Green Fleet Review

Green Fleet Review

Energy Saving Trust

Grampian Police

by Gerard Gornall, Intelligent Fleet Eden House, 101a Marsland Road Sale, M33 3HS Tel 0870 285 6125 December 2008

EST/OPS/06/017

Energy Saving Trust, 112/2 Commercial Street, Leith, Edinburgh EH6 6NF, Tel 0131 555 7900, www.energysavingtrust.org.uk

Green Fleet Review | Grampian Police

Executive summary

Introduction

▪ We have undertaken a review of vehicle use within Grampian Police as part of the Energy Saving Trust Green Fleet Review programme.

▪ At the date of the review, Grampian Police operates a fleet of 261 cars, 45 commercial vehicles under 3.5t, 3 vehicle over 3.5t and 9 motorcycles.

▪ Fuel consumption for fleet vehicles for the year to 30 September 2008 was 871,929 litres.

▪ In addition to the above, 18 employees used a vehicle acquired under the lease car scheme. Furthermore, it is known that a number of employees use their own private vehicle for work but no further information is available. No mileage data is available for lease cars or private cars.

Encouraging cleaner vehicles and fuels

▪ Grampian Police has already undertaken a number of initiatives to reduce the environmental impact of the fleet although it would appear that further opportunities exist to reduce emission levels.

▪ General purpose vehicles should be reviewed to ensure that they continue to be the most efficient for the work to be carried out. Grampian Police should also ascertain whether cleaner vehicles could be obtained from sponsors.

▪ A number of alternative technologies may be suitable for the fleet and Grampian Police should keep abreast of developments with a view to adopting these as appropriate.

▪ There would appear to be opportunities to encourage employees to adopt cleaner cars via the lease car scheme.

▪ Grampian Police should consider a number of initiatives to encourage employees to acquire cleaner cars personally or use alternative vehicles such as pool cars, hire cars and lease cars.

Reducing fuel consumption

▪ Grampian Police should ensure that the planned analysis of fuel consumption will identify all opportunities to make fuel savings.

▪ The planned communications on eco-driving should extend to all drivers and not just fleet vehicle users.

Reducing the number of miles travelled

▪ Grampian Police should regularly analyse journeys being undertaken in order to identify opportunities to reduce business mileage levels.

▪ A travel policy should be developed with a view to encouraging employees to consider more sustainable methods of travel.

CO2 footprint and target reductions

▪ We have measured the carbon footprint of all vehicles covered by this review and the total annual CO2 output is in the region of 2,219 tonnes.

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▪ Grampian Police should set specific targets to reduce the carbon footprint in accordance with the action plan provided. We have calculated that a 20% reduction in CO2 output should be achievable within three years.

▪ To ensure that future carbon footprint measurement is accurate, Grampian Police should ensure that sufficient data is available for lease car and private car users.

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Contents

Section Page

1 Introduction 4

2 Overview of current fleet arrangements 7

3 Adopting cleaner vehicles and fuels 10

4 Reducing fuel consumption 19

5 Reducing the number of miles travelled 22

6 CO2 footprint and target reductions 24

7 Action plan for Grampian Police 25

Appendix I Example fuel analysis 27

Appendix II Further information available from the Energy Saving Trust 28

Appendix III EST methodology for calculating fleet CO2 Emissions 29

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1 Introduction

1.1 Energy Saving Trust Green Fleet Review Programme

This report has been produced as part of the Energy Saving Trust Green Fleet Review programme. The purpose of this programme is to:

▪ review green fleet management practices

▪ increase fleet efficiency to reduce both fleet costs and the impact on the environment

▪ promote best practice including cleaner fleet management

▪ review high-level health & safety policies and processes

Under the programme, Grampian Police qualified for four days of free consultancy, undertaken by Gerard Gornall of Intelligent Fleet, an independent fleet consultancy.

1.2 Overview of the benefits of green fleet management

Green fleet management can cover a number of issues but will generally include:

▪ acquisition of cleaner vehicles or use of cleaner fuels

▪ minimising fuel consumption

▪ reducing vehicle usage

The environmental benefits of green fleet management include:

▪ reduced consumption of fossil fuels

▪ fewer CO2 and other exhaust emissions

▪ reduced contribution to congestion

▪ improved perception of the organisation from a corporate social responsibility perspective

The business case for green fleet management is generally straightforward. As well as the environmental benefits outlined above to meet corporate social responsibility needs, green fleet management can also deliver significant cost savings through:

▪ lower fuel costs by using cleaner vehicles, travelling fewer miles and driving more economically

▪ reduced road tax costs for cars as this is graduated according to CO2 emission levels

▪ reduced National Insurance costs for any company cars and lease car schemes as Class 1A NIC is also graduated by CO2 emission levels

▪ reduced insurance costs as cleaner vehicles generally have a lower insurance risk and green fleet practices result in a safer fleet with fewer accidents

▪ reduced purchase costs as cleaner vehicles are often cheaper to buy due to the fact they are often smaller with less powerful engines

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▪ other tax breaks such as accelerated capital allowances or increased tax relief

As suggested above, green fleet practi

▪ other tax breaks such as accelerated capital allowances or increased tax relief

As suggested above, green fleet practices also contribute to making the fleet safer. The policies and techniques adopted through green fleet management will reduce the risk of an

volved in an accident.

1.3

m Mountains in the west to the Moray and Aberdeenshire coasts to the north and east. The

The Grampian Police fleet is managed from the force headquarters in Aberdeen by James ger.

1.4

Our ehicles that may be used on business, including:

Our review focuses on the three key components in managing the environmental impact of vehicle use

of the vehicles

s within this review represent environmental best practice and therefore in order to achieve maximum benefit, it is recommended that Grampian Police adopt as many

1.5

In addition to the information provided through this interview, the following key data has been mad avai

s

ces also contribute to making the fleet safer. The policies and techniques adopted through green fleet management will reduce the risk of an

volved in an accident.

1.3

m Mountains in the west to the Moray and Aberdeenshire coasts to the north and east. The

The Grampian Police fleet is managed from the force headquarters in Aberdeen by James ger.

1.4

Our ehicles that may be used on business, including:

An outline of the approach undertaken for the Green Fleet Review is shown below:

Our review focuses on the three key components in managing the environmental impact of vehicle use

of the vehicles

s within this review represent environmental best practice and therefore in order to achieve maximum benefit, it is recommended that Grampian Police adopt as many

1.5

In addition to the information provided through this interview, the following key data has been mad avai

s

employee being inemployee being in

Grampian Police

Grampian Police serves over 530,000 people in an area stretching from the Cairngor

Grampian Police

Grampian Police serves over 530,000 people in an area stretching from the Cairngor

region comprises the city of Aberdeen, several towns, many villages and a large rural area. region comprises the city of Aberdeen, several towns, many villages and a large rural area.

Milne, Transport ManaMilne, Transport Mana

Scope and approach Scope and approach

review covers all v review covers all v

▪ cars ▪ cars

▪ commercial vehicles under 3.5t GWT ▪ commercial vehicles under 3.5t GWT

▪ cars under the Senior Staff Vehicle Leasing Scheme ▪ cars under the Senior Staff Vehicle Leasing Scheme

An outline of the approach undertaken for the Green Fleet Review is shown below:

, namely: , namely:

Interviews & data gathering

Review & analysis

Feedback & ratification

Final report & action plan

▪ the use of cleaner and more efficient vehicles or fuels ▪ the use of cleaner and more efficient vehicles or fuels

▪ reducing the level of fuel consumed, i.e. improving the efficiencycurrently used

▪ reducing the level of fuel consumed, i.e. improving the efficiencycurrently used

▪ reducing vehicle use and therefore the number of miles travelled

The recommendation

▪ reducing vehicle use and therefore the number of miles travelled

The recommendation

of these as possible. of these as possible.

Information provided Information provided

As part of the data gathering process, we have interviewed James Milne, Transport Manager. As part of the data gathering process, we have interviewed James Milne, Transport Manager.

e lable: e lable:

▪ Fleet listing, fleet vehicle▪ Fleet listing, fleet vehicle

▪ Lease car fleet listing ▪ Lease car fleet listing

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▪ Fuel spend 2005/06, 2006/07, 2007/08, 2008/09 (year to date)

▪ Senior Staff Vehicle Leasing Scheme – Operating Procedure

▪ Whole life cost data

▪ Fuel review – April 2004

▪ Transport Unit Environmental Briefing Note

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2 Overview of current fleet arrangements

2.1 Cars (excluding the lease car scheme)

At the date of the review, Grampian Police operates a fleet of 261 cars, as follows:

BMW 530, 6

Covert, 6

Ford Focus, 154

Ford Galaxy, 3

Ford Mondeo, 17

Honda CR-V, 3

Jaguar X-Type, 5

Landrover Def / Disc / RR, 16

Other, 15

Vauxhall Astra, 20

Vauxhall Omega, 5

Volkswagen Golf, 3

Volvo V70 / XC70, 8

Of the above, 215 are diesel, 45 are petrol and one is dual fuel petrol/LPG. Vehicles are mostly refuelled using Arval fuel cards. Most vehicles are owned by Grampian Police however the above fleet also includes:

▪ 25 vehicles of varying types provided by sponsors which Grampian Police currently have little control over

▪ six hired vehicles of varying types used for covert operations

▪ two camera enforcement vehicles not entirely owned by the force

2.2 Commercial vehicles under 3.5t

At the date of the review, Grampian Police operates a fleet of 45 vans under 3.5t, as follows:

Ford Connect, 9

Ford Transit, 23

Mercedes 413, 1

Mercedes Sprinter, 2

Peugeot Boxer, 1

Peugeot Expert, 5

Vauxhall Movano, 3

Vauxhall Vivaro, 1

All of the above vehicles are diesel and are mostly refuelled using Arval fuel cards. The fleet includes five camera enforcement vehicles not entirely owned by the force.

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2.3 Leased car scheme

Grampian Police operates a lease car scheme for senior staff. At the date of the review, there are 18 vehicles on the scheme as follows:

Audi A3, 5

Audi A6, 6

BMW 320, 4

Honda CR-V, 1

Landrover Freelander, 1

Saab 9-3, 1

Of the above, 17 vehicles are diesel and one is petrol. Fuel for business use is paid for by the employee and reimbursed by Grampian Police based upon a rate per mile. No business mileage data is available.

2.4 Other vehicles

Other vehicles operated by Grampian Police but strictly outside of the scope of this review include:

▪ 9 motorcycles

▪ 3 commercial vehicles over 3.5t

We have not reviewed these vehicles in detail. However, as the fuel data provided is not allocated between vehicle types, we have included these vehicles in the review where any calculations are made by reference to fuel use.

Within the fleet data provided, a number of vehicles were present which have been transferred to the Scottish Police Services Authority. As these are no longer under the control of Grampian Police they have been excluded from the review.

2.5 Fuel – cars and commercial vehicles (excluding the lease car scheme)

The above vehicles are primarily refuelled using Arval fuel cards. Based upon the information provided, fuel consumption for the year to 30 September 2008 was as follows:

Fuel type Litres

Diesel 633,216

Unleaded 238,431

LPG 282

Total litres for the year to 30 September 2008 871,929

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2.6 Private cars

We are aware that a number of employees use their own private vehicle for work. As no vehicle or mileage data is available we have not been able to review this area in detail.

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3 Adopting cleaner vehicles and fuels

3.1 Overview

This section considers how Grampian Police could improve the environmental efficiency of the fleet through either:

▪ acquiring cleaner, more efficient cars and commercial vehicles

▪ adopting alternative fuels and technologies

▪ encouraging employee to acquire cleaner cars on the lease car scheme, acquire cleaner private cars or use cleaner alternatives

3.2 Cars

3.2.1 CO2 emissions

In the tables below we have mapped the CO2 emission levels1 of cars to the new car labelling system, as follows:

▪ cars owned by Grampian Police including camera enforcement vehicles (230 vehicles)

▪ sponsored cars (25 vehicles)

▪ covert cars (6 vehicles)

Owned Sponsored

Covert

1Where CO2 data has not been provided, this has been obtained via the Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders website at www.smmt.co.uk.

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http://www.smmt.co.uk/


3.2.2 Observations 3.2.2 Observations

Whilst a number of high emission vehicles exist, these tend to be older vehicles and the intention is that most of these will be replaced with cleaner vehicles. Grampian Police has already implemented a number of initiatives to reduce emissions from the fleet, namely:

Whilst a number of high emission vehicles exist, these tend to be older vehicles and the intention is that most of these will be replaced with cleaner vehicles. Grampian Police has already implemented a number of initiatives to reduce emissions from the fleet, namely:

▪ moving to an all diesel policy ▪ moving to an all diesel policy

▪ downsizing 4x4 vehicles ▪ downsizing 4x4 vehicles

▪ downsizing from Ford Mondeo to Ford Focus ▪ downsizing from Ford Mondeo to Ford Focus

▪ emissions testing after each service ▪ emissions testing after each service

Grampian Police are proactively assessing the environmental impact of all vehicle replacements, including the whole life cost impact. Current policy is therefore largely in line with best practice, subject to the areas in Sections 3.2.3 to 3.2.6 below.

Grampian Police are proactively assessing the environmental impact of all vehicle replacements, including the whole life cost impact. Current policy is therefore largely in line with best practice, subject to the areas in Sections 3.2.3 to 3.2.6 below.

Given the above, we would expect that emissions from the Grampian Police car fleet will reduce substantially. Given the above, we would expect that emissions from the Grampian Police car fleet will reduce substantially.

3.2.3 Ford Focus vehicles 3.2.3 Ford Focus vehicles

Grampian Police procure vehicles through the national agreements in place and at present the main Ford Focus vehicle is a 1.6TDCi model with CO2 emissions of 119 g/km. We understand that Grampian Police are now looking at ECOnetic versions of the Focus which have slightly lower CO2 emissions at 115 g/km.

Grampian Police procure vehicles through the national agreements in place and at present the main Ford Focus vehicle is a 1.6TDCi model with CO2 emissions of 119 g/km. We understand that Grampian Police are now looking at ECOnetic versions of the Focus which have slightly lower CO2 emissions at 115 g/km.

We recommend that Grampian Police always seek to acquire the cleanest models suitable. In the table below we have calculated the potential fuel and CO2 emission savings of adopting the ECOnetic versions based upon 25,000 miles per annum.

We recommend that Grampian Police always seek to acquire the cleanest models suitable. In the table below we have calculated the potential fuel and CO2 emission savings of adopting the ECOnetic versions based upon 25,000 miles per annum.

Vehicle Fuel economy1

Annual fuel cost2

CO2 emissions

Annual CO2 footprint3

Ford Focus 1.6TDCi 62.7 £1,941 119 g/km 5,474 kg

Ford Focus 1.6TDCi ECOnetic 65.6 £1,855 115 g/km 5,290 kg

Difference +2.9 -£86 -4 g/km -184 kg

1Official combined cycle 2Fuel cost based upon estimated £0.91 per litre ex. VAT – combined cycle less 15% for real driving conditions 3Includes +15% to take into account real driving conditions

Whilst there is only a marginal improvement in economy and emissions, if we multiply this over the 154 Ford Focus vehicles currently on fleet, annual fuel cost savings would be £13,244 and CO2 emissions would reduce by over 28 tonnes. It is appreciated that the ECOnetic vehicles cost more to acquire and therefore a full whole life cost analysis would need to be undertaken.

ACTION – Acquire cleanest Ford Focus vehicles available

3.2.4 Size of general purpose / beat cars

In general, the smallest vehicle used by Grampian Police for general purpose is the Ford Focus outlined above. In our experience, most police forces tend to operate a fleet of smaller vehicles such Ford Fiestas or Vauxhall Corsas. We have given some examples overleaf:

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Number of Fiesta/Corsa Police force % of car

fleet

Scottish force 1 11 8%



We understand that Grampian Police do not operate smaller vehicles due to complaints when these vehicles were previously operated. Using one standard vehicle also helps with reallocation. Due to the environmental savings that may be available, we recommend that this is something which is reviewed. In the table below we have calculated the fuel and CO2 emissions savings available from downsizing to the cleanest Ford Fiesta.

Vehicle Fuel economy1

Annual fuel cost2

CO2 emissions

Annual CO2 footprint3

Ford Focus 1.6TDCi 62.7 £1,941 119 g/km 5,474 kg

Ford Fiesta 1.6TDCi ECOnetic 76.3 £1,595 98 g/km 4,508 kg

Difference +13.6 -£346 -21 g/km -966 kg

1Official combined cycle 2Fuel cost based upon 25,000 mpa / £0.91 p/litre ex. VAT – combined cycle less estimated 15% for real driving conditions 3Based upon 25,000 miles per annum – includes +15% estimated to take into account real driving conditions

As can be seen from the above, reasonable savings could be made in fuel costs and CO2 emissions could reduce by almost one tonne per vehicle. As the Fiesta is a cheaper vehicle, further savings would be made in acquisition and running costs.

ACTION – Consider smaller vehicles for the fleet

3.2.5 Sponsored vehicles

Grampian Police are provided with a number of vehicles from sponsors, for example local dealers wishing to promote their products. At present there is no focus on the environmental impact of the vehicles taken on and as illustrated in Section 3.2.1 above there are some high emission vehicles, mainly due to the fact that over a third of the vehicles are petrol.

Grampian Police have suggested that it is their intention to request cleaner vehicles in the future and some progress has already been made. We would encourage these steps to be taken for all sponsorship vehicles.

3.2.6 Covert vehicles

ACTION – Request cleaner vehicles from sponsors

Whilst covert vehicles do not tend to cover much mileage, as illustrated in Section 3.2.1 above, average CO2 emissions are relatively high. This is mainly due to the fact that all cars are petrol. We therefore recommend that Grampian Police review these with a view to acquiring cleaner cars in the future.

ACTION – Consider cleaner covert cars

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3.3 Commercial vehicles under 3.5t 3.3 Commercial vehicles under 3.5t

3.3.1 General 3.3.1 General

As with cars, Grampian Police is proactively considering the environmental impact of commercial vehicle replacements. Again, downsizing has been implemented where practical and a number of Ford Transits have been replaced with Ford Connects.

As with cars, Grampian Police is proactively considering the environmental impact of commercial vehicle replacements. Again, downsizing has been implemented where practical and a number of Ford Transits have been replaced with Ford Connects.

Provided that Grampian Police continue to adopt a proactive approach and assess whole life costs, the commercial vehicle fleet will be as efficient as possible. Any assessment of a commercial vehicle should include ensuring that it:

Provided that Grampian Police continue to adopt a proactive approach and assess whole life costs, the commercial vehicle fleet will be as efficient as possible. Any assessment of a commercial vehicle should include ensuring that it:

▪ is not too big, both in terms of physical size and gross weight ▪ is not too big, both in terms of physical size and gross weight

▪ is not excessively powerful ▪ is not excessively powerful

▪ returns good fuel economy, based upon the conditions under which it is to be used ▪ returns good fuel economy, based upon the conditions under which it is to be used

Where possible, the procurement process should also include: Where possible, the procurement process should also include:

▪ an assessment of CO2 emission levels (Section 3.3.2) ▪ an assessment of CO2 emission levels (Section 3.3.2)

▪ consideration of alternative technologies (Section 3.3.3) ▪ consideration of alternative technologies (Section 3.3.3)

3.3.2 CO2 emissions data 3.3.2 CO

As from 1 January 2008, all commercial vehicles under 3.5t must be emissions tested in a similar manner to the process for passenger cars. Whilst there is currently no requirement for manufacturers to disclose the results of these tests, some do disclose figures.

As from 1 January 2008, all commercial vehicles under 3.5t must be emissions tested in a similar manner to the process for passenger cars. Whilst there is currently no requirement for manufacturers to disclose the results of these tests, some do disclose figures.

Where CO2 emissions data is difficult to obtain in the public domain, it may be available on request from the manufacturers direct or alternatively from the manufacturers’ European websites where emissions data is disclosed. It is expected that in the near future, commercial vehicle CO2 emission data will be published in the UK, possibly via the VCA (Vehicle Certification Agency) website.

Where CO

We recommend that as part of any assessment of commercial vehicle suitability, Grampian Police include a review of expected CO2 emission levels. We recommend that as part of any assessment of commercial vehicle suitability, Grampian Police include a review of expected CO

3.3.3 Alternative technologies 3.3.3 Alternative technologies

Over recent years there has been progress in developing technologies to reduce emissions from commercial vehicles. Whilst these are still relatively limited in availability, many manufacturers are working on new products which may be suitable for the Grampian Police fleet. We have outlined some of these below.

Over recent years there has been progress in developing technologies to reduce emissions from commercial vehicles. Whilst these are still relatively limited in availability, many manufacturers are working on new products which may be suitable for the Grampian Police fleet. We have outlined some of these below.

Speed limiters Speed limiters

2 emissions data

2 emissions data is difficult to obtain in the public domain, it may be available on request from the manufacturers direct or alternatively from the manufacturers’ European websites where emissions data is disclosed. It is expected that in the near future, commercial vehicle CO2 emission data will be published in the UK, possibly via the VCA (Vehicle Certification Agency) website.

2 emission levels.

ACTION – Review CO2 emissions data for new vehicles

Whilst a large proportion of Grampian Police vehicles are involved in response work, there may be some where the fitting of speed limiting devices would be possible. A number of manufacturers are able to limit the top speed through reprogramming the engine management system. As an example, Ford vans can be limited to 56, 62 or 70 mph at a cost of £40 plus VAT.

Whilst a large proportion of Grampian Police vehicles are involved in response work, there may be some where the fitting of speed limiting devices would be possible. A number of manufacturers are able to limit the top speed through reprogramming the engine management system. As an example, Ford vans can be limited to 56, 62 or 70 mph at a cost of £40 plus VAT.

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Speed limiters can also be useful from a health & safety perspective and also in areas with dual carriageways to ensure that drivers do not exceed 60 mph. We understand that such an initiative may not be possible within Grampian Police but we believe it is worthy of consideration.

Speed limiters can also be useful from a health & safety perspective and also in areas with dual carriageways to ensure that drivers do not exceed 60 mph. We understand that such an initiative may not be possible within Grampian Police but we believe it is worthy of consideration.

Stop-start Stop-start

Stop-start automatically cuts out the engine when idle and it is claimed that this can result in a 25% reduction in fuel consumption in urban areas. Availability of this technology is currently fairly limited and not available on Ford vehicles at present. We recommend that Grampian Police consider this technology when available on suitable vehicles.

Stop-start automatically cuts out the engine when idle and it is claimed that this can result in a 25% reduction in fuel consumption in urban areas. Availability of this technology is currently fairly limited and not available on Ford vehicles at present. We recommend that Grampian Police consider this technology when available on suitable vehicles.

Alternative fuel vehicles Alternative fuel vehicles

Progress is being made in developing alternative fuels for commercial vehicles. Whilst these may not be currently suitable for the Grampian Police fleet, as technology progresses and becomes better and cheaper it is likely that, in time, they will be worthy of serious consideration. Such vehicles include:

Progress is being made in developing alternative fuels for commercial vehicles. Whilst these may not be currently suitable for the Grampian Police fleet, as technology progresses and becomes better and cheaper it is likely that, in time, they will be worthy of serious consideration. Such vehicles include:

▪ Diesel hybrid, i.e. vehicles with diesel and electric motors. The first commercial vehicles are expected to be launched in 2010

▪ Diesel hybrid, i.e. vehicles with diesel and electric motors. The first commercial vehicles are expected to be launched in 2010

▪ Diesel hybrid retro fit units, which a number of companies now offer ▪ Diesel hybrid retro fit units, which a number of companies now offer

▪ Electric vehicles, although suitable long-range vehicles are not expected for a number of years.

▪ Electric vehicles, although suitable long-range vehicles are not expected for a number of years.

ACTION – Consider alternative technologies for introduction onto the fleet

3.4 Senior Staff Vehicle Leasing Scheme 3.4 Senior Staff Vehicle Leasing Scheme

3.4.1 CO2 emissions 3.4.1 CO2 emissions

We have mapped the CO2 emissions of the 18 vehicles on the lease car scheme against the new car labelling system below. We have mapped the CO2 emissions of the 18 vehicles on the lease car scheme against the new car labelling system below.

Average emission levels are slightly above what might be expected for a scheme of this nature. It would appear that the reason for this is likely to be the fact that the scheme is only open to senior staff with a higher disposable income therefore bigger cars are purchased.

In order to control emissions from the lease car scheme, Grampian Police should consider:

▪ restricting emission levels of vehicles (Section 3.4.2)

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▪ incentives for staff to acquire cleaner vehicles (Section 3.4.3) ▪ incentives for staff to acquire cleaner vehicles (Section 3.4.3)

3.4.2 Restricting emission levels 3.4.2 Restricting emission levels

In order to control CO2 emission levels, many lease car schemes place a ceiling on the maximum permissible emission level from a particular vehicle. This will become more relevant from April 2009 when new capital allowance rules come into force.

In order to control CO2 emission levels, many lease car schemes place a ceiling on the maximum permissible emission level from a particular vehicle. This will become more relevant from April 2009 when new capital allowance rules come into force.

Under the new capital allowances rules, which govern the amount of tax relief a leasing company can claim, vehicles with CO2 emissions in excess of 160 g/km will be significantly disadvantaged over vehicles with emissions of 160 g/km or below. This means that from April 2009 there will be an increase in leasing costs for higher emission vehicles and many organisations are removing availability of these vehicles from car schemes.

Under the new capital allowances rules, which govern the amount of tax relief a leasing company can claim, vehicles with CO2 emissions in excess of 160 g/km will be significantly disadvantaged over vehicles with emissions of 160 g/km or below. This means that from April 2009 there will be an increase in leasing costs for higher emission vehicles and many organisations are removing availability of these vehicles from car schemes.

In addition to the above, higher emission vehicles attract increased: In addition to the above, higher emission vehicles attract increased:

▪ road fund licence ▪ road fund licence

▪ company car taxation ▪ company car taxation

▪ employer’s National Insurance contributions ▪ employer’s National Insurance contributions

Given the above, we recommend that Grampian Police consider a CO2 emissions cap. Given the above, we recommend that Grampian Police consider a CO

3.4.3 Incentivising cleaner vehicles 3.4.3 Incentivising cleaner vehicles

At present, Grampian Police contribute 70% of the lease costs under the scheme with the employee paying the remaining 30%. In order to incentivise take up of cleaner vehicles, we recommend that Grampian Police consider adjusting contribution levels depending upon the level of CO2 emissions. We have demonstrated how this might look in the table below.

At present, Grampian Police contribute 70% of the lease costs under the scheme with the employee paying the remaining 30%. In order to incentivise take up of cleaner vehicles, we recommend that Grampian Police consider adjusting contribution levels depending upon the level of CO

2 emissions cap.

2 emissions. We have demonstrated how this might look in the table below.

Emission levels

ACTION – Consider CO2 emissions cap

Grampian Police contribution

Employee contribution

Up to 120 g/km 80% 20%

121 g/km to 160 g/km 70% 30%

Over 160 g/km1 60% 40%

1If capping under Section 3.4.2 is not implemented

3.4.4 Measuring the environmental impact of lease car use

As noted in Section 2.3, no mileage data is available for lease cars. To ensure that the environmental impact of lease car use can be measured in the future, Grampian Police should ensure that mileage data is available and can be allocated to each lease car. The carbon footprint can then be calculated using the official manufacturer CO2 emission figures in accordance with method 2 in Appendix III.

ACTION – Consider incentives for cleaner vehicles

ACTION – Ensure mileage data is available for each lease car

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3.5 Private cars 3.5 Private cars

3.5.1 General 3.5.1 General

We understand that a small number of Grampian Police employees use their own private vehicle for work. However, we have not received any information with regard to vehicles or mileage levels and we have not therefore been able to undertake a formal review of this area.

We understand that a small number of Grampian Police employees use their own private vehicle for work. However, we have not received any information with regard to vehicles or mileage levels and we have not therefore been able to undertake a formal review of this area.

In general, from an environmental perspective, private cars can be difficult to manage. They tend to be older and less efficient than the average car in the UK and therefore contribute a proportionally higher level of CO2 emissions. It is therefore important that Grampian Police do undertake a full assessment of the environmental impact of private cars and include them within any carbon reduction plan.

In general, from an environmental perspective, private cars can be difficult to manage. They tend to be older and less efficient than the average car in the UK and therefore contribute a proportionally higher level of CO2 emissions. It is therefore important that Grampian Police do undertake a full assessment of the environmental impact of private cars and include them within any carbon reduction plan.

Whilst we have not been able to undertake a formal review, we have outlined below some of the initiatives that should be considered by Grampian Police for private cars. Whilst we have not been able to undertake a formal review, we have outlined below some of the initiatives that should be considered by Grampian Police for private cars.

3.5.2 Setting acceptable vehicle criteria 3.5.2 Setting acceptable vehicle criteria

Whilst many consider it inappropriate to place stipulations on employees with regard to the type of car they should acquire, it should be recognised that: Whilst many consider it inappropriate to place stipulations on employees with regard to the type of car they should acquire, it should be recognised that:

▪ the type of car an employee uses on business directly contributes to the Grampian Police carbon footprint

▪ the type of car an employee uses on business directly contributes to the Grampian Police carbon footprint

▪ it is the responsibility of Grampian Police to ensure that vehicles are fit for purpose from a health & safety perspective

▪ it is the responsibility of Grampian Police to ensure that vehicles are fit for purpose from a health & safety perspective

▪ without controls, some employees may use cars which are not to a suitable standard

▪ without controls, some employees may use cars which are not to a suitable standard

Given the above, we believe that it is perfectly reasonable for Grampian Police to decide which vehicles can be used on business and which cannot. Many organisations place restrictions on the types of vehicle which are suitable for business use, based upon either:

Given the above, we believe that it is perfectly reasonable for Grampian Police to decide which vehicles can be used on business and which cannot. Many organisations place restrictions on the types of vehicle which are suitable for business use, based upon either:

▪ age, e.g. no older than 6 years old ▪ age, e.g. no older than 6 years old

▪ mileage, e.g. no more than 120,000 miles ▪ mileage, e.g. no more than 120,000 miles

▪ CO2 emissions, e.g. no more than 160 g/km ▪ CO2 emissions, e.g. no more than 160 g/km

Where an employee’s car does not meet the criteria, an alternative vehicle could be made available such as a pool car as discussed in Section 3.5.4 below. Where an employee’s car does not meet the criteria, an alternative vehicle could be made available such as a pool car as discussed in Section 3.5.4 below.

3.5.3 Incentives for cleaner vehicles 3.5.3 Incentives for cleaner vehicles

As an alternative to placing restrictions on cars above, Grampian Police could consider financial incentives for employees to use cleaner cars, for example: As an alternative to placing restrictions on cars above, Grampian Police could consider financial incentives for employees to use cleaner cars, for example:

▪ higher mileage allowances for low emission cars ▪ higher mileage allowances for low emission cars

▪ higher lump sum allowances for low emission cars ▪ higher lump sum allowances for low emission cars

ACTION – Consider setting criteria for acceptable vehicles

ACTION – Consider incentives for cleaner private vehicles

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3.5.4 Provision of alternative vehicles 3.5.4 Provision of alternative vehicles

Grampian Police should consider the provision of alternative vehicles as outlined below. Grampian Police should consider the provision of alternative vehicles as outlined below.

Pool cars Pool cars

In general, pool cars are becoming increasing popular as an alternative to private car use. As an organisation can specify a low emission vehicle, they can be very effective in reducing the environmental impact of business travel and potentially reduce risk.

In general, pool cars are becoming increasing popular as an alternative to private car use. As an organisation can specify a low emission vehicle, they can be very effective in reducing the environmental impact of business travel and potentially reduce risk.

To be successful from a cost and environmental perspective, pool cars must be managed effectively to ensure that utilisation is maximised. Quite often pool cars are poorly managed and this can result in significant additional cost and have an overall negative environmental impact. To help with efficiency, some organisations have policies which state that employees must first use a pool car if available in preference to a private car.

To be successful from a cost and environmental perspective, pool cars must be managed effectively to ensure that utilisation is maximised. Quite often pool cars are poorly managed and this can result in significant additional cost and have an overall negative environmental impact. To help with efficiency, some organisations have policies which state that employees must first use a pool car if available in preference to a private car.

Hire cars Hire cars

Hire cars are a common alternative to acquiring permanent pool cars or they can be used to supplement demand when no pool cars are available. We understand that Grampian Police current use hire cars in preference to casual private car use where possible.

Hire cars are a common alternative to acquiring permanent pool cars or they can be used to supplement demand when no pool cars are available. We understand that Grampian Police current use hire cars in preference to casual private car use where possible.

As hire cars are usually new or nearly new vehicles they are usually cleaner and safer than private cars. From a cost perspective, the break-even point where a hire car is likely to be more cost effective than use of a private car is likely to be in the region of 80 to 100 miles. Many organisations therefore mandate the use of hire cars for longer journeys.

As hire cars are usually new or nearly new vehicles they are usually cleaner and safer than private cars. From a cost perspective, the break-even point where a hire car is likely to be more cost effective than use of a private car is likely to be in the region of 80 to 100 miles. Many organisations therefore mandate the use of hire cars for longer journeys.

Lease car scheme Lease car scheme

At present the lease car scheme within Grampian Police is only open to senior staff. Lease car schemes can be effective in controlling emission levels and therefore Grampian Police may wish to consider opening the scheme up to more staff, potentially adjusting contribution levels as appropriate.

At present the lease car scheme within Grampian Police is only open to senior staff. Lease car schemes can be effective in controlling emission levels and therefore Grampian Police may wish to consider opening the scheme up to more staff, potentially adjusting contribution levels as appropriate.

ACTION – Consider provision of alternative vehicles to private cars

3.5.5 Measuring the environmental impact of private car use 3.5.5 Measuring the environmental impact of private car use

In order to ensure that the environmental impact of private car use can be measured and monitored effectively, certain data must be collated. We are not aware of what information is collated at present by Grampian Police but would recommend that this comprises of:

In order to ensure that the environmental impact of private car use can be measured and monitored effectively, certain data must be collated. We are not aware of what information is collated at present by Grampian Police but would recommend that this comprises of:

▪ Registration number ▪ Registration number

▪ Make and model ▪ Make and model

▪ Date of registration ▪ Date of registration

▪ Engine size and fuel type ▪ Engine size and fuel type

▪ Official manufacturer CO2 emissions data ▪ Official manufacturer CO2 emissions data

Through the collecting the above, Grampian Police will be able to: Through the collecting the above, Grampian Police will be able to:

▪ understand the profile of the private car fleet including average age and CO2 emissions

▪ understand the profile of the private car fleet including average age and CO2 emissions

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▪ produce accurate measurement of the carbon footprint from the grey fleet ▪ produce accurate measurement of the carbon footprint from the grey fleet

▪ measure the impact of any initiatives introduced, including those aimed at reducing the carbon footprint

▪ measure the impact of any initiatives introduced, including those aimed at reducing the carbon footprint

It should be noted that in order to measure the carbon footprint accurately, full mileage data should be available at individual vehicle level. We recommend that Grampian Police ensure that this is available.

It should be noted that in order to measure the carbon footprint accurately, full mileage data should be available at individual vehicle level. We recommend that Grampian Police ensure that this is available.

ACTION – Ensure that sufficient data is collected to measure private car emissions

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4 Reducing fuel consumption

4.1 Overview

This section considers how Grampian Police could reduce fuel consumption for vehicles being through:

▪ active management of the fuel being used

▪ encouraging employees to drive more efficiently

4.2 Fuel management

Overview of fuel consumption within Grampian Police

As noted in Section 2.5, fuel consumption for the year to 30 September was as follows:

Fuel type Litres Cost £1

Diesel 633,216 622,139

Unleaded 238,431 216,825

LPG 282 130

Totals for the year to 30 September 2008 871,929 £839,094

1Excluding VAT

Monitoring of fuel consumption

Measuring and monitoring vehicle fuel consumption levels is a key component in managing the environmental impact of a fleet. Whilst a large proportion of the Grampian Police fleet has response capabilities and therefore could be involved in high-speed work, we still believe that fuel monitoring is a worthwhile exercise.

We understand that Grampian Police has plans to undertake some measurement of fuel use and mpg levels and provide reports to business managers. We would recommend that this analysis is structured in a manner which:

▪ compares mpg performance to similar vehicles or manufacturer figures

▪ shows trend analysis for each individual vehicle, indicating whether fuel economy is improving or deteriorating, possible using 3, 6 or 12 months rolling data

▪ highlights fuel performance by department and/or location, possibly in a ‘league table’ format

An example of how this analysis may look is shown in Appendix I.

Through formal analysis, Grampian Police will be able to:

▪ identify poor performing vehicles which may require maintenance

▪ identify employees with poor driving techniques, although we appreciate that some vehicles may have multiple drivers

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▪ produce accurate measurement of the fleet’s fuel consumption levels and environmental impact which can be used to set future targets

▪ produce accurate measurement of the fleet’s fuel consumption levels and environmental impact which can be used to set future targets

We understand that fleet vehicles are shortly to be fitted with ‘black box’ technology which will assess driver performance. This technology could prove extremely valuable in assessing fuel performance.

We understand that fleet vehicles are shortly to be fitted with ‘black box’ technology which will assess driver performance. This technology could prove extremely valuable in assessing fuel performance.

Savings Savings

We believe it should be possible to manage down fuel consumption by 5% to 10% through regular monitoring and targeting inefficiencies as appropriate. Potential savings are shown in the table below.

We believe it should be possible to manage down fuel consumption by 5% to 10% through regular monitoring and targeting inefficiencies as appropriate. Potential savings are shown in the table below.

Saving area 5% reduction 10% reduction

Fuel (litres) 43,596 87,193

CO2 emissions 110,947 kg 221,894 kg

Cost savings £41,955 £83,909

4.3 Guidance and training on eco-driving

Overview

ACTION – Undertake regular monitoring and analysis of fuel consumption

Eco-driving means driving with fuel efficiency in mind and it is important to ensure that all employees who drive on business receive regular communication and training where appropriate. For services that are involved in high speed activities, this type of guidance is of paramount importance is it is very difficult to ascertain how well people are driving from based upon mpg figures.

We understand that Grampian Police currently plan to include some guidance on eco-driving within driver handbooks. We recommend that Grampian Police ensure that this guidance applies to all employees who may drive on business and not just fleet vehicle users. We have shown Energy Saving Trust guidance on this subject below.

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In addition to written communications, we would recommend that Grampian Police introduce training or awareness sessions as appropriate. In addition to written communications, we would recommend that Grampian Police introduce training or awareness sessions as appropriate.

Savings Savings

Adopting eco-driving techniques can significantly improve fuel consumption. The level of fuel savings available through eco-driving will depend upon how well the techniques are adopted. Typical savings are quantified below:

Adopting eco-driving techniques can significantly improve fuel consumption. The level of fuel savings available through eco-driving will depend upon how well the techniques are adopted. Typical savings are quantified below:

Measure Typical Saving

Typical average savings from adopting eco-driving techniques 15%

Air conditioning (off compared to working full power) 20-25%

Tyres (correct pressure vs. all tyres under-inflated by 10%) 1%

Tyres (correct pressure vs. all tyres under-inflated by 20%) 2%

Removing roof-racks 20%

In addition to the fuel savings outlined above, eco-driving also reduces:

▪ vehicle emissions

▪ the risk of accidents

▪ driver stress

▪ vehicle maintenance costs whilst increasing residual values of the vehicles

Further guidance is available from the Energy Saving Trust at:

http://www.energysavingtrust.org.uk/fleet/organisations/efficientdriving/reducingfuelconsumption/

ACTION – Ensure that effective communications on eco-driving are introduced

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5 Reducing the number of miles travelled

5.1 Overview

This section considers how Grampian Police could reduce the number of miles driven by employees through:

▪ active management of the miles being driven

▪ identifying opportunities for employees to avoid travel or use alternative means of transport

5.2 Mileage management

Overview

In the table below we have shown the total annual business miles travelled within Grampian Police in 2007/08 based upon the information provided:

Vehicle type Total miles Total cost

Fleet vehicles1 6,716,048 £839,094

Lease cars No data -

Private cars No data -

Annual mileage and cost 6,716,048 £839,094

1Based upon estimated average of 35 mpg. Includes motorcycles and HGV’s.

Managing mileage levels within Grampian Police

Another important component in managing the environmental impact of the fleet is management of the number of miles being driven. Again, given the nature of Grampian Police’s activities this is a potentially difficult area to manage effectively, particularly for fleet vehicles. However, as with most organisations, there are likely to be some areas where vehicle travel could be avoided and understanding overall mileage patterns is generally good practice.

We therefore recommend that Grampian Police try and establish a robust process for monitoring mileage levels for both fleet vehicles and private car users with a view to:

▪ understanding mileage patterns within the organisation

▪ ensuring that all journeys being carried out are necessary

▪ identifying duplicate journeys

▪ identifying any opportunities for alternatives methods of travel to be used

With regard to mileage data, this could be captured and analysed on a sample basis for areas where no mileage records exist.

With regard to private cars and lease cars, the analysis outlined above will help Grampian Police formulate a travel policy as recommended in Section 5.3.

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Potential savings Potential savings

In the table below we have estimated the annual savings that could be achieved through reducing mileage: In the table below we have estimated the annual savings that could be achieved through reducing mileage:

Saving area 2.5% reduction

5% reduction

Mileage 167,901 335,802

CO2 emissions 55,474 kg 110,947 kg

Cost savings1 £20,977 £41,955

1Subject to offsetting any replacement travel costs. Excludes any increase in productivity and savings on running costs

ACTION – Regularly analyse journeys with a view to mileage reduction

5.3 Travel policy

We understand that Grampian Police does not have a formal policy for employee business travel. An environmental policy is in place which we understand does include initiatives such as video conferencing but we understand that this does not provide a complete framework for its use.

We therefore recommend that Grampian Police consider a formal employee business travel policy. Such a policy can be very effective in managing the environmental impact of travel, providing employees with a framework to ensure that travel is only undertaken where absolutely necessary and if travelling, advising what mode of transport should be used. From an environmental perspective, a good travel policy will:

▪ challenge employees to consider whether a journey is actually necessary, i.e. could the issue be resolve via email, teleconferencing etc?

▪ provide employees with a step by step approach to appropriate methods of business travel, taking into account safety and environmental considerations

▪ advise on walking or cycling opportunities for shorter journeys

▪ encourage the use of public transport over the use of cars, which should be based upon:

- the negative environmental impact that car use has over public transport

- potential safety benefits of public transport

- potential employee benefits of public transport such as reduced stress

▪ mandate the use of pool cars or hire cars where appropriate

▪ advise that employees should share cars if travelling to the same destination

▪ advise that single occupancy car travel is a last resort

To be successful, it is important that any business travel policy introduced by Grampian Police is communicated and implemented effectively and reinforced on a regular basis.

ACTION – Develop a travel policy for Grampian Police

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6 CO2 footprint and target reductions

6.1 Overview

A carbon footprint is the impact of activities on the environment in terms of the amount of greenhouse gases produced, measured in units of CO2. The footprint detailed below is for all Grampian Police vehicles covered by this review and is based upon recommended formulae (see Appendix III). As fuel data has also been provided for commercial vehicles over 3.5t and motorcycles, we have included these vehicles within the carbon footprint calculation.

6.4 Target reductions in CO2

Following this review, we recommend that Grampian Police set targets to reduce emissions. In Section 7 we have translated the recommendations of this report into an action plan and estimated reductions in the overall carbon footprint. Based upon this, we believe that Grampian Police can reduce the current footprint by up to 20%.

Progress against these targets should be regularly reviewed using similar methodology as outlined above, perhaps on a more regular basis, e.g. quarterly. Grampian Police should ensure that this analysis takes into account the impact of any necessary changes in fleet size, i.e. to ensure that any CO2 emissions savings are attributable to efficiencies made rather than other changes in the business.

1See Appendix III for information on formulae

6.3 Data for the carbon footprint

As can be seen from the above, the carbon footprint only relates to fleet vehicles. It is important that Grampian Police are able to measure the carbon impact of all vehicle activities. To facilitate this, Grampian Police should ensure that:

6.2 Carbon footprint

Data source Data used for footprint Appropriate formulae1

Total annual CO2 emissions kg

Fleet vehicles 633,216 litres of diesel 238,431 litres of petrol 282 litres of LPG

It is important to note that whilst the footprint below is accurate based upon the information received, it excludes lease cars and private cars as noted in Section 6.3 below. This footprint will provide a benchmark for Grampian Police to measure any improvements made through implementation of the recommendations of this report.

Litres x 2.63 Litres x 2.32 Litres x 1.50

1,665,358 553,160

423

Footprint - total annual CO2 emissions 2,218,941 kg

Footprint in tonnes under 3.5t 2,219 t

▪ mileage data is available for lease cars as per Section 3.4.4

▪ mileage and vehicle is available for private cars as per Section 3.5.5

ACTION – Collect additional data for lease cars and private cars


7 Action plan for Grampian Police

We have outlined below an action plan for Grampian Police to address the findings of this report. The overall estimated CO2 reductions are based upon a 3 year target although we would expect that many of the recommendations and targets could be met earlier than this.

Report ref. Priority Recommendation Purpose & benefits Estimated CO2 reduction

Value in CO2 kg

Adopting cleaner vehicles and fuels

MEDIUM 3.2

Identify further efficiencies for car fleet including further downsizing and adopting more efficient models where possible

Operate the cleanest cars possible

Include in 3.3 below. -

MEDIUM Ensure that commercials vehicles are the cleanest for the work to be carried out.

Operate the cleanest commercial vehicles possible

12.5% reduction in emissions from fleet vehicles (includes normal advances in engine technology)

277,368 3.3

3.4 Introduce initiatives to encourage take up of cleaner cars on the lease car scheme

Cleaner vehicles on lease car scheme N/a as no data N/a MEDIUM

Introduce a range of measures to encourage cleaner private cars and the use of alternatives

HIGH 3.5 Employees use less polluting and safer vehicles N/a as no data N/a

Reducing fuel consumption

4.2 Introduce formal monitoring of fuel consumption levels including targets for reduction

Fuel consumption can be measured and monitored effectively including targets for reduction. Identification of poor performing vehicles or poor driving techniques

5% reduction in emissions from fleet vehicles

110,947 HIGH

Introduce written communications on eco-driving and training as appropriate

MEDIUM 4.3 Reduce fuel consumption Included in 4.2 above -

Reducing the number of miles travelled

MEDIUM 5.2 Ensure that journeys are analysed and Reduce cost and overall miles travelled 2.5% reduction in overall 55,474

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reviewed regularly emissions

Develop a travel plan with a view to reducing mileage and encouraging sustainable travel

MEDIUM 5.3 Reduce mileage and fuel consumption levels Included in 5.2 above -

Carbon footprint

6.3 Improve lease car and private car data Accurate measurement of carbon footprint HIGH

Total CO2 reduction target (20%) 443,789 kg

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Appendix I

Example fuel analysis

The sample analysis below demonstrates how fuel consumption data can be trended and analysed against previous data and monitored against target fuel consumption levels.

Sample Company Fuel Report for August 2008 Medium c ars

Reg. no. Make and model Target mpg 09/07 10/07 11/07 12/07 01/08 02/08 03/08 04/08 05/08 06/08 07/08 08/08

Mth var Year Target

SA05AAA Ford Focus 1.8TDCi Zetec 5 Dr 49.50 47.41 47.41 47.67 48.16 48.63 48.80 49.00 49.22 49.33 49.18 49.17 49.21 +0.04 +1.80 -0.29 SA05BBB Ford Focus 1.8TDCi Zetec 5 Dr 49.50 48.30 48.30 48.67 48.83 49.48 50.65 50.04 50.88 49.62 49.67 49.34 49.36 +0.02 +1.06 -0.14 SA05CCC Vauxhall Astra 1.7CDTi Club 5 Dr 48.50 44.61 44.61 45.22 45.19 45.67 46.10 48.25 48.34 48.29 48.17 48.04 47.95 -0.09 +3.34 -0.55 Average 49.17 46.77 46.77 47.19 47.39 47.93 48.52 49.10 49.48 49.08 49.01 48.85 48.84 -0.01 +2.07 -0.33 Small va ns


Mth var Year Target

SB05AAA Renault Kangoo 1.7 SL DCi 44.00 40.96 42.22 42.12 41.86 42.29 42.69 43.04 43.30 42.87 42.69 42.68 42.80 +0.12 +1.84 -1.20 SB05BBB Renault Kangoo 1.7 SL DCi 44.00 39.60 42.02 42.08 42.46 43.08 43.71 43.95 44.05 44.26 44.34 44.44 44.54 +0.10 +4.94 +0.54 SB05CCC Ford Connect 1.8TDCi 110PS 42.50 34.11 33.94 34.36 35.25 35.69 36.09 35.41 35.53 35.58 35.54 35.49 35.44 -0.05 +1.33 -7.06 SB05DDD Ford Connect 1.8TDCi 110PS 42.50 40.36 37.35 37.65 38.32 39.15 39.91 40.23 40.15 39.93 39.84 39.85 39.93 +0.08 -0.43 -2.57 SB05EEE Ford Connect 1.8TDCi 110PS 42.50 35.59 36.70 35.55 37.03 38.09 39.28 40.04 39.87 39.55 39.47 39.48 39.60 +0.12 +4.01 -2.90 SB05FFF Ford Connect 1.8TDCi 110PS 42.50 40.54 39.65 39.89 40.16 40.83 41.28 41.89 42.14 42.38 42.47 42.36 42.39 +0.03 +1.85 -0.11 Average 42.93 38.16 38.28 38.30 38.77 39.39 39.95 40.20 40.25 40.20 40.15 40.14 40.21 +0.07 +2.05 -2.72 Large va ns


Mth var Year Target

SC05AAA Renault Master 100 Dci 26.00 25.56 25.49 25.56 25.54 25.47 25.58 25.81 25.93 25.95 25.89 25.80 25.67 -0.13 +0.11 -0.33 SC05BBB Renault Master 100 Dci 26.00 24.70 24.18 24.31 24.70 25.08 25.53 25.76 26.10 25.98 25.78 25.52 25.19 -0.33 +0.49 -0.81 SC05CCC Ford Transit T350 LR SWB 25.00 21.29 21.29 21.38 21.34 21.72 22.05 22.21 22.44 22.55 22.52 22.54 22.55 +0.01 +1.26 -2.45 SC05DDD Ford Transit T350 MR LWB 24.00 20.94 20.75 21.04 21.19 21.36 21.59 21.71 21.81 21.75 21.69 21.64 21.58 -0.06 +0.64 -2.42 SC05EEE Ford Transit T350 HR LWB 23.00 23.41 24.33 23.96 24.45 24.78 25.08 24.95 24.97 25.08 24.89 24.87 24.78 -0.09 +1.37 +1.78 Average 24.80 23.18 23.21 23.25 23.44 23.68 23.97 24.09 24.25 24.26 24.15 24.07 23.95 -0.12 +0.77 -0.85


Appendix II

Further information available from the Energy Saving Trust

The website of the Energy Saving Trust contains further valuable information and advice with regard to running a vehicle fleet, including:

▪ information on alternative fuel technology and latest innovations

▪ advice on efficient fleet management and improving fuel consumption

▪ information on the use of telematics

▪ advice on alternative methods of transport

▪ case studies and factsheets

http://www.energysavingtrust.org.uk/fleet/

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Appendix III

EST Methodology for Calculating Fleet CO2 Emissions (24th April 2008)

Summary

The aim is to establish a common approach that EST’s fleet consultants will use to estimate fleets’ CO2 emissions. This will allow for comparisons of fleets’ emissions over time and for comparisons between fleets.

The appropriate methodology to use for a specific fleet will of course depend on what data is available, so 5 different options are described below. These are presented in order of accuracy and the presumption should be to use the most accurate methodology possible i.e. use methodology 1 whenever fuel purchase/consumption data is available, methodology 2 as second choice etc.

In many cases it will be appropriate to use a combination of methodologies. For example if fuel usage data is available for vans but not for cars then methodology 1 (based on fuel consumed) should be used for the former and a mileage based methodology for the latter.

1. Fuel Purchase Data

If comprehensive fuel use data is available – either through fuel cards &/or consumption of bunkered fuel - then CO2 should be calculated by applying the following factors to the quantity of fuel consumed.

Diesel1: 2.63 kg CO2 / litre

Petrol: 2.32 kg CO2 / litre

LPG: 1.50 kg CO2 / litre

Natural gas: 2.73 kg CO2 / kg

100% biodiesel (B100)2: 1.07 kg CO2 / litre

NB: Values for all other blends of biodiesel can be calculated by a pro-rata calculation based on the values for “Diesel” and “Biodiesel (100%)”. E.g. CO2 emissions from 5% biodiesel = (0.05 x 1.07) + (0.95 x 2.63) = 2.55 kg CO2 / litre

2. Mileage Data plus Car Make & Model

If data is available for each individual vehicle’s mileage as well as its make, model and variant– and for company cars organisations are obliged to hold this vehicle type information for P11D reporting - then car CO2 emissions can be calculated from cars’ official CO2 emissions. For current models, this data is available from the VCA website http://www.vcacarfueldata.org.uk/search/search.asp and for older models it is available from the SMMT website: http://www.smmtco2.co.uk/co2search2.asp

When employees use their own cars for company business (grey fleet vehicles) it might be that some but not all vehicle type information is available. For example “Ford Focus” might be recorded without information about the specific variant and perhaps without even engine size data. In such cases the consultant should use the above sources of CO2 data and his own judgement to decide upon the

1DEFRA “Guidelines for Company Reporting of Greenhouse Gas – Annexes, updated July 05” for mineral diesel, petrol, LPG & natural gas CO2 emissions. 2 DEFRA (written response to PQ to Elliot Morley, Jan06) for overall biodiesel CO2 saving; www.dieselnet.com for relative energy densities of diesel & biodiesel

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http://www.vcacarfueldata.org.uk/search/search.asp

http://www.smmtco2.co.uk/co2search2.asp

http://www.dieselnet.com/


appropriate g/km figures to use – perhaps an average of several variants or perhaps one variant that he believes to be representative.

In-use fuel consumption and CO2 emissions are almost always higher than the official data for various reasons: the New European Drive Cycle is less demanding than most real-life driving conditions; the vehicles performing the tests are presented in perfect condition; and drivers carrying out the tests are selected for their ecodriving expertise. To account for this an additional 15.0%3 should be added to CO2 emissions calculated by this second methodology.

However, if a consultant considers this 15.0% adjustment to be inappropriate for a specific fleet, then the case could be made for using a different figure. For example, if a fleet of cars operates solely within the M25 during office hours then the consultant may consider that the fleet’s fuel consumption would be unusually high and that the adjustment factor needs to be higher. If a figure other than 15.0% is to be used for a specific fleet, please agree this with the client and indicate the rationale in the report.

3. Mileage Data plus Car Engine Size & Fuel Type

For grey fleet cars, employers will sometimes know mileage data and engine sizes and fuel types (information that may be captured as the basis for paying differential mileage rates) but not make and model. In such cases the following table should be used to estimate per km CO2.

Petrol Cars4

Small engine (<1.4 litres)

Medium Engine (1.4 – 2.0 litres)

Large Engine (>2.0 litres)

180.9 213.9 295.8

Diesel Cars




151.3 188.1 258.0

LPG Cars5




164.8 189.2 259.4

Petrol Hybrid Cars

Medium Large 126.2 224.0

These data already include a 15% uplift to translate from test-cycle to real-life.

4. Mileage Data plus Fuel Type6

If fuel type alone (but not engine size) is known, then the following figures should be used for cars to estimate per km CO2. 3ARVAL, pers comm with EST, June 06 4New figures from DEFRA (supplied directly to EST in March 07, yet to be published) 5 LPG data assumes 10% tailpipe CO2 saving compared to petrol 6New figures from DEFRA (supplied directly to EST in March 07, yet to be published)

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Petrol Car (Average)

Diesel Car (Average)

LPG Car (Average)

Petrol Hybrid (Average)

207.0 197.9 224.3 175.1


5. Global Averages - Cars & Vans

Cars7

Where only mileage data are available, with no engine size or fuel type information, then the following global average figure should be used to estimate per km CO2.

Average Car 204.2


Vans

For vans it will normally be possible to use methodology 1 since vans are usually refuelled from bunkered fuel or from fuel purchased by fuel cards.

However, if this is not possible then for diesel and petrol vans the following average figures should be used to estimate per km CO2. These data already include a 15% uplift to translate from test-cycle to real-life.

Car-derived van e.g. VW Caddy or Vauxhall Combo

Medium van e.g. Ford Transit Connect or

Peugeot Partner:

Large van e.g. Ford Transit or Mercedes Sprinter:

179 202 277

For fleets with LPG vans please contact EST since in most cases we will know the model-specific CO2 data from the PowerShift Register. If PowerShift CO2 data is used then the 15% uplift should be applied.

Other Information

For most fully expensed drivers (those that receive from their company free fuel for private use) it will be impossible to distinguish between company and private mileage. In such cases the entire mileage and CO2

emissions should be counted towards the fleet total.

7New figures from DEFRA (supplied directly to EST in March 07, yet to be published)

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Documents

Green Fleet Review