Agriculture

Agriculture is one o the most important sectors in all o the countries, especially when it comes to employment. A

predominant share o the population – between 60 % in

16 UNEP, Green Economy 2010

17 Cities have only been considered as a cross-cutt ing issue related to transport ,waste, manufacturing etc. as an analysis of the city ecosystems would bebeyond the scope of this study.




Nigeria and up to 85 % in Ethiopia – depends to a greatextent on agriculture as a source o livelihood. However,the sector only accounts or 8 % o GDP in Namibia up to 46 % in Ethiopia. While agriculture remains anextremely important sector, it is generally characterised by low productivity, the dominance o small-scale producerscultivating small landholdings, low technology use, andthe reliance on human labour. Te only exception wouldbe Namibia, which additionally has a strong ocus oncommercial livestock, accounting or 60 % o its exports. Agriculture is extremely vulnerable to environmentalrisks and the implications o climate change which, inturn, provides a strong argument or the integration o GE aspects into development strategies. Tis reasoning is urther supported by the necessity to increase sustain-ability and productivity in order to improve the livelihoodo a large share o the population. Te ollowing examplesdepict common initiatives implemented in relation to GEand agriculture.

Biotrade

‘rade in Biodiversity based businesses or biotrade reersto those activities o collection, production, transorma-tion, and commercialisation o goods and services derived

rom native biodiversity under the criteria o environmen-tal, social and economic sustainability.’18

In most countries, a potential or the development o biotrade or indigenous crops, which can be used ormedical and industrial applications, biouels (jatropha,prosopis, oil palm) or ood supply, has been identied asthe most interesting and promising opportunity. Indig-enous livestock breeds are also seen as an opportunity since they are adapted to local conditions and can providea living even to the most isolated populations. Arica’srich biodiversity and the accumulated knowledge o it

result in interesting products or commercialisation andexport. Tis relates to livestock breeds, wildlie, indig-enous crops and vegetables, timber and non-timber orestproducts, indigenous sheries and marine resources as well as indigenous natura l products. Compared to itspotential, biotrade appears underdeveloped in most o thecountries analysed. Tere are still a number o issues thatneed to be resolved, or instance bridging the gap betweenproducers and the market, searching or commercially interesting markets and issues related to innovation orintellectual property. With regard to export products, anadditional challenge results rom the necessity to provideconsistent quality and quantity. However, this might

impose a huge obstacle considering that producers in therespective countries are mostly small-scale and located inremote areas.

18 Definition from UNEP – UNCTAD; www.unep-unctad.org/cbtf/biotrade.asp

In Namibia, biotrade has demonstrated its potential. ItsGDP share is around 4.5 % and it is estimated that itcould reach up to 7 % o GDP in the uture19. I biotradeis to succeed, it is essential to ensure that ecosystems areused sustainably so that exploitation can take place in thelong run, which will represent another opportunity orpreserving national natural resources. As a matter o act,a study conducted in Nigeria, where more than 45 me-dicinal plants are harvested or trade on a regular basis inthe rainorest, demonstrates that biotrade can become anopportunity to rehabilitate the natural orests. In Nigeria rehabilitation has been acilitated through conservationinitiatives, ensuring respect or the existing environmentalprotection laws and attracting unding and technical sup-port rom interested stakeholders such as pharmaceuticalindustries, NGOs, states and local governments. As such,biotrade provides signicant potential but it needs to beexplicitly considered within international negotiationsand it requires attracting urther interest o the privatesector in order to be able to ully capitalise on the exist-ing opportunities. Innovation o indigenous products,building capacity or the supply chain, as well as build-ing markets is a lso undamental. In Namibia, the strong support or initiatives provided by various internationalpartners, such as the Millennium Challenge Account,

the EU Programme or Rural Poverty Reduction or theGIZ Biodiversity and Sustainable Land ManagementProject, sets the pace or the uture. Another interesting project promoting regional exchange in regard to biotradeis the Biotrade Initiative working with Peru, Namibia and Nepal as pilot countries. Te project is implementedby UNEP, UNCAD and GIZ. It is a regional venture,ocusing on the capacity to export certa in indigenous,biodiversity-based products and analysing their impact ontrade in the three countries.

Organic Agriculture

In this study organic agriculture is dened as ‘a produc-tion system that sustains the health o soils, ecosystemsand people and relies on ecological processes, biodiversity and cycles adapted to local conditions, rather than theuse o inputs with adverse eects. Organic agriculturecombines tradition, innovation and science to benet theshared environment and promote air relationships and a good quality o lie or all involved.’20

Organic agriculture is still in its inancy in the vecountries that were studied and it remains a niche market with a very small production volume, which is primar-

ily distributed on local markets. Nevertheless, i current

19 Bio Trade – A Catalyst for transitioning to a Green Economy, 2011

20 International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements (IFOAM);www.ifoam.org

http://www.unep-unctad.org/cbtf/biotrade.asp

http://www.ifoam.org/






trends continue, the market share will grow signicantly in the next ew years, exhibiting an important potentialor export – especially or processed organic products.Organic agriculture oten acilitates the exploration o alternative ways o arming that preserve the environmentby reducing the use o agrochemicals through the use o organic ertilisers, such as Moringa in Nigeria, Moukouna in Benin, or bio-pesticides. It enables the exploration o production o endemic species more adapted to harshclimates and soils, such as jatropha (Nigeria), Moringa (Nigeria) or indigenous livestock (Namibia), or thesubstitution o harmul production methods or dierentcommodities such as cotton, pineapple or palm oil withorganic arming methods. Organic Agriculture Associa-tions are active in all ve countries, providing support toarmers, and promoting the development o new pro-duction and certication processes that will open new markets or exports. Much could also be done to provideaccess to inrastructure and develop adequate distribu-tion systems, which remain the two main challenges orarmers who switch to organic methods. It also appearsundamental to promote marketing initiatives so thatmore signicant markets are created.

In Nigeria, Ghana and Ivory Coast, GIZ is support-

ing access to improved sustainability certication in thecocoa sector. Tis is being done by promoting coopera-tion between standards initiatives, private enterprisesand development organisations. Te project is expectedto provide training or cocoa armers in order to improvetheir agricultural practices, meet the requirements o thethree main standards initiatives in the cocoa sector – Fair-trade, the Rainorest Alliance and UZ Certied – andto achieve certication by them.

In cooperation with the AEM Secretariat and nancedby the International Climate Initiative (ICI), GIZ is sup-

porting the development o an Arican Eco Label, the EcoMark Arica. Te Eco Label is being developed as parto the Marrakesh Process or Sustainable Consumptionand Production. Working groups or agriculture, shery,orestry and tourism have been set up and the standardsetting process is currently under development.21

Micro Insurance or armers to reduce te riskso climate cange and natural disasters

One o the possible solutions or nancing the transitionto GE in the agricultural sector is the development o micro insurance schemes. Micro insurance schemes help

armers to reduce the risks o climate change and naturaldisasters and they are perceived as crucial to securelivelihoods in a situation where weather patterns change

21 For further information please check: www.ecomarkafrica.com

quickly and become increasingly unoreseeable. Whilefooding and droughts have always imposed risks onarmers, climate change is boosting these risks as extreme weather events are getting more requent. Nigeria andGhana have started developing micro insurance schemesor armers. In Nigeria the system is implemented by the International Centre or Energy and EnvironmentalDevelopment or armers in northern Nigeria. In Ghana,GIZ provides support to the National Insurance Com-mission and osters the development and introduction o agricultural insurance solutions to protect armers andother actors dependent on crops, in the event o cropailure due to extreme weather events.22 I micro insuranceis being implemented in a sustainable way, and maybeeven provides insurance products or organic arming orbiotrade, it can be an important leverage towards a GE, asit decreases the risks o armers to a loss o income due toextreme weather events.

BOX 2: CLIMATE ChANGE ADAPTATION INSURANCE

IN GhANA

In order to create a market for agricultural insurance,

GIZ supports the National Insurance Commission in a

project that focuses especially on capacity developmentfor all relevant stakeholders, including the Ghana Insur-

ers Association and its members, financial institutions,

the Ghana Meteorological Agency, and farmers and

their associations. In 2011, the first insurance product,

a drought index insurance product for maize, has been

launched in three northern regions. It is reinsured by

Ghana Re and Swiss Re and addresses two different

types of clients: individual crop farmers and the com-

mercial and rural banks that provide credit to farmers.

Energy Access to energy is one o the major challenges in al l veo the analysed countries and, consequently, bears a highpotential or economic development. Te percentage o the population without access to electricity and modernenergy varies between 85 % in Ethiopia and 45 % in Gha-na. Te countries analysed represent a mix o countriespossessing ossil uels (Nigeria and Ghana) and countriesheavily depending on energy imports.

A series o programmes promoting renewable energies(especially in the area o solar and biomass) as well as

biouels (bioethanol, jatropha) have been developed inthe ve countries since those measures are especially

22 Green Finance, An innovative approach to Fostering Sustainable EconomicDevelopment and Adaptation to Climate Change, GIZ, September 2011

http://www.ecomarkafrica.com/





suitable or providing o-grid energy solutions to remotecommunities. Nevertheless, these programmes are stillunderdeveloped and much could be done to promote theirpotential or GE. At the same time, as already explainedbeore, the sustainability o biouel programmes needs tobe closely assessed beore promoting their application ona large scale.

In Namibia, the Ministry o Mines and Energy ispromoting renewable energies, especially solar energy,through solar shops and the Solar Revolving Fund. TeSolar Revolving Fund subsidises solar home systems inremote areas. At the same time, the concept o solar shops will help to ensure that solar equipment and technology can be easily distributed and is available throughout thecountry. o reach this objective, the Ministry and theRenewable Energy and Energy Eciency Institute are working with existing distributors and hardware shops.Te latter are oered the opportunity to become ocialdistributors o solar equipment and are eligible to receivesubsidised loans or the stocking and warehousing o technology. Tere are 108 solar shops planned, the rst o which opened in 2011.

In Ethiopia, a range o GE-related activities are being

promoted. A special ocus lies on Eco-Energy and privatesector involvement in renewable energy is supported.GIZ is also active in this regard, building local capacity and international linkages or the provision o small-scalesolar and hydropower systems, and promoting improvedenergy-ecient cooking technologies.

Nigeria has developed a renewable energy policy with ac-tion plans and targets, including plans or eed-in taris,subsidies and tax breaks. However, implementation is notorthcoming at present. At the same time, Nigeria aimsto create a domestic market by integrating the energy and

agricultural markets o the country. It intends to estab-lish a home-grown biouel industry, bringing economicempowerment to rural communities and reducing its de-pendence on ossil uels while participating in the CleanDevelopment Mechanism (CDM) programme. However,the possible negative aspects o biouels, especially in rela-tion to ood security and ood prices have to be taken intoaccount, when promoting biouels on a large scale.

In Ghana, the drive towards renewable energy continuesto be slow, with no clear policies guiding the promotiono GE. Interest thrived briefy when a long dry period ledto serious energy shortages due to Ghana’s large depen-

dency hydro energy. However, with the recovery o rainall and the recent discovery o oil, the issue seems to belargely o the agenda.

It is commonly acknowledged that access to energy in-creases the quality o lie in rural communities and, at thesame time, creates employment and provides opportuni-ties or the development o Green and Inclusive BusinessModels. On the one hand, jobs could be directly createdthrough the installation and maintenance o renewableenergy systems in remote areas. On the other hand, they can also be created indirectly through the act that accessto energy increases the diversication potential or loca lcommunities. For instance, armers would be enabled tourther process or store products, i they had access to en-ergy. Additionally, jobs that depend on access to electric-ity (or example recharging o mobile phones, ability todiversiy or process certain agricultural products etc.) canbe created and there is a potential to increase productiv-ity (e.g. through new production techniques that requireenergy or through the act that shops can also be open atnight due to lighting etc.) with existing jobs and businessopportunities. 23

Te global market or carbon credits provides a new and signicant economic opportunity or most Aricancountries.24 As non-Annex I parties to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), all theanalysed countries are eligible to host GHG mitigation

projects to earn certied emission reductions (CERs).Most o them have recently established DesignatedNational Authorities or CDM. Nevertheless, although a number o project idea notes have been assessed, Nigeria and Ethiopia are the only countries to have registeredCDM projects under the UNFCCC so ar. Te mostpromising country by ar is Nigeria, which has registeredseveral projects that are generally linked to the oil indus-try and gas faring. Tis a lso comprises the largest CDMproject registered in Arica. Other projects deal withtopics such as uel-ecient wood stoves, municipal solid waste composting acilities or hydropower rehabilitation

projects. A recent study by the World Bank

25

estimatedthat Nigeria’s potential or clean development was up to$ 1.25 billion due to sales o carbon credits. Te country stands to gain tremendously by implementing CDMprojects, as it has the potential to ll the gap in the powersector as well as improve the economic earnings throughinvestments in clean energy systems.

In the case o Ethiopia, the CDM project ocuses onalleviating poverty through a community based aoresta-

23 Questionnaire for the Member States on Experiences, Success Factors, Risksand Challenges with Regard to Objective and Themes of UN Conference onSustainable Development (UNCSD); 2010

24 The information on Carbon Credits is based on information from 2011. Whileits continuity has been assured after t he end of Kyoto in 2012, prices for CERshave fallen by more than 70%. However, the CDM Policy Dialogue urges theinternational community not to abandon the CDM, but to strengthen it for thefuture. www.cdmpolicydialogue.org

25 Low-carbon Energy Projects for Development in Sub-Saharan Africa –Unveiling the Potential, Addressing the Barriers, World Bank, 2008

http://www.cdmpolicydialogue.org/





tion / reorestation project which will allow the restorationo indigenous orest species at a mountainous site in theHumbo area.26

Regarding these dierent initiatives and examples, it ap-pears that carbon markets and emissions-reducing initia-tives are to play an increasing role in Sub-Saharan Arica in the years to come. Tey are great drivers or greening the economy since they hold a great potential or ostering energy eciency, renewable energy solutions, reoresta-tion, etc. while providing employment or a wide range o the population. Tis also includes the poorest segments,as in the case o community based reorestation projectsor power generation rom renewable energy. Nevertheless,the complexity o the CDM mechanisms or programmessuch as REDD stil l remain a barrier or many countriesand there is a great need or capacity building so that allthe potential or mitigation can be ully unleashed inSub-Saharan Arica.

Forestry

Deorestation is another major issue in the analysedcountries. In Benin or example, deorestation reached a

rate o 80 % in the last 20 years and in Ghana the govern-ment tries to enorce tree planting or those businessesthat exploit orest resources, but with limited success. InNamibia and Ethiopia, while not being signicant in thenational accounts, orestry plays a crucial role in com-munity development, as it provides ecosystem services,especially or the rural poor.

In the general context o deorestation, there is a series o opportunities that can be economically protable whilepreserving orests rom depletion. Community BasedForest Management is becoming increasingly popular or

ensuring sound management o natural resources whileproviding income and employment or the poorest partso the population. In this context, sustainable biotradeo endemic species holds a real potential. Oset marketsthrough the promotion o CDM and VCM or Reducing Emissions rom Deorestation and Forest Degradation(REDD) start to be promoted in most countries with thehelp o international programmes.

Nigeria, Ethiopia and Ghana, in partnership with the World Bank’s Forest Carbon Partnership Facility (FCPF),participate in the REDD Readiness Preparation Proposal(R-PP). Te R-PP is a plan that lays out what needs to

be done in order to comprehensively prepare a country or utilising the opportunities o the implementation o REDD. REDD is understood to include all the elements

26 For further information on CDM, see carbon markets

mentioned in the Bali Action Plan, Section 1 (b) whichcalls or ‘policy approaches and positive incentives onissues relating to reducing emissions rom deorestationand orest degradation in developing countries, and therole o conservation, sustainable management o orestsand enhancement o orest carbon stocks in developing countries’.

Manuacturing

Te manuacturing sector – especially relating to lightmanuacturing – appears largely underdeveloped com-pared to its potential. Nevertheless, there exists a variety o opportunities or innovating new products based onnational natural resources.27 In this sense, there is a lot o potential or conditioning, processing and commercial-ising green products, such as those related to biotrade,organic agriculture or other natural resource basedproducts.

Moreover, in some countries, resource eciency andcleaner production (CP) initiatives have been promotedby various donors and the government. Although thepotentials or saving resources and thereby costs as well

as improvements in competitiveness have been shown ina number o the pilot projects (such as in an UNIDOnanced project in Namibia), CP and resource eciency projects have not managed to overcome the demon-stration phase in any o the countries until now. Still,incentives to engage in CP are oten hampered by low prices o subsidised energy and a great deal o awarenessraising and capacity building is needed to develop a goodunderstanding or CP and to see not only the environ-mental, but also the economic benets o the concept.In that sense, programmes like the one developed by the Ethiopian Cleaner Production Centre28 (the only CP

centre within the ve countries o the study) or reducing waste generated at source, the Namibian Cleaner Produc-tion initiative supported by DANIDA between 2005 and2007 or the resource eciency initiatives in industrialzones in Ghana supported by GIZ provide examples o good practices to be ollowed and replicated. Te concepto CP, resource eciency and climate change mitigationcould also be an important input or national industrialpolicies, especially or economically relevant and resource-intensive sectors which could benet rom reduced ueland energy costs.

27 Worldbank, Light Manufacturing in Africa: Targeted Policies to Enhance PrivateInvestment and Create Jobs, Chapter 1: Good possibilities for light manufac-turing in SSA, 2010

28 Member of the UNIDO / UNEP CP Centers global network and managed by theEthiopian Science and Technology Commission




BOX 3: RESOURCE EFFICIENCY INITIATIVES

IN INDUSTRIAL ZONES IN GhANA

In Ghana, GIZ is facilitating the establishment of indus-

trial zones with reliable access to energy and business

development services in selected district capitals in

several regions. Among other activities, it supports the

plans of regional and local governments to promote new

industries and create industrial zones with improved

infrastructure. Through the implementation of the Profit-

able Environmental Management training, companies in

the industrial zones managed to decrease environmental

hazards, while at the same time improving the safety of

the site, attracting more customers and improving the

business performance of companies.

Tourism

ourism is an important source o income or many Arican countries. However, while it may contribute toincome generation, its benets are still oten poorly dis-tributed and the communities that are the object o tour-ism may be conronted with serious side eects, such asenvironmental degradation, increase in land prices, over-

exploitation o local customs and cultures, etc. Promoting sustainable or eco-tourism seems to provide suitable solu-tions to these challenges. Moreover, when linking tourismto community based projects it can additionally provideincome to the most vulnerable populations through thecreation o new economic opportunities, while preserving the environment and raising awareness on vital issues. InNamibia the CBNRM-based tourism led to the empower-ment o local communities as well as to a commitment orlong-term sustainable development.29

Moreover, a number o initiatives promoting ecotour-

ism labels have been supported as a way o ostering thisnew type o tourism, such as the Eco awards in Namibia which ocus on promoting the creation o Eco-riendly accommodation establishments. Countries like Ghana,Namibia, Benin and to a lesser extent Nigeria, havedeveloped several projects o sustainable community based ecotourism aiming to create mutually benecialrelationships between conservationists, tourists and localcommunities. For example, in Ghana, shing villages, wildlie ocials and American researchers developed anecotourism project to protect endangered turtles, whileat the same time creating jobs or local guides who wouldotherwise have been involved in poaching turtles or their

meat, shells and skins.

29 Rapid environment and Trade Assessment, National Report for Namibia, 2009,page 39

Sustainable hunting tourism programmes also appear inseveral countries (such as the one supported by GIZ in thePendjari Biosphere Reserve, Benin). Regulated shooting quotas and increased revenue rom trophy hunting man-aged to provide nancing o protected areas and ra isedincome or the local population Furthermore, it reducedpoaching and increased acceptance o the protected areasamongst local people.

Finally, we see that various countries have shown interestin assessing the potential or becoming carbon neutraltourism destinations (Namibia). Tis would include oset-ting o all national tourism related emissions (especially re-lated to transport). However, although the potential seemssignicant, no concrete action has been taken so ar.

BOX 4: PENDjARI BIOSPhERE RESERVE IN BENIN:

MANAGING A CONSERVATION AREA ThROUGh

hUNTING TOURISM

In Benin, hunting tourism has become a par t of the

concept for managing the Pendjari conservation area,

with the support of GIZ. Each year, local park adminis-

tration officials allow sport hunting of a small number

of animals. The fees the touris ts pay for the huntingpermits help finance the protected area. Most of the

income from hunting fees stays within the region and

benefits the park’s 30,000 inhabitants. Park officials

coordinate and agree community development plans with

the 30 villages located in the buf fer and development

zones of the protected area. The local population has

undertaken some reserve-management tasks, enabling

many families to earn additional income. The national

park currently offers employment to 130 people from

the surrounding villages as trackers, gamekeepers and

tourist guides.

Waste

Waste-management practices are currently poor in the Arican context. Dumping o waste, especia lly in uncon-trolled dumpsites, increases the level o environmentalhazards. Additionally, waste-management inrastructureis basically non-existent in large part s o rural Arica andthe increasing urbanisation challenges waste-managementin major cities. At the same time, waste generation isexpected to increase as a result o industrialisation andurbanisation. 30

30 United Nationals Economic and Social Council, Economic Commission forAfrica, Africa Review Report on Waste Management, 2009




In relation to economic opportunities, there is untappedpotential or recycling and waste-to-energy in all o the countries. In most countries recycling initiativesare isolated and in their inancy. Interesting initiativesinclude building houses rom recycled material in Nigeria and recycling activities through a private sector company in Namibia. Te latter collects plastic, glass and otherrecyclable products and ships them to South Arica or re-cycling. Te set-up o a recycling plant in Namibia is notcost-eective due to the small volume o waste. Moreover,recycling and waste-management is particularly hamperedin remote rural areas by insucient accessibility.

Tough there seems to be an awareness o the importanceo managing waste, there is still a lack o comprehensive waste-management and recycling policies. o respondto this challenge, one interesting initiative has been theorganisation o an international symposium on waste-management by the Government o Benin in 2010. Basedon the recommendation o the symposium, a promising national waste-management programme has been devel-oped with the assistance o the UNDP.

3.3The role of the private sector

Te role o the private sector has mostly been analy-sed through available secondary inormation as well asinterviews with representatives rom business associationsand rom a ew companies considered to be pioneers intheir respective branches. Te overview is thereore notexhaustive and mostly ocuses on the activities o largecompanies. Although they are very promising, aspectso green inclusive business, especially related to new and

innovative business models at the base o the pyramid, arebeyond the scope o this study.

Te various case studies show that with regard to privatesector engagement, the most active private sector wasobserved in Nigeria and Namibia (both classied asmiddle income countries), where a number o interesting initiatives are being promoted by the private sector. Tis isespecially true or Namibia in the area o bush encroach-ment and tourism and or Nigeria in the oil sector, wherecompanies have large green energy programmes.

Namibia additionally has a very strong consultancy sector,

also in in relation to environmental topics, that is partly shaping the discussion o GE in the country.

Generally, it can be stated that the participation o theprivate sector in GE issues is mostly a new concept. Apartrom some multinational companies and isolated domes-tic companies, the private sector so ar has not taken thelead in GE.

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is currently still inits inancy stage in all the countries analysed. Te major-ity o initiatives result rom a philanthropic rather thana CSR approach ocussing on green economic opportu-nities. Tese initiatives are usually promoted by multi-national companies like Shell and Chevron in Nigeria, which have a strong social and environmental impacton local communities. Te ocus is not only on environ-mental aspects, but usually includes the provision o inrastructure, health and microcredit. Projects are otendeveloped in partnership with several actors, comprising governmental and local authorities, international NGOsor multilateral organisations. GIZ is active in Namibia where it provides support to a series o projects under itsPPP und to promote and co-nance CSR or sustainabil-ity projects with private companies or in Benin throughthe ‘Cotton Made in Arica Initiative’31 with the OttoGroup. Despite this situation, it is likely that CSR willplay an increasing role in Sub-Saharan Arica under the

leadership o multinationals ollowing the global trend o social responsibility. A great deal o support will be need-ed to accompany and promote this phenomenon throughcapacity building and advice to companies, private sectororganisations, governments, and NGOs.

With regard to the potential uture engagement o com-panies, opportunities have been identied or the tourismsector (based on the example o Namibia) as well as withregard to project development or carbon osetting, microinsurance in the agriculture sector aected by climateinstability and promoting research and development or

new inclusive markets based on natural resources. In theevent that sustainable tourism grows, marketing Namibia as a ‘carbon ree’ destination would be worth consider-ation; there might be potential to win international tour-ism operators as participants or promoters o this concept.

31 www.cotton-made-in-africa.com

http://www.cotton-made-in-africa.com/




KapitEL24

4.Drivers andbarriers toimplementation

Eco-eicient buildings and construction exibit a large potentialto reduce energy and resource requirements witin te ousingsector. Te market is igly innovative and provides vast employ-ment opportunities. Poto: © GIZ / jens Neuaus




Trougout te analysis process, a number o trendsrelating to drivers and barriers to te implementation oGE in Sub-Saaran Arica ave been ound.

4.1Drivers for GE

Use o te economic potential o te abundance onatural resources

One o the major drivers or GE is the act that Sub- Saharan Arica is endowed with a high diversity o naturalresources and an abundance o natural capital. Further-more, an important share o the population relies on eco-system services or basic needs and the economies o Sub-Saharan Arica are generally based on the exploitation o natural resources. Conserving and enhancing the naturalcapital o the continent will be an important sourceo income, livelihood and employment or the majority o Aricans and a great starting point or a transormationo economies to GE. Sectors aected by conserving thenatural capital include not only agriculture and naturalresource exploitation, but also important service indus-

tries such as tourism. Tere are a number o interesting and innovative approaches that link conservation to pov-erty alleviation and rural development. ourism as a key industry or a potential upcoming industry depends on anintact environment. Strengthening green and sustainabletourism could be an important driver in various eldssuch as natural resource management, energy and water.Te eorts relating to biotrade are another interesting aspect.

In a recent study, UNEP analysed whether biotrade canserve as a catalyst or a transition to a GE in Namibia.

Te study estimates that the contribution o biotrade tothe economy could increase by 50 % over a period o tenyears, leading to a total share o 7 % o GDP. Moreoverthe poverty reduction potential o biotrade is estimated tobe quite considerable: with about 250,000 people aecteddirectly through income generation and benets derivedto around one million Namibians.32 However, thesenumbers seem quite high and should be interpreted withcaution.

32 UNEP, Green Economy Sectoral Study: BioTrade – A catalyst for transitioning toa green economy in Namibia, 2012

Need or access to modern and sustainable energyTe Arican continent has an enormous untapped poten-tial o renewable energy sources, including solar energy,biomass and wind that incur ew opportunity costs andentail a huge potential or job creation, economic develop-ment and long-term energy security.33

At the same time (i) a large share o the population inSub-Saharan Arica is still without access to modernenergy and (ii) the economic transormation and eco-nomic growth necessary to li t countries out o poverty will require important energy resources and electricity generation. Te high cost o connecting remote areasand communities to the grid make the development o decentralised sustainable energy solutions as well as theuse o renewable energies an important driver on the pathtowards GE.

Commitment o relevant actors

Te political commitment or sustainable development,climate change mitigation and adaption are importantdrivers that help to gain momentum or GE in the variouscountries. Political commitment is starting to develop, asevidenced through the outcome o the recent Sixth Ari-

can Economic Conerence or the regional level, as wellas a series o government strategies and policies relating toclimate change such as in Ethiopia, Ghana and the GreenEconomic Dialogues in Namibia. However, detailedanalysis o the situation reveals that there are still animportant number o challenges relating to the awareness,capacities and political interest in GE.

Moreover, the UN Rio+20 conerence, in June 2012, andthe availability o unds and the interest o donors anddevelopment banks, are important drivers and ra ise theinterest in GE within the context o poverty eradication

and sustainable development in Arica.

NGOs can be another interesting driver or GE. WhileNGOs tend to ocus on topics such as natural resourcemanagement, ecological agriculture, climate change etc.rather than on the economic aspects o GE, they ac-cumulate a very signicant amount o experience andknowledge and have developed a huge number o pilotprojects that can be replicated. Based on the analysis andespecially because o their ocus on ‘green’ topics, they might be a good inormation source, but generally wouldnot in every case be the ideal ally or a purely economicintervention on GE in Sub-Saharan Arica.

33 Idem; Why a GE matters for LDCs , UNEP, 2011



26 4� DrivErS aND BarriErS to impLEmENtatioN

4.2Major barriers to GE

In relation to barriers or GE, very clear trends can beobserved in the ve countries analysed. Tey generally co-incide with the major challenges identied by a UNCSDsurvey conducted in 2010:

1. Inadequate knowledge andawareness o GE

Knowledge and awareness o GE are weak in all thecountries studied. Consultants report that it has been nec-essary to describe and explain the concept in most o theinterviews. In most o the countries there is currently noagreed-upon denition o what GE actually means in re-lation to the national context and how it can complementthe activities that are currently implemented under theumbrella o sustainable development or climate change.However, some o the countries, such as Namibia andEthiopia, are in the process o dening their views on GE.

Lack o awareness is not only a actor hindering public in-

stitutions; it also has a number o consequences or society in general. Tere is much to be done to raise awareness o the importance o managing growth without jeopardis-ing the country’s natural capital at all levels o society,including schools, universities and the general public. Inkey environmental locations such as orests etc., residentsare relatively unaware o how their actions impact on thelocal environment.

2. human and institutional capacity

In all the countries studied it was perceived that there isa major gap in human and institutional capacity whenit comes to the implementation o a broad GE concept.Tis is particularly true or those ministries that are notdirectly involved in the implementation o environmentaltopics. While they are extremely important actors in rela-tion to a broader GE concept, they have very little imple-mentation capacity and lack expertise and knowledge o the benets o GE. In general terms, policies (relating toclimate change, environment and sustainable develop-ment) that have been developed by the dierent respon-sible bodies are perceived as exhaustive and complete.However, the translation o these policies into action and

the implementation and enorcement processes o thosepolicies relating to GE are a major challenge or the Sub-Saharan Arican context. Another important actor is thatthe leading ministries (generally environment ministries)tend to be overwhelmed by the responsibility o such a

large concept. Environmental ministries are oten rather weak and have many responsibilities but limited budgetand human capacity to mainstream a topic such as GEon a broad scale. Tere is also a perception that marketbased approaches to GE are rather slowed down by strong government presence and that a stronger involvement o private actors and the civil society would multiply theeects o the concept.

3. Missing mainstreaming o GE

Almost a ll the initiatives, projects and programmes thatare currently developed or implemented, ocus almostexclusively on environmental aspects. Te Ministries o Finance, as well as rade and Industry are hardly involvedand there is very little awareness o the role that they could play in promoting GE. Tis not only applies togovernment, but to a large extent also to donor-drivenprogrammes. Tere are a number o donors, such asUNDP, GEF, as well as GIZ and others actively working in Sub-Saharan Arica. However, the projects that aresupported are mostly related to climate change, sustain-able agriculture, natural resource management andcleaner production. While a number o these activities

can be linked to GE, not one programme specically o-cusing on GE has been identied during the course o thestudy; besides the GE programme o UNDP in Ethiopia and the activities related to the organisation o the GreenEconomic Dialogues in Namibia, most activities ocus onenvironmental topics rather than economic programmes with a GE ocus.

4. Inadequate coordination between variousactors and pooling o resources

GE must be addressed by various political institutionsand ministries and there is a general consensus thatinter-ministerial cooperation is o the utmost importance while sti ll being a huge challenge. While the Ministry o the Environment (or similar ministries) normally takesthe lead in implementation o GE, there is a strong needor cooperation with other line ministries, especially in with regards to those aspects strongly related to economicdevelopment and the growth agenda. Even in Ethiopia, where an inter-ministerial steering committee and techni-cal committees are established at ederal level, there is a lack o capacity to create and exploit synergies betweenthe various institutions.

However, inter-ministerial communication is not the only challenge. Tere is a general lack o eective coordinationand pooling o eorts and approaches related to GE intoan integrated approach. In the case o Ethiopia, it has




been mentioned that the uncoordinated eort o variouscivil society organisations and private sector associations working on the creation o awareness and implementing the Green Growth agenda, led to ragmented activitiesthat ailed to create the impact that they could have had.Coordinated, strategic and systemic support would benecessary to enable these organisations to increase theirimpact.

5. Lack o knowledge o te potential o GEor ob creation and economic growt

Some o the countries analysed are experiencing relatively slow economic growth and unsolved challenges relating tounemployment, poverty and high inequality. Tese prob-lems that need to be solved as soon as possible are otenperceived as contradictory to the implementation o GEand tend to hinder a broader discussion on GE, as GE isstill not seen as a way to enhance competitiveness, to opennew markets and, thus, to create new jobs.

6. Unavourable geograpic conditions

Another important hindrance to the implementation o a number o GE initiatives is the specic nature o thecountries’ geography. One o the major challenges is low population density and small market size. In Namibia especially, these problems oten prevent market based ap-proaches rom being protable. ransport costs as well ashigh unit costs resulting rom small production quanti-ties are critical challenges in the Namibian context. Tisalso applies to other small countries as well as to the ruralareas o the bigger countries analysed.

7. Lack o dataData needed to assess GE policies are oten not available.Environmental statistics are insucient in most o thecountries and there are only very limited possibilities tomeasure the impact o GE policies in terms o their infu-ence on the environment, since in many countries, no orvery little inormation is available on the costs o envi-ronmental degradation and natural resource depletion.Tis could make it hard to justiy certain investments, asquantiying the exact impacts o environmental degrada-tion on economic growth and an assessment o the relatedrisk is oten impossible

Te number o research organisations dealing with GEtopics is rather limited. In each country a ew acultiesthat deal with specic aspects o GE, but research seemsto be mainly concerned with natural resource manage-

ment, the scientic basis or climate change scenariosand energy. Research is not ocused on economic topics,such as the impact o GE on dierent economic sectorsetc. Te existence o applied research and teaching relatedto GE is currently rather weak in the various countries.Existing initiatives such as that on biogas in Ghana havenot received sucient scientic research support to beable to prove the environmental and economic impacts o their promotion.



KapitEL28

5. Major conclusions

Te concept o Green Economy reaces beyond te mere protectiono te environment. It contributes to social as well as economicdevelopment and, accordingly, addresses maor development cal-lenges in Sub-Saaran Arica. Poto: © GIZ / Markus Kircgessner




Based on te analysis o te status quo in relation toGE in te fve selected countries, and also on teanalysis o te actors involved and possible drivers andbarriers to implementation, te ollowing conclusionscan be drawn:

1 Te concept o GE is not ully understood and isoten assumed to be another ashionable term orsustainable development. Moreover, people still

make a distinction between economic growth or econom-ic development and green economic development.

2 GE issues are already covered by national poli-cies and strategies but coherent GE strategies arenon-existent and the political will to build up

the capacities in order to implement the policies thor-oughly is missing. As growth and employment generationremain priorities and since only little knowledge aboutthe concept and its potential or creating employment and

growth exists, GE is comparatively low on the politicalagenda in most countries.

3 Ministries o Environment are responsible orGE. A lack o cooperation with ministries oreconomic development leads to ‘green’ being

overemphasised. GE is used as an argument to justiy ‘green initiatives’ with positive economic implications,rather than being considered as a strong engine and op-

portunity to propel economic development.

4 GE is a multidisciplinary approach that requiresenvironmental, economic and sector-specicknowledge. Tereore, it calls or close coopera-

tion between actors possessing this knowledge and having the interest and / or the authority to change strategies andapproaches.

5 Key drivers or the concept o GE are the highdiversity o natural resources, especially related toagriculture, tourism and biotrade, the immense

need or new energy sources, and the availability o donornancing or GE.

6 Tere are potential markets or green products insectors such as agriculture, construction, tourism,and energy. However, due to lack o examples

and business cases, economic incentives, regulatory instruments, missing government support, undeveloped

domestic markets or GE products and a lack o insti-tutional and human capacity, the private sector has notreally started to capitalise on them.

7 Te promotion o GE is also hampered by theinsuciency o Business Development Service(BDS) providers with an in-depth knowledge o

GE and an understanding o the wider concept o GE.



30 LitEraturE

Geen en n sdes

Adiku, Samuel: The status of Green Economy in Ghana. 2011

Fekade, Yared and Koscov, Martin: Green Economy in Ethiopia.2011

Klein, joanna and jocaud, Pilippe: Green Economy in

Namibia. 2011

Nwaiuba, Cinedum: Green Economy in Nigeria. 2011

Satougina, honorat: Green Economy in Benin. 2011

oe lee

ADB: Facilitating Growth, Perspectives from the AfDB. 2012

GIZ: Green Finance, An Innovative Approach to FosteringSustainable Economic Development and Adaptation to ClimateChange. September 2011

IPCC: Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) Climate Change. 2007

IMF: Regional Economic Outlook. 2012

Oice o te president: Namibia Vision 2030. 2004

UNCSD: Questionnaire for the Member States on Experiences,Success Factors, Risks and Challenges with Regard to Objec-tive and Themes of UN Conference on Sustainable Develop-ment. 2010

UNEP: A Green Economy in the Context of Sustainable Devel-opment and Poverty Eradication – What are the Implicationsfor Africa? 2011

UNEP: Why a Green Economy Matters for LDCs. 2011

UNEP: Green Economy, A Synthesis for Policy Makers. 2010

UNEP: Green Economy Sectoral Study: BioTrade – A catalystfor transitioning to a green economy in Namibia. 2012

United Nationals Economic and Social Council, EconomicCommission for Africa, Africa Review Report on WasteManagement. 2009

World Bank: Low Carbon Projects for Development inSub-Saharan Africa – Unveiling the potential, addressing thebarriers. 2008

World Bank: Light Manufacturing in Africa: Targeted Policiesto Enhance Private Investment and Create Jobs. 2010

World Bank: From Growth to Green Growth – A Framework.2011

Zeidler, juliane et al.: Rapid Trade and EnvironmentAssessment, IISD. 2009

Webses nd lnks

ADB: Promoting Green Economy for African StructuralTransformation. October 2011. www.adb.org/en/news- and-events/article/promoting-green-economy-or-aricas-structural-transormation-8465 , retrieved on August 20, 2012

CDM in Arica: ttp://cdminarica.ning.com/proiles/blogs/

cdm-potentials-in-nigeria , retrieved on September 2011

CDM Policy Dialogue: www.cdmpolicydialogue.org , retrieved onOctober 18, 2012

Cotton Made in Arica: www.cotton-made-in-arica.com , retrieved on October 5, 2012

Ecomark Arica: www.ecomarkarica.com, retrieved onAugust 20, 2012

GEF: www.tege.org/ge, retrieved on August 20, 2012

human Development Report: ttp://dr.undp.org/es/ estadisticas , retrieved on August 20, 2011

International Federation o Organic Agriculture Movements

(IFOAM): www.ioam.org , retrieved on October 4, 2012

Keynote address by Meles Zenawi on Green Economy andStructural Transformation in Africa. October 2011.www.uneca.org/aec/2011/updates/Speec%20by%20hE%20Meles%20Zenawi.pd, retrieved on August 20, 2012

Republic o Namibia – Ministry o Mines and Energy: www.mme.gov.na/energy/pd/SRFFactSeet.pd , retrieved onAugust 20, 2012

SEED initiative, Fostering a Green Economy Transformationand Social and Environmental Entrepreneurship in Africa:www.oecd.org/dataoecd/63/33/47670108.pd, retrieved onAugust 20, 2012

UNEP / UNCTAD: www.unep-unctad.org/cbt/biotrade.asp ,retrieved on October 4, 2012

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http://cdminafrica.ning.com/profiles/blogs/cdm-potentials-in-nigeria







http://www.thegef.org/gef








http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/63/33/47670108.pdf



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ResponsibleHarald Richter

AutorsJohanna Klein, Philippe Jochaud, Harald Richter,Ronny Bechmann, Stephanie Hartmann

Editors

Sina Johannes, Stefanie Reiher

Based on ive country studies autored byHonorat Satougina, BeninYared Fekade and Martin Koscov, EthiopiaSamuel Adiku, GhanaJohanna Klein and Philippe Jochaud, NamibiaChinedum Nwaijuba, Nigeria

Layout/DesignEva Hofmann, Katrin StraßburgerW4 Büro für Gestaltung, Frankfurt, Germany

Cover illustrationEva Hofmann, Katrin StraßburgerW4 Büro für Gestaltung, Frankfurt, Germany

LitograpyAndreas Gross, Frankfurt, Germany

Printed byTop Kopie GmbH, Frankfurt, Germany

Printed on 100 % recycled paper,certified to FSC standards

January 2013



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Green Economy in Sub-Saharan Africa