Greenhouse Vegetable Sector Biosecurity Guide...This Greenhouse Vegetable Sector Biosecurity Guide (the Guide) has been developed as a supporting document to the National Voluntary

Greenhouse Vegetable Sector Biosecurity

Guide

Greenhouse Vegetable Sector Biosecurity Guide

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Table of Contents

Preface ............................................................................................................................ 3

How to Use this Guide ..................................................................................................... 3

i) Organization of this Guide......................................................................................... 3

ii) How to Complete the Self-Assessment Checklists .................................................. 4

iii) Self-Assessment Checklist and Action Work Plan PDF Document ........................ 4

Acknowledgement ........................................................................................................... 4

1.0 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 6

1.1 The Importance of Biosecurity ........................................................................ 6

1.2 Biosecurity Concepts ...................................................................................... 6

1.3 Benefits of a Biosecurity Plan ......................................................................... 7

1.4 Elements of a Biosecurity Plan ....................................................................... 8

1.5 Implementing a Biosecurity Plan .................................................................... 9

2.0 Plant Health Management ............................................................................ 11

2.1 Management Practices ................................................................................. 11

2.2 Pest Vectors ................................................................................................. 16

2.3 Pest Monitoring ............................................................................................ 19

2.4 Responding to a Pest ................................................................................... 22

3.0 Place of Production Operational Management ............................................. 25

3.1 Location and Layout ..................................................................................... 25

3.2 Biosecurity Zones ......................................................................................... 30

3.3 Movement of People, Vehicles and Equipment ............................................ 32

3.4 Production Inputs ......................................................................................... 37

3.5 Production Outputs ....................................................................................... 39

3.6 Maintenance of Facilities and Property ........................................................ 43

4.0 Education, Training and Communication ...................................................... 44

5.0 Conclusion .................................................................................................... 47

6.0 Glossary ....................................................................................................... 48

Appendix 1: Example of a Thrips Pest Fact Sheet ........................................................ 51


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Appendix 2: Examples of Signs Used to Control Access to the Place of Production and

Biosecurity Zones .......................................................................................................... 54

Appendix 3: Example of a Visitor Sign-in Sheet ............................................................ 59

Appendix 4: Example of a Vehicle Entry Biosecurity Policy .......................................... 60

Appendix 5: Example of a Trailer Condition Report ...................................................... 61

Appendix 6: Acknowledgements ................................................................................... 62


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Preface This Greenhouse Vegetable Sector Biosecurity Guide (the Guide) has been developed

as a supporting document to the National Voluntary Farm-Level Biosecurity Standard

for the Greenhouse, Nursery and Floriculture Sectors (the Standard) to assist producers

with the development of a biosecurity plan. The Standard contains biosecurity

measures of relevance to all three sectors. This Guide is voluntary and provides sector-

specific biosecurity measures for consideration to help greenhouse vegetable

producers achieve the pest risk mitigation goals identified in the target outcomes

previously set within the Standard.

It is recognized that each biosecurity plan will be specific to each place of production,

and not all the recommendations in this Guide will be universally applicable. The

information and guidance that is provided is applicable to both established and new

places of production. The considerations outlined in this Guide are based on

scientifically sound principles that may reduce the risk of pest introduction, help to

enhance pest management within a place of production and mitigate the spread to

additional places of production.

How to Use this Guide

i) Organization of this Guide This Guide has been organized into the following three main sections:

• Plant Health Management

• Place of Production Operational Management

• Education, Training and Communication

These main sections are divided into sub-sections that include the:

• Target outcome – Goals that all producers should try to achieve to protect their

place of production from the introduction and spread of pests. These are taken

from the Standard.

• Benefits – Details regarding why a specific target outcome is important to on-

farm biosecurity.

• Risks – Biosecurity considerations that provide examples and guidance based

on the suggested risk pathways.


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• Self-assessment checklist – A tool provided to help producers determine if

additional biosecurity measures can be applied to a place of production. A

checklist has been provided at the end of each sub-section.

A glossary of definitions has also been provided at the end of this Guide. Terms that are

included in the glossary have been written in bold and italic text in their first use in the

document.

Appendices located at the end of this Guide provide producers with examples of tools

that can be used to implement biosecurity measures in a place of production, such as

signs and a visitor sign-in sheet.

Appendix 6 is an acknowledgement of the sector and producer organizations,

producers, academia, and federal and provincial specialists whose expertise was used

to develop this Guide.

ii) How to Complete the Self-Assessment Checklists The self-assessment checklists have been provided to assist producers in assessing if

additional biosecurity measures can be implemented in a place of production. There are

four columns included in the checklist to indicate:

• Yes – Biosecurity measure is implemented and does not require further action.

• Sometimes – Biosecurity measure is not always successfully implemented and

may require additional action.

• No – Biosecurity measure is not implemented and requires action.

• Not applicable (NA) – Biosecurity measure does not apply to a place of

production and no action is required.

iii) Self-Assessment Checklist and Action Work Plan PDF Document

The Greenhouse Vegetable Sector Biosecurity Guide Self-Assessment Checklist and

Action Work Plan is a list of the biosecurity measures from the self-assessment

checklists included in each sub-section with the same four columns as explained above.

This tool also includes an action work plan where actions to complete the

implementation of additional biosecurity measures within a place of production can be

recorded. When completed electronically, the biosecurity measures that “No” and

“Sometimes” have been selected are automatically transferred to the action work plan.

This tool can be downloaded from the forms catalogue


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(http://www.inspection.gc.ca/about-the-cfia/forms-and-publications/forms-

catalogue/eng/1328823628115/1328823702784) on the Canadian Food Inspection

Agency’s (CFIA) website. In the “Filter items” search field, type “5784” to obtain the

form.

Acknowledgement

With permission from Ontario Greenhouse Vegetable Growers, this Guide has been

developed using information from the Ontario Greenhouse Vegetable Growers

document Biosecurity: Recommended Practices for the Ontario Greenhouse Vegetable

Sector, which was produced with funding from Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada,

Ontario Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Growing Forward 2 and Ontario

Greenhouse Vegetable Growers.


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1.0 Introduction

1.1 The Importance of Biosecurity

Biosecurity is a set of practices used to prevent, minimize and manage the transmission

of pests including their introduction, spread and release. Implementing and enhancing

biosecurity measures within a place of production will help protect individual and sector-

wide economic interests. Producers will benefit from awareness of the risks and the

measures that can be implemented to minimize the risk of pest introduction and spread.

Risks to places of production may develop rapidly and easily spread to other places of

production due to the intensive nature of production, limited genetic diversity within

crops and the movement of people and materials. Implementing biosecurity measures

can help to mitigate many risks by reducing the incidence of pest introduction and

spread within a place of production as well as to additional places of production.

1.2 Biosecurity Concepts

Implementing biosecurity measures can be effective not only for mitigating the spread of

pests but also for preventing the introduction of new and unknown pest risks. Applying

biosecurity measures depends on analysis of the risks and pathways of pest

transmission for a place of production. Knowledge of pests and their pathways of

transmission is important when developing a biosecurity plan. With this knowledge, pest

vectors can be managed and biosecurity measures can be applied to interrupt pest

pathways of transmission to help reduce crop damage and minimize economic losses.

Examples of pathways of pest transmission can include insects, people, equipment and

wind.

To determine the critical points in pest pathways of transmission for a place of

production where biosecurity measures may be applied, a risk assessment may be

conducted. The risks to a place of production will vary depending on several factors,

such as the type of crop grown, the source(s) of propagative material, the region, the

climate and the production practices.

In addition, as illustrated in Figure 1, pest outbreaks do not happen in isolation, but are

dependent on the interrelated nature of the crop, the environment and the pest.


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• Crop health: If the crop is not healthy and under stress, the plant can be more

susceptible to pests. However, if the plants are healthy, this does not eliminate

pest issues.

• Pests: Many pests can thrive in optimal crop-growing conditions.

• Environment: The environment is important to the development of the crop and

the pest.

Figure 1: The Plant Pest Triangle

The Plant Pest Triangle shows that the incidence and severity of an outbreak relates to

the interaction of a susceptible crop, a pest, and an environment favourable to pest

development. In addition to applying biosecurity measures at critical points in the

pathway of transmission, pests may also be mitigated through the application of

biosecurity measures to reduce the risks presented by these three components. For

example, a producer may choose to grow tolerant plant varieties or manage the

environment.

1.3 Benefits of a Biosecurity Plan

Crop

Environment Pest

Incidence and/or

severity of pest

occurrence

What’s in it for me?


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One benefit of a biosecurity plan is that it can provide producers with the less costly

option of preventing rather than managing the introduction or spread of pests. If a pest

is detected, there are protocols already in place to facilitate a rapid response, thereby

minimizing the damage or further spread of pests. Other benefits of incorporating

biosecurity measures into the day-to-day activities of a place of production include:

• Managing the risk of business interruption due to harmful pest detections at your

place of production.

• Meeting customer and consumer demand for biosecurity measures and

protocols.

• May assist in attracting new markets.

• Decreased production losses.

• Avoiding the introduction of pests that are currently not present.

• The ability to contain and minimize pests that are already present.

• Breaking the cycle of transmission of pests from one place of production to

another, to the wider community and between trading partners.

It is preferable to prevent rather than manage the introduction or spread of a pest within

a place of production.

1.4 Elements of a Biosecurity Plan

Biosecurity plans will differ from one place of production to another, as biosecurity

measures and requirements will vary depending on the place of production. A

biosecurity plan may include a detailed farm map(s), training programs, and standard

procedures for pest response and the movement of people, vehicles and equipment.

Documenting these procedures can ensure consistent application and demonstrate to

customers that a place of production operates under biosecurity measures.

Other programs such as CanadaGAPTM may already be used and have components

that apply to biosecurity. Those programs can be referenced as part of a biosecurity

plan.

“An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure.”

Benjamin Franklin


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To develop a biosecurity plan, consider the following process:

Step 1: Develop a detailed map of the place of production. A map can be useful for

visualizing and identifying potential sources or pathways of pest transmission. A map

may include the entrance, shipping area, receiving area and biosecurity zones. The flow

of plant material, people and equipment within the place of production can also be

included.

Step 2: Identify the risks to a place of production. Knowledge of pests and their

pathways of transmission can help to identify the risks and biosecurity measures that

can help mitigate pests.

Step 3: Review current biosecurity measures. The self-assessment checklists and the

Greenhouse Vegetable Sector Biosecurity Guide Self-Assessment Checklist and Action

Work Plan can be used to help identify additional biosecurity measures that may be

implemented at a place of production.

Step 4: Identify biosecurity goals. Prioritize and establish a timeline for the

implementation of the additional biosecurity measures identified after completing the

self-assessment checklists or the Greenhouse Vegetable Sector Biosecurity Guide Self-

Assessment Checklist and Action Work Plan.

Step 5: Develop an implementation strategy. Communication, education and training of

employees and visitors of a place of production are an important part of the

implementation strategy.

Step 6: Review and update the biosecurity plan. A biosecurity plan should be regularly

reviewed and updated as new biosecurity information becomes available or if there are

changes within a place of production.

1.5 Implementing a Biosecurity Plan

As seen in Figure 2, the implementation of biosecurity measures in a place of

production is a cycle of biosecurity activities. The need to assess and re-assess can be

seen as the starting and ending point of the cycle leading to a more proactive approach.


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Figure 2: Cycle of biosecurity activities

Assess: Identify and assess the risks of pest introduction and analyze the pathways of

pest transmission. This will allow for current biosecurity gaps within a place of

production to be addressed. Production practices should be reviewed frequently (re-

assess) to ensure that implemented measures are effective in relation to pest

prevention and control.

Plan: A written biosecurity plan is highly recommended. A written plan allows for regular

review and updates, facilitates continuous improvement within the place of production,

and forms the basis for training.

Implement: Put the plan into action. Education, training and communication are key to

implementing a biosecurity plan.

The risks posed by pests that threaten

plants are identified and assessed on an

on-going basis.

A written plan

forms the basis

of the biosecurity

training program,

allows for

regular review,

updates, and

provides a

framework for

continuous

improvement.

Put the plan into action.

A monitoring

program and

information

gathering

framework that

provides

information to

adjust the

biosecurity plan

is developed

and

implemented.

1. Assess

2. Plan

3. Implement

4. Monitor


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Monitor: A monitoring program is developed and implemented for the early detection,

identification and ongoing monitoring of pests. It is important that the design,

effectiveness and implementation of a biosecurity plan be assessed not only on a

routine basis but also when changes in production practices or biosecurity risks occur.

2.0 Plant Health Management The implementation of a biosecurity plan can work together with best management

practices to promote plant health. Plant heath can be affected by pests as well as

environmental or nutritional issues. Symptoms of these issues can appear similar to

symptoms of pests. It is important to identify the cause of less than optimal plant health

to apply biosecurity measures and best management practices. For example,

identifying the cause of a symptom as a pest, environmental or nutritional issues will

allow mitigation by best management practices such as Integrated Pest Management

(IPM), reduced humidity or fertilization. It is equally important to identify the pest and

understand the critical points in the pest pathway of transmission where biosecurity

measures may be applied to mitigate introduction or spread.

2.1 Management Practices

Benefits: Best management practices that optimize production may also create an

optimal environment for pests. Complementing best management practices with

biosecurity measures can help manage the risk of pest introduction and spread.

Risks

External environment

Weeds and volunteer plants can be a source of pests and should be controlled both in

and around the place of production. A well-maintained weed-free zone around the place

of production may help prevent pests from entering.

In addition to weeds, organic debris such as rotten vegetables can also be pest vectors.

Organic debris should not accumulate in a place of production but be disposed of

promptly in a designated location away from the place of production in a manner that

The combination of best management practices and the

implementation of biosecurity measures optimize the production of

healthy plants.

Target Outcome:


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minimizes potential pest spread. If necessary, biosecurity measures such as deep

burial may be implemented to mitigate the re-infestation of other crops.

Internal environment

Maintaining a clean place of production may minimize the introduction and spread of

pests. This includes cleaning the packing house in addition to the production area.

Baskets containing banker or indicator plants may be used in a place of production as

part of the Integrated Pest Management (IPM) program. However, as in the case of

weeds, ornamental and decorative plants can also be a source of pests.

Growing conditions should be managed to support crop growth while minimizing the

crop’s susceptibility to pest attack. Growing conditions such as high humidity can

promote the establishment of some pests such as fungus or mould. In situations where

growing conditions may create risks, management practices such as increased airflow

or increased plant spacing may be considered to minimize potential outbreaks. In

addition, consulting with a specialist may provide further recommendations regarding

the appropriate measures to be applied.

Crop removal can present a risk of pest spread within a place of production. Depending

on the production schedule, crops can be replaced at the end of their production

season, or in some cases pests may require the crop to be terminated early. The

removal process can happen in different ways, as there can be three cropping methods

in practice in a place of production:

1. Mono-cropping: The entire crop is removed prior to planting the new crop.

2. Continual cropping: Sections of the production area are removed and

replaced while other crops are still in production.

3. Intercropping: The replacement crop is grown in the same place and phases

out the old crop. Managing the risks of pest spread during crop removal is

more critical in this method of production.

All good things come to an end.


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Measures should be taken to avoid or minimize the spread of pests to the new crop or

other crops during the pulling-out process. The mono-cropping method removes the

entire crop prior to planting the new crop. This is the easiest method to reduce pest

spread to the new crop. With continual cropping and intercropping, there is no break in

the pest cycle if a pest is present. There is also an increased risk of pest spread to other

crops being grown in the place of production. For all three cropping methods,

biosecurity measures should be considered throughout the cropping cycle and while

removing infested material to mitigate pest spread.

After the old or infested crop is removed, the place of production should be thoroughly

cleaned and disinfected to ensure no organic debris remains. Attention should be given

to difficult-to-reach areas, such as corners, structural components, crop wires, irrigation

tubing or roof trusses.

Nutrients, growing media and water management

Water can be a pest vector. When water is sourced from re-circulation water, ponds,

streams or other surface water sources it should be disinfected as required. Water

disinfection equipment includes heat, ultra-violet (UV) radiation, ozone, and filtration.

Growing media and nutrients from organic sources may contain pests and should be

purchased from a reputable supplier.

Imported product, plant material and seed selection

Imported and domestically sourced product for packing and repacking, seeds and plant

materials are important pathways through which pests are introduced to a place of

production. Pests can be found on the surfaces and/or inside of the product, seeds and

plant materials. These inputs should be purchased from a source that has biosecurity

measures in place to prevent the introduction and spread of pests. As well, these and all

inputs should be inspected before they are accepted into the place of production.

Crop protection products and approaches for commonly occurring pests

Pests can be introduced into the place of production by a variety of vectors. Insects can

be a vector for viruses, bacteria, fungal spores, and mites. For example, shore flies and

fungus gnats can vector spores of the fungi Fusarium and Pythium, and cucumber

beetles can vector cucumber wilt bacteria. Controlling insect populations may limit the

spread and damage from insect-vectored pests.


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Pest thresholds1 for non-regulated pests may be established to trigger the use of a

treatment. It should be recognized that what constitutes a threshold is complex, as there

are different thresholds for different crops and pests. Within the decision of thresholds

for treatment there is a difference between suppression, eradication and management.

Management Practices Self-Assessment Checklist

Biosecurity Measure

Yes

So

meti

me

s

No

No

t

Ap

plicab

le

External Environment

Weeds and volunteer plants are controlled in and around the place of

production.

A weed-free zone is maintained around the place of production.

Organic debris does not accumulate and is promptly disposed.

Internal Environment

The place of production is kept hygienic through regular cleaning of

the header house, washroom, lunchroom, walkways and inside crop

rows.

All equipment, carts, bins and tools are regularly cleaned and

disinfected.

Recommended and appropriate products are used to clean and

disinfect the place of production.

During the period of operation, the packing house and loading dock

are cleaned and sanitized at least daily, being sure to clean

underneath the dock plates.

Growing conditions are managed to support crop growth while

minimizing susceptibility to pests.

Biosecurity measures are taken to avoid or minimize pest spread to

new crops or to other crops during the pulling-out process.

Nutrients, growing media and water management

1

For regulated pests the threshold for reporting is zero; this means that one pest would trigger reporting and would likely trigger a response.


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Biosecurity Measure

Yes

So

meti

me

s

No

No

t

Ap

plicab

le

Water sourced from re-circulation water, ponds, streams or other

surface water sources is disinfected as required.

The water disinfection equipment that is used to disinfect irrigation

water is properly maintained.

Water accumulation in and around the place of production is

minimized.

Growing media and nutrients from organic sources are purchased

from reputable suppliers.

Imported product, plant material and seed selection

Imported and domestic product, plant material and seeds received

by the place of production are inspected for pests.

Seed is purchased from a source with biosecurity measures in place.

Crop protection products and approaches for commonly occurring pests

Pest thresholds are used to trigger control actions.

Pest vectors are recognized and managed, eradicated or controlled.


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Photo: Courtesy of Glen Sweetman, Saskatchewan Ministry of Agriculture

2.2 Pest Vectors

Benefits: Managing vectors and interrupting the pathways of pest transmission can

reduce crop damage and minimize economic losses. The implementation of proactive

biosecurity measures can mitigate the potential for introduction and spread of pests if

applied to a critical point in a pathway of transmission. Examples of pathways of pest

transmission include insects, people and wind.

Implementation of biosecurity measures at critical points in pathways

of pest transmission. Target

Outcome:


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Risks

Pests can often be spread or introduced into a place of production by more than one

vector. For example, whiteflies can disperse through flight, but can travel much greater

distances when carried by wind; mobile fungal spores can move much farther when

carried by irrigation water.

Another example is thrips, which can be introduced into a place of production through

vents and doors by wind. Once they have been introduced into a place of production,

thrips can spread viruses throughout the production area and can be spread from one

production area to another by growing media, equipment and employees. Biosecurity

measures such as an Integrated Pest Management (IPM) program that includes

mitigation measures for insects can help to prevent the spread of pests in the place of

production.

There is a risk of pest introduction and spread from all inputs that enter the various

areas in the place of production, especially those from external sources. For example,

inputs such as product for packing and re-packing can present a risk of pest introduction

into the packing house. Inputs such as transplants, growing media and seeds present a

pest risk to production areas. To mitigate these risks, inputs should be inspected upon

entry into the place of production and prior to use. To help with these inspections

employees should be given pest identification training. In addition, pictures of pests can

be posted in the areas of the place of production where inputs are received and

inspected to help with the identification of pests. Please refer to section 3.4 Production

Inputs for further information regarding the risks of inputs.

Production Area

Seeds can be hosts of pests such as viruses and bacterial cankers. This is especially

true for tomato seed. As these pests will not be visible during an inspection, seeds

should be purchased from a supplier that can provide a certificate to state the seeds are

pest free. Once the seeds are received by the place of production, a percentage of the

seeds may be tested to verify freedom from pests.

Growing media may contain pests and should be purchased from a reputable supplier.

Growing media should be inspected upon arrival for pests and if a pest is present,

treatment may be necessary prior to use. Treatment options include heat pasteurization,

solarization or fumigation.


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When purchasing transplants, it may be possible in some regions to inspect the material

for pests at the propagator’s place of production. In other regions transplants should be

inspected upon entry into the receiving area of the place of production.

Packing House

Packing and re-packing product from foreign or domestic sources should be thoroughly

inspected for pests once it arrives at the packing house and during repacking.

Production Area and Packing House

People, vehicles and equipment can also be a pest vector. Footbaths, disposable

coveralls and footwear can be used to mitigate the introduction and spread of pests by

people. Cleaning and removing organic debris can help mitigate pest introduction and

spread by vehicles and equipment. Please refer to section 3.3 Movement of People,

Vehicles and Equipment for further information regarding biosecurity measures that may

be applied to mitigate pest introduction and spread by people.

Pest Vectors Self-Assessment Checklist

Biosecurity Measure Y

es

So

meti

me

s

No

No

t

Ap

plicab

le

The pathways of pest transmission in the place of production have

been analyzed and critical points have been identified.

The IPM program includes mitigation measures for the identified

critical points in the pathways of transmission.

Inputs are received, inspected and stored in a designated area

located away from the production area and packing house.

Employees have been given pest identification training.

Pictures of pests are posted in the packing house and the areas

where inputs are received and inspected.


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Biosecurity Measure

Yes

So

meti

me

s

No

No

t

Ap

plicab

le

Footbaths are used in the production area and packing house.

Production Area

Fall clean-up and crop rotation are used to disrupt the pest life

cycle.

Water is monitored and tested for pathogens.

Seeds are purchased from a supplier that can provide a certificate

to state the seeds are free from pests.

A percentage of purchased seeds are tested to verify they are pest-

free.

Growing media is purchased from a reputable supplier.

Transplants are inspected prior to entry into the place of production.

Packing House

Imported and domestic product for packing and repacking are

inspected for pests upon arrival in the packing house.

Coveralls and hair nets are worn in the packing house.

2.3 Pest Monitoring

Minimize production losses through the early detection of pests.

Target Outcome:


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Benefits: The development and implementation of monitoring and scouting programs

allows for the detection of new and common pests. A monitoring program includes the

inspection of material such as new plants when they arrive at the place of production

and a scouting program includes the inspection of plants in production for pests. A

scouting program will help determine when pests are about to reach a threshold. A

routine scouting program will also allow for the effectiveness of control measures,

production practices and treatments to be assessed.

Risks

Production Area

A scouting program may use a scout or crop consultant to regularly inspect the crop for

pests and determine whether pest thresholds have been reached. Records of the

results should be kept, detailing the location, the origin of the plants and the severity of

each pest found.

A scouting program may also highlight specific times in the production cycle or periods

where control options are more likely to be successful or cost-effective. For example,

scouting may be increased during times of harvest on neighbouring farms as this may

increase the potential for the introduction of thrips into the production area. Another

example is in the fall when the population of winged female aphids increases on outdoor

crops. This may increase the risk of aphids entering into a production area through

vents or doors and increase the potential for these aphids to introduce viruses such as

Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV).

Devices such as sticky cards or pheromone traps may also be distributed through the

crop to detect insects. Additionally, ultra-violet (UV) lights can be used to attract a wide

range of insects, particularly during cooler months.

Packing House

Monitoring devices such as sticky cards can be used to detect pests in the packing

house. These devices can be placed near the packing machine and in areas where

imported and domestically sourced product is stored. Devices should also be installed

around loading docks and doors where product is brought inside the packing house.


Employees working in both the production area and packing house should be trained in

the identification of the most common pests. Pest fact sheets and posters of pests in the

break area and lunchroom can help educate employees to identify pests. Appendix 1 is

an example of a pest fact sheet. Contact consultants, Integrated Pest Management


21 | P a g e

(IPM) specialists, sector associations or provincial extension specialists to obtain pest

identification posters.

In addition, employees should also be trained on how to report a new pest identified in

the place of production.

Pest Monitoring Self-Assessment Checklist

Biosecurity Measure

Yes

So

meti

me

s

No

No

t

Ap

plicab

le

Production Area

A scouting program is implemented in the production area(s).

Records of the scouting results are kept.

The scouting program is adjusted accordingly during highly

susceptible time periods within the production cycle of crops.

Packing House

A monitoring program is used to inspect inputs.

Records of the monitoring results are kept.


Devices such as yellow sticky cards have been installed in the

production area(s) and packing house.

Devices are inspected by trained personnel.

Employees are trained in pest identification.

Pest fact sheets and posters of pests are placed in the packing

house and in common areas such as the break room and lunch

room to help employees identify pests.


22 | P a g e

Biosecurity Measure

Yes

So

meti

me

s

No

No

t

Ap

plicab

le

Employees have been given training regarding the process to report

a pest detection.

Information regarding new pest issues in the place of production is

shared with employees.

2.4 Responding to a Pest

Benefits: When a pest is detected, there is a decision-making process to determine if a

pest is past the threshold, if a response is required, the timing of the response and the

identification of the most appropriate control actions. Depending on the pest that is

detected and its threshold level, control actions may not always be required as not all

pests carry the same risk. Pests regulated by Canada have a zero-tolerance threshold

and a requirement to report the pest detection. Even pests that are not regulated may

have a zero-tolerance or a low threshold if they are of significant economic concern to

producers. For example, a producer may have a zero-tolerance threshold for a pest that

is regulated by a country with an important export market. Creating an Integrated Pest

Management (IPM) program and response plans involves analyzing the pest risk to

determine the level of response required, and at what threshold a response is required.

Preparing detailed response plans or procedures prior to the identification of a pest may

allow an effective and timely response which may reduce production losses.

Risks

Regulated Pests

The Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) maintains the list of pests regulated in

Canada, which includes insects, mites, molluscs, nematodes, fungi, bacteria, viruses,

phytoplasma and some parasitic plants. When a regulated pest2 is identified, the CFIA

2 For a list of pests regulated in Canada please refer to http://www.inspection.gc.ca/plants/plant-protection/pests/regulated-

pests/eng/1363317115207/1363317187811

An Integrated Pest Management (IPM) program is developed to

respond to common pests. Formal response plans are created for

pests of greater concern.

Target Outcome:


23 | P a g e

and the respective provincial or territorial government must be contacted to report the

detection.

A response plan for a regulated pest should include the contact information of the local

CFIA office, provincial extension specialists and sector association(s). The response

plan should include biosecurity measures to prevent the spread of pests from the

infested area by restricting the movement of plant material, people and equipment in

and out of the area. Please refer to section 3.2 Biosecurity Zones for biosecurity

measures to mitigate the spread of pests from Restricted Access Zones (RAZ).

Non-Regulated Pests

The IPM program for a place of production should include a response plan for the

detection of a pest. A response plan may include the following steps:

• Confirming pest identification.

• Determining pest risk.

• Determining the pest threshold and whether it has been exceeded.

• Applying control measures, if required.

• Restricting movement of plant material, crops, people and equipment into and

out of the infested area.

• Cleaning of footwear, hands and equipment leaving the infested area.

• Evaluating the control measures and response plan.

Pest thresholds3 for non-regulated pests may be established to trigger the use of a

treatment. It should be recognized that what constitutes a threshold is complex, as there

are different thresholds for different crops and pests. Within the decision of thresholds

for treatment there is a difference between suppression, eradication, and management.

The response plan should also include biosecurity measures to prevent the re-

infestation of crops by infested material. To limit pest spread, infested material should

not be mixed or come into contact with other crops, and should be securely disposed of

away from the place of production or buried. Please refer to section 2.1 Management

Practices: Internal Environment and section 3.5 Production Outputs for biosecurity

measures related to disposal.

3

For regulated pests the threshold for reporting is zero, this means that one pest would trigger reporting, and would likely trigger a response.


24 | P a g e

Keep records of the location, date and crop type of the infested material and the control

measures that were applied. This information may be useful to assess the success of

the response strategy and for continuous improvement to the response plan.

Regulated and Non-Regulated Pests

For both regulated and non-regulated pests the effectiveness of the response plan

should be evaluated periodically to foster continuous improvement and efficiencies.

Pest Response Self-Assessment Checklist

Biosecurity Measure

Yes

So

meti

me

s

No

No

t

Ap

plicab

le

When an unknown pest is detected, a sample is sent to a

laboratory, extension specialist, consultant, researcher or the CFIA

for accurate identification of the pest.

Awareness of regulated and non-regulated pests of concern to the


Regulated Pests

The CFIA is contacted when a regulated pest is detected at the


The movement of plant material, crops, people and equipment is

restricted in and out of an infested area.

Non-regulated Pests

The IPM program includes a response plan for non-regulated pests.

The movement of people and equipment is restricted into and out of

the infested area.

Employees leaving the infested area disinfect their hands and

footwear to prevent pest spread.


25 | P a g e

Biosecurity Measure

Yes

So

meti

me

s

No

No

t

Ap

plicab

le

Employees follow the work flow protocols to prevent pest spread

from an infested to a non-infested area.

As necessary, tools, equipment and crates leaving an infested area

are disinfected.

Knowledge of the pest pathways of transmission is used to

determine the required biosecurity measures when disposing of

infested material to mitigate pest spread.

The area is frequently checked for pest spread.

Records of the pest infestation including the location, the date, the

crop type and the control measures applied are kept.

Records are used to evaluate and improve the pest response plan.

3.0 Place of Production Operational Management Operational management of a place of production is fundamental to the development

and implementation of a biosecurity plan. Assessing the risks associated with the

activities that take place at the place of production is necessary. Potential biosecurity

risks can be associated with the location of the place of production; the movement of

people, vehicles and equipment; as well as production inputs and outputs.

3.1 Location and Layout

Benefits: The natural environment surrounding a new or established place of

production is important for identifying potential pests in the area and their source.

Knowledge of the location and layout is used to evaluate new sites

and to protect existing or neighbouring sites.

Target Outcome:


26 | P a g e

Natural dispersal plays an important role in the introduction and spread of pests into a

place of production and from one place of production to another. In addition, thoughtfully

designed places of production can be the first line of defense in biosecurity and can

reduce the risk of pest introduction. When designing a place of production, the flow of

plant material and crops from the time of receiving to the time of shipping should be

considered. Understanding and integrating the knowledge of the location and layout of a

place of production is important in developing, implementing and modifying a biosecurity

plan.

It is recognized that some of the biosecurity measures outlined in this section may only

be applicable when building a new place of production. However, there are biosecurity

measures that can be implemented in established places of production to mitigate pest

introduction and spread. For example, if shipping and receiving are conducted in the

same area, separation in timing can be used to minimize the risk of pest spread from

potentially infested inputs to the final product.

Risks

Geography and environmental factors

It is important to consider all factors and weigh the benefits of biosecurity measures

against the potential pest risk to make risk management decisions regarding the site

selection and the layout of a place of production. For example, it is important to consider

neighbouring activities such as the type of crop in production, the timing of harvest, the

composting practices, the importation of product or non-agricultural activities when

building a new place of production. Depending on the direction of the prevailing winds,

fungal spores or insects can be introduced into a place of production from these

neighbouring activities. However, after assessing the risk presented by these activities,

it may be of greater benefit to position a place of production to face the prevailing winds

for venting purposes due to hot temperatures in the summertime.

The topography of the area surrounding a place of production should also be taken into

consideration to reduce the amount of standing water in the production areas. Drainage

patterns and surface water movement can affect the potential for pest introduction and

distribution by creating standing water in production areas.

Layout

When designing the layout of a place of production, the flow of plant material and crops

should be examined to determine critical points in the pest pathways of transmission.

Applying biosecurity measures at the critical points in transmission may mitigate the risk


27 | P a g e

of pest introduction and spread within the place of production. For example, the

receiving area where the inspection of inputs such as seeds and transplants takes place

should be located away from the production area. In addition, the place of production

should be designed so that the receiving area can be cleaned if a pest is detected.

A biosecurity plan should include a map of the place of production. A map can be useful

to visualize and examine potential pathways of transmission and may also be used as a

tool to train employees and direct visitors. When creating a map of the place of

production, it is useful to include the location of specific areas such as the entrance,

boiler room, lunch room, shipping area, raw product and finished product. This map

should also indicate the location of biosecurity zones and the flow of plant material and

crops within the place of production. Maps previously created for Environmental Farm

Plans and Food Safety Plans may be useful for this purpose.

Figure 3 provides an example of a map of a place of production that includes the flow of

plant material and crops.


28 | P a g e

Figure 3: Example Map of Place of Production

Legend Greenhouse 1 flow line Raw product Greenhouse 2 flow line Finished product Greenhouse 3 flow line Quarantine area Greenhouse 4 flow line Washroom

Pum

p

House Water

Tanks

Greenhouse 1

Greenhouse 3

Greenhouse 2

Greenhouse 4

Chem

ical

Sto

rage

Bre

akro

om

Bre

akro

om

Boile

r

Room

Grading Lines

Receiv

ing

Off

ice

Tote Washing Area

Tote Washing Area

Bre

akro

om

Bre

akro

om

Cooler for Market Ready Product

Shipping Area

Storage Area

Storage Area

Ship

pin

g O

ffic

e

Packing House

Storage Area

Storage Area

Receiving Area


29 | P a g e

Location and Layout Self-Assessment Checklist

Biosecurity Measure

Yes

So

meti

me

s

No

No

t

Ap

plicab

le

Geography and Environmental Factors

The surrounding environment and neighbouring activities are

considered when making decisions regarding the location and

layout of the place of production.

Risk based decisions are made when choosing a site and designing

the layout of a new place of production.

Topography is considered to reduce the amount of standing water

within the production areas.

Layout

The flow of plant material and crops from the time of receiving to

the time of shipping is considered to design the layout of the place

of production.

The pathways of pest transmission are considered to design the

layout of the place of production.

The place of production is designed to separate the location of the

propagation, production and processing or packaging areas.

The biosecurity plan is designed to locate areas for composting or

disposal of organic debris away from the place of production.

Washing facilities for cleaning and disinfecting equipment and

vehicles are located in an area that prevents pest introduction and

spread.

The place of production is built so it can be easily cleaned and

disinfected.

There is a map of the place of production that includes specific

areas such as the entrance, shipping areas and production areas.


30 | P a g e

Biosecurity Measure

Yes

So

meti

me

s

No

No

t

Ap

plicab

le

The map of the place of production indicates the location of the

biosecurity zones.

The map of the place of production includes the location of devices

such as yellow sticky traps.

The map of the place of production indicates the flow of plant

material and crops.

3.2 Biosecurity Zones

Benefits: Specific areas of similar levels of risk are identified and demarcated,

providing an indication of where in the place of production and in the continuum of

production biosecurity intervention is warranted. Biosecurity zones are classified based

on the use of an area, risk of pest spread, access to the area and biosecurity measures

required to prevent the introduction and spread of pests in a place of production.

Restricted Access Zones may be used to identify areas where high risk activities take

place, such as where there is a high risk associated with the spread of a pest into

and/or out of an area. High risk activities that may require a Restricted Access Zone

include: an infested area within the production area, the propagation area or an area to

protect plant material such as transplants.

Controlled Access Zones may be used in areas of the place of production where low

risk activities take place and may not require the level of biosecurity measures that are

implemented for Restricted Access Zones. Examples of low risk activities that may

require a Controlled Access Zone include: storage and product handling areas.

Controlled Access Zones (CAZs) and Restricted Access Zones

(RAZs) are established and communication protocols which explain

the importance of these areas within the place of production are

implemented.

Target Outcome:


31 | P a g e

Risks

The level of biosecurity measures applied to a Restricted Access Zone or a Controlled

Access Zone will be consistent with the risk of pest introduction or spread associated

with each zone. Biosecurity risks and mitigation measures that may be implemented to

prevent pest spread into and out of these zones include the following:

Access to the Biosecurity Zone

Control the entry and exit into and between the biosecurity zones by designating access

points. Various tools can be used to restrict or control access to these zones, such as

signs and automated or locked doors. Signs may be posted around the biosecurity zone

to advise employees and visitors of the high risk and restricted access. Please refer to

Appendix 2 for examples of signs that can be posted for biosecurity zones and at the

main entrance of the place of production.

Traffic Flow Through the Place of Production

Pests can be spread by the movement of inputs, people, vehicles, equipment and

outputs through the place of production. Based on the location of the biosecurity zones,

specific routes should be used to mitigate the risk of pest spread from infested to non-

infested areas.

Footwear, Clothing and Equipment

Equipment that is moved between different biosecurity areas should be cleaned and

disinfected when it is necessary. In addition, footbaths, hand washing stations,

disposable coveralls and footwear covers should be placed at the entrances of the

Restricted Access Zones. See section 3.3 Movement of People, Vehicles and

Equipment for information on the movement of people, vehicles and equipment.

Biosecurity Zones Self-Assessment Checklist

Biosecurity Measure

Yes

So

meti

me

s

No

No

t

Ap

plicab

le

The activities that take place at the place of production have been

assessed to identify biosecurity zones.

The biosecurity plan includes information regarding the biosecurity


32 | P a g e

Biosecurity Measure

Yes

So

meti

me

s

No

No

t

Ap

plicab

le

zones and related biosecurity measures.

The training program includes information regarding biosecurity

zones and the related biosecurity measures such as traffic flow in


Access to the Biosecurity Zone

Signs are posted around the biosecurity zones to advise people of

the risks and restricted access.

Access to biosecurity zones is controlled using tools such as signs

and locked or automatic doors.

Traffic Flow Through the Place of Production

The flow of inputs, people, vehicles, equipment and outputs is

designed based on the location of the biosecurity zones.

Footwear, Clothing and Equipment

Footbaths, hand washing stations, disposable coveralls and

footwear covers have been placed at the entrance of biosecurity

zones.

3.3 Movement of People, Vehicles and Equipment

The movement of people, vehicles and equipment do not introduce or

spread pests within a place of production. Target

Outcome:


33 | P a g e

Movement of people

Benefits: Managing the biosecurity risks associated with the movement of people into a

place of production and between biosecurity zones can mitigate the risk of pests that

can be carried on footwear, clothing and hair.

Risks

Human mediated dispersal is an important means of pest spread and the movement of

employees and visitors in a place of production can be a source of pests. Often human

mediated dispersal can move pests at a faster rate and reach a greater distance than

natural dispersal. Some examples of human mediated dispersal include clothes, shoes,

cameras, pens, note pads, amplifying lens and skin. Biosecurity measures such as

hand wash and footbath stations at all entrances and exits of the production areas may

help mitigate pest introduction and spread by people.

Visitors

Prior to entering, visitors should report to the main office of the place of production

where they are required to fill out a sign-in sheet. The sign-in sheet should include

information such as name, date, the areas visited and recent contact with plant material

or product. For an example of a sign-in sheet please refer to Appendix 3. This

information may be useful when responding to a pest detection.

Assess the risk of the visitor entering the place of production and provide them with

disposable footwear covers, coveralls and gloves when necessary.

Employees

Wearing clean clothes and/or providing coveralls or clean uniforms to employees on a

daily basis can reduce the spread of pests within the place of production. Employees

should also be given training on the work flow of the place of production to prevent pest

spread into and out of biosecurity zones.

As vegetables brought by employees for lunch can be a potential source of pests, the

lunchroom may be isolated from the rest of the production area and packing house.

Leftovers and waste should be properly disposed of.


34 | P a g e

Movement of vehicles and equipment

Benefits: Vehicles and equipment may harbor pests. Movement of vehicles and

equipment is particularly important when brought into the place of production and when

moved between biosecurity zones. Managing the movement of vehicles and equipment

by designating routes, assessing risk, as well as implementing cleaning and disinfecting

when necessary, can help to mitigate the risk of pest introduction and spread.

Risks

Pests can be spread by different types of vehicles and equipment, such as:

• Shipping containers

• Forklifts

• Trucks that are used to transport final product

• Sprayers

• Carts

• Harvesting scissors and knives

• Pallets

Protocols and policies can be included in the biosecurity plan to indicate when vehicles

and equipment should be cleaned and disinfected. Appendix 4 provides an example of

a policy for cleaning vehicle tires.

Trucks are used to ship all kinds of goods and to different places of productions. The

following biosecurity measures may mitigate pest spread by trucks:

• Clean and disinfect trucks after every shipment of product.

• Request that carriers provide their sanitation procedure or a letter of guarantee

stating there are procedures in place to clean trucks between loads.

• Prior to re-entry into the place of production, disinfect the forklift that is used to

load and unload the truck if the truck has been moved between different places

of production.

Appendix 5 provides an example of a checklist format that can be used to help ensure

the implementation of biosecurity measures when using trucks to ship final product.


35 | P a g e

Movement of People, Vehicles and Equipment Self-Assessment Checklist

Biosecurity Measure

Yes

So

meti

me

s

No

No

t

Ap

plicab

le

Employees and visitors park in designated areas.

Footbaths and hand wash stations have been placed at the

entrance to the production area(s).

Movement of people – Visitors

Visitors report to the main office prior to entering the place of

production.

Visitors fill out a sign-in sheet prior to entering the place of

production.

The risk of visitors entering place of production is assessed to

determine the necessary biosecurity measures.

Disposable foot wear covers, clean coveralls and gloves are

provided to visitors when necessary.

Visitors are briefed on the biosecurity protocols that need to be

followed.

There is a policy to ensure visitors follow the biosecurity protocols.

Visitors are accompanied by a designated employee when moving

within the place of production.

Visitors only access areas that are necessary for their activities.

Movement of people – Employees

Employees have been trained on the biosecurity protocols for the



36 | P a g e

Biosecurity Measure

Yes

So

meti

me

s

No

No

t

Ap

plicab

le

Movement of employees through the place of production is

minimized.

Employees have been trained to know the work flow through the


Employees wash their hands after handling imported or domestic

product, as well as after breaks and meals.

There are designated areas for employees to have lunch and store

their personal items.

The lunchroom is isolated from the production area(s) and packing

house.

Leftovers and waste from employee lunches are disposed of

properly.

Movement of vehicles and equipment

The biosecurity plan includes protocols to indicate when vehicles

and equipment should be cleaned and disinfected.

A cleaning schedule is followed by employees.

The pallet supplier is informed of the biosecurity requirements.

The shipping container supplier is informed of the biosecurity

requirements.

Re-used containers are cleaned and disinfected between uses.

Cardboard cartons are recycled and are not re-used.


37 | P a g e

Biosecurity Measure

Yes

So

meti

me

s

No

No

t

Ap

plicab

le

Packing is secured during storage to prevent pest introduction.

Pruning tools are disinfected prior to use and between crops or

different production areas, especially if a pest is present.

Equipment is cleaned and disinfected after use in a biosecurity

zone.

Organic debris is removed from the wheels of equipment that is

moved between production areas.

Activities are strategically sequenced to minimize the cleaning and

disinfecting of equipment.

Equipment from other places of production is cleaned before being

brought into the place of production.

Trucks that are used to transport product are cleaned after every

shipment of product.

A copy of the sanitation procedures or a letter of guarantee that

sanitation procedures are in place to sanitize trucks between loads

is requested from carrier.

The forklift used to load and unload trucks that have been to

multiple places of production is cleaned.

3.4 Production Inputs

Production inputs are not a potential source of pests.

Target Outcome:


38 | P a g e

Benefits: Receiving inputs such as transplants, growing media, water, seeds or product

from external sources has the potential to introduce pests to the place of production.

Pest introduction may be mitigated by assessing the risks associated with inputs

sourced from suppliers and inspecting inputs upon arrival.

Risks

There is a risk of pest introduction and spread from all inputs, especially those from

external sources. For example, packing and repacking of imported and domestically

sourced product presents a risk of pest introduction into the packing house. Purchasing

inputs from a supplier with a biosecurity program in place should be considered to help

mitigate pest risks. Inputs should also be inspected prior to their acceptance into the


Records of purchased inputs should be maintained and can include the source, number

or quantity of the product purchased, and where it is planted or located in the place of

production. These records can be used if a pest is detected.

Water can be a pest vector. When sourced from re-circulation water, ponds, streams or

other surface water sources it should be disinfected as required. Water disinfection

equipment includes heat, UV radiation, ozone, and filtration.

For more information regarding biosecurity measures that can mitigate the pathways of

transmission presented by inputs, please refer to section 2.2 Pest Vectors.

All inputs should be inspected upon arrival.


39 | P a g e

Production Inputs Self-Assessment Checklist

Biosecurity Measure

Yes

So

meti

me

s

No

No

t

Ap

plicab

le

Input suppliers are contacted to request information regarding their

biosecurity program.

Purchasing records of inputs are maintained.

Inputs are inspected for pests before entering the place of

production.

If a pest is found when inputs are inspected, the product is returned

to the supplier, cleaned and disinfected or disposed of, if required.

Inputs from unknown sources may be considered high risk and are

segregated from the final product or propagative material to be

monitored for pests.

The source of water is known and is regularly tested.

Recycled water is treated prior to use.

Containers that are re-used in the place of production are cleaned

between uses.

3.5 Production Outputs

Benefits: Managing outputs, final product and waste mitigates the potential risk of pest

introduction and spread within a place of production, to neighbouring places of

Finished product leaving the place of production is free of pests of

concern.

Production wastes are managed, treated and disposed of to reduce

the risk of spreading pests.

Target Outcome:


40 | P a g e

production or to areas where the product may be received (from domestic to

international destinations).

Risks

Packing House

Final product produced in the place of production is inspected for pests as it moves

through the packing line. However, packing and repacking imported and domestic

product presents a risk of pest introduction to the packing house. To mitigate this risk,

product should be purchased from a supplier with a biosecurity program in place and

inspected prior to its acceptance into the place of production. In addition, employees

working in the packing house should be given training on identifying pests. Posters may

be hung in the packing house to help employees identify pests.

To prevent the spread of pests to other places of production by the final product, the

truck used for shipping should be inspected for pests and organic debris prior to loading

the final product. In addition, employees should ensure pallets are free from damage

and other signs of pests.

Infested or unsaleable product from foreign and domestic sources should be covered

and disposed of promptly to avoid pest spread.

Production Area

Effective plant health management as outlined in section 2.1 Management Practices is

essential to producing a high quality finished product that is free of pests of concern. In

addition, a traceability system should be in place such as labelling final product to assist

with traceback if pests are detected once the product has left the place of production.

Production waste such as prunings, infested material, old material and weeds present a

risk of pest spread within a production area and should be disposed of properly.

Packing House and Production Area

For both the production area and packing house, there should be a one-way flow of

material to prevent pest introduction or spread to other areas of the place of production.

Knowledge of the pathway of pest transmission should be used to ensure appropriate

biosecurity measures are taken to dispose of material to prevent pest spread. For

example, plant material infected by bacterial canker should be placed in sealed bags to

be transported to the disposal site. The material should not be transported throughout

the place of production in a manner that could spread the canker to other areas. If


41 | P a g e

production waste is not from infested material, the cuttings may be placed in walk ways

to promote the transfer of biological controls.

Disposal sites should be located away from the place of production to prevent re-

infestation. The pest pathway of transmission should be evaluated to prevent the

release of pests during disposal, as infested plant material presents a high risk of re-

infesting the same crop or infesting other crops. For example, if the pest is spread by

wind, the infested material should be disposed of by deep burial, transportation to a

municipal disposal facility or other methods that minimize the risk of pest spread and

introduction. Producers should also be aware of any provincial waste management

regulations that may apply.

Bins that have been used in the disposal process of infested material or unsaleable

product that will be re-used within the place of production should be cleaned and

disinfected promptly after use. An appropriate disinfectant for the pest should be used.

Production Output Self-Assessment Checklist

Biosecurity Measure Y

es

So

meti

me

s

No

No

t

Ap

plicab

le

Packing House

Final product is inspected for pests while moving through the

packing line.

Imported and domestic product is sourced from a supplier with a

biosecurity program in place.

Imported and domestic product is inspected prior to acceptance into


Employees working in the packing house are given training to

identify pests.

Pictures of pests are posted in the packing house to help

employees identify pests.


42 | P a g e

Biosecurity Measure

Yes

So

meti

me

s

No

No

t

Ap

plicab

le

Trucks used for shipping are inspected for pests and organic debris

prior to loading final product.

Pallets are inspected for damage and pests prior to loading final

product.

Infested or unsaleable product is covered and promptly disposed of.

Production Area

A traceability system is in place that facilitates trace forward and

backward for final product.

Organic debris is disposed of properly to prevent the spread of

pests.

Packing House and Production Area

There is a one-way flow of material through the production area and

packing house to prevent the spread of pests.

Knowledge of pest pathways of transmission is used to dispose of

organic debris in a manner that prevents pest spread.

Disposal sites are located away from the place of production to

prevent pest re-infestation.

Dumpster lids are kept closed.

Bins that have been used to dispose of infested material or

unsaleable product that will be re-used within the place of

production are cleaned and disinfected promptly after use.

Awareness of any provincial waste management regulations.


43 | P a g e

3.6 Maintenance of Facilities and Property

Benefits: Keeping buildings and equipment in good repair, in addition to cleaning and

disinfecting will help limit the opportunity for the introduction and spread of pests.

Risks

The largest risk of not maintaining a place of production is pest introduction. Although

greenhouses are not a sealed area, as there are vents through which beneficial insects

can move in and out, there are biosecurity measures that can be implemented to

minimize pest risk. A routine facility and property maintenance program that includes

activities such as ensuring that holes are fixed and that doors and windows close

properly will help mitigate the introduction of pests such as rodents.

A maintenance program should also include maintenance of equipment such as pruning

knives. If pruning knives are dull, plants may become more susceptible to pests when

pruned.

Activities to maintain the exterior of the place of production should also be included in

the maintenance program. This may include a weed-free buffer around the place of

production to mitigate the risk of pest introduction.

To ensure that maintenance activities are routinely completed, a record of the activities

may be kept. A checklist of the activities may be used to record the timing and

completion of activities.

Introduction and spread of pests is limited by keeping buildings and

equipment in good repair.

Target Outcome:


44 | P a g e

Maintenance of Facilities and Property Self-Assessment Checklist

Biosecurity Measure

Yes

So

meti

me

s

No

No

t

Ap

plicab

le

A maintenance program has been developed and implemented.

The maintenance program includes activities to maintain the interior

of the place of production, such as cleaning the floors to prevent

spread of pests through organic debris.

The maintenance program includes activities to maintain the

exterior of the place of production, such as a weed-free buffer.

Equipment maintenance is included in the maintenance program.

Records of the completion of the maintenance activities are kept.

4.0 Education, Training and Communication

Benefits: A well developed, communicated and implemented training program will

provide employees with an understanding of the importance of proactive biosecurity.

Communicating the necessary biosecurity measures to visitors entering the place of

production will allow them to complete their work while minimizing the risk of pest

spread.

Risks

Employees

All employees, regardless of whether they are working in the packing house or the

production area, are part of the team and should be provided with the basic knowledge

of biosecurity. It is also important to train all employees, as pests may spread from the

production area to the packing house or the reverse. All employees should be provided

with a general knowledge of pests so they can identify pests and know the protocol to

Target

Outcome:

People entering or working within a place of production respect the

biosecurity measures in place.


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report a pest detection. Periodic training should be given to employees to provide

updated information regarding emerging pests and any changes to the biosecurity plan.

It is also important for all employees to have a general understanding of the pathways of

pest transmission. This will help employees implement the necessary biosecurity

measures to mitigate the risks of pest introduction and spread throughout their day-to-

day activities. It may also be important for employees to know the pathways of

transmission so they can implement biosecurity measures between their place of

residence and the place of production. For example, if an employee shares living space

with an employee from another greenhouse, nursery or floriculture place of production

biosecurity measures may be required.

Specific employees of the place of production may be given training to manage pests

detected in the place of production. This may include working with the Integrated Pest

Management (IPM) specialist, confirming the identification of a pest, deciding on and

implementing the treatment of the pest.

Visitors

Prior to their entry into the place of production visitors should be given a briefing to

communicate the necessary biosecurity measures that are required for the completion

of their work.

Employees and Visitors

Signs are also a useful tool to help communicate biosecurity measures to both visitors

and employees. Signs and any educational material should be written in plain language

and translated, when necessary, to the appropriate language(s) for employees.

Make biosecurity a part of your business culture.


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Education, Training and Communication Self-Assessment Checklist

Biosecurity Measure

Yes

So

meti

me

s

No

No

t

Ap

plicab

le

Employees

Employees are included in the process to design the biosecurity

plan, as this may result in them taking more “ownership” of the plan,

which may help with implementation.

Biosecurity protocols are included in the training program.

All employees are trained at the start of their employment and/or

the start of the season.

All employees are provided with a general knowledge of pest

identification and the protocol to report a pest detection.

All employees have a general understanding of the pest pathways

of transmission.

Specific employees are given training to manage pests detected in


Periodic training and awareness updates are given to employees to

provide information such as emerging pests.

The biosecurity plan and training program are monitored, reviewed

and updated as new information becomes available.

Education and communication materials are provided in the

appropriate language for employees.

All employees who attend the training sign a sheet to indicate they

were present.

Pest identification posters are placed in common areas such as the

lunchroom and the packing house.

Employees are given education and training on the protocols for

movement of equipment, people and vehicles through the place of

production.


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Biosecurity Measure

Yes

So

meti

me

s

No

No

t

Ap

plicab

le

Periodic meetings are held with employees to review hand wash,

footbath and wearing clean clothes protocols.

Visitors

Visitors are briefed on biosecurity protocols that are necessary for

them to complete their work.

Signs and visual aids are used to communicate biosecurity

protocols within the place of production.

Plain language is used in education and communication materials

and on signs.

Visitors respect the biosecurity measures for the areas of the place

of production they visit by using templates or checklists to verify

whether biosecurity measures have been completed.

5.0 Conclusion

The Greenhouse Vegetable Sector Biosecurity Guide in combination with the National

Voluntary Farm-Level Biosecurity Standard for the Greenhouse, Nursery and

Floriculture Sectors provides producers with a nationally consistent approach to develop

and implement a biosecurity plan. The Greenhouse Vegetable Sector Biosecurity Guide

Self-Assessment Checklist and Action Work Plan has been provided to help producers

determine additional biosecurity measures that can be applied to a place of production.

A nationally consistent approach to the application of biosecurity measures can help

mitigate the risk of pest introduction and spread within Canada.

Assess. Plan. Implement. Monitor.


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6.0 Glossary

Best management practices: For the purposes of this document, best management

practices refer to proven and adopted production practices that are specific to each


Biological controls: Often referred to as “biocontrols”. Biological pest control is the

method of controlling pests (including insects, mites, weeds and plant diseases) using

other living organisms. It relies on predation, parasitism, herbivory, or other natural

mechanisms, but typically also involves an active human management role. It is often

an important component of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs.

Biosecurity: A set of practices used to minimize the transmission of pests including

their introduction (bioexclusion), spread (biomanagement), and release

(biocontainment).

Controlled Access Zone (CAZ): An area within the place of production where access

is restricted or controlled to prevent pest spread into or out of the area.

Deep burial: A method of disposal where infested material is buried so it is not exposed

to factors that allow re-infestation of the crop.

Healthy: Refers to plants in good physical condition without symptoms of a pest

infestation. Pests may be present on a healthy plant. However, to be considered

“healthy” the pest has not negatively affected the physical condition of the plant.

Greenhouse: A vegetable greenhouse or hothouse means a fully enclosed permanent

aluminum or steel structure clad either in glass or impermeable plastic which must:

(a) Use automated irrigation and climate control systems, including heating and

ventilation capabilities: and

(b) Utilize hydroponic methods

“Vegetable Greenhouse/Hothouse Production Standards” also include:

i) Minimizing pesticide use by not utilizing herbicides and following production practices

such as Integrated Pest Management; and

ii) Complying with the standards of a globally accepted Food Safety program.

A certified organic greenhouse/hothouse vegetable facility must meet the greenhouse

definition, with the exception of (b), as, according to Canadian organic standards


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(CAN/CGSB-32.310-2006), hydroponics are not allowed, and “soil” must be used as the

growth medium.4

Intercropping: In the context of greenhouse vegetable production systems, it is the

process of growing two of the same crop that differ in age in the same area. For

example, young plants are planted next to older plants that are nearing the end of their

cycle to ensure continuous production of the crop.

Input: The resources that are used in the production areas, propagation facilities and

packing houses that are either biological or inert material such as transplants, material

from other domestic or international places of production, packing material, chemicals,

equipment, fertilizer, seed and plant material.

Integrated Pest Management (IPM): Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is a process

for planning and managing sites to prevent pest problems and for making decisions

about when and how to intervene when pest problems occur. It is a sustainable

approach that combines biological, cultural, physical, and chemical tools to manage

pests so that the benefits of pest control are maximized and the health and

environmental risks are minimized.

Maintenance: Involves unscheduled and routinely scheduled activities to fix any area of

the place of production, device or equipment should it become out of order or broken.

Monitoring program: Inspection of inputs that are entering the place of production for

pests.

Output: Includes waste, garbage and finished product.

Pest5: Any living organism injurious to plants, plant products or by-products, which

includes insects, diseases, weeds and rodents.

Place of production: For the purposes of this document the term “place of production”

is used to describe a variety of operational realities, including farms, propagation

facilities, production greenhouses, packing houses, etc.

4 Based on the standing policy of the Canadian Horticultural Council, resolution number LR2014-13.

5 “Pest” as defined in Canada’s Plant Protection Act means “any thing that is injurious or potentially injurious, whether directly or

indirectly, to plants or to products or by-products of plants, and includes any plant prescribed as a pest.”


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Repacking6:

Includes:

1) Removing market product from its market-ready packaging materials, re-handling the

product (for example: re-sorting, re-grading, re-trimming, re-washing, re-fluming), and

putting it into market-ready packaging materials. Product may also be combined with

other product that differs in some way (for example: type, origin, timeframe).

2) Activities (for example: icing, labelling/coding, cooling) that occur once product is in

the packaging materials.

Restricted Access Zone (RAZ): An area, generally located inside the controlled

access zone, where access by people or equipment, is further restricted, providing an

extra level of protection.

Scouting program: Regular inspection of the crop for pests and pest thresholds.

Vector: A biological, physical or environmental agent that disperses a plant pest.

Visitor: Includes anyone not considered to be an employee, such as service providers,

shippers, consultants, federal and provincial inspectors, delivery personnel, utility

providers such as electricians and plumbers, IPM specialists, extension specialists, crop

consultants, scouts, representatives of seed and greenhouse supply companies, sales

and purchasing personnel and others entering the place of production.

6 Reference: CanadaGAP Food Safety Manual For Fresh Fruits and Vegetables©, Version 6.4, 2016


51 | P a g e

Appendix 1: Example of a Thrips Pest Fact Sheet

Thrips Fact Sheet

Identification

Order: Thysanoptera Family: Thripidae

Pest species include:

Western flower thrips (WFT) – Frankliniella occidentalis

Eastern flower thrips – Frankliniella tritici

Onion thrips – Thrips tabaci

Greenhouse thrips – Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis

Banded greenhouse thrips – Hercinothrips femoralis

Palm thrips – Parthenothrips dracaenae

Cuban laurel thrips – Gynaikothrips ficorum

Life Cycle

Eggs are laid in plant tissue. There are two larval stages (Fig. 1) and two non-feeding

stages, the pre-pupa and pupa (Fig. 2), and the adult stage (Fig. 3). Larvae feed on the

underside of leaves. The second instar larva drops to the soil to form the pre-pupa and

then the pupa. Adults emerge to feed on leaf, bud, fruit, and flowers, depending on

species. Most species have males and females; however, the onion thrips is

parthenogenetic (does not require mating to reproduce). Thrips prefer drier conditions

such as along walkways and row ends.

Figure 1. 1st and 2nd Instar Larval WFT


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Figure 2. Pre-pupa and Pupa of WFT

Figure 3. Adult WFT

Damage

The larvae and adults have “punch-and-suck” mouthparts that pierce the cell wall and

remove the cell contents. The thrips will feed on several cells in a patch before moving

to another part of the plant (Figure 4). They leave behind particles or oily frass,

depending on species. Feeding damage results in cell death. In actively growing

tissues, the killed cells result in deformed growth patterns in leaves, flowers and fruit.

Figure 4. WFT Punch-and-Suck Patchy Feeding Damage


53 | P a g e

Monitoring

Larvae: Examine the undersurface of leaves.

Adults: Examine the underside of leaves, flowers (Figure 5) and fruit, “tapping” a plant

over a white sheet of paper, yellow or blue sticky cards in or just above the plant

canopy, or trap plants.

Figure 5. WFT Adults in a Flower

Management

Thrips are very difficult to manage and require constant attention.

Prevention: Quarantine and inspect incoming plant material, dip cuttings with an

entomopathogenic fungus where permitted by the label, and pre-emptively release

biological control agents.

Reaction: Routinely monitor to determine the number of thrips in the crop so that

pesticide sprays can be conducted if the population exceeds the economic threshold or

to determine if biological control agents or the pesticide applications have been

effective. Trap plants such as yellow marigolds can actively draw thrips out of the crop.

Sticky tape can be strung throughout the crop to capture flying adults. Overhead

irrigation or water sprays can be used to dislodge thrips from plants.

All images copyright Olds College


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Appendix 2: Examples of Signs Used to Control Access to the Place

of Production and Biosecurity Zones

Photo: Courtesy of Susan Fitzgerald, Ontario Livestock and Poultry Council


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Photo: Courtesy of Susan Fitzgerald, Ontario Livestock and Poultry Council


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Photo: Courtesy of Mario Lanthier, CropHealth Advising & Research


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Photo: Courtesy of Jeanine West, PhytoServ


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Photo: Courtesy of Mario Lanthier, CropHealth Advising & Research


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Appendix 3: Example of a Visitor Sign-in Sheet

Date Name Company

Have you visited another place of production in the

last 48 Hours? Y/N

If yes, where?

Time In

Time Out


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Appendix 4: Example of a Vehicle Entry Biosecurity Policy

Document #: __________________ Original Issue Date: ________________

Purpose

The purpose of this policy is to inform anyone that needs access to our facility/site of the

Biosecurity Entrance Policy.

Scope

This policy applies to the vehicles of all employees, visitors and any other personnel at the time

of entrance to our facility/site.

Responsibility

It is the responsibility of all employees, visitors and any other personnel to gain access to the

facility by entrance through the main gate in order to follow biosecurity measures via the tire

bath.

Policy

Any vehicle entering our facility/site poses a biosecurity risk to our facility/site. To minimize this

risk, it is protocol for all individuals to gain access through the main entrance gate via reception

staff. Once allowed onsite, all vehicles drive through our sanitizing tire bath before proceeding to

the main office.

Deviation and Corrective Actions

Deviations to this policy are not permitted. If deviations are observed, retraining on the content

of this policy will occur.

If the tire bath is empty due to refilling or cleaning, refilling is required prior to vehicle entry.

Version #: ___ Revision Date: _____________ Page #: ___


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Appendix 5: Example of a Trailer Condition Report7 Employee name: ________________ Carrier: __________________

Date: ________________ Driver: __________________

Trailer Temp (ºF): ________________ Trailer #: __________________

SO# / PO#: ________________ Seal #: __________________

Inspection Item Yes No

1. Trailer interior is clean, dry, pest free and odor free/minimum 1 load bar

present.

Corrective Action (if required) __________________________________

2. Trailer is pre-cooled to desired loading temperature (Trailer temperature

recorded above).

Corrective Action (if required) ___________________________________

3. Refrigeration unit in operation (continuous mode).


4. Floor drain holes are open and free of obstruction.


5. Interior walls and floor are in good repair.


6. Air chute is in good repair and properly attached to ceiling.


7. Front bulkhead is firmly attached against bulkhead and clear of debris.


8. Doors are in good repair and secure.


Driver needs to sign ONLY IF any inspection

items do not meet the requirements.

Driver’s name: _____________________

Driver’s signature: __________________

7 This form has been adapted from “Trailer Condition Report” Cold Chain Management Control

Documents. Some of the inspection items listed in the checklist relate to the quality of the product and not biosecurity. Both types of inspection items may be listed on the form to avoid the use of multiple inspection documents.


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Appendix 6: Acknowledgements

• Alberta Agriculture and Forestry

• Alberta Greenhouse Growers Association

• Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada

• BC Greenhouse Growers' Association

• Camas Agri Consulting

• Canadian Horticultural Council

• Fédération interdisciplinaire de l'horticulture ornementale du Québec

• McGill University

• Ontario Greenhouse Vegetable Growers

• Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs

• Prince Edward Island Horticultural Association & Federation of Agriculture

• Producteurs en serre du Québec

• Saskatchewan Ministry of Agriculture