3
MARCH 22 , 1952 TENOSYNOVITIS AND TENDOVAGINlTIS BRiTISH 6 4 5 MEDICAL JOURNAL REFRESHER COURSE F O R GENERAL PRACTITIONERS TENOSYNOVITIS AND TENDOVAGINITIS BY D. L L . GRIFFITHS, F.R.C.S. Senior Orthopaedic Surgeon, North Manchester Hospital Group Apart from suppurative inflammations of the sheaths o f tendons, with which this paper does n o t deal, there a r e a variety of painful conditions which custom h a s loosely grouped together under th e term " tenosynovitis." S o vaguely is th e word used that it h a s come t o mean little more than a painful disability arising i n o r around a tendon o r a group o f tendons. T h e conditions giving rise t o i t a r e of uncertain pathology, a n d therefore more accurate terminology i s hardly possible. T h e com- monest, variously known a s "non-suppurative teno- synovitis," " crepitant peritendinitis," or " non-specific tenosynovitis," can be quite disabling. It occurs most often i n t h e region o f t h e wrist, usually affecting t h e long extensor a n d abductor tendons o f t he thumb. Tenosynovitis a t t he Wrist I n most cases such a tenosynovitis a t t h e wrist starts fairly suddenly a n d often f o r n o very obvious reason. T h e symp- toms a nd signs ar e usually most marked over t h e radial side o f t he forearm just above th e joint, where t h e tendons o f t he long extensor a n d o f t h e abductor of t h e thumb come t o l i e o n t he radial side o f t h e lower e n d o f t h e fore- arm. A l l tendons which move either around corners or under ligaments a re particularly susceptible t o tenosynovitis. a n d o n t h e radial side o f t h e wrist t h e long thumb tendons cross over each other, a nd also move through a consider- able range round a corner, i n tough a nd unyielding sheaths. T e occurrence o f disorders caused or aggravated b y friction i s therefore very likely there. Other tendons ar e n o t immune. T he long flat tendons o n t h e back o f t h e hand move through loose areolar tissue (the paratenon), bu t they, too, have a considerable excur- sion a n d a r e liable t o frictional troubles. I n front o f t h e wrist t he flexor tendons a r e closely packed t h e tight angular ligament, a n d move round a corner when- ever t h e wrist is flexed or extended, s o that they, too, a re vulnerable. I t i s hardly surprising that t h e commonest provoking cause o f tenosynovitis i s repeated unaccustomed movement, either a n action t h e patient h a s never undertaken before o r a familiar movement resumed after an interval. Th e type o f action most likely t o produce trouble a t t he wrist i s a combination o f gripping a n d o f a twist o f t h e forearm pronation o r supination, d u e a s often t o t h e u s e o f scissors o r shears a s t o t he use o f complicated hand-controls i n machinery. Th e thumb tendons a r e especially affected by repeated full movements of t h e thumb a n d of t h e wrist together, a s i n picking u p a n d laying bricks. T h e impor- tance of ngwness o f the action i s seen i n t h e fact that many patients start t o have symptoms on t he second d a y o f taking u p a n e w j o b o r o f resuming a n old one after a holiday or a n illness. Occasionally t h e condition seems ta-bt1iue t o persistent repetition o f some standardized movement which i s neither n e w no r recently resumed, but which h as been continued beyond t h e point o f fatigue, especially after o n e particu- la r strain which was o f n o great moment i n itself. Teno- synovitis m a y in this w a y in t h e wrist o f a golfer w h h a s checked h is stroke a n d gone o n playing despite pain, or i n t h e forearm o f someone w h o has wrenched h i s flexor muscles i n gripping t he rail o f a b u s which ha s started suddenly. A n isolated injury or strain alone, how- ever, is not a sufficient cause, a n d many o f these patients c a n give n o history o f anything likely even t o have contri- buted t o t h e cause o f their trouble. Tenosynovitis Elsewhere After the wrist, t h e ankle region i s t he commonest site fo r t he occurrence o f tenosynovitis. Newcomers t o treadle work develop i t around t he tendons o f t h e tibialis anterior o r tibialis posterior, i n front of o r behind t h e medial malleolus. Recruits t o marching g e t a similar "peri- tendinitis" higher up t h e leg. The Achilles tendon i s sometimes affected, though less often, b u t with this tendon great care i s necessary. On e must beware o f t h e diagnosis of Achilles " tenosynovitis " if symptoms start after a single strain such a badly taken jump, f o r such " strains " a r e often incomplete ruptures o f t he tendon itself, which, if neglected, become complete a l l t o o easily. T h e Achilles tendon i s , however, almost t h e only o n e i n which such gradual rupture c an mimic tenosynovitis, except that teno- synovitis in t h e region o f t h e shoulder i s often associated with complete or incomplete rupture o f t h e tendon con- cerned, b ut t h e syndromes produced around that joint a re very different from those o f t h e lesions under discussion here. Symptoms a n d Signs Th e clinical features o f tenosynovitis a s w e a r e n o w considering are pain, swelling, a n d crepitus. T h e condition occurs only in adults. Pain i s t h e earliest symptom. At first i t i s produced only b y movement o f th e affected tendon or tendons, b u t later i t c a n become almost continuous, very tiresome in bed, a n d s o greatly b y movement that reflex muscle spasm i s produced a n d a subacute arthritis simulated. Swelling remains localized i f t h e condition i s affecting tendons with a definite sheath, such a s those immediately i n front o f o r behind t h e wrist a n d t h e ankle. Where i t affects t h e peri- tendinous tissue o f tendons which have n o sheath, t h e swell- i n g i s diffuse. Higher up t h e forearm, o n the back o f t he hand, a n d i n front o f t h e l e g above t h e ankle o n e does not, therefore, expect localized swelling. Crepitus always occurs after t h e swelling, a n d i s often best felt proximally t o th e true tendon sheath, rather above t he swelling. This i s t o b e expected, f o r t h e swelling is d u e t o fluid, a n d where a n appreciable amount o f fluid h a s accumulated there i s n o t much friction a n d therefore little crepitus. A t t he wrist t h e crepitus i s described as " leathery," a nd over t h e Achilles tendon a s " silky." Prognosis T h e course o f tenosynovitis i s a little unpredictable. I n cases involving t h e long tendons o f t h e thumb symptoms last f o r weeks. I n a n y case a n d a t a n y site treatment i s imperative, a s there i s a strong tendency f o r untreated o r badly treated cases t o become chronic, with acute exacerba- tions every time t he patients resume work. Correct treat- ment c a n certainly prevent this. Treatment A t h e wrist, whichever tendops a r e affected, t h e a i m o f treatment i s restriction o f movement. Abolition of move- ment (absolute rest) i s harmful, f or muscle wasting a n d

Griffiths 1952 Tendovaginitis

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Page 1: Griffiths 1952 Tendovaginitis

 

MARCH

2 2 , 1 9 5 2

TENOSYNOVITIS AND TENDOVAGINlTIS

B R i T I S H

6 4 5

MEDICAL

JOURNAL

REFRESHER

COURSE FOR GENERAL

PRACTITIONERS

TENOSYNOVITIS

AND TENDOVAGINITIS

BY

D . L L . GRIFFITHS,

F . R . C . S .

S e n i o r O r t h o p a e d i c S u r g e o n ,

N o r t h M a n c h e s t e r

H o s p i t a l G r o u p

A p a r t f r o m s u p p u r a t i v e

i n f l a m m a t i o n s

o f t h e

s h e a t h s

o f

t e n d o n s , w i t h w h i c h t h i s

p a p e r d o e s

n o t d e a l ,

t h e r e a r e

a

v a r i e t y o f

p a i n f u l c o n d i t i o n s w h i c h

c u s t o m h a s l o o s e l y

g r o u p e d

t o g e t h e r u n d e r t h e t e r m

"

t e n o s y n o v i t i s . "

S o

v a g u e l y i s t h e

w o r d u s e d t h a t i t h a s

come t o mean l i t t l e

m o r e

t h a n

a p a i n f u l d i s a b i l i t y

a r i s i n g

i n o r

a r o u n d

a

t e n d o n

o r a g r o u p o f t e n d o n s . T h e

c o n d i t i o n s g i v i n g

r i s e t o i t a r e o f u n c e r t ai n p a t h o l o g y ,

a n d t h e r e f o r e

m o r e

a c c u r a t e t e r m i n o l o g y

i s h a r d l y

p o s s i b l e . T h e c o m -

m o n e s t ,

v a r i o u s l y

known

a s " n o n - s u p p u r a t i v e

t e n o -

s y n o v i t i s , "

"

c r e p i t a n t

p e r i t e n d i n i t i s , "

o r

"

n o n - s p e c i f i c

t e n o s y n o v i t i s , " c a n b e q u i t e

d i s a b l i n g .

I t o c c u r s

m o s t

o f t e n

i n t h e r e g i o n

o f t h e w r i s t ,

u s u a l l y a f f e c t i n g t h e

l o n g

e x t e n s o r a n d a b du c t o r t e n d o n s

o f

t h e

t h u m b .

T e n o s y n o v i t i s a t t h e W r i s t

I n m o s t c a s e s

s u c h

a

t e n o s y n o v i t i s a t t h e w r i s t s t a r t s f a i r l y

s u d d e n l y a n d o f t e n f o r n o v e r y

o b v i o u s

r e a s o n . T h e s y m p -

t o m s

a n d s i g n s

a r e

u s u a l l y

m o s t

m a r k e d o v e r t h e r a d i a l

s i d e o f t h e f o r e a r m j u s t a b o v e

t h e j o i n t , w h e r e t h e t e n d o n s

o f t h e l o n g e x t e n s o r

a n d

o f

t h e a b d u c t o r o f t h e thumb

c o m e t o l i e

o n

t h e r a d i a l s i d e o f t h e l o w e r e n d

o f

t h e f o r e -

a r m .

A l l t e n d o n s w h i c h move e i t h e r a r o u n d

c o r n e r s o r

u n d e r l i ga me n t s a r e p a r t i c u l a r l y

s u s c e p t i b l e t o t e n o s y n o v i t i s .

a n d

o n t h e r a d i a l s i d e o f t h e w r i s t

t h e

l o n g t h u m b t e n d o n s

c r o s s o v e r e a c h o t h e r ,

a n d

a l s o move

t h r o u g h

a c o n s i d e r -

a b l e r a n g e r o u n d a c o r n e r , i n t o u g h a n d u n y i e l d i n g s h e a t h s .

T e

o c c u r r e n c e o f d i s o r d e r s

c a u s e d o r a g g r a v a t e d b y

f r i c t i o n

i s

t h e r e f o r e v e r y l i k e l y

t h e r e .

O t h e r t e n d o n s a r e n o t i m m u n e .

T h e

l o n g f l a t t e n d o n s

o n

t h e

b a c k o f

t h e h a n d move t h r o u g h

l o o s e a r e o l a r

t i s s u e

( t h e

p a r a t e n o n ) ,

b u t t h e y ,

t o o , h a v e a c o n si d e r a b l e

e x c u r -

s i o n a n d

a r e l i a b l e t o f r i c t i o n a l t r o u b l e s .

I n f r o n t o f t h e

w r i s t

t h e f l e x o r t e n d o n s a r e c l o s e l y

p a c k e d t h e

t i g h t a n g u l a r

l i g a m e n t , a n d m ove

r o u n d

a

c o r n e r w h e n -

e v e r t h e

w r i s t

i s f l e x e d o r e x t e n d e d,

s o t h a t t h e y , t o o ,

a r e v u l n e r a b l e .

I t i s h a r d l y s u r p r i s i n g t h a t t h e

c o m m o n e s t p r o v o k i n g

c a u s e

o f t e n o s y n o v i t i s

i s r e p e a t e d u n a c c u s t o m e d m o v e m e n t ,

e i t h e r a n a c t i o n

t h e p a t i e n t

h a s n e v e r u n d e r t a k e n b e f o r e

o r a f a m i l i a r movement

r e s u m e d a f t e r a n i n t e r v a l . Th e

t y p e

o f a c t i o n m o s t

l i k e l y

t o p r o d u c e t r o u b l e

a t

t h e w r i s t

i s

a c o m b i n a t i o n o f g r i p p i n g a n d o f a t w i s t o f

t h e f o r e a r m

p r o n a t i o n

o r

s u p i n a t i o n ,

d u e

a s o f t e n t o t h e

u s e

o f

s c i s s o r s o r s h e a r s a s t o t h e u s e

o f c o m p l i c a t e d h a n d - c o n t r o l s

i n

m a c h i n e r y .

Th e

t h u m b

t e n d o n s a r e e s p e c i a l l y a f f e c t e d

b y r e p e a t e d

f u l l m o v e m e n t s o f

t h e t h u m b

a n d

o f t h e w r i s t

t o g e t h e r ,

a s i n p i c k i n g u p

a n d l a y i n g

b r i c k s . T h e i m p o r -

t a n c e

o f

n g w n e s s

o f t h e

a c t i o n

i s s e e n i n t h e f a c t t h a t m a n y

p a t i e n t s

s t a r t

t o h a v e

s y m p t o m s

on t h e s e c o n d d a y o f t a k i n g

u p

a n e w

j o b

o r o f r e s u m i n g

a n

o l d o n e a f t e r a h o l i d a y

o r

a n i l l n e s s .

O c c a s i o n a l l y

t h e

c o n d i t i o n

s e e m s

t a - b t 1 i u e

t o

p e r s i s t e n t

r e p e t i t i o n

o f s o m e s t a n d a r d i z e d

m o v e m e n t w h i c h

i s

n e i t h e r

new n o r

r e c e n t l y r e s u m e d ,

b u t

w h i c h

h a s b e e n c o n t i n u e d

b e y o n d

t h e

p o i n t

o f

f a t i g u e , e s p e c i a l l y

a f t e r o n e

p a r t i c u -

l a r

s t r a i n w h i c h

w a s o f n o

g r e a t m o m e n t i n i t s e l f . T e n o -

s y n o v i t i s

m a y

i n t h i s

way

i n

t h e

w r i s t

o f

a

g o l f e r

wh

h a s

c h e c k e d h i s s t r o k e a n d

g o n e

o n

p l a y i n g d e s p i t e

p a i n ,

o r

i n t h e

f o r e a r m

o f

someone wh o h a s w r e n c h e d h i s

f l e x o r m u s c l e s i n g r i p p i n g

t h e

r a i l

o f

a

b u s w h i c h

h a s

s t a r t e d s u d d e n l y .

An

i s o l a t e d

i n j u r y

o r

s t r a i n

a l o n e ,

h o w -

e v e r , i s n o t a s u f f i c i e n t c a u s e ,

a n d

many

o f

t h e s e

p a t i e n t s

c a n g i v e

no

h i s t o r y

o f

a n y t h i n g l i k e l y

e v e n t o h a v e

c o n t r i -

b u t e d

t o

t h e c a u s e o f

t h e i r

t r o u b l e .

T e n o s y n o v i t i s

E l s e w h e r e

A f t e r

t h e

w r i s t ,

t h e

a n k l e

r e g i o n

i s

t h e

c o m m o n e s t

s i t e

f o r

t h e o c c u r r e n c e

o f

t e n o s y n o v i t i s .

Newcomers

t o

t r e a d l e

work d e v e l o p

i t a r o u n d

t h e t e n d o n s o f

t h e t i b i a l i s

a n t e r i o r

o r

t i b i a l i s

p o s t e r i o r ,

i n

f r o n t

o f

o r b e h i n d

t h e m e d i a l

m a l l e o l u s . R e c r u i t s

t o

m a r c h i n g g e t

a s i m i l a r

" p e r i -

t e n d i n i t i s " h i g h e r

u p

t h e

l e g .

T h e A c h i l l e s t e n d o n

i s

s o m e t i m e s a f f e c t e d , t h o u g h

l e s s

o f t e n ,

b u t w i t h

t h i s t e n d o n

g r e a t

c a r e i s

n e c e s s a r y .

On e

must b e w a r e

o f

t h e

d i a g n o s i s

o f

A c h i l l e s

"

t e n o s y n o v i t i s

"

i f

s y m p t o m s

s t a r t

a f t e r

a

s i n g l e

s t r a i n s u c h a b a d l y

t a k e n

j u m p ,

f o r s u c h

"

s t r a i n s

"

a r e

o f t e n i n c o m p l e t e

r u p t u r e s o f

t h e t e n d o n

i t s e l f , w h i c h ,

i f

n e g l e c t e d ,

b e c o m e

c o m p l e t e

a l l

t o o

e a s i l y .

T h e

A c h i l l e s

t e n d o n i s , h o w e v e r ,

a l m o s t t h e o n l y

o n e

i n w h i c h s u c h

g r a d u a l r u p t u r e

c a n

m i m i c

t e n o s y n o v i t i s ,

e x c e p t

t h a t

t e n o -

s y n o v i t i s

i n

t h e

r e g i o n

o f

t h e s h o u l d e r

i s o f t e n

a s s o c i a t e d

w i t h c o m p l e t e

o r

i n c o m p l e t e r u p t u r e

o f

t h e

t e n d o n

c o n -

c e r n e d ,

b u t t h e

s y n d r o m e s p r o d u c e d

a r o u n d t h a t

j o i n t

a r e

v e r y d i f f e r e n t f r o m

t h o s e o f

t h e l e s i o n s

u n d e r

d i s c u s s i o n

h e r e .

S y m p t o m s

a n d

S i g n s

Th e

c l i n i c a l f e a t u r e s

o f

t e n o s y n o v i t i s

a s

w e a r e

n o w

c o n s i d e r i n g

a r e

p a i n , s w e l l i n g ,

a n d

c r e p i t u s .

T h e c o n d i t i o n

o c c u r s

o n l y

i n a d u l t s .

P a i n

i s

t h e

e a r l i e s t

s y m p t o m .

A t f i r s t

i t

i s

p r o d u c e d

o n l y

b y

m o v e m e n t o f

t h e a f f e c t e d

t e n d o n

o r

t e n d o n s ,

b u t l a t e r

i t

c a n b e c o m e

a l m o s t

c o n t i n u o u s ,

v e r y

t i r e s o m e

i n

b e d ,

a n d

s o

g r e a t l y

b y

m o v e m e n t t h a t r e f l e x

m u s c l e

s p a s m

i s

p r o d u c e d

a n d a

s u b a c u t e

a r t h r i t i s

s i m u l a t e d .

S w e l l i n g

r e m a i n s

l o c a l i z e d

i f t h e c o n d i t i o n

i s

a f f e c t i n g

t e n d o n s

w i t h

a d e f i n i t e

s h e a t h ,

s u c h a s

t h o s e

i m m e d i a t e l y

i n f r o n t

o f

o r

b e h i n d

t h e

w r i s t

a n d

t h e a n k l e . W h e r e

i t a f f e c t s

t h e

p e r i -

t e n d i n o u s

t i s s u e

o f t e n d o n s

w h i c h

h a v e

n o

s h e a t h ,

t h e

s w e l l -

i n g

i s d i f f u s e .

H i g h e r

u p

t h e

f o r e a r m ,

on t h e

b a c k

o f t h e

h a n d ,

a n d i n

f r o n t

o f t h e

l e g

a b o v e

t h e a n k l e o ne d o e s

n o t ,

t h e r e f o r e , e x p e c t

l o c a l i z e d

s w e l l i n g .

C r e p i t u s a l w a y s

o c c u r s

a f t e r t h e

s w e l l i n g ,

a n d i s

o f t e n b e s t

f e l t

p r o x i m a l l y

t o t h e

t r u e t e n d o n

s h e a t h ,

r a t h e r a b o v e

t h e

s w e l l i n g .

T h i s i s

t o

b e

e x p e c t e d ,

f o r

t h e

s w e l l i n g

i s

d u e

t o

f l u i d ,

a n d

w h e r e

a n

a p p r e c i a b l e

a m o u n t

o f

f l u i d

h a s a c c u m u l a t e d

t h e r e i s n o t

much f r i c t i o n

a n d

t h e r e f o r e

l i t t l e

c r e p i t u s .

A t

t h e

w r i s t

t h e

c r e p i t u s

i s d e s c r i b e d

a s

"

l e a t h e r y , "

a n d

o v e r t h e

A c h i l l e s

t e n d o n

a s

"

s i l k y . "

P r o g n o s i s

T h e c o u r s e o f

t e n o s y n o v i t i s

i s a l i t t l e

u n p r e d i c t a b l e .

I n

c a s e s i n v o l v i n g

t h e

l o n g

t e n d o n s o f

t h e t h u m b

s y m p t o m s

l a s t f o r

w e e k s . I n

a n y

c a s e a n d a t

a n y

s i t e

t r e a t m e n t

i s

i m p e r a t i v e ,

a s

t h e r e i s a

s t r o n g t e n d e n c y

f o r

u n t r e a t e d

o r

b a d l y

t r e a t e d c a s e s t o b e c o m e c h r o n i c ,

w i t h a c u t e e x a c e r b a -

t i o n s

e v e r y

t i m e

t h e

p a t i e n t s

r e s u m e w o r k . C o r r e c t t r e a t -

ment

c a n

c e r t a i n l y p r e v e n t

t h i s .

T r e a t m e n t

A t h e

w r i s t ,

w h i c h e v e r

t e n d o p s

a r e

a f f e c t e d , t h e a i m

o f

t r e a t m e n t i s

r e s t r i c t i o n o f m o v e m e n t . A b o l i t i o n o f

m o v e -

m e n t ( a b s o l u t e

r e s t ) i s h a r m f u l , f o r m u s c l e w a s t i n g a n d

Page 2: Griffiths 1952 Tendovaginitis

 

6 4 6 MARCH 2 2 , 1 9 5 2

TENOSYNOVITIS

AND

TENDOVAGINITIS

w e a k n e s s

r e s u l t

f r o m t h i s and m a k e r e l a p s e more l i k e l y

w h e n work

i s r e s u m e d .

Moreover,

complete

i m m o b i l i z a t i o n

o f t h e w r i s t , t h e t h u m b , and t h e

f i n g e r s a l l

a t t h e same t i m e

d o e s more h a r m t h a n i s

o f t e n

r e a l i z e d ,

f o r t h e s t i f f n e s s may

p e r s i s t many w e e k s a f t e r t h e

s p l i n t

h a s b e e n removed,

a n d t h e t r e a t m e n t

t h u s b e c o m e s

more c r i p p l i n g t h a n t h e

d i s e a s e .

Th e

d e g r e e o f

i m m o b i l i z a t i o n r e q u i r e d

can

b e o b t a i n e d

b y t h e

use o f s t r a p p i n g , or , b e t t e r s t i l l ,

o f a d e t a c h a b l e s p l i n t

which i s r e m o v e d once a d a y f o r

f u l l a c t i v e movements

w i t h o u t

s t r a i n .

Th e

s p l i n t m ust, o f c o u r s e , b e a

w e l l - f i t t i n g

one, p r e f e r a b l y

m a d e o f a l i g h t

w a t e r p r o o f p l a s t i c m a t e r i a l .

I t m u s t b e m a d e s p e c i a l l y f o r t h e p a r t ic u la r p a t i en t u n d e r

treatment.

A l t e r n a t i v e l y ,

a r e m o v a b l e p l a s t e r c a s t

w i l l d o ,

o r even a

c o m p l e t e

p l a s t e r

i f i t d o e s no t

i n c l u d e

t h e d i g i t s .

Th e w r i s t may b e f i x e d , b u t

t h e f i n g e r s m u s t n o t b e i m m o b i -

l i z e d . S t r a p p i n g , i f u s e d i n s t e ad o f a s p l i n t , i s s a t i s f a c t o r y

i f i t

i s g e n e r o u s l y

a p p l i e d .

A w h o l e r o l l o f 3 - i n . ( 7 . 6 - c m . )

e l a s t i c

a d h e s i v e s t r a p p i n g i s n e e d e d f 6 r e a c h c a s e . I t s h o u l d

b e

a p p l i e d

f r o m t h e up a s h o r t way b e l o w

t h e

e l b o w , l e a v i n g t h e d i g i t s

q u i t e u n c o v e r e d . A t l e a s t s i x

t h i c k n e s s e s

s h o u l d b e

a p p l i e d

over t h e a r e a o f t h e

s w e l l -

i n g ,

a n d t h e

s t r a p p i n g s h o u l d b e c h a n g e d a s soon as i t

b e c o m e s l o o s e .

G e n e r o u s f i r m b a n d a g i n g

o v e r w o o l i s a l s o

s a t i s f a c t o r y .

I t

i s a s w e l l f o r a s l i n g t o

b e

worn f o r t h e

f i r s t

t w o

o r

t h r e e d a y s o n l y . Then i t m u s t

b e d i s c a r d e d , a n d t h e h a n d

s h o u l d

b e u s e d a s m u c h a s p o s s i b l e , w i t h t h e s p l i n t o n , o f

c o u r s e .

M a s s a g e p l a y s no p a r t i n t h e t r e a t m e n t o f t h i s c o n d i t i o n .

N e i t h e r h e a t nor

c o l d a p p l i e d t o t h e s u r f a c e h e l p s a t a l l .

C o u n t e r - i r r i t a n t s a r e e q u a l l y

u s e l e s s ,

b u t

t h e r e i s

p e r h a p s

s o m e t h i n g t o

b e g ai n e d

from t h e u s e o f s h o r t - w a v e d i a t h e r m y

a s w e l l a s

s p l i n t a g e .

I n p a t i e n t s

w h o s e

t e n o s y n o v i t i s d a t e s f r o m t a k i n g up

a

new j o b , t h e i m p o r t a n c e o f t r a i n i n g i s t o b e

s t r e s s e d . T h i s

i s

p a r t i c u l a r l y t r u e i n

young s o l d i e r s w i t h p e r i t e n d i n i t i s i n

t h e

a n t e r i o r c o m p a r t m e n t o f t h e l e g , f o r t h e v e r y f a c t

t h a t

t h e y

c o m p l a i n

a t a l l i n d i c a t e s

t h a t t h e i r m o r a l e i s l o w

a n d

t h a t t h e i r n e e d

i s t r a i n i n g , not t r e a t m e n t .

M o s t p e o p l e

r e g a r d

s u c h s y m p t o m s a s

a t r i v i a l a n d t r a n s i e n t p e n a l t y f o r

unwonted e x e r c i s e i n b o o t s , a p e n a l t y

p a i d ,

i n d e e d ,

b y m os t

i n f e r i o r l y t r a i n e d a m a t e u r

f o o t b a l l e r s a f t e r t h e f i r s t

game

o f

any s e a s o n . Th e

o n l y p e r s o n s w h o c o m p l a i n

much

a re

t h o s e

w h o are u s i n g s u c h s y m p t o m s t o e x p r e s s t h e i r

d i s -

s a t i s f a c t i o n w i t h

t h e i r c o n d i ti o n s o f l i f e .

C h r o n i c T e n o s y n o v i t i s

A

p r o p e r l y t r e a t e d t e n o s y n o v i t i s s h o u l d

b e c u r e d

i n t h r e e

w e e k s . I f s y m p t o m s p e r s i s t d e s p i t e c o r r e c t t r e a t m e n t ,

i n v e s t i g a t i o n i s n e c e s s a r y . C h r o n i c t e n o s y n o v i t i s may

h a v e

a s e r i o u s s i g n i f i c a n c e ,

t h o u g h t h i s i s n o t

u s u a l . T h e

s w o l l e n

t e n d o n s h e a t h s i n s e r i o u s d i s e a s e s s u c h as r h e u m a t o i d

a r t h r i t i s a n d t h e

t u b e r c u l o u s

"

compound p a l m a r g a n g l i o n

"

a r e

not l i k e l y

t o

p r e s e n t

a s

a s i m p l e t e n o s y n o v i t i s

i n t h e

f i r s t

i n s t a n c e , a n d c o n f u s i o n

w i t h

s e r i o u s

d i s e a s e

very

s e l d o m a r i s e s . Th e

a s s o c i a t i o n

w i t h

r h e u m a t i c d i s e a s e

i s ,

h o w e v e r , c l o s e

e n o u g h f o r one

t o r e c o m m e n d t h e u s e

o f

s a l i c y l a t e s i n any c a s e o f t e n o s y n o v i t i s w h i c h h a s n o

very

o b v i o u s c a u s e a n d

w h i c h i s r e s i s t i n g t r e a t m e n t . A u t h o r s

o f

t e x t b o o k s m ade m u c h o f t h e a s s o c i a t i o n s b e t w e e n t e n o -

s y n o v i t i s ' a n d a l l e r g y o r

g o n o r r h o e a .

T h e s e

i m p r e s s

u s l e s s

t ha n t h e y d i d

o u r f a t h e r s , b u t

t h e

a s s o c i a t i o n w i t h

g o u t

i s

more i m p o r t a n t a n d may c a l l f o r c o n s i d e r a t i o n . O x a l u r i a

a l s o may

b e a f a c t o r m a i n t a i n i n g c h r o n i c i t y

i n some c a s e s .

S y p h i l i s a s

a

c a u s e o f

c h r o n i c

t e n o s y n o v i t i s

i s

c e r t a i n l y

uncommon a n d

i s

p r o b a b l y u s u a l l y

m i s s e d .

Most c h r o n i c cases

s t a r t

q u i t e

d i f f e r e n t l y

f r o m

t h e u s u a l

n o n - s p e c i f i c t e n o s y n o v i t i s ,

a n d

t h e y

t e n d t o

p r o d u c e

a

d i f f e r e n t

e n d - r e s u l t .

I n t i m e

t h e y d e v e l o p

e i t h e r a

p e r s i s t e n t

d i s t e n s i o n o f t h e

t e n d o n

s h e a t h s

w i t h f l u i d o r a

n o d u l a r

o r

f i b r o - f a t t y e n l a r g e m e n t

o f

t h e

s h e a t h s . Th e f i r s t

t y p e

o f

c h r o n i c

d i s o r d e r o f t e n

gives

t h e

p a t i e n t s u r p r i s i n g l y

l i t t l e

t q o u b l e .

T u t b e r c u l o u s

T e n o s y n o v i t i s . - T h e

s u s p i c i o n

o f t u b e r c u -

l o s i s

c a n a r i s e i n

any

c h r o n i c

c a s e .

Tuberculous

teno-

s y n o v i t i s i s ,

h o w e v e r ,

i n s i d i o u s

a n d

r e l a t i v e l y p a i n l e s s

i n

i t s o n s e t .

I n c o n t r a s t with t h e

n o n - s p e c i f i c t y p e

we h a v e

b e e n

c o n s i d e r i n g

i t favours f l e x o r s r a t h e r t h a n

ext e n s o r s

a t t h e

w r i s t , a n d , t h o u g h

e x t e n s o r s

a r e

n o t

i m m u n e ,

t h e

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c l e s i o n o f t h i s

d i s e a s e i s

the

c o m p o u nd

p a l m a r

g a n g l i o n .

At

t h e

a n k l e ,

t u b e r c u l o s i s

favours the

p e r o n e a l s

an d

t h e

e x t e n s o r s

o f t h e t o e s

r a t h e r t h a n t h e

t e n d o n s

on

t h e medial s i d e o f

t h e

j o i n t .

Tuberculosis o f t e n d o n s h e a t h s

i s ,

o f

c o u r s e , a l w a y s b l o o d - s p r e a d

a n d

an a c t i v e f o c u s i s

p r e s e n t

a nd

c a n o f t e n b e f o u n d

elsewhere

i n

t h e

b o d y .

The

t e n d o n - s h e a t h d i s e a s e

u s u a l l y p r o d uc e s e n l a r g e m e n t

o f

t h e

r e g i o n a l

l y m p h

nodes

b y

t h e time

t h e

p a t i e n t

s e e k s advice.

T u b e r c u l o s i s

i s , h o w e v e r , a l w a y s

a

d e c e p t i v e

d i s e a s e ,

and

i f r e a l d o u b t e x i s t s i t w o uld be

wise t o

make

a

b i o p s y

o f

t h e

l y m p h

nodes o r

o f t h e t e n d o n sheat h i t s e l f .

T e n i o s y n o v i t i s

a nd

R h e u m a t i s m . - C h r o n i c

t e n o s y n o v i t i s

o f t h e A c h i l l e s

t e n d o n ,

with

s w e l l i n g

e x t e n d i n g

o f t e n

v i s i b l y

some

d i s t a n c e

up

t h e

t e n d o n ,

i s

t o b e watched

c a r e f u l l y .

I t

i s o f t e n a n

e a r l y

i n d i c a t i o n

o f a n

o t h e r w i s e

u n s u s p e c t e d

r h e u m a t o i d

a r t h r i t i s .

Any

n o d u l a r

t h i c k e n i n g

beneath t h e

t e n d o n ,

i n

t h e

r e g i o n

o f the Achilles

b u r s a ,

i s

e s p e c i a l l y

s u s p e c t .

Th e

p a t i e n t

m u s t b e

c a r e f u l l y

q u e s t i o n e d

about

s w e l l i n g

o r

p a i n

i n

a n y

o t h e r

j o i n t .

S i m p l e ,

non-

rheumatic cases

o f

t e n o s y n o v i t i s

i n

t h i s

r e g i o n

r e s p o n d

w e l l

t o e l e v a t i o n o f t h e

h e e l

b y

I

o r

I

i n .

( 1 . 3

t o

1 . 9

c m . ) ,

f i r m

s t r a p p i n g

of

t h e

a f f e c t e d

a r e a ,

and

t h e

removal

o f

s t i f f e n e r f r o m t h e

b a c k

of t he

s h o e ,

b u t ,

i f t h e

s w e l l i n g

p e r s i s t s

d e s p i t e t h i s ,

a r h e u m a t i c

b a c k g r o u n d

must

be

s u s p e c t e d .

T e n d o v a g i n i t i s :

De

Q u e r v a i n ' s

D i s e a s e

T e n d o v a g i n i t i s ,

i n w h i c h t he t ro ub le

l i e s i n

p a r t

a t leas t

i n

t h e

f i b r o u s

t e n d o n sheat h

a n d

n o t i n th e i nn er

s y n o v i a l

l i n i n g ,

i s

u s u a l l y

s e e n

i n

o f two

forms-as

s t e n o s i n g

t e n d o v a g i n i t i s

or a s

t r i g g e r - f i n g e r

o r

t r i g g e r - t h u m b .

The

f i r s t

o f

t h e s e , s t e n o s i n g t e n d o v a g i n i t i s

a t t h e radial

s t y l o i d

( D e Q u e r v a i n ' s

d i s e a s e ) ,

i s much

commoner

t h a n i s o f t e n

t h o u g h t .

On

t h e r a d i a l

s i d e o f the

w r i s t - j o i n t ,

the

s t y l o i d p r o c e s s

o f

t h e

r a d i u s ,

t w o

t e n d o n s

l i e

in a s h a l l o w

groove

l a t e r a l

t o a l l

t h e extensor

t e n d o n s

o f t h e

w r i s t and

f i n g e r s . T h e y

a r e t h e t e n d o n s o f

a b d u c t o r

p o l l i c i s

l o n g u s

( e x t e n s o r

o s s i s

m e t a c a r p i

p o l l i c i s )

and e x t e n s o r

p o l l i c i s

b r e v i s

( e x t e n s o r

p r i m i

i n t e m o d i i

p o l l i c i s ) .

For

1+

i n .

( 3 . 1

c m . )

o v e r t h e

lower

e n d

o f

the

radius

t h e y

a re

covered

with

a

t o u g h u n y i e l d i n g l i g a m e n t o u s

s h e a t h ,

from

which

t h e y

e m e rg e

a t

t h e l e v e l o f t h e

w r i s t - j o i n t .

The

c o m p l i c a t e d

m o v e m e n t s

w h i c h c a n

b e c a r r i e d

o u t

s i m u l t a n e o u s l y

b y

t h e t h u m b

a n d t h e w r i s t

b e n d

t h e s e

t e n d o n s a b o u t

t o

an

u n u s u al

d e g r e e ;

i t

w o u l d

a p p e a r

t h a t f r i c t i o n

c a n

produce

a t

t h e same time

a

t h i c k e n i n g

o f

t h e t e n d o n in

t h e

s h e a t h ,

a

r e a c t i o n

i n t h e

s y n o v i a l

l i n i n g ,

and a

variable

d e g r e e

of

t h i c k e n i n g

o f t h e

t o u g h

fibrous s h e a t h

i t s e l f ,

which becomes

t h i c k e n e d

a s

much

i n t e r n a l l y

as

e x t e r n a l l y .

A

t h i c k tendon

i n

a t h i c k s h e a t h

moves

e v e n l e s s

f r e e l y

t h a n

e v e r ,

and

p a i n

i s

p r o d u c e d .

This

c o n d i t i o n ,

describ ed

b y

De

Q u e r v a i n ,

a

p u p i l

of

the

g r e a t

T h e o d o r

K o c h e r ,

o c c u r s

o n l y

i n a du lt s.

I t i s

much

commoner

i n women t h a n

i n m e n . The

p a i n

m a y

r a d i a t e

w i d e l y ,

d o w n

t h e h a n d a n d

u p

t h e

a r m ,

e v e n to t h e s h o ul de r .

I t i s m a d e

w o r s e

b y

"

s t r a i g h t e n i n g

t h e

thumb

"

( a b d u c t i n g

t h e

t h u m b ) a g a i n s t a n y

r e s i s t a n c e ,

a n d

e s p e c i a l l y b y p u l l i n g

t h e h a n d o v e r t o t h e

uln ar s i d e

o r

b y

t w i s t i n g

t h e w r i s t

so

t h a t t h e

a f f e c t e 4

tendons

a r

p u l l e d

a t

a n

a n g l e

t o t h e

s h e a t h .

Th e

one

o u t s t a n d i n g p h y s i c a l

s i g n

i s

localized

t e n d e r n e s s

j u s t

o v e r

t h e r a d i a l s i d e of t h e

l o w e r

e n d

o f

t h e

r a d i u s about

2

i n .

( 1 . 3 c m . )

above t h e

t i p

of t h e

s t y l o i d p r o c e ss .

This

t e n d e r n e s s i s

u s u a l l y p a t h o g n o m o n i c ,

f o r

t h e

o n l y '

c o n d i t i o n

w h i c h

c o u l d

p r o d u c e

s i m i l a r

l o c a l i z e d

t e n d e r n e s s

would

be

a f r a c t u r e

o f

t h e base

o f

t h e

r a d i a l

s t y l o i d ,

when

t h e r e

w o uld

b e a

c o m p l e t e l y

d i f f e r e n t

h i s t o r y .

D i a g n o s i s

i s t h e r e -

f o r e

e a s y ,

a n d

i t i s

u s u a l l y

made e v e n easier

b y

t h e

p r e s e n c e

of a

p a l p a b l e

a n d

o f t e n v i s i b l e

s w e l l i n g

d u e t o

t h i c k e n i n g

of

the

sheath

(Fig.

1 ) .

B R I T I S H

M E D I C A L

JOURNAL

Page 3: Griffiths 1952 Tendovaginitis

 

MAC2292TNSNVTSADTNOAIII

B R I T E

6 4 7

M E D I C A L

J O U R N A L

T r e a t m e n t

i s

a s e a s y

a s

d i a g n o s i s .

I f t h e

t e n d o n

s h e a t h

i s o p e n e d

a t t h e

p o i n t

o f

t e n d e r n e s s

a n d s l i t o p e n

o v e r

i t s

f u l l l e n g t h

o f a b o u t

I

o r

1

i n . ( 1 . 3

o r

2 . 5

c m . ) , c u r e

i s c e r t a i n .

T h e

a m o u n t

o f t h i c k e n i n g

i n s h e a t h

o f t e n

s u r p r i s e s

t h e

o p e r a t o r ,

b u t

o n c e

t h e

s h e a t h

h a s

b e e n

c o m p l e t e l y

d i v i d e d

i t o p e n s

e n o u g h

t o a l l o w

t h e

t e n d o n s

f r e e

movement

a n d

F I G .

1 . - S t e n o s i n g

t e n d o v a g i n i t i s

a t

t h e

r a d i a l

s t y l o i d

( D e

Q u e r v a i n ) .

T h e d r a w i n g

s h o w s

t h e p o s i t i o n

a n d t h e

s i z e o f

t h e

s w e l l i n g

i n a r a t h e r

s e v e r e

c a s e .

p l e n t y

o f

r o o m .

T h e

o n l y t h i n g s

w h i c h c a n

l e a d

t o a

p o o r

r e s u l t

a r e b a d

s u r g e r y

o r

a b n o r m a l

a n a t o m y .

Th e

o p e r a -

t i o n

m u s t b e

d o n e

u n d e r

a g e n e r a l

a n a e s t h e t i c

s o

t h a t

a

p n e u m a t i c

t o u r n i q u e t

m a y

b e u s e d

t o g i v e

a b l o o d l e s s

f i e l d ,

f o r

t h e s u r g e o n

a n t h e n

make

a

p r e c i s e

j o b

o f

w h a t

h e i s

d o i n g .

H e c a n

c e r t a i n l y

a v o i d

t h e t e r m i n a l

b r a n c h e s

o f

t h e r a d i a l

n e r v e ,

w h i c h

l i e

i n t h e

f i e l d a n d w h i c h

c a n

c a u s e

g r e a t

p a i n

i f t h e y a r e

i n c l u d e d

i n

a s t i t c h .

T h e r e

i s n o

r e l i a b l e

c o n s e r v a t i v e

t r e a t m e n t .

T h o s e

who

r e f u s e

o p e r a t i o n

c a n

b e

c u r e d

b y

t i m e ,

b u t

i t t a k e s

a

l o n g

t i m e .

T h e y

a r e

u s u a l l y

s u b j e c t e d

t o

many

w e e k s

o r

m o n t h s o f

p l a s t e r - o f - P a r i s

s p l i n t a g e

o r s t r a p p i n g ,

o r

b o t h ,

b u t

t h e

c r e d i t

f o r

c u r e

s h o u l d

b e g i v e n

t o

t i m e .

O p e r a t i o n ,

o n

t h e

o t h e r h a n d , g i v e s

c u r e

w h i c h

i s ,

b o t h

i m m e d i a t e

a n d

c e r t a i n .

T r i g g e r - f i n g e r

T e n d o v a g i n i t i s

o v e r t h e

p a l m a r a s p e c t s

o f

t h e

m e t a c a r p a l

h e a d s

c a n p r o d u c e

a r a t h e r

s i m i l a r

b u t

m u c h

m o r e

d r a m a t i c

s y n d r o m e - a

"

t r i g g e r - f i n g e r

"

o r

"

t r i g g e r - t h u m b . "

T h i s

d i s a b i l i t y

i s d u e

t o

a t h i c k e n i n g

o f t h e

t e n d o n

r a t h e r

t h a n

o f t h e

s h e a t h ;

t h e t i t l e

" t e n d o -

v a g i n i t i s

"

i s

r e a l l y

q u i t e

i n c o r r e c t .

Some

s w e l l i n g

o f t h e

a f f e c t e d

t e n d o n s

i s u s u a l

i n

t h e d i s o r d e r

a t t h e

r a d i a l

s t y l o i d

a l r e a d y

d e s c r i b e d ,

b u t

i n

t h e

l e s i o n

f o u n d

o v e r

t h e

m e t a c a r p a l

h e a d s t h e t h i c k e n i n g

i s l o c a l i z e d

a s a

F I G .

2 . - T

r i

g

g . e

r

-

w e l l - m a r k e d

n o d u l e

w h i c h i s

b i g

f i n g e r .

T h e

p o s i t i o n

e

i n

w h i c h

t h e

f i n g e r

i s

e n o u g h

t o

g e t t r a p p e d

i n

a

p r a c t i c a l l y

l o c k e d .

n o r m a l t e n d o n s h e a t h .

Th e

n o d u l e

d e v e l o p s

i n

o n e o r

b o t h

f l e x o r

t e n d o n s

j u s t

w h e r e

t h e s e

t e n d o n s

e n t e r

t h e

f i n g e r .

T h e

p o w e r f u l

f l e x o r m u s c l e s

c a n

u s u a l l y

p u l l

i t t h r o u g h

t h e

s h e a t h

q u i t e

e a s i l y , b u t

w h e n

t h e y

r e l a x

i t

i s f o u n d

t h a t

t h e

e x t e n s o r

m e c h a n i s m

i s n o t

s t r o n g

e n o u g h

t o p u l l

t h e

n o d u l e

t h r o u g h

t h e

s h e a t h

i n

t h e

F I G . 3 . - T r i g g e r - f i n g e r

d u e

t o r u p -

. r e v e s e

d i e t h i n

t h i

t u r e o f

t h e e x t e n s o r

e x p a n s i o n .

r e v e r s e

d i r e c t i o n .

Th s

N o t e

t h e

v e r y d i f f e r e n t

p o s i t i o n

o f

means

t h a t t h e

f i n g e r

l o c k i n g f r o m

t h a t

i n F i g . 2 .

s t a y s

f l e x e d

( F i g .

2 )

u n t i l

c o n s i d e r a b l e

f o r c e

i s

a p p l i e d ,

u s u a l l y

w i t h t h e

o t h e r

h a n d

o r

b y a n o t h e r

p e r s o n .

A

d e t e r m i n e d

p a s s i v e

p u l l

w i l l

b e f o u n d

t o

o v e r c o m e

r e s i s t a n c e

w i t h

a

c o n s i d e r a b l e

s n a p ,

a f t e r

w h i c h

t h e

f i n g e r

e x t e n d s

f u l l y

a n d e a s i l y .

Th e s n a p

r

c l i c k

a n d t h e

s u d d e n

f r e e m o v e m e n t

w h i c h

f o l l o w s

i t

h a v e

e a r n e d

t h e

name

" t r i g g e r - f i n g e r . "

I n r e a l l y

s e v e r e

c a s e s

f l e x i o n

m a y

b e

b l o c k e d

i n

a d d i t i o n

t o

e x t e n s i o n ,

t h e

f i n g e r

b e i n g

l o c k e d

i n a

s e m i f l e x e d

p o s i t i o n

f r o m

w h i c h i t

c a n

b e

m o v e d o n l y

b y p a s s i v e

f o r c e

s t r o n g

e n o u g h

t o

p r o d u c e

t h e

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c

c l i c k .

T h e

o n l y

d i a g n o s t i c

d i f f i c u l t y

l i e s i n r e c o g n i z i n g

t h a t

t h e

o b s t r u c t i o n

l i e s

o n t h e p a l m a r

s i d e

o f

t h e

f i n g e r ,

a n t e r i o r

t o

t h e

m e t a c a r p a l

h e a d .

Th e p a t i e n t

o f t e n

i n s i s t s

t h a t

t h e

c l i c k

i s

o n t h e

b a c k

o f t h e

f i n g e r ,

a n d ,

a s

e x t e n s i o n

i s

t h e

m o v e m e n t

u s u a l l y

b l o c k e d ,

t h e d o c t o r

s o m e t i m e s

s e e k s

f o r

a n

e x p l a n a t i o n

o n

t h e

e x t e n s o r

s i d e

o f

t h e

a f f e c t e d

f i n g e r .

T h i s d i f f i c u l t y

s h o u l d

n o t a r i s e ,

f o r

t h e

n o d u l a r t h i c k e n i n g

o f

t h e

f l e x o r

t e n d o n

p r o d u c e s

a

l u m p

w h i c h

c a n

b e f e l t

v e r y

e a s i l y i n

t h e

p a l m

j u s t

p r o x i m a l

t o

t h e b a s e

o f

t h e

f i n g e r .

T h e r e

i s

o n e t y p e

o f

t r i g g e r - f i n g e r

i n

w h i c h t h e

l e s i o n

d o e s

l i e

o n

t h e

b a c k

o f t h e d i g i t .

T h i s

c o n s i s t s

i n

an a v u l s i o n

o

t h e m i d d l e

s l i p

o f

t h e e x t e n s o r

e x p a n s i o n

f r o m

t h e

b a c k

o f

t h e

b a s e

o f t h e

m i d d l e

p h a l a n x .

T h i s

i s m u c h

l e s s

c o m m o n

t h a n t h e

f l e x o r

t e n d o n

v a r i e t y ,

i t

n e v e r

a f f e c t s

t h e

t h u m b ,

i t

f o l l o w s

w e l l - r e m e m b e r e d

i n j u r y ,

a n d

i t

p r o d u c e s

a

c o m -

p l e t e l y

d i f f e r e n t

d i s a b i l i t y ( F i g .

3 ) .

T h e

s u f f e r e r

f r o m

t h i s

l e s i o n

h a s

d i f f i c u l t y

i n

k e e p i n g

t h e

f i n g e r

f u l l y

e x t e n d e d

a t

t h e p r o x i m a l

i n t e r p h a l a n g e a l

j o i n t ,

a n d

w h e n

h e f l e x e s

t h e

f i n g e r

( n o t

when

h e

e x t e n d s i t )

t h e r e

i s

a

s n a p

a s

t h e

t w o

l a t e r a l

s l i p s

o f

t h e

e x t e n s o r

e x p a n s i o n

j e r k

s i d e w a y s

o v e r

t h e

h e a d

o f

t h e p r o x i m a l

p h a l a n x .

T h e r e

i s ,

o f

c o u r s e ,

n o

l u m p .

T r i g g e r - t h u m b

T r i g g e r - t h u m b

i s

much

c o m m o n e r

i n

i n f a n t s

t h a n

i n

a d u l t s .

I t

i s

t h e

o n l y

o n e

o f

a l l

t h e s e

d i s a b i l i t i e s

w h i c h

e v e r

o c c u r s

i n

c h i l d r e n .

T h e

m o t h e r

n o t i c e s

t h a t

t h e

b a b y ' s

t h u m b

o r

t h u m b s

c a n n o t

b e

e x t e n d e d

b e y o n d

a b o u t

1 5 0

d e g r e e s

w i t h o u t

a

p u l l ,

a

j e r k ,

a n d

a

c l i c k . O f t e n

t h e t h u m b

c a n n o t

b e

f l e x e d

w i t h o u t

a s i m i l a r

j e r k .

T h e

t h u m b

i s

h e l d

f l e x e d

i n t o

t h e

p a l m ,

s o m e t i m e s

a p p a r e n t l y

c o m p l e t e l y

l o c k e d ,

a n d

t h e

m o t h e r

f e a r s

t h a t

t h e

use

o f

t h e

t h u m b

w i l l

b e i m p a i r e d

f o r

e v e r .

T h e

p a t h o l o g y

i s

t h e

s a m e

as

i n

t r i g g e r - f i n g e r ,

a n d

a

c o n s i d e r a b l e

l u m p

i s

a l w a y s

p a l p a b l e

i n

t h e

f l e x o r

t e n d o n

o f

t h e

t h u m b

j u s t

i n f r o n t

o f t h e

f i r s t

m e t a c a r p a l

h e a d .

T r e a t m e n t

o f

T r i g g e r - f i n g e r

a n d

T r i g g e r - t h u m b

A g a i n ,

t h e

o n l y

r e l i a b l e

t r e a t m e n t

i s

b y

a s m a l l

o p e r a -

t i o n

w h i c h g i v e s

a n

i m m e d i a t e ,

c e r t a i n ,

a n d

p e r m a n e n t

c u r e .

T h e

t e n d o n

s h e a t h

i s

e x p o s e d

t h r o u g h

a

t r a n s v e r s e

s k i n

i n c i s i o n ( F i g .

4 )

i n

t h e

l i n e

o f

t h e

a p p r o p r i a t e

-

s k i n

c r e a s e

i n

t h e

p a l m

o r a t t h e

b a s e

o f

t h e

-

t h u m b .

T h e

e x p o s e d

s h e a t h

i s

t h e n

s l i t

l o n g i -

, <

-

t u d i n a l l y

( p r e f e r a b l y

t o

o n e s i d e

o f i t s

m i d l i n e ) ,

t h e

n o d u l e e x p o s e d

( F i g .

5 ) ,

t h e

f i n g e r

m o v e d ,

a n d

f r e e d o m

o f

movement

-

d e m o n s t r a t e d .

O n l y

t h e

s k i n

s h o u l d

b e

s u t u r e d .

T h i s

o p e r a t i o n

i s

b e t t e r F i G .

4 .

F I G ,

5 6

d o n e

u n d e r

a

l o c a l

a n a l -

F I G . 4 . - T r i g g e r - f i n g e r .

T h e

p o s i -

g e s i c

s o

t h a t

t h e

p a t i e n t

t i o n

o f t h e s k n

i n c i s i o n

f o r

o p e r a -

c a n

m ov e

t h e f i n g e r

t i v e

c u r e

o f

a case

i n v o l v i n g

t h e

a c t i v e l y

w h i l e

t h e wound

f i f t h

f i n g e r .

F I G .

5 . - F i n d i n g s

a t

o p e r a t i o n .

N o t e

t h e

t h i c k e n e d

i s o p e n ,

t h u s d e m o n s t r a -

n o d u l e '

i n t h e

f l e x o r

t e n d o n

j u s t

t i n g

t h e

c o m p l e t e n e s s

o f

a n t e r i o r

t o

t h e

m e t a c a r p a l

h e a d .

c u r e

o r t h e

n e e d

f o r

f u r t h e r

s l i t t i n g

o f

t h e s h e a t h .

I n

v e r y

s m a l l

b a b i e s

t h e

o p e r a -

t i o n

m ay

s a f e l y

b e p o s t p o n e d ,

b u t

t h e r e

i s no

r e a s o n w h y

i t

s h o u l d

n o t

b e

d o n e b e f o r e

t h e

s e c o n d

b i r t h d a y .

A

l o c a l

a n a l g e s i c

i s

h a r d l y

s u i t a b l e

f o r

s u c h

p a t i e n t s ,

h o w e v e r .

M y

t h a n k s

a r e d u e

t o

M i s s

J .

P e r r y

f o r

t h e

d i a g r a m s .

N e x t

R e f r e s h e r

C o u r s e

A r t i c l e . - "

E m p y e m a , "

b y

M r .

T .

H o l m e s S e l l o r s .

2 2 ,

1 9 5 2

TENOSYNOVITIS AND