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CONTENTS PART 1. Grammar, Usage, and StyleSECTION 1. Punctuation: Major MarksSECTION 2. Punctuation: Other MarksSECTION 3. CapitalizationSECTION 4. NumbersSECTION 5. AbbreviationsSECTION 6. Plurals and PossessivesSECTION 7. SpellingSECTION 8. Compound WordsSECTION 9. Word DivisionSECTION 10. GrammarSECTION 11. Usage
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¶101a. Use a period to mark the end of a sentence that makes a statement or
expresses a command.
THE PERIOD THE PERIOD
Statement: I question the need to merge the two companies.
Command: Make sure that the doors open at 10 a.m.
Slide 1-1
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¶110a. Use a question mark at the end of a direct question.
¶104. Use a period at the end of an indirect question.
THE QUESTION MARK THE QUESTION MARK
Direct question: Why is the policy being changed?
Indirect question: I would like to know why the policy is being changed.
Slide 1-2
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¶119a. Use an exclamation point at the end of a sentence to express enthusiasm
or some other strong feeling.
THE EXCLAMATION POINT THE EXCLAMATION POINT
Exclamation: Your article about the Internet was the best I’ve ever read!
Slide 1-3
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¶103. Use a question mark at the end of a sentence that asks a favor. Use
a period at the end of a sentence that expresses a polite command.
THE PERIOD AND THE QUESTION MARK
THE PERIOD AND THE QUESTION MARK
Favor: Will you please let me borrow your Corvette?
Polite command: Will you please let me know whether you plan to stay overnight.
Slide 1-4
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¶¶101b, 111, 119a. Use a period, a question mark, or an exclamation point
(as appropriate) at the end of an elliptical expression—a word or phrase that
represents a complete sentence.
THE PERIOD, THE QUESTION MARK, AND THE EXCLAMATION POINT
THE PERIOD, THE QUESTION MARK, AND THE EXCLAMATION POINT
When am I leaving? In a week or so.
I heard that you’re resigning. Why?
What a great job! Congratulations!
Slide 1-5
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¶107a. Use periods after elements displayed on separate lines in a list when
they are long or are essential to the grammatical completeness of the statement that introduces the list.
THE PERIODTHE PERIOD
This software will help you to:
1. Maintain your checkbook.2. Prepare a realistic monthly budget.3. Monitor your monthly expenses.
Slide 1-6
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¶107b. No periods are needed after elements in a list if the introductory
statement is grammatically complete.
THE PERIODTHE PERIOD
We can provide the following kinds of software:
• Customer information systems• Product information systems• Decision support systems
Slide 1-7
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¶102a. As a general rule, use one space after the period or any other mark at
the end of a sentence, but switch to two spaces whenever a stronger visual
break between sentences is needed.
THE PERIODTHE PERIOD
One space after the period: Let’s meet on Friday. How does 10 a.m. sound?
Two spaces after the period: Let’s meet on Friday. How does 10 a.m. sound?
Slide 1-8
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¶102e. When an abbreviation ends one sentence and begins the next, the use of one space after the period that ends the sentence may be inadequate. Use two spaces for a stronger visual break.
THE PERIODTHE PERIOD
One space after the period: Lunch begins at 1 p.m. F. J. Rae will be the speaker.
Two spaces after the period: Lunch begins at 1 p.m. F. J. Rae will be the speaker.
Slide 1-9
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¶122. Use commas to set off nonessential expressions—words, phrases, and clauses
that are not needed to complete the meaning or the structure of a sentence.
COMMAS THAT SET OFF COMMAS THAT SET OFF
Nonessential: Let’s ask Muriel Spock, who is familiar with this type of transaction.
Essential: Let’s ask someone who is familiar with this type of transaction.
Slide 1-10
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643,346,Slide 346643,346,Slide 346
COMMAS THAT SET OFF COMMAS THAT SET OFF
Nonessential: I have decided, therefore, to withdraw my bid.
Essential: I have therefore decided to withdraw my bid.
Slide 1-11
643,346,Slide 346643,346,Slide 346643,346,Slide 346643,346,Slide 346643,346,Slide 346643,346,Slide 346643,346,Slide 346643,346,Slide 346643,346,Slide 346643,346,Slide 346643,346,Slide 346643,346,Slide 346643,346,Slide 346
¶122. Use commas to set off nonessential expressions—words, phrases, and clauses
that are not needed to complete the meaning or the structure of a sentence.
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¶122a. Use commas to set off interrupting elements—words, phrases, and clauses that break the flow of a sentence from subject
to verb to object or complement.
COMMAS THAT SET OFF COMMAS THAT SET OFF
Interrupting: We could meet this Thursday or, if you prefer, next Tuesday.
Interrupting: We can wait for a week, can’t we, to see what happens?
Slide 1-12
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¶122b. Use commas to set off afterthoughts—words, phrases, and clauses loosely
added onto the end of a sentence.
COMMAS THAT SET OFF COMMAS THAT SET OFF
Afterthought: The merger took place last July, if I remember correctly.
Afterthought: It’s not too late to enroll, is it?
Slide 1-13
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¶122c. Use commas to set off transitional expressions and similar elements that are not essential to the meaning
or the structure of a sentence.
COMMAS THAT SET OFF COMMAS THAT SET OFF
Nonessential: It is true, nevertheless, that Carl supplied us with useful information.
Essential: It is nevertheless true that Carl supplied us with useful information.
Slide 1-14
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¶122c. Use commas to set off independent comments and similar elements that are
not essential to the meaning or the structure of a sentence.
COMMAS THAT SET OFF COMMAS THAT SET OFF
Nonessential: It is our plan, of course, to get a second opinion.
Essential: It is of course our plan to get a second opinion.
Slide 1-15
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¶122d. Use commas to set off descriptive expressions and similar elements that are
not essential to the meaning or the structure of a sentence.
COMMAS THAT SET OFF COMMAS THAT SET OFF
Nonessential: Many thanks for your letter of May 1, in which you reviewed my manuscript.
Essential: Many thanks for the letter in which you reviewed my manuscript.
Slide 1-16
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¶122e-f. Use commas to set off descriptive expressions and similar elements that are
not essential to the meaning or the structure of a sentence.
COMMAS THAT SET OFF COMMAS THAT SET OFF
Dates: The meeting planned for November 5, 2003, will have to be rescheduled for February 2004.
Names: Ann Garcia, M.D., is moving to Logan, Utah.
Names: Paul Poe Jr. is leaving Green Inc. next week.
Slide 1-17
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¶123b. Use a comma to separate three or more items in a series.
COMMAS THAT SEPARATE COMMAS THAT SEPARATE
The Foxes, the Perrys, and the Joneses have said yes.
I’m still waiting to hear from the Sheas and the Poes.
Slide 1-18
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¶123c. Use a comma to separate two or more adjectives that modify
the same noun.
COMMAS THAT SEPARATE COMMAS THAT SEPARATE
Gillian is a thoughtful, considerate person.
But: I would like to thank you for your thoughtful editorial comments.
Slide 1-19
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¶123d. Use a comma to separate the digits of large numbers into
groups of thousands.
COMMAS THAT SEPARATE COMMAS THAT SEPARATE
Slide 1-20
10,575 200,000 3,500,000
But: 3000 3.14159265
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¶123e. Use a comma to indicate the omission of key words.
COMMAS THAT SEPARATE COMMAS THAT SEPARATE
Slide 1-21
Employees with at least one year of service are entitled to two weeks of vacation; those with at least three years of service, three weeks.
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¶123e. Use a comma to indicate unusual word order.
COMMAS THAT SEPARATE COMMAS THAT SEPARATE
Slide 1-22
How that happened, we’ll never know.
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¶123e. Use a comma to preserve clarity.
COMMAS THAT SEPARATE COMMAS THAT SEPARATE
Slide 1-23
All an insurance policy is, is a contract for services.
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¶124. Use a comma after most introductory elements that begin a sentence and precede
the subject and verb of the main clause.
COMMAS THAT SEPARATE COMMAS THAT SEPARATE
Slide 1-24
Introductory word: Well, what can we do?
Introductory phrase: To start a successful business, you need to do a lot of planning.
But: To start a successful business requires a lot of planning.
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¶124. Use a comma after most introductory elements that begin a sentence and precede
the subject and verb of the main clause.
COMMAS THAT SEPARATE COMMAS THAT SEPARATE
Slide 1-25
Introductory clause: Before we invest more money in the company, we need to see an updated financial analysis.
Introductory verbal phrase: In reviewing the sketches, I noticed several problems.
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¶124. Use a comma after most introductory elements that begin a sentence and precede
the subject and verb of the main clause.
COMMAS THAT SEPARATE COMMAS THAT SEPARATE
Slide 1-26
Introductory adverb: Tomorrow I’ll give you our decision.
Introductory phrase: In 2003 I may retire.
Introductory phrase: In the morning I’ll have more time.
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¶124b. Use a comma after a transitional expression or an independent comment
that begins a sentence.
COMMAS THAT SEPARATE COMMAS THAT SEPARATE
Slide 1-27
Transitional expression: In any case, we don’t have to decide right away.
Independent comment: In my opinion, she needs help.
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¶¶126-128. Use a comma to separate two main clauses when they are joined by
and, but, or, or nor.
COMMAS IN COMPOUND SENTENCES
COMMAS IN COMPOUND SENTENCES
Slide 1-28
Compound sentence: I finished the report last week, and I will now write a one-page executive summary.
Compound predicate: I finished the report last week and will now write a one-page executive summary.
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¶¶126-128. Do not use a comma to separate two main clauses when they are not joined
by and, but, or, or nor.
COMMAS IN COMPOUND SENTENCES
COMMAS IN COMPOUND SENTENCES
Slide 1-29
Run-on sentence: I finished the report last week, I will now write a one-page executive summary. (A comma is incorrect.)
Correct alternatives: . . . last week. I will . . .. . . last week; I will . . .. . . last week, and I will . . .
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¶130. Use a comma to separate a dependent clause that precedes
the main clause.
COMMAS IN COMPLEX SENTENCES
COMMAS IN COMPLEX SENTENCES
Slide 1-30
Before we meet with the sales staff, we need to complete this study.
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¶¶131, 132. Use a comma to separate a nonessential dependent clause that
follows the main clause.
COMMAS IN COMPLEX SENTENCES
COMMAS IN COMPLEX SENTENCES
Slide 1-31
Nonessential: We need to complete this study by Friday, before we meet with the CEO.
Essential: We need to complete this study before we meet with the CEO.
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¶176. Use a semicolon to separate two independent clauses when the
clauses are not linked by a coordinating conjunction (and, but, or, or nor).
THE SEMICOLON THE SEMICOLON
Slide 1-32
Sheila wants to buy an SUV; Paul would rather get a convertible.
Also correct: Sheila wants to buy an SUV. Paul would rather get a convertible.
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¶178. Use a semicolon to separate two independent clauses when the clauses are linked by a transitional expression (such
as however, moreover, or therefore).
THE SEMICOLON THE SEMICOLON
Slide 1-33
My partners want to sign the contract; however, I have some misgivings.
Also correct: My partners want to sign the contract. However, I have some misgivings.
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¶187a. Use a colon to separate two independent clauses (1) when the second
clause explains the first clause and (2) the clauses are not linked by a coordinating conjunction or a transitional expression.
THE COLON THE COLON
Slide 1-34
It has been said that a successful project goes through three stages: it won’t work, it costs too much, and I always knew it was a good idea.
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¶187b. Compare the use of the colon and the semicolon in these examples:
THE COLON THE COLON
Slide 1-35
Colon: This job sounds very attractive: the salary, the benefits, and the opportunities for advance-ment seem excellent. (The second clause explains the first clause.)
Semicolon: This job sounds very attractive; it is the kind of job I have been looking for. (Also correct: This job sounds very attractive. It is the . . . . )
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¶181a. Ordinarily, use a semicolon to separate two independent clauses
when they are linked by for example, namely, or that is.
FOR EXAMPLE, NAMELY, AND THAT IS
FOR EXAMPLE, NAMELY, AND THAT IS
Semicolon: Pamela Hearst is well qualified for this sales job; for example, she spent three years working as a sales representative for one of our major competitors.
Slide 1-36
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¶181b. Use a colon before for example, namely, or that is if (1) the first inde-
pendent clause directs attention to the second independent clause and (2) the second clause carries the
real emphasis in the sentence.
FOR EXAMPLE, NAMELY, AND THAT IS
FOR EXAMPLE, NAMELY, AND THAT IS
Colon: Your proposal covers all but one point: namely, who is going to foot the bill?Slide 1-37
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¶182a. Use a semicolon before for example, namely, or that is if (1) the
preceding part of the sentence expresses a complete thought and (2) what
follows is an afterthought, providing additional information that is nice
to know but nonessential.
FOR EXAMPLE, NAMELY, AND THAT IS
FOR EXAMPLE, NAMELY, AND THAT IS
Semicolon: Always use figures with abbre-viations; for example, 6 ft, 8 lb, 11 a.m.
Slide 1-38
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¶182b. Use a colon before for example, namely, or that is if (1) the preceding part of the sentence leads up to what
follows and (2) the real emphasis of the sentence is to fall on what follows.
FOR EXAMPLE, NAMELY, AND THAT IS
FOR EXAMPLE, NAMELY, AND THAT IS
Colon: There are two things I’d like you to do while I’m away: namely, answer all my phone calls and don’t let anyone know that I’m away.
Slide 1-39
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¶182c. Use a comma before for example, namely, or that is if it introduces a word
or phrase that explains an expression immediately preceding.
FOR EXAMPLE, NAMELY, AND THAT IS
FOR EXAMPLE, NAMELY, AND THAT IS
This batch of mail will be processed by an OCR, that is, an optical character reader.
Slide 1-40
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¶¶183, 201. When for example, namely, or that is introduces an expression
within a sentence, use dashes to set off the complete expression if you want to
give it special emphasis.
DASHESDASHES
Three of our customers—namely, Foley, Florio, and Gabor—have not reordered.
Slide 2-1
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¶¶183, 219. When for example, namely, or that is introduces an expression
within a sentence, use parentheses to set off the complete expression if you want
to de-emphasize it.
PARENTHESESPARENTHESES
Three of our customers (namely, Foley, Florio, and Gabor) have not reordered.
Slide 2-2
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¶183. When for example, namely, or that is introduces an expression within a sentence,
use commas to set off the complete expression if (1) no special treatment is required and (2) the expression does not contain a series
of items separated by commas.
COMMASCOMMAS
A few of our customers, for example, Foley and Florio, have called to complain.
Slide 2-3
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¶227. Use quotation marks to enclose a direct quotation, that is, the exact
words of a speaker or writer.
QUOTATION MARKSQUOTATION MARKS
Jack simply said, “I have decided to resign.”
Slide 2-4
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¶228. Do not use quotation marks for an indirect quotation, that is, a restatement
of a person’s exact words.
QUOTATION MARKSQUOTATION MARKS
Jack simply said that he had decided to resign.
Slide 2-5
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¶253a. When a quoted statement falls at the beginning of a sentence, insert a
comma (not a period) before the closing quotation mark.
QUOTATION MARKSQUOTATION MARKS
“Let’s try to meet next Thursday,” Jean suggested.
Slide 2-6
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¶254. When a quoted question falls at the beginning of a sentence, insert a
question mark (not a comma) before the closing quotation mark.
QUOTATION MARKSQUOTATION MARKS
“Why do we need to meet?” Steve asked.
Slide 2-7
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¶254. When a quoted exclamation falls at the beginning of a sentence, insert an
exclamation point (not a comma) before the closing quotation mark.
QUOTATION MARKSQUOTATION MARKS
“I don’t believe it!” Burt shouted.
Slide 2-8
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¶256a. When a quoted sentence falls at the end of a larger sentence, insert a comma before the opening quotation mark if the quotation is introduced
by a simple phrase like She said.
QUOTATION MARKSQUOTATION MARKS
Marsha said, “We need to make a decision today.”
Slide 2-9
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¶256b. When a quoted sentence falls at the end of a larger sentence, insert a colon before the opening quotation
mark if the quotation is introduced by a complete sentence like She said this.
QUOTATION MARKSQUOTATION MARKS
Marsha’s reaction was fierce: “We need to make a decision today.”
Slide 2-10
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¶¶247a, 257. When a quoted statement falls at the end of a statement, insert
a period before the closing quotation mark.
QUOTATION MARKSQUOTATION MARKS
Marsha said, “We need to make a decision today.”
Slide 2-11
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¶¶249a, 257. When a quoted question falls at the end of a statement, insert
a question mark before the closing quotation mark.
QUOTATION MARKSQUOTATION MARKS
Ralph replied, “Why do we have to decide today?”
Slide 2-12
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¶¶249b, 257. When a quoted statement falls at the end of a question, insert a question mark after the closing
quotation mark.
QUOTATION MARKSQUOTATION MARKS
Did Marsha really say, “We need to make a decision today”?
Slide 2-13
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¶257. When a quoted question falls at the end of a question, insert a question mark
before the closing quotation mark.
QUOTATION MARKSQUOTATION MARKS
Did Marsha really say, “Why do we need to make a decision today?”
Slide 2-14
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¶242. Use quotation marks to enclose titles that represent only part of a complete
work (such as an article in a magazine or a chapter in a book).
QUOTATION MARKSQUOTATION MARKS
I’m enclosing a copy of an article entitled “Reinventing Retailing to Compete With E-Tailing.”
Slide 2-15
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¶289a. Use italics or underlining to set off titles that represent complete works (such
as a magazine or a book).
ITALICS AND UNDERLININGITALICS AND UNDERLINING
For an excellent book on conflict resolution, read Getting to Yes. (Or: Getting to Yes.)
Slide 2-16
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¶285a. Use italics or underlining to set off words used as words.
ITALICS AND UNDERLININGITALICS AND UNDERLINING
What does the term mouse potato mean?
Slide 2-17
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¶287. Use italics or underlining to set off foreign expressions
unless they are considered part of the English language.
ITALICS AND UNDERLININGITALICS AND UNDERLINING
What they said is true, n’est-ce pas? (Or: n’est-ce pas?)
But: I’m all for preserving the status quo.
Slide 2-18
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¶301a. Capitalize the first word of every sentence.
CAPITALIZATION—FIRST WORDSCAPITALIZATION—FIRST WORDS
We didn’t know that.
How did you find out?
Slide 3-1
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¶301b. Capitalize the first word of an expression used as a sentence.
CAPITALIZATION—FIRST WORDSCAPITALIZATION—FIRST WORDS
Really? Unbelievable!
Indeed. So much for that.
Slide 3-2
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¶301c. Capitalize the first word of a quoted sentence.
CAPITALIZATION—FIRST WORDSCAPITALIZATION—FIRST WORDS
Mr. Potter asked, “When can we expect a decision?”
Slide 3-3
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¶301d. Capitalize the first word of an independent question
within a sentence.
CAPITALIZATION—FIRST WORDSCAPITALIZATION—FIRST WORDS
The question is, What should we do now?
Slide 3-4
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¶301e. Capitalize the first word of each item displayed
in a list or an outline.
CAPITALIZATION—FIRST WORDSCAPITALIZATION—FIRST WORDS
Slide 3-5
This problem-solving tool will help you:
• Become an effective leader.
• Improve your relations with colleagues.
• Cope with stressful situations on the job.
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¶301g. Capitalize the first word of the salutation and the
complimentary closing of a letter.
CAPITALIZATION—FIRST WORDSCAPITALIZATION—FIRST WORDS
Slide 3-6
Dear Ms. Porcini: Sincerely,
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¶¶303, 311, 320. Capitalize every proper noun, that is, the official name of a particular person, place, or thing.
CAPITALIZATION—PROPER NOUNSCAPITALIZATION—PROPER NOUNS
Slide 3-7
Persons:Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.Eleanor Roosevelt
Organizations:Cisco Systems the Red Cross
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¶¶303, 325, 335. Capitalize every proper noun, that is, the official name of a particular person, place, or thing.
CAPITALIZATION—PROPER NOUNSCAPITALIZATION—PROPER NOUNS
Slide 3-8
Governmental units:the House of RepresentativesBut: the federal government
the Vermont State Board of Education
But: the state of Vermont
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¶¶303, 331. Capitalize every proper noun, that is, the official name of a particular person, place, or thing.
CAPITALIZATION—PROPER NOUNSCAPITALIZATION—PROPER NOUNS
Slide 3-9
Places:
the Holiday Inn Bath, Maine
Lake Champlain O’Hare Airport
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¶¶303, 331, 356, 360, 364. Capitalize every proper noun, that is,
the official name of a particular person, place, or thing.
CAPITALIZATION—PROPER NOUNSCAPITALIZATION—PROPER NOUNS
Slide 3-10
Things:
the Statue of Liberty Kleenex
Gone With the Wind an Oscar
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¶¶303, 342. Capitalize every proper noun, that is, the official name of a particular person, place, or thing.
CAPITALIZATION—PROPER NOUNSCAPITALIZATION—PROPER NOUNS
Slide 3-11
Days:Wednesday Saturday
Months:February 14 October 31
Holidays:the Fourth of July Mother’s Day
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¶¶303, 344a-b. Capitalize every proper noun, that is, the official name of a particular person, place, or thing.
CAPITALIZATION—PROPER NOUNSCAPITALIZATION—PROPER NOUNS
Slide 3-12
Events:
World War II the Middle Ages
the Holocaust the Renaissance
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¶¶303, 348. Capitalize every proper noun, that is, the official name of a particular person, place, or thing.
CAPITALIZATION—PROPER NOUNSCAPITALIZATION—PROPER NOUNS
Slide 3-13
Races:Caucasians Native Americans
Peoples:the Koreans African Americans
Languages:speak Swedish read Japanese
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¶307. Do not capitalize common nouns, that is, nouns that refer
to a class of things.
CAPITALIZATION—COMMON NOUNSCAPITALIZATION—COMMON NOUNS
Slide 3-14
books all books every book
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¶308. Do not capitalize common nouns, that is, nouns that refer to a particular
person, place, or thing without using the full official name.
CAPITALIZATION—COMMON NOUNSCAPITALIZATION—COMMON NOUNS
Slide 3-15
my book this book these books
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¶309. Capitalize a common noun when it is part of a proper noun but not when it
is used as a short form in place of the complete official name.
CAPITALIZATION—COMMON NOUNSCAPITALIZATION—COMMON NOUNS
Slide 3-16
Proper nouns: Common nouns:Dr. Milano my doctorProfessor Piasecki the professorthe Poe Company the company
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¶309. Capitalize a common noun when it is part of a proper noun but not when it
is used as a short form in place of the complete official name.
CAPITALIZATION—COMMON NOUNSCAPITALIZATION—COMMON NOUNS
Slide 3-17
Proper nouns: Common nouns:Boston University the universityHotel Pierre the hotelLogan Airport the airport
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¶¶309, 331, 346a. Capitalize a common noun when it is part of a proper noun but not when it is used as a short form in place
of the complete official name.
CAPITALIZATION—COMMON NOUNSCAPITALIZATION—COMMON NOUNS
Slide 3-18
Proper nouns: Common nouns:the Hudson River the riverFifth Avenue the avenuethe Civil Rights Act the act
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¶312a. Capitalize a title when it precedes a person’s name.
CAPITALIZATION—TITLESCAPITALIZATION—TITLES
Slide 3-19
Personal titles:Mr. Arnst Ms. La Voix
Executive titles:President Roy Fox
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¶312a. Capitalize a title when it precedes a person’s name.
CAPITALIZATION—TITLESCAPITALIZATION—TITLES
Slide 3-20
Professional titles:Dr. Cheng Professor Romero
Governmental titles:Governor Foy Senator Cohen
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¶313a. In most cases, do not capitalize these titles when they follow a person’s name or are used in
place of a person’s name.
CAPITALIZATION—TITLESCAPITALIZATION—TITLES
Slide 3-21
Roy Fox, president of the Century Club, asked . . .
The president of the Century Club asked . . .
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¶313b. Always capitalize the titles of high-ranking officials and dignitaries,
even when they follow a person’s name or are used in place of a person’s name.
CAPITALIZATION—TITLESCAPITALIZATION—TITLES
Slide 3-22
National officials: the President the Vice President
State officials: the Governor the Lieutenant Governor
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¶313b. Always capitalize the titles of high-ranking officials and dignitaries,
even when they follow a person’s name or are used in place of a person’s name.
CAPITALIZATION—TITLESCAPITALIZATION—TITLES
Slide 3-23
Foreign dignitaries: the Queen the Prime Minister
International figures: the Pope the Secretary General
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¶313c-d. Ordinarily, do not capitalize the titles of local officials or company
officials when they follow or are used in place of a person’s name.
CAPITALIZATION—TITLESCAPITALIZATION—TITLES
Slide 3-24
The mayor announced . . .
The treasurer of the club . . .
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¶401a. Spell out numbers from 1 through 10. Use figures for
numbers over 10.
NUMBERS—FIGURE STYLENUMBERS—FIGURE STYLE
Slide 4-1
Please make ten copies of this article.
Please make 11 copies of this article.
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¶402. Express related numbers the same way. If some are
above 10 and some below 10, put them all in figures.
NUMBERS—FIGURE STYLENUMBERS—FIGURE STYLE
Slide 4-2
Please send 10 copies of this article to our Boise office and 11 copies to our Topeka office.
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¶401d. Always spell out numbers at the beginning of a sentence.
NUMBERS—FIGURE STYLENUMBERS—FIGURE STYLE
Slide 4-3
Forty men showed up.
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¶401c. Always spell out indefinite numbers and amounts.
NUMBERS—FIGURE STYLENUMBERS—FIGURE STYLE
Slide 4-4
a few thousand brochures
hundreds of acres
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¶401d. Always spell out nontechnical or nonemphatic references to age, periods
of time, and measurements.
NUMBERS—FIGURE STYLENUMBERS—FIGURE STYLE
Slide 4-5
when I turn forty
sixty years ago
lose fifty pounds
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¶401d. Some numbers are usually spelled out.
NUMBERS—FIGURE STYLENUMBERS—FIGURE STYLE
Slide 4-6
Ordinal numbers: my twenty-fifth birthday
Fractions:over one-third of the callers
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¶¶401b, 410. In expressions of dates, where numbers have technical signifi-cance or need to stand out for quick
comprehension, use all figures—even for the numbers 1 through 10.
NUMBERS—FIGURE STYLENUMBERS—FIGURE STYLE
Slide 4-7
On April 8, 2003, we will . . . (Not: April 8th)
In April 2003 we will . . .
the May 2003 issue But: the May 2, 2003, issue
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¶¶401b, 403a, 413a, 418a. In expressions of money, where numbers have technical
significance or need to stand out for quick comprehension, use all figures—even
for the numbers 1 through 10.
NUMBERS—FIGURE STYLENUMBERS—FIGURE STYLE
Slide 4-8
from $4.95 to $9
$5,000,000 Or: $5 million
10 cents But: not worth two cents
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¶¶401b, 453. When numbers precede abbreviations and
symbols, use all figures—even for the numbers 1 through 10.
NUMBERS—FIGURE STYLENUMBERS—FIGURE STYLE
Slide 4-9
8 a.m. 7.5 lb 250 MB 9°F
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¶401b. With technical or emphatic references to age, use all figures— even for the numbers 1 through 10.
NUMBERS—FIGURE STYLENUMBERS—FIGURE STYLE
Slide 4-10
Technical: a study of 2-year-olds
Nontechnical: my two-year-old son
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¶¶401b, 436. With technical or emphatic references to periods
of time, use all figures—even for the numbers 1 through 10.
NUMBERS—FIGURE STYLENUMBERS—FIGURE STYLE
Slide 4-11
Technical: a 20-year mortgage
Nontechnical: over twenty years ago
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¶¶401b, 429. With technical or emphatic references to measure-ments, use all figures—even for
the numbers 1 through 10.
NUMBERS—FIGURE STYLENUMBERS—FIGURE STYLE
Slide 4-12
Technical: packages over 5 pounds
Nontechnical: need to lose five pounds
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¶404. Spell out numbers from 1 through 100. Also spell out numbers above 100
that require only one or two words.
NUMBERS—WORD STYLENUMBERS—WORD STYLE
Slide 4-13
sixty-five (one word) three hundred (two words) But: 350 (would require three words)
ninety-five million But: 125 million
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¶405. Express related numbers the same way. If some numbers require one or two words and others require more than two
words, put them all in figures.
NUMBERS—WORD STYLENUMBERS—WORD STYLE
Slide 4-14
We sent out 350 invitations and have already received over 300 acceptances.
Our corporation projected revenues of $125 million last year but earned only $95 million.
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¶502a. Avoid using abbreviations except on business forms, in catalogs, in tables, and in informal documents
shared with your colleagues.
When in doubt, spell it out.
ABBREVIATIONSABBREVIATIONS
Slide 5-1
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¶502b. Some abbreviations are always acceptable, such as those that accompany a person’s name.
ABBREVIATIONSABBREVIATIONS
Slide 5-2
Mr. Ms. Jr. M.D.
Esq. Mrs. Sr. Ph.D.
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¶502b. Some abbreviations are always acceptable, such as those that
are part of an organization’s name.
ABBREVIATIONSABBREVIATIONS
Slide 5-3
Co. Corp. Inc. Ltd.
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¶502c. Some abbreviations are always acceptable, such as those used in place
of a long organizational name.
ABBREVIATIONSABBREVIATIONS
Slide 5-4
NAACP SEC IRS NBC
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¶502b. Some abbreviations are always acceptable, such as those
used in expressions of time.
ABBREVIATIONSABBREVIATIONS
Slide 5-5
a.m. p.m. PST EDT
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¶503. When alternative forms are available, use the form that is the shortest
without any sacrifice of clarity.
ABBREVIATIONSABBREVIATIONS
Slide 5-6
cont. (rather than contd.)
2 lb (rather than 2 lbs)
Enc. 2 (rather than Encs. 2 OR Encl. 2)
2d (rather than 2nd)
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¶506a. Use a period after the abbreviation of a single word.
ABBREVIATIONS—PUNCTUATIONABBREVIATIONS—PUNCTUATION
Slide 5-7
Mrs. Corp. pp. Wed.
Jr. Inc. Nos. Dec.
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¶507. When a small-letter abbreviation consists of single initials representing
two or more words, insert a period after each initial but insert no
space after each internal period.
ABBREVIATIONS—PUNCTUATION AND SPACING
ABBREVIATIONS—PUNCTUATION AND SPACING
Slide 5-8
a.m. i.e. BUT: rpm
p.m. e.g. mph
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¶508. As a general rule, do not use periods in all-capital abbreviations
consisting of single initials representing two or more words.
ABBREVIATIONS—PUNCTUATION AND SPACING
ABBREVIATIONS—PUNCTUATION AND SPACING
Slide 5-9
CBS CEO ASAP
MIT FYI CD-ROM
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¶508. As an exception to the general rule, insert periods in all-capital
abbreviations when they consist of single initials and they represent:
ABBREVIATIONS—PUNCTUATION AND SPACING
ABBREVIATIONS—PUNCTUATION AND SPACING
Slide 5-10
• Geographic names: U.S. N.J. D.C.
• Academic degrees: B.A. M.S. M.D.
• Miscellaneous expressions: A.D. B.C. P.O.
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¶509. When an abbreviation consists of more than single initials, insert a period and a space
after each element in the abbreviation.
ABBREVIATIONS—PUNCTUATION AND SPACING
ABBREVIATIONS—PUNCTUATION AND SPACING
Slide 5-11
N. Mex. Lt. Col. Rt. Rev. loc. cit.
Exceptions:
• Academic abbreviations: Ph.D. LL.B.
• Units of measurement: sq ft cu cm
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¶510. Do not use a period after shortened forms of words.
ABBREVIATIONS—PUNCTUATIONABBREVIATIONS—PUNCTUATION
Slide 5-12
deli temp hype
demo typo condo
fax info co-op
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¶516a. Insert a period and a space after each initial in a person’s name.
ABBREVIATIONS—PUNCTUATION AND SPACING
ABBREVIATIONS—PUNCTUATION AND SPACING
Slide 5-13
M. A. Devine F. E. Hollings
W. E. B. Du Bois B. J. Malone
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¶516b. As a rule, omit periods when a person’s name is expressed
entirely in initials.
ABBREVIATIONS—PUNCTUATIONABBREVIATIONS—PUNCTUATION
Slide 5-14
JFK FDR
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¶522a. Do not use periods in acronyms (all-cap initials that are
pronounced like a word).
ABBREVIATIONS—PUNCTUATIONABBREVIATIONS—PUNCTUATION
Slide 5-15
PIN BOGSAT NIMBY
MEGO WOMBAT PEBCAK
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¶601. To form the plural of most words, simply add s.
PLURALSPLURALS
Slide 6-1
ideas committees taxis menus
combs rhythms depths rights
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¶602. To form the plural of words that end in s, x, ch, sh, and z, add es.
PLURALSPLURALS
Slide 6-2
businesses boxes crashes
summonses matches brushes
faxes sketches buzzes
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¶605. To form the plural of words that end in a vowel plus y, add s.
PLURALSPLURALS
Slide 6-3
holidays attorneys joys guys
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¶604. To form the plural of words that end in a consonant plus y,
change the y to i and add es.
PLURALSPLURALS
Slide 6-4
policy policies liability liabilities copy copies rally rallies
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¶606. To form the plural of words that end in a vowel plus o, add s.
PLURALSPLURALS
Slide 6-5
stereos ratios shampoos duos
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¶607. To form the plural of words that end in a consonant plus o, add s to some
words and es to others. (Check your manual or a dictionary to be sure.)
PLURALSPLURALS
Slide 6-6
photos memos potatoes echoes
macros twos heroes fiascoes
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¶608a. To form the plural of most words ending in f, fe, or ff, add s.
PLURALSPLURALS
Slide 6-7
beliefs proofs safes sheriffs
chiefs reefs cafés tariffs
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¶608b. To form the plural of some words ending in f, fe, or ff, change
the ending to ve and add s.
PLURALSPLURALS
Slide 6-8
wife wives self selves
life lives shelf shelves
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¶¶609-610. Some words have an irregular plural. Check your
manual or a dictionary if you are not sure of the correct form.
PLURALSPLURALS
Slide 6-9
man men foot feet
woman women goose geese
child children mouse mice
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¶611. Solid Compound Nouns. Pluralize the final element in the compound
as if it stood alone.
PLURALSPLURALS
Slide 6-10
crossroads hatboxes handkerchiefs
birthdays eyewitnesses hairbrushes
bookshelves blueberries photocopies
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¶612a. Spaced or Hyphenated Compound Nouns. To form the plural, add s or es to
the chief element of the compound.
PLURALSPLURALS
Slide 6-11
mothers-in-law editors in chief
runners-up accounts payable
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¶612b. Spaced or Hyphenated Compound Nouns. When this type of compound does not contain a noun as one of its elements, simply add s or es to the final element to form the plural.
PLURALSPLURALS
Slide 6-12
hang-ups get-togethers
go-betweens run-throughs
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¶614. When words of foreign origin have acceptable English plurals,
add s or es as appropriate.
PLURALSPLURALS
Slide 6-13
agenda agendas stadium stadiums
census censuses appendix appendixes
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¶614. Some words of foreign origin require foreign plurals. Check your manual or a
dictionary for the correct forms.
PLURALSPLURALS
Slide 6-14
alumnus (m.) alumni criterion criteria
alumna (f.) alumnae analysis analyses
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¶619. To form the plural of most abbreviations, add s.
PLURALSPLURALS
Slide 6-15
Vol. Vols. No. Nos. Dr. Drs.
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¶620. Abbreviations of measurements use the same form in the singular and the plural.
PLURALSPLURALS
Slide 6-16
oz ft in lb km mL
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¶621. To form the plural of a few abbreviations, double
the singular form.
PLURALSPLURALS
Slide 6-17
p. pp. l. ll. ¶ ¶¶
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¶622. To form the plural of abbreviations that end in a
capital letter, add s.
PLURALSPLURALS
Slide 6-18
VIPs CEOs M.D.s Ph.D.s
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¶623. To form the plural of abbreviations that end in a small letter, add an apostrophe plus s.
PLURALSPLURALS
Slide 6-19
received four c.o.d.’s
minding one’s p’s and q’s
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¶630. To form the possessive of singular nouns that do not end with an s sound,
add an apostrophe plus s.
SINGULAR POSSESSIVESSINGULAR POSSESSIVES
Slide 6-20
my attorney’s advice Illinois’s highways
the committee’s vote Arkansas’s lakes
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¶631a. To form the possessive of singular nouns that do end with an s sound, be guided by your pronunciation. If you create a new syllable when you pronounce the possessive,
add an apostrophe plus s.
SINGULAR POSSESSIVESSINGULAR POSSESSIVES
Slide 6-21
your boss’s approval Dallas’s parks
our coach’s strategy Phoenix’s suburbs
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¶631b. To form the possessive of singular nouns that do end with an s sound, be guided
by your pronunciation. If adding an extra syllable makes the word hard to pronounce,
add only an apostrophe.
SINGULAR POSSESSIVESSINGULAR POSSESSIVES
Slide 6-22
for goodness’ sake New Orleans’ chefs
Massachusetts’ roads Los Angeles’ freeways
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¶634. To form the possessive of singular compound nouns, add an apostrophe plus s
to the last element of the compound.
SINGULAR POSSESSIVESSINGULAR POSSESSIVES
Slide 6-23
an eyewitness’s story my stockbroker’s advice
my son-in-law’s job the attorney general’s plan
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¶632. To form the possessive of regular plural nouns (those that end in s or es),
add only an apostrophe.
PLURAL POSSESSIVESPLURAL POSSESSIVES
Slide 6-24
attorneys’ fees the witnesses’ testimony
ten dollars’ worth our bosses’ decisions
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¶633. To form the possessive of irregular plural nouns (those that do not end in s or
es), add an apostrophe plus s.
PLURAL POSSESSIVESPLURAL POSSESSIVES
Slide 6-25
men’s ties children’s toys
women’s skirts the alumni’s contributions
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¶635a. To form the possessive of plural compound nouns that end in s,
add only an apostrophe.
PLURAL POSSESSIVESPLURAL POSSESSIVES
Slide 6-26
the stockholders’ votes
the vice presidents’ jobs
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¶635b. To form the possessive of plural compound nouns that do not end in s,
add an apostrophe plus s.
PLURAL POSSESSIVESPLURAL POSSESSIVES
Slide 6-27
the editors in chief’s judgments
my sons-in-law’s Internet start-up
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¶636. To form the possessive of personal pronouns, never use an apostrophe.
Use the special possessive forms.
POSSESSIVES—PRONOUNSPOSSESSIVES—PRONOUNS
Slide 6-28
my idea your bills
the idea was mine these bills are yours
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¶636. To form the possessive of personal pronouns, never use an apostrophe.
Use the special possessive forms.
POSSESSIVES—PRONOUNSPOSSESSIVES—PRONOUNS
Slide 6-29
his palmtop our CD collection
that palmtop is his those CDs are ours
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¶636. To form the possessive of personal pronouns, never use an apostrophe.
Use the special possessive forms.
POSSESSIVES—PRONOUNSPOSSESSIVES—PRONOUNS
Slide 6-30
her e-mail their summer cottage
this e-mail is hers that cottage is theirs
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¶636. To form the possessive of personal pronouns, never use an apostrophe.
Use the special possessive forms.
POSSESSIVES—PRONOUNSPOSSESSIVES—PRONOUNS
Slide 6-31
Each group uses its own forms. (NOT: it’s)
The decision has to be yours. (NOT: your’s)
The responsibility is theirs. (NOT: their’s)
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¶637. To form the possessive of singular indefinite pronouns,
add an apostrophe plus s.
POSSESSIVES—PRONOUNSPOSSESSIVES—PRONOUNS
Slide 6-32
anybody’s guess someone else’s problem
no one’s fault one another’s children
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¶637. To form the possessive of singular indefinite pronouns, add
an apostrophe plus s.
POSSESSIVES—PRONOUNSPOSSESSIVES—PRONOUNS
Slide 6-33
someone’s chance each other’s rights
BUT: the needs of each (NOT: each’s needs)
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¶615a. To form the plural of most surnames, just add s.
SURNAMES—PLURAL FORMSSURNAMES—PLURAL FORMS
Slide 6-34
Mr. and Mrs. Carter the Carters
Mr. and Mrs. Shea the Sheas
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¶615b. To form the plural of surnames ending in s or x, add es.
SURNAMES—PLURAL FORMSSURNAMES—PLURAL FORMS
Slide 6-35
Mr. and Mrs. Bass the Basses
Mr. and Mrs. Fox the Foxes
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¶615b. To form the plural of surnames ending in ch, sh, or z, add es.
SURNAMES—PLURAL FORMS SURNAMES—PLURAL FORMS
Mr. and Mrs. French the Frenches
Mr. and Mrs. Marsh the Marshes
Mr. and Mrs. Perez the Perezes
Slide 6-36
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¶615b. If adding es makes the plural surname hard to pronounce, use the
singular form for the plural.
SURNAMES—PLURAL FORMS SURNAMES—PLURAL FORMS
Mr. and Mrs. Hastings the Hastings(NOT: the Hastingses)
Slide 6-37
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¶615c. When forming the plural of a surname, do not change the spelling.
Simply add s or es.
SURNAMES—PLURAL FORMS SURNAMES—PLURAL FORMS
the Kennedys (NOT: the Kennedies)
the Wolfs (NOT: the Wolves)
the Fairchilds (NOT: the Fairchildren)
Slide 6-38
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¶631a. To form the singular possessive of a surname, add an apostrophe plus s.
SURNAMES—POSSESSIVE FORMS SURNAMES—POSSESSIVE FORMS
Mrs. Jones’s article Mr. and Mrs. Marx’s houseMr. Harris’s report Mr. and Mrs. Hertz’s car
Note that Mr. and Mrs. is followed by the singular form of the possessive.
Slide 6-39
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¶631b. To form the singular possessive of a surname, add only an apostrophe if the addition of an apostrophe plus s makes
the name hard to pronounce.
SURNAMES—POSSESSIVE FORMS SURNAMES—POSSESSIVE FORMS
Mrs. Hodges’ fax (NOT: Mrs. Hodges’s fax)
Mr. and Mrs. Hastings’ party(NOT: Mr. and Mrs. Hastings’s party)
Slide 6-40
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¶632a. To form the plural possessive of a surname, add only an apostrophe.
SURNAMES—POSSESSIVE FORMS SURNAMES—POSSESSIVE FORMS
the Joneses’ farm the Marxes’ housethe Harrises’ son the Hertzes’ carthe Hodges’ condo the Hastings’ party
Slide 6-41
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¶701. When a word of one syllable ends with a single consonant (bag) preceded by
a single vowel (bag), double the final consonant before a suffix beginning with
a vowel or before the suffix y.
SPELLING SPELLING
baggage bagged bagging baggy
Slide 7-1
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¶702. When a word of two or more syllables ends in a single consonant (refer) preceded by a single vowel (refer), double
the final consonant before a suffix beginning with a vowel (referred) if the
accent falls on the last syllable of the root word (reFERred or reFERring).
SPELLING SPELLING
forBIDden beGINning
ocCURred reGRETtable
Slide 7-2
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¶703. When a word of one syllable ends with a single consonant (bad) preceded by
a single vowel (bad), do not double the final consonant before a suffix beginning
with a consonant (badly).
SPELLING SPELLING
joyful joyless gladly gladness
Slide 7-3
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¶704. When a word of two or more syllables ends in a single consonant (total) preceded by a single vowel (total), do not double the final consonant before a suffix beginning with a vowel (totaled) if the accent does not fall on
the last syllable of the root word.
SPELLING SPELLING
CANceled DIFferent BENefiting
Exceptions: PROgrammed FORmatting
Slide 7-4
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¶705. Do not double the final consonant of the root word before a suffix if the root word ends in a single consonant
preceded by two vowels.
SPELLING SPELLING
gainful chiefly dreaming riotous
Slide 7-5
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¶706. Do not double the final consonant of the root word before a suffix if the root
word ends in two consonants.
SPELLING SPELLING
climbing selfish backward warmly
Slide 7-6
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¶707. Words ending in a silent e usually drop the e before a suffix
beginning with a vowel.
SPELLING SPELLING
storage managing
BUT: mileage manageable
Slide 7-7
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¶708. Words ending in a silent e usually retain the e before a suffix beginning with
a consonant.
SPELLING SPELLING
hopeful management
BUT: awful judgment
Slide 7-8
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¶710. Words ending in y preceded by a consonant change the y to i before most
suffixes.
SPELLING SPELLING
happiness heavier
defiant fiftieth
BUT: countrywide shyly
Slide 7-9
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¶710. Words ending in y preceded by a consonant retain the y before
a suffix beginning with i.
SPELLING SPELLING
trying thirtyish lobbyist
BUT: academy academiceconomy economic
Slide 7-10
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¶712. The letter i usually comes before e.
SPELLING SPELLING
believe field friendrelief yield view
BUT: either foreign
Slide 7-11
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¶712. The letter e usually comes before i when these letters follow c.
SPELLING SPELLING
receive perceive conceitdeceitful ceiling receipt
BUT: ancient science
Slide 7-12
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¶712. The letter e comes before i when these two letters are pronounced like ay
(as in day).
SPELLING SPELLING
freight neighbor eight their
weight vein sleigh heir
Slide 7-13
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¶715a. Most words that end with the sound of eyes are spelled
with the ending ize.
SPELLING SPELLING
authorize emphasize realize
specialize criticize organize
recognize visualize prize
Slide 7-14
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¶715b. Some common words that end with the sound of eyes are
spelled with the ending ise.
SPELLING SPELLING
advertise compromise enterprise
supervise advise devise
exercise surprise televise
Slide 7-15
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¶715c. A few words that end with the sound of eyes are spelled with the ending yze.
SPELLING SPELLING
analyze paralyze
Slide 7-16
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¶716c. When words end with the sound of seed, they usually end with cede.
SPELLING SPELLING
accede intercede recede
concede precede secede
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¶716b. Three words that end with the sound of seed are spelled with the ending ceed.
SPELLING SPELLING
exceed proceed succeed
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¶716a. Only one word that ends with the sound of seed is spelled with
the ending sede.
SPELLING SPELLING
supersede
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¶801a. Some compound nouns are written solid, some are spaced, and
some are hyphenated.
COMPOUND NOUNSCOMPOUND NOUNS
checklist check mark check-in
goodwill good sense good-bye
trademark trade name trade-in
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¶802. Distinguish between compound nouns that are solid or hyphenated and verb
phrases (which are always spaced).
COMPOUND NOUNS AND VERBS COMPOUND NOUNS AND VERBS
COMPOUND NOUN VERB PHRASE
a follow-up on my memo follow up on my memo
a breakdown in the talks when talks break down
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¶802. Distinguish between compound nouns that are solid or hyphenated and verb phrases (which are always spaced).
COMPOUND NOUNS AND VERBS COMPOUND NOUNS AND VERBS
COMPOUND NOUN VERB PHRASE
plan a get-together plan to get together
to reduce staff turnover to turn over the deed
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¶811. Compound verbs are usually hyphenated or solid. To be sure of the
spelling of compound verbs, check your manual or a dictionary.
COMPOUND VERBSCOMPOUND VERBS
to air-condition to download
to double-click to highlight
to spot-check to proofread
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¶809a. When referring generally to men and women, avoid compound nouns
ending in man or men.
GENDER-FREE NOUNSGENDER-FREE NOUNS
IN PLACE OF: USE:
laymen laypersons
businessmen business owners business executivesbusiness managersbusiness people
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¶809a. When referring generally to men and women, avoid compound nouns
ending in man or men.
GENDER-FREE NOUNSGENDER-FREE NOUNS
IN PLACE OF: USE:
mankind people, humanity, human beings
salesman salespeople, salespersons, sales representatives
foremen supervisors
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¶840. Avoid feminine suffixes like ess and ette.
GENDER-FREE NOUNS GENDER-FREE NOUNS
author (NOT: authoress)
flight attendant(NOT: stewardess)
Slide 8-7
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¶840. A few terms ending with feminine suffixes like ess and ette
are still widely used.
GENDER-FREE NOUNS GENDER-FREE NOUNS
hostess heroine fiancée waitress
Slide 8-8
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¶813. A compound adjective consists of twoor more words that function as a unit and express a single thought. They are derived
from adjective phrases or clauses.
COMPOUND ADJECTIVESCOMPOUND ADJECTIVES
ADJECTIVE PHRASE COMPOUNDOR CLAUSE ADJECTIVE
loans made for a long term long-term loans
an actor who is well known a well-known actor
a sale exempt from taxes a tax-exempt sale
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¶813. A compound adjective consists of two or more words that function as a unit and express a single thought. They are derived
from adjective phrases and clauses.
COMPOUND ADJECTIVESCOMPOUND ADJECTIVES
ADJECTIVE PHRASE COMPOUNDOR CLAUSE ADJECTIVE
a vacation for two weeks a two-week vacationa woman who speaks softly a soft-spoken woman
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¶814. Hyphenate a compound adjective when it comes before a noun.
COMPOUND ADJECTIVESCOMPOUND ADJECTIVES
long-range plans an eye-catching display
a 40-hour week an old-fashioned gown
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¶815a. When the elements that make up a compound adjective come elsewhere in a sentence, do not hyphenate them if they occur in a normal form and in
a normal word order.
COMPOUND ADJECTIVESCOMPOUND ADJECTIVES
an all-day seminar a seminar that lasts all day
a part-time job I work part of the time.BUT: I work part-time.
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¶815b. When the elements that make up a compound adjective come elsewhere
in a sentence, retain the hyphen if these elements are in an inverted word order
or an altered form.
COMPOUND ADJECTIVESCOMPOUND ADJECTIVES
high-priced These items are high-priced.items BUT: They carry a high price.
state-owned These lands are state-owned.lands BUT: They are owned by the state.
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¶816. Adjective + Noun. Hyphenate before but not after.
COMPOUND ADJECTIVESCOMPOUND ADJECTIVES
a high-speed printer It runs at high speed.
red-carpet treatment Roll out the red carpet.
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¶817. Compound With Number or Letter. Hyphenate before but not after.
COMPOUND ADJECTIVESCOMPOUND ADJECTIVES
a three-hour job a job that took three hours
a 20-year mortgage a mortgage running for 20 years
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¶818. Compound Nouns as Adjectives.
Do not hyphenate before or after.
COMPOUND ADJECTIVESCOMPOUND ADJECTIVES
a life insurance policy word processing software
a real estate agent income tax payments
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¶819. Proper Names as Adjectives. Do not hyphenate before or after.
COMPOUND ADJECTIVESCOMPOUND ADJECTIVES
a Park Avenue address a Supreme Court decision
an L. L. Bean catalog Mickey Mouse procedures
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¶820. Noun + Adjective. Hyphenate before and after. (Some words follow-
ing this pattern are written solid.)
COMPOUND ADJECTIVESCOMPOUND ADJECTIVES
a toll-free call You can call toll-free.
a cost-effective plan must be cost-effective
BUT: worldwide, storewidewaterproof, fireproof
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¶821. Noun + Participle. Hyphenate before and after.
COMPOUND ADJECTIVESCOMPOUND ADJECTIVES
market-tested products This has been market-tested.
mind-boggling details The report was mind-boggling.
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¶822. Adjective + Participle. Hyphenate before and after.
COMPOUND ADJECTIVESCOMPOUND ADJECTIVES
half-baked ideas All his ideas are half-baked.
a friendly-looking dog That dog is friendly-looking.
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¶823. Adjective + Noun + ed. Hyphenate before and after.
COMPOUND ADJECTIVESCOMPOUND ADJECTIVES
a quick-witted driver She was quick-witted.
deep-seated problems These problems are deep-seated.
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¶826. Participle + Adverb. Hyphenate before but not after.
COMPOUND ADJECTIVESCOMPOUND ADJECTIVES
filled-in forms forms to be filled in
a cooling-off period a time for cooling off
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¶831. Phrasal Compounds. Hyphenate before but not after.
COMPOUND ADJECTIVESCOMPOUND ADJECTIVES
up-to-date figures figures that are up to date
down-to-earth ideas needs to come down to earth
on-the-job training was trained on the job
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¶831. Phrasal Compounds. Hyphenate before but not after.
COMPOUND ADJECTIVESCOMPOUND ADJECTIVES
off-the-shelf software bought it off the shelf
before-tax earnings earnings before taxes
after-dinner speeches speeches after dinner
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¶833. As a rule, do not use a hyphen to set off a prefix from the root word.
PREFIXESPREFIXES
aftereffects misspell prerequisite
antitrust multipurpose retroactive
hypersensitive nonessential semiannual
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¶833. As a rule, do not use a hyphen to set off a suffix from the root word.
SUFFIXESSUFFIXES
freedom trustful happiness
fivefold likelihood hardship
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¶835a. In most words beginning with re, pre, or de, the hyphen is omitted.
PREFIXESPREFIXES
reeducate preeminent defraud
reelect preempt deregulate
reemphasize preexisting BUT: de-emphasize
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¶835b. In most words beginning with co, the hyphen is omitted.
PREFIXESPREFIXES
coauthor copartner BUT: co-op
cooperate cosigner co-opt
coordinate coworker co-owner
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¶836. Use a hyphen when self is a prefix but not when self is the root word.
PREFIXES PREFIXES
self-addressed self-paced BUT: selfish
self-confident self-study selfless
self-evident self-supporting selfsame
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¶¶901-902. Divide only between syllables. Do not divide a one-syllable word.
WORD DIVISIONWORD DIVISION
planned through straight rhythm
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¶903a. Do not set off a one-letter syllable at the beginning or at the end of a word.
WORD DIVISIONWORD DIVISION
ideal (NOT: i- deal)
media (NOT: medi- a)
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¶904. Do not divide a word unless you can leave at least two letters and a hyphen on the upper line.
WORD DIVISIONWORD DIVISION
re- new un- der ad- mit in- ert
Slide 9-3
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¶904. Do not divide a word unless you can carry a syllable of at least three characters to the next line. (The last
may be a punctuation mark.)
WORD DIVISIONWORD DIVISION
de- ter ad- mit set- up, happi- ly.
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¶¶905-906. Do not divide an abbreviation or a contraction.
WORD DIVISIONWORD DIVISION
UNICEF approx. haven’t shouldn’t
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¶¶907-908. Try to divide compound words between elements (not within).
WORD DIVISIONWORD DIVISION
eye- witness (NOT: eyewit- ness)
cross- reference (NOT: cross-ref- erence)
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¶913. Divide after a one-letter syllable within a word (not before it).
WORD DIVISIONWORD DIVISION
nega- tive (NOT: neg- ative)
congratu- late (NOT: congrat- ulate)
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¶914. Divide between two vowels whenthey are pronounced separately (but not when they represent one sound).
WORD DIVISIONWORD DIVISION
patri- otic situ- ated
BUT: trea- sure neu- tral
Slide 9-8
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¶916. Try not to end more than two consecutive lines with a hyphen.
WORD DIVISIONWORD DIVISION
Slide 9-9
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¶917. Try not to divide at the end of the first line or at the end of the
last full line of a paragraph.
WORD DIVISIONWORD DIVISION
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¶918. Do not divide the last word on a page.
WORD DIVISIONWORD DIVISION
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¶919. Do not divide between certain types of word groups.
WORD DIVISIONWORD DIVISION
page 191 May 13 Ms. Raeburn
11:40 a.m. June 2003 250 miles
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¶920g. In an enumerated list, divide before (not after) an
introductory number or letter.
WORD DIVISIONWORD DIVISION
. . . these points:(1) All cards should . . .
NOT: . . . these points: (1) All cards should . . .
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¶920h. Divide after a dash (not before it).
WORD DIVISIONWORD DIVISION
. . . Early next year—say, in March—let’s . . .
NOT: . . . Early next year—say, in March—let’s . . .
Slide 9-14
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PRINCIPAL PARTS OF COMMON REGULAR VERBS (¶1030a)
PRINCIPAL PARTS OF COMMON REGULAR VERBS (¶1030a)
Slide 10-1
PAST PRESENT
PRESENT PAST PARTICIPLE PARTICIPLE
ask asked asked askingconfirm confirmed confirmed confirmingneed needed needed needingreveal revealed revealed revealing
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PRINCIPAL PARTS OF COMMON REGULAR VERBS (¶1030a)
PRINCIPAL PARTS OF COMMON REGULAR VERBS (¶1030a)
PAST PRESENTPRESENT PAST PARTICIPLE PARTICIPLE
maintain maintained maintained maintainingtaxi taxied taxied taxiingplan planned planned planningship shipped shipped shipping
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PRINCIPAL PARTS OF COMMON REGULAR VERBS (¶1030a)
PRINCIPAL PARTS OF COMMON REGULAR VERBS (¶1030a)
PAST PRESENTPRESENT PAST PARTICIPLE PARTICIPLE
occur occurred occurred occurringcompel compelled compelled compellingoffer offered offered offeringtravel traveled traveled traveling
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PRINCIPAL PARTS OF COMMON REGULAR VERBS (¶1030a)
PRINCIPAL PARTS OF COMMON REGULAR VERBS (¶1030a)
PAST PRESENTPRESENT PAST PARTICIPLE PARTICIPLE
receive received received receivingagree agreed agreed agreeingdie died died dyingtie tied tied tying
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PRINCIPAL PARTS OF COMMON REGULAR VERBS (¶1030a)
PRINCIPAL PARTS OF COMMON REGULAR VERBS (¶1030a)
PAST PRESENTPRESENT PAST PARTICIPLE PARTICIPLE
carry carried carried carryinghurry hurried hurried hurryingobey obeyed obeyed obeyingannoy annoyed annoyed annoying
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PRINCIPAL PARTS OF COMMON IRREGULAR VERBS (¶1030b)
PRINCIPAL PARTS OF COMMON IRREGULAR VERBS (¶1030b)
PAST PRESENTPRESENT PAST PARTICIPLE PARTICIPLE
am, is, are was, were been beingbecome became become becomingbegin began begun beginningbreak broke broken breaking
Slide 10-6
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PRINCIPAL PARTS OF COMMON IRREGULAR VERBS (¶1030b)
PRINCIPAL PARTS OF COMMON IRREGULAR VERBS (¶1030b)
PAST PRESENTPRESENT PAST PARTICIPLE PARTICIPLE
bring brought brought bringingbuy bought bought buyingcatch caught caught catchingchoose chose chosen choosing
Slide 10-7
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PRINCIPAL PARTS OF COMMONIRREGULAR VERBS (¶1030b)
PRINCIPAL PARTS OF COMMONIRREGULAR VERBS (¶1030b)
PAST PRESENTPRESENT PAST PARTICIPLE PARTICIPLE
come came come comingdo drew drawn drawing draw did done doingdrink drank drunk drinking
Slide 10-8
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PRINCIPAL PARTS OF COMMON IRREGULAR VERBS (¶1030b)
PRINCIPAL PARTS OF COMMON IRREGULAR VERBS (¶1030b)
PAST PRESENTPRESENT PAST PARTICIPLE PARTICIPLE
drive drove driven drivingeat ate eaten eatingfall fell fallen fallingfeel felt felt feeling
Slide 10-9
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PRINCIPAL PARTS OF COMMON IRREGULAR VERBS (¶1030b)
PRINCIPAL PARTS OF COMMON IRREGULAR VERBS (¶1030b)
PAST PRESENTPRESENT PAST PARTICIPLE PARTICIPLE
find found found findingfly flew flown flyingforget forgot forgotten forgettingforgive forgave forgiven forgiving
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PRINCIPAL PARTS OF COMMONIRREGULAR VERBS (¶1030b)
PRINCIPAL PARTS OF COMMONIRREGULAR VERBS (¶1030b)
PAST PRESENTPRESENT PAST PARTICIPLE PARTICIPLE
get got got OR gotten gettinggive gave given givinggo went gone goinggrow grew grown growing
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PRINCIPAL PARTS OF COMMON IRREGULAR VERBS (¶1030b)
PRINCIPAL PARTS OF COMMON IRREGULAR VERBS (¶1030b)
PAST PRESENTPRESENT PAST PARTICIPLE PARTICIPLE
hear heard heard hearinghold held held holdingkeep kept kept keepingknow knew known knowing
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PRINCIPAL PARTS OF COMMONIRREGULAR VERBS (¶1030b)
PRINCIPAL PARTS OF COMMONIRREGULAR VERBS (¶1030b)
PAST PRESENTPRESENT PAST PARTICIPLE PARTICIPLE
lay (place) laid laid layinglie (recline) lay lain lyinglie (fib) lied lied lyinglead led led leading
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PRINCIPAL PARTS OF COMMON IRREGULAR VERBS (¶1030b)
PRINCIPAL PARTS OF COMMON IRREGULAR VERBS (¶1030b)
PAST PRESENTPRESENT PAST PARTICIPLE PARTICIPLE
lend lent lent lendinglose lost lost losingmake made made makingmean meant meant meaning
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PRINCIPAL PARTS OF COMMON IRREGULAR VERBS (¶1030b)
PRINCIPAL PARTS OF COMMON IRREGULAR VERBS (¶1030b)
PAST PRESENTPRESENT PAST PARTICIPLE PARTICIPLE
pay paid paid payingring rang rung ringingrise rose risen risingrun ran run running
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PRINCIPAL PARTS OF COMMON IRREGULAR VERBS (¶1030b)
PRINCIPAL PARTS OF COMMON IRREGULAR VERBS (¶1030b)
PAST PRESENTPRESENT PAST PARTICIPLE PARTICIPLE
say said said sayingsee saw seen seeingsell sold sold sellingsend sent sent sending
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PRINCIPAL PARTS OF COMMON IRREGULAR VERBS (¶1030b)
PRINCIPAL PARTS OF COMMON IRREGULAR VERBS (¶1030b)
PAST PRESENTPRESENT PAST PARTICIPLE PARTICIPLE
set set set settingshake shook shaken shakingshrink shrank shrunk shrinkingsing sang sung singing
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PRINCIPAL PARTS OF COMMON IRREGULAR VERBS (¶1030b)
PRINCIPAL PARTS OF COMMON IRREGULAR VERBS (¶1030b)
PAST PRESENTPRESENT PAST PARTICIPLE PARTICIPLE
sit sat sat sittingspeak spoke spoken speakingswim swam swum swimmingswing swung swung swinging
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PRINCIPAL PARTS OF COMMON IRREGULAR VERBS (¶1030b)
PRINCIPAL PARTS OF COMMON IRREGULAR VERBS (¶1030b)
PAST PRESENTPRESENT PAST PARTICIPLE PARTICIPLE
take took taken takingteach taught taught teachingtell told told tellingthink thought thought thinking
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PRINCIPAL PARTS OF COMMON IRREGULAR VERBS (¶1030b)
PRINCIPAL PARTS OF COMMON IRREGULAR VERBS (¶1030b)
PAST PRESENTPRESENT PAST PARTICIPLE PARTICIPLE
throw threw thrown throwingunderstand understood understood understandingwear wore worn wearingwrite wrote written writing
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¶1001. A verb must agree with its subject in number and person.
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENTSUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
I am as pleased with the outcome as you are.
She is not as competent as she thinks.
We do a lot more work than he does.
He has more experience than they have.
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¶1002a. If the subject consists of two or more words connected by and, the subject
requires a plural verb.
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENTSUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
My brother and I are likely to get better test scores than my mother and father expect.
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¶1002c. If the subject consists of two or more words connected by and, the subject requires a plural verb.
However, if the two subjects connected by and are preceded by each, every, or many a,
the subjects require a singular verb.
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENTSUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
A copier and a fax machine are what I need.
Every copier and fax machine is on sale.
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¶1003. If the subject consists of two or more words connected by or, either . . . or,
neither . . . nor, or not only . . . but also, use a singular verb if the two subjects
are each singular.
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENTSUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
Either Fran or Bob has the Kellerman file.
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¶1004. If the subject consists of two or more words connected by or, either . . . or, neither . . . nor, or not only . . . but also, use
a plural verb if the two subjects are each plural.
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENTSUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
Neither the Kellys nor the Bonos want our tickets.
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¶1005. If the subject consists of two or more words connected by or, either . . . or,
neither . . . nor, or not only . . . but also, make the verb agree with the nearer subject if one subject is singular and
the other is plural.
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENTSUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
Neither the office manager nor the assistants like the new policy.
Neither the assistants nor the office manager likes the new policy.Slide 10-26
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¶1005. If the subject consists of two or more words connected by or, either . . . or,
neither . . . nor, or not only . . . but also, make the verb agree with the nearer subject if one subject is singular and
the other is plural.
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENTSUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
Neither the assistants nor I am happy about the new policy.
Neither I nor the assistants are happy about the new policy.Slide 10-27
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¶1006. When establishing agreement between subject and verb, ignore intervening phrases and clauses.
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENTSUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
The bill for these spreadsheet programs seems high.
The prices shown in our catalog do not include sales taxes.
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¶¶1006-1007. When establishing agreement between subject and verb, ignore intervening phrases and clauses.
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENTSUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
This study, along with earlier reports, proves that our high prices, rather than poor service, are responsible for our falling sales.
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¶¶1006-1008. When establishing agreement between subject and verb, ignore intervening phrases and clauses.
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENTSUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
Mrs. Swenson, together with her husband and her daughter, is going to Arizona.
One of the reasons for falling sales is our high prices.
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¶1009a. Use a singular verb when the subject includes such words as
each, every, either, or neither.
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENTSUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
Every employee has been informed of the new policy.
Each is now responsible for adhering to that policy.
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¶1010. Use a singular verb when the subject consists of such words as anyone, everybody,
something, or no one.
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENTSUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
Everyone is required to attend the seminar.
Nothing surprises me anymore.
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¶1012. Use a plural verb when the subject includes such words as both,
few, many, others, or several.
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENTSUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
Both books are out of print, but several other titles on the same subject are still available.
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¶1013. Words like all, none, any, some, more, or most may be singular or plural as subjects, depending on what they refer to.
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENTSUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
All of the work has been completed.
None of the cartons were damaged.
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¶1018a. When the subject is a noun with a foreign plural ending,
be sure to use a plural verb.
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENTSUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
The criteria that we use are out of date.
BUT: The criterion that we use is out of date.
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¶1018a. When the subject is a noun with a foreign plural ending,
be sure to use a plural verb.
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENTSUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
The analyses of the research data do not agree.
BUT: The analysis of the data is incomplete.
Slide 10-36
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¶1019a. When the subject is a collective noun (like jury or committee), use a singular
verb if the group is acting as a unit.
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENTSUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
The jury has agreed on a verdict.
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¶1019b. When the subject is a collective noun (like jury or committee), use a plural verb if the members of the
group are acting separately.
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENTSUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
The jury have not yet agreed on a verdict.
BETTER: The members of the jury have not yet agreed on a verdict.
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¶1023. When the subject is the number, use a singular verb. When the subject
is a number, use a plural verb.
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENTSUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
The number of accidents at the corner is alarming.
A large number of accidents have occurred there.
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¶1025a. When the subject includes a phrase like one-half of, a percentage of, or the rest of, use a singular verb if a singular noun
follows of or is implied.
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENTSUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
Two-thirds of the job has been completed; the remaining third is scheduled for completion by this Friday.
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¶1025b. When the subject includes a phrase like one-half of, a percentage of, or the rest
of, use a plural verb if a plural noun follows of or is implied.
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENTSUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
A large percentage of the voters support your plan.
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¶1027. When the verb comes before the subject, make sure that they agree.
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENTSUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
What procedures am I expected to follow?
Enclosed is a copy of the e-mail sent by Mr. Polk.
Slide 10-42
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¶1028a. When a sentence begins with there is, here are, or a similar phrase, the real subject follows the verb. Use a singular
verb if the subject is singular.
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENTSUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
There is a vast difference between the two plans.
Here is the first draft of my manuscript.
Slide 10-43
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¶1028a. When a sentence begins with there is, here are, or a similar phrase,
the real subject follows the verb. Use a plural verb if the subject is plural.
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENTSUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
There are over 50 applicants for this job.
Here are the budget analyses you asked for.
What are the criteria we should use?Slide 10-44
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¶1029. When a sentence contains a linking verb (such as become or some form of to be), make sure that the verb agrees with
the subject.
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENTSUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
Bicycles are the only product we make.The only product we make is bicycles.
The key issue is higher wages.Higher wages are the key issue.
Slide 10-45
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¶1054a. Use one of the following forms when a personal pronoun
is the subject of a verb.
PERSONAL PRONOUNSPERSONAL PRONOUNS
FIRST SECOND THIRDPERSON PERSON PERSON
Singular: I you he, she, itPlural: we you they
Marcia and I can do it. (NOT: Marcia and me.)
Slide 10-46
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¶1054a. Use one of the following forms when a personal pronoun
is the subject of a verb.
PERSONAL PRONOUNSPERSONAL PRONOUNS
FIRST SECOND THIRDPERSON PERSON PERSON
Singular: I you he, she, itPlural: we you they
Ted and she did a fine job. (NOT: Ted and her.)
Slide 10-47
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¶1054a. Use one of the following forms when a personal pronoun
is the subject of a verb.
PERSONAL PRONOUNSPERSONAL PRONOUNS
FIRST SECOND THIRDPERSON PERSON PERSON
Singular: I you he, she, itPlural: we you they
The Levys and we met yesterday. (NOT: The Levys and us.)
Slide 10-48
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¶1055a. Use one of the following forms when the personal pronoun
is the object of a verb.
PERSONAL PRONOUNSPERSONAL PRONOUNS
FIRST SECOND THIRDPERSON PERSON PERSON
Singular: me you him, her, itPlural: us you them
They invited my wife and me. (NOT: my wife and I.)
Slide 10-49
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¶1055a. Use one of the following forms when the personal pronoun
is the indirect object.
PERSONAL PRONOUNSPERSONAL PRONOUNS
FIRST SECOND THIRDPERSON PERSON PERSON
Singular: me you him, her, itPlural: us you them
They gave Jim and me free tickets. (NOT: Jim and I.)
Slide 10-50
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¶1055b. Use one of the following forms when the personal pronoun
is the object of the preposition.
PERSONAL PRONOUNSPERSONAL PRONOUNS
FIRST SECOND THIRDPERSON PERSON PERSON
Singular: me you him, her, itPlural: us you them
They gave free tickets to Jim and me. (NOT: Jim and I.)
Slide 10-51
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¶1055c. Use one of the following forms when the personal pronoun
is the subject of an infinitive.
PERSONAL PRONOUNSPERSONAL PRONOUNS
FIRST SECOND THIRDPERSON PERSON PERSON
Singular: me you him, her, itPlural: us you them
She asked Sue and me to help her. (NOT: Sue and I.)
Slide 10-52
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¶1055c. Use one of the following forms when the personal pronoun
is the object of an infinitive.
PERSONAL PRONOUNSPERSONAL PRONOUNS
FIRST SECOND THIRDPERSON PERSON PERSON
Singular: me you him, her, itPlural: us you them
Sam plans to invite the Kellys and me.(NOT: the Kellys and I.)
Slide 10-53
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¶1056b. Use one of the following possessive forms when the pronoun immediately
precedes the noun it modifies.
PERSONAL PRONOUNSPERSONAL PRONOUNS
FIRST SECOND THIRDPERSON PERSON PERSON
Singular: my your his, her, itsPlural: our your their
my computer his daughter our children
Slide 10-54
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¶1056b. Use one of the following possessive forms when the pronoun immediately
precedes the noun it modifies.
PERSONAL PRONOUNSPERSONAL PRONOUNS
FIRST SECOND THIRDPERSON PERSON PERSON
Singular: my your his, her, itsPlural: our your their
your report her son their parents
Slide 10-55
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¶1056c. Use one of the following possessive forms when the pronoun stands apart from
the noun it refers to.
PERSONAL PRONOUNSPERSONAL PRONOUNS
FIRST SECOND THIRDPERSON PERSON PERSON
Singular: mine yours his, her, itsPlural: ours yours theirs
This computer is mine. Is this his or hers?
Slide 10-56
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¶1056c. Use one of the following possessive forms when the pronoun stands apart from
the noun it refers to.
PERSONAL PRONOUNSPERSONAL PRONOUNS
FIRST SECOND THIRDPERSON PERSON PERSON
Singular: mine yours his, hers, itsPlural: ours yours theirs
That car is ours. Is this car yours or theirs?
Slide 10-57
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¶1056e. Do not confuse certain posses-sive forms with certain contractions that sound like personal pronouns.
PERSONAL PRONOUNSPERSONAL PRONOUNS
POSSESSIVES CONTRACTIONS
its it’s (it is OR it has)
The firm is wasting It’s (It is) time to come its time. to a decision.
Slide 10-58
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¶1056e. Do not confuse certain posses-sive forms with certain contractions that sound like personal pronouns.
PERSONAL PRONOUNSPERSONAL PRONOUNS
POSSESSIVES CONTRACTIONS
your you’re (you are)
Your approach You’re (You are) makes sense. approaching the
problem wisely.
Slide 10-59
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¶1056e. Do not confuse certain posses-sive forms with certain contractions that sound like personal pronouns.
PERSONAL PRONOUNSPERSONAL PRONOUNS
POSSESSIVES CONTRACTIONS
their they’re (they are)
OR: there’re (there are)
What do you think They’re (They are) of their plan? planning to close.
Slide 10-60
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¶1056e. Do not confuse certain posses-sive forms with certain contractions that sound like personal pronouns.
PERSONAL PRONOUNSPERSONAL PRONOUNS
POSSESSIVES CONTRACTIONS
theirs there’s (there is OR there has)
Theirs is the car There’s (There has) been I like best. a change in Ben.
Slide 10-61
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¶1049a. A pronoun must agreewith its antecedent (the word for
which the pronoun stands) in number, gender, and person.
PRONOUN-ANTECEDENT AGREEMENT
PRONOUN-ANTECEDENT AGREEMENT
I have my reasons, just as you have yours.
The company needs to review its discount policy.
Slide 10-62
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¶1049a. A pronoun must agree with its antecedent (the word for
which the pronoun stands) in number, gender, and person.
PRONOUN-ANTECEDENT AGREEMENT
PRONOUN-ANTECEDENT AGREEMENT
Amy says that she needs her own computer.
We must establish our position before they release their report.
Slide 10-63
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¶1049b. Use a plural pronoun when the antecedent consists of two nouns joined by and.
PRONOUN-ANTECEDENT AGREEMENT
PRONOUN-ANTECEDENT AGREEMENT
Wendy and Sue say that they will make their presentations next Monday.
Slide 10-64
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¶1049c. Use a singular pronoun when the antecedent consists of
two singular nouns joined by or or nor.
PRONOUN-ANTECEDENT AGREEMENT
PRONOUN-ANTECEDENT AGREEMENT
Neither Wendy nor Sue will be ready to make her presentation before next Monday.
Slide 10-65
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¶1049c. Use a plural pronoun when the antecedent consists of two plural
nouns joined by or or nor.
PRONOUN-ANTECEDENT AGREEMENT
PRONOUN-ANTECEDENT AGREEMENT
Either the Foxes or the Ryans will bring their VCR.
Slide 10-66
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¶¶1049a, 1051, 1052a, 1053. When the antecedent of a personal pronoun is a
singular noun or pronoun that could be either masculine or feminine, use one of the following forms as appropriate.
PRONOUN-ANTECEDENT AGREEMENT
PRONOUN-ANTECEDENT AGREEMENT
he or she his or her him or her
A manager needs to use much tact when dealing with his or her subordinates.
Slide 10-67
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PRONOUN-ANTECEDENT AGREEMENT
PRONOUN-ANTECEDENT AGREEMENT
he or she his or her him or her
Everyone must submit his or her expense report by noon.
Slide 10-68
¶¶1049a, 1051, 1052a, 1053. When the antecedent of a personal pronoun is a
singular noun or pronoun that could be either masculine or feminine, use one of the following forms as appropriate.
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¶1052. If the use of he or she (or a similar expression) produces an awk-ward sentence, reword the sentence.
PRONOUN-ANTECEDENT AGREEMENT
PRONOUN-ANTECEDENT AGREEMENT
Managers need to use much tact when dealing with their subordinates.
A manager needs to use much tact when dealing with subordinates.
Slide 10-69
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¶1052. If the use of he or she (or a similar expression) produces an awk-ward sentence, reword the sentence.
PRONOUN-ANTECEDENT AGREEMENT
PRONOUN-ANTECEDENT AGREEMENT
All employees must submit their expense reports by noon.
Everyone must submit an expense report by noon.
Slide 10-70
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¶1060a. Use one of the following forms to direct the action expressed
by the verb back to the subject.
COMPOUND PERSONAL PRONOUNSCOMPOUND PERSONAL PRONOUNS
FIRST SECOND THIRDPERSON PERSON PERSON
Singular: myself yourself himself, herself, itself
Plural: ourselves yourselves themselves
She bought herself a new VCR.
Slide 10-71
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¶1060a. Use one of the following forms to direct the action expressed by
the verb back to the subject.
COMPOUND PERSONAL PRONOUNSCOMPOUND PERSONAL PRONOUNS
FIRST SECOND THIRDPERSON PERSON PERSON
Singular: myself yourself himself, herself, itself
Plural: ourselves yourselves themselves
They conducted themselves honorably.
Slide 10-72
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¶1060b. Use one of the following forms to emphasize a noun or
pronoun already expressed.
COMPOUND PERSONAL PRONOUNSCOMPOUND PERSONAL PRONOUNS
FIRST SECOND THIRDPERSON PERSON PERSON
Singular: myself yourself himself, herself, itself
Plural: ourselves yourselves themselves
I myself will deal with the problem.
Slide 10-73
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¶1060b. Use one of the following forms to emphasize a noun or
pronoun already expressed.
COMPOUND PERSONAL PRONOUNSCOMPOUND PERSONAL PRONOUNS
FIRST SECOND THIRDPERSON PERSON PERSON
Singular: myself yourself himself, herself, itself
Plural: ourselves yourselves themselves
We planned the party ourselves.
Slide 10-74
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¶1060d. Do not use a compound personal pronoun unless the noun or pronoun to which it refers is in the same sentence.
COMPOUND PERSONAL PRONOUNSCOMPOUND PERSONAL PRONOUNS
FIRST SECOND THIRDPERSON PERSON PERSON
Singular: myself yourself himself, herself, itself
Plural: ourselves yourselves themselves
These copies are for Hal and me. (NOT: myself)
Slide 10-75
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¶1060d. Do not use a compound personal pronoun unless the noun or pronoun to which it refers is in the same sentence.
COMPOUND PERSONAL PRONOUNSCOMPOUND PERSONAL PRONOUNS
FIRST SECOND THIRDPERSON PERSON PERSON
Singular: myself yourself himself, herself, itself
Plural: ourselves yourselves themselves
Kate and I (NOT: myself) can resolve our problem.
Slide 10-76
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¶1061a. Who, whom, whoever, and whomever are:
• Interrogative pronouns, used in asking questions.
• Relative pronouns, used to introduce a clause referring to a noun in the main clause.
INTERROGATIVE AND RELATIVE PRONOUNS
INTERROGATIVE AND RELATIVE PRONOUNS
Slide 10-77
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¶1061c. Use who or whoever as the subject of a verb.
INTERROGATIVE AND RELATIVE PRONOUNS
INTERROGATIVE AND RELATIVE PRONOUNS
Slide 10-78
Who gave you that information?
Chris is the one who gave me that information.
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¶1061d. Use whom or whomever as the object of a verb or a preposition.
INTERROGATIVE AND RELATIVE PRONOUNS
INTERROGATIVE AND RELATIVE PRONOUNS
Slide 10-79
To whom should I distribute these copies?
Send the copies to whomever you wish.
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¶1063. Use whose as the possessive form of who.
INTERROGATIVE AND RELATIVE PRONOUNS
INTERROGATIVE AND RELATIVE PRONOUNS
Slide 10-80
Whose wallet is this?
Here’s the phone number of the person whose wallet you found.
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¶1061c. To decide when to use who or whom and whoever or whomever, mentally rearrange the sentence (as shown in parentheses below).
INTERROGATIVE AND RELATIVE PRONOUNS
INTERROGATIVE AND RELATIVE PRONOUNS
Slide 10-81
Who/Whom shall I say is calling? (I shall say he is calling.)
Give this note to whoever/whomever asks for it.(She asks for it.)
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¶1061c. To decide when to use who or whom and whoever or whomever, mentally rearrange the sentence (as shown in parentheses below).
INTERROGATIVE AND RELATIVE PRONOUNS
INTERROGATIVE AND RELATIVE PRONOUNS
Slide 10-82
Who/Whom are you going to vote for?(You are going to vote for him.)
Vote for whoever/whomever you wish.(You wish to vote for her.)
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¶1063. Do not confuse whose (the possessive form of who) with who’s (a
contraction meaning who is or who has).
INTERROGATIVE AND RELATIVE PRONOUNS
INTERROGATIVE AND RELATIVE PRONOUNS
Slide 10-83
Whose/Who’s book is this?(This book is his.)
Whose/Who’s the author? (She’s the author.)
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An adjective is an expression that answers questions like what kind,
how many, and which one.
ADJECTIVESADJECTIVES
Slide 10-84
What kind: excellent results
How many: four laptops
Which one: the latest data
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An adjective may be a single word, phrase, clause, or compound modifier.
ADJECTIVESADJECTIVES
Slide 10-85
Single word: a powerful man
Phrase: a man of great power
Clause: a man who hungers for power
Compound modifier: a power-hungry man
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An adjective can modify a noun or pronoun.
ADJECTIVESADJECTIVES
Slide 10-86
Noun: Wonderful news!
The news is wonderful!
Pronoun: Unlucky me.
I seem to be unlucky.
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An adverb is an expression that answers questions like when, where, why, in
what manner, and to what extent.
ADVERBSADVERBS
Slide 10-87
When: I’ll call you tomorrow.
Where: Let’s meet here or in your office.
Why: I can’t attend because of illness.
In what manner: Don’t speak so fast.
To what extent: He talked much too long.
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An adverb may be a single word, phrase, or clause.
ADVERBSADVERBS
Slide 10-88
Single word: Speak clearly.
Phrase: Speak in a clear voice.
Clause: Speak as clearly as you can.
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An adverb can modify a verb, an adjective, or another adverb.
ADVERBSADVERBS
Slide 10-89
A verb: We closed the deal quickly.
An adjective: Carole seemed genuinely pleased.
Another adverb: The meeting went surprisingly well.
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¶1065. Use an adverb (not an adjective) to modify an adjective.
ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBSADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS
Slide 10-90
a really nice time
(NOT: a real nice time)
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¶1066. Use an adverb (not an adjective) to modify a verb that expresses action.
ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBSADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS
Slide 10-91
I was hurt badly in the collision.
(NOT: hurt bad)
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¶1067. Use an adjective (not an adverb) to modify the subject of a sentence when the modifier follows a verb of the senses
(feel look, sound, taste, smell).
ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBSADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS
Slide 10-92
I feel bad. (NOT: badly)
She looked happy. (NOT: happily)
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¶1067. Use an adjective (not an adverb) to modify the subject of a sentence when the modifier follows a linking verb (some
form of be, seem, appear, and become).
ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBSADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS
Slide 10-93
Joe seemed friendly.
We became suspicious.
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¶1071. Adjectives and adverbs have three forms: positive, com-
parative, and superlative.
ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBSADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS
Slide 10-94
ADJECTIVE
Positive: thin
Comparative: thinner
Superlative: thinnest
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¶1071a, e. Adjectives and adverbs of one syllable (like soon below) form the com-
parative by adding er and the superlative by adding est. A few form the comparative and the superlative irregularly (like good below).
ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBSADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS
Slide 10-95
ADVERB ADJECTIVEPositive: soon goodComparative: sooner betterSuperlative: soonest best
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¶1071b. Adjectives and adverbs of two syllables usually form the comparative and
the superlative in one of two ways.
ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBSADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS
Slide 10-96
ADJECTIVES ADVERBS
happy famous early oftenhappier more famous earlier less oftenhappiest most famous earliest least often
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¶1071c. Adjectives and adverbs of three syllables form the comparative and the
superlative as follows.
ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBSADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS
Slide 10-97
ADJECTIVES ADVERBS
competent carefully
less competent more carefully
least competent most carefully
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¶1071g. When referring to two persons, places, or things, use the comparative form. When referring to more than
two, use the superlative form.
ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBSADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS
Slide 10-98
Kate is the taller of my two daughters.
Jim is the tallest of my three sons.
Jim is taller than John or Chris.
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¶1071g. When referring to two persons, places, or things, use the comparative form. When referring to more than
two, use the superlative form.
ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBSADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS
Slide 10-99
Trudy is the most helpful person on the staff.
Trudy is more helpful than anyone else on the staff.
(NOT: . . . more helpful than anyone on the staff.)
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¶1071g. When referring to two persons, places, or things, use the comparative form. When referring to more than
two, use the superlative form.
ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBSADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS
Slide 10-100
Chicago is the largest city in Illinois.
Chicago is larger than any other city in Illinois.
(NOT: . . . larger than any city in Illinois.)
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¶1071i. When making comparisons, be sure to compare like things.
ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBSADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS
Slide 10-101
This year’s sales are better than last year’s.
(NOT: This year’s sales are better than last year.)
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A preposition is a word that takes an ob-ject (a noun or pronoun) and connects it
to some other word in the sentence. Here are some common prepositions, followed in each case by an appropriate object.
PREPOSITIONSPREPOSITIONS
Slide 10-102
above the clouds before noon up the river
below the surface after the party down the drain
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A preposition is a word that takes an ob-ject (a noun or pronoun) and connects it to some other word in the sentence. Here are some common prepositions, followed in each case by an appropriate object.
PREPOSITIONSPREPOSITIONS
Slide 10-103
from all of us for the last time
to the airport against my wishes
between you and me among the three of us
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A preposition is a word that takes an ob-ject (a noun or pronoun) and connects it to some other word in the sentence. Here are some common prepositions, followed
in each case by an appropriate object.
PREPOSITIONSPREPOSITIONS
Slide 10-104
under the circumstances with every order
over the hill without a doubt
through the years during the nineties
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A preposition is a word that takes an ob-ject (a noun or pronoun) and connects it
to some other word in the sentence. Here are some common prepositions, followed
in each case by an appropriate object.
PREPOSITIONSPREPOSITIONS
Slide 10-105
across the room in the meantime
by all means out the door
behind the door at your convenience
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A preposition is a word that takes an ob-ject (a noun or pronoun) and connects it to some other word in the sentence. Here are some common prepositions, followed
in each case by an appropriate object.
PREPOSITIONSPREPOSITIONS
Slide 10-106
on one hand until next year of every kind
off the wall about 6 p.m. since last week
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¶1078. Omit unnecessary prepositions.
PREPOSITIONSPREPOSITIONS
Slide 10-107
Where is she [at]?
The carton fell off [of] the truck.
Let’s focus [in] on the real problem.
I couldn’t help [from] laughing.
The strike is now over [with].
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¶1079. Do not omit necessary prepositions.
PREPOSITIONSPREPOSITIONS
Slide 10-108
I just bought a couple of CDs.(NOT: a couple CDs.)
We don’t stock that type of filter. (NOT: that type filter.)
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¶1079. Do not omit necessary prepositions.
PREPOSITIONSPREPOSITIONS
Slide 10-109
She appears in movies, in plays, and on TV.
(NOT: She appears in movies, plays, and on TV.)
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¶1081a. Express parallel ideas in parallel form.
SENTENCE CONSTRUCTIONSENTENCE CONSTRUCTION
Slide 10-110
Wrong: The program was stimulating and a challenge.
Right: The program was stimulating and challenging.
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¶1081a. Express parallel ideas in parallel form.
SENTENCE CONSTRUCTIONSENTENCE CONSTRUCTION
Slide 10-111
Wrong: This scanner is easy to operate, efficient, and it is relatively inexpensive.
Right: This scanner is easy to operate, efficient, and relatively inexpensive.
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¶1081a. Express parallel ideas in parallel form.
SENTENCE CONSTRUCTIONSENTENCE CONSTRUCTION
Slide 10-112
Poor: This article will discuss:
1. How to deal with corporate politics.
2. Coping with stress.
3. What the manager’s role should be.
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¶1081a. Express parallel ideas in parallel form.
SENTENCE CONSTRUCTIONSENTENCE CONSTRUCTION
Slide 10-113
Better: This article will discuss:
1. Ways to deal with corporate politics.
2. Techniques of coping with stress.
3. The role of the manager.
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¶1082a. When a sentence begins with a participial phrase that expresses an action,
make sure that the subject of the sentence is the doer of the action that is expressed in the opening phrase. Otherwise, the
opening phrase will “dangle.”
DANGLING CONSTRUCTIONSDANGLING CONSTRUCTIONS
Slide 10-114
Wrong: Having studied your cost estimates, a few questions have occurred to me.
Right: Having studied your cost estimates, I would like to ask you a few questions.
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¶1082b. When a sentence begins with an infinitive phrase that expresses an action,
make sure that the subject of the sentence is the doer of the action that is expressed in the opening phrase. Otherwise, the
opening phrase will “dangle.”
DANGLING CONSTRUCTIONSDANGLING CONSTRUCTIONS
Slide 10-115
Wrong: To obtain this free booklet, the enclosed coupon should be mailed in.
Right: To obtain this free booklet, you should mail in the enclosed coupon.
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¶1082c. When a sentence begins with a prepositional-gerund phrase that expresses an action, make sure that the subject of the
sentence is the doer of the action that is expressed in the opening phrase. Other-wise, the opening phrase will “dangle.”
DANGLING CONSTRUCTIONSDANGLING CONSTRUCTIONS
Slide 10-116
Wrong: In analyzing the data, a few errors were found.Right: In analyzing the data, I found a few errors.
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¶1101. a lot–alot
USAGEUSAGE
Slide 11-1
Thanks a lot.
(NOT: Thanks alot.)
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¶1101. a–of
USAGEUSAGE
Slide 11-2
It’s been kind of cold.(NOT: It’s been kinda cold.)
What sort of car did you buy?(NOT: What sort a car. . . )
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¶1101. affect–effect
USAGEUSAGE
Slide 11-3
His memo will not affect (change) my decision.
His memo will have no effect (impact) on my decision.
How can we effect (bring about) a change in his decision?
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¶1101. amount–number
USAGEUSAGE
Slide 11-4
a large amount of sugar (wood, steel, etc.; things referred to in bulk)
a large number of people (orders, etc.; things referred to as separate items)
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¶1101. awhile–a while
USAGEUSAGE
Slide 11-5
wait awhile wait for a while a while back
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¶1101. between–among
USAGEUSAGE
Slide 11-6
divided between the two of us
divided among the three of us
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¶1101. farther–further
USAGEUSAGE
Slide 11-7
We drove farther (in actual distance) than we planned.
Let’s discuss your idea further (to a greater extent).
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¶1101. fewer–less
USAGEUSAGE
Slide 11-8
fewer accidents (or any other plural noun)
less energy (or any other singular noun)
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¶1101. of—have
USAGEUSAGE
Slide 11-9
I could have helped you.(NOT: I could of helped you.)
You should have let me.(NOT: You should of let me.)
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¶1101. sometime–sometimes–some time
USAGEUSAGE
Slide 11-10
Let’s get together sometime (at an unspecified time) soon.
Sometimes (now and then) we go to Hawaii for a month.
It will take some time (a period of time) to finish the job.
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¶1101. supposed to
USAGEUSAGE
Slide 11-11
What was I supposed to think?
(NOT: What was I suppose to think?)
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¶1101. used to
USAGEUSAGE
Slide 11-12
We used to go to Nova Scotia every summer.
(NOT: We use to go to Nova Scotia every summer.)
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