Greenroofs16042012 03 Dunnett

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Ecosystem services, biodiversityand aesthetic delight

Dr Nigel DunnettProfessor, Vegetation TechnologyDirector, The Green Roof Centre, University of Sheffield


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Zurich Central Train Station

Erinus alpinus


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Erinus alpinus


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Erinus alpinus


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Sustainable Green Roofs:

Low resource inputsNo or minimal irrigationHigh biodiversity valueHigh aesthetic appeal

Applies to both extensive and intensive contextsFocus on vegetation selection and designedplant communities


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Starting Points

Create

flower-rich

green roofs with dramatic aesthetic appeal Non-native plant species have value to native fauna (invertebrates, birds) Aesthetic approach to ecology incorporate social perception A diversity of approaches to green roof design, depending on context,creates diverse green roof ecosystems


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Diverseflower-richgreen roofs

Water

Rainwater management

Water conservation

Climate Change

Well-Being

Beauty

Health

Community

Biodiversity

Pollinators Ecosystem services

Nature conservation


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Vegetation Selection

Local/regional habitats with similarenvironmental conditions to the rooftop

scenario in the region, including urban habitats World habitats with similar

environmental conditions to the rooftop scenario


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Dry Meadow, CreteBob Gibbons


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Pulsatilla vulgaris


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Pulsatilla vulgaris


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Primula veris


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One Bishops Square

Allen & Overy15 16 September

Delivered by CIRIA and Livingroofs.org

f h h


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Moorgate Crofts, Rotherham June 2007


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Silene uniflora

Green Roof Plants


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Green Roof Plants

Native Habitats

Silene uniflora


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Dianthus arenarius


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Dianthus arenarius

Green Roof Plants


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Green Roof Plants

Native Habitats

Sedum acre

Green Roof Plants


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Green Roof Plants

Native Habitats

Echium vulgare


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Echium vulgare


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Erinus alpinus


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Lotus corniculatus


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Erinus alpinus


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Dianthus carthusianorum


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e

Veronica spicata, Sedum reflexum,

Dianthus carthusianorum


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e


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Sedum reflexum, Plantago lanceolata,

Allium flavum


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Plant trials, University of Sheffield


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EU M i C i G R f


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EU Marie-Curie Green Roof Systems

Objectives To develop and implement a rigorous andstandardized plant screening programme for green roofs test potential plant species for diverse, self-sustaining, and low-input green roof vegetation focus on survival of moisture stress at differentdepths of growing medium.


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Comprehensive database on green roof

plants

genera, category, uses

Evaluation of new potential species and

cultivars

Evaluation of new vegetation mixes

Evaluation of establishment andmaintenace techniques i.e seeding of

green roof vegetation


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3 substrate depths (50 mm, 100 mm, 150 mm)

3 irrigation regimes (high water stress, moderate waterstress, low water stress)

Standardised growing medium (crushed brick, compostedbark)


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Increasing depth

Increasing moisture supply

Cross-Gradient Design

Plant Screening


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Plant Screening

Approximately 200 species trialled in total in first tranche of work.

Data collection March - November 2011SurvivalGrowth and performance indicatorsFloweringHealth/aesthetic

Detailed information on germination from seed


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Specific groups of species included: e.gN.European native plant species (forbs)Succulent species (Sedum, Delosperma)Grasses

Short bulbsSpecific genera such as Dianthus, Silene, Pulsatilla, Tulipa,Scilla


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Green Roof Plant Trials, June 2011


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Green Roof Plant Trials, June 2011


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Rain Shelters to remove natural rainfall


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Diverseflower-richgreen roofs

Water

Rainwater management

Water conservation

Climate Change

Well-Being

Beauty

Health Community

Biodiversity

Pollinators

Ecosystem services

Nature conservation


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Maximum ecological opportunities within anecosystem

Habitat Mosaics


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Green Roofs and BiodiversityGreenInfrastructure

Green Roofs and Biodiversity


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Green Infrastructure

Definition : A link in an interconnected network of greenelementsFunction : enable movement and flow of species, connection of populations, provision of food, shelter and other resources. Notspecies specific

ConnectivityLinkage

Character : Rooftop Green


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Green Roofs and BiodiversityGreenInfrastructure

Biodiversity Hotspots



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Biodiversity Hotspots

Definition : Resource-rich Service Stations

Function : provide a range of resources (food, water, shelter)for generalist species and specific groups

Character : Flower-rich, high species-diversity, high vegetationstructural diversity, topographical diversity, substrate diversity.Specific habitat features.

Fukuoka building, Japan


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Sheffield Case Studies


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Sharrow School, SheffieldCompleted July 2007Sheffield City Council

Architect Cath Basilio

Green Roof Design Nigel Dunnett

Roof top Wilderness urban nature

garden


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Linaria purpurea


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Anthmis tinctoria, Echium vulgare


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One Bishops Square Allen & Overy

15 16 September


Graves S, Shapiro M. 2003. Exotics as host plants of theCalifornia butterfly fauna Biological Conservation 110: 413


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34% of all the native butterfly species of California oviposited or fed on exotic plant

species, with many more using them asnectar sources.

The presence of exotic plants had enabled

some butterfly species to extend their geographical ranges, and to extend their flight seasons.

California butterfly fauna. Biological Conservation 110: 413-433.

Fleishman E, Macnally R, Murphy D D. 2005. Relationshipsamong non native plants diversity of plants and butterflies


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Impact of non-native plant species on thespecies-richness of native butterflypopulations in Nevada

the impact of non-native plant species wasfound to be negligible.

The greatest positive impact was generalavailability of nectar,

followed by total species richness of thevegetation (whether native or non-native).

among non-native plants, diversity of plants and butterflies,and adequacy of spatial sampling. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 85: 157-166.

Smith R M, Gaston K J, Warren P H, Thompson K. 2006. Urban domestic gardens (IX): Composition and richness of


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Vegetation factors that promote greatestfaunal biodiversity are

Structural diversity of the vegetation Species-richness of the vegetation

the vascular plant flora, and implications for nativebiodiversity. Biological Conservation 129: 312-322.

Moorgate Crofts, Rotherham


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One Bishops Square Allen & Overy

15 16 September


Moorgate Crofts, Rotherham July 2007


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GreenInfrastructure

Hotspots TargetSpecies/Groups



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Target Species/Groups

Definition : Provision of specific requirements for definedspecies and groups of species (i.e bird species, invertebrates,plants etc)Function : Provision of specific requirements for food, shelter,

reproduction of target species. Importance of Biodiversity LifeCycle Analysis

Biodiversity Action PlansTarget Species, Red Data Book SpeciesIndicator SpeciesCharacter : Biodiverse Roofs. Living Roofs. TopographicalDiversity, Substrate Diversity, Specific Habitat Features


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BiodiversityLife Cycle Analysis


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GreenInfrastructure


HabitatCreation/RestorationEcology



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Target Species/Groups

Definition : Creation of target habitats/plantcommunities/ecosystemsFunction : Creation of specific habitats and plant communities including key plant species. Related to local geology and

habitats

Restoration EcologyHabitat CreationLocal DistinctivenessSense of Place

Character : Meadows, wetlands, urban post-industrial, coastal



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Meadows (linked to soil type/geology) Dry neutral Calcareous

Acid Wetland Habitats Coastal Urban skeletal/post industrial


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GreenInfrastructure


HabitatCreation/RestorationEcology

Green Roofs and BiodiversityGreen Hotspots Target Habitat


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GreenInfrastructure


HabitatCreation/Restoration

EcologyNativePlantSpecies

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NativePlantCommunity

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Habitat

Features

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Water/Wetland

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Local

substrate

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Greenroofs16042012 03 Dunnett