Ground segment Ground station architecture

1

Taller de Diseño de Picosatélites(CubeSats) y Estaciones de Tierra.INTRODUCCIÓN

Universidad Politécnica de Madrid

Taller de Diseño de Picosatélites (CUBESATS) y Estaciones de Tierra. ©Ramón Martínez

Taller de DiseTaller de Diseñño de o de PicosatPicosatééliteslites(CUBESATS) y Estaciones de Tierra(CUBESATS) y Estaciones de Tierra

1Taller de Diseño de Picosatélites (CUBESATS) y Estaciones de Tierra. ©Ramón Matínez

Ground segment Ground segment Ground station architectureGround station architecture

RamRamóón n MartMartííneznezETSI de ETSI de TelecomunicaciTelecomunicacióónn. UPM. UPM

[email protected]@gr.ssr.upm.es

2Taller de Diseño de Picosatélites (CUBESATS) y Estaciones de Tierra. ©Ramón Martínez

ContentsContents

• Introduction• Link budget• Pointing angles• Ground station architecture and components• References

2





ContentsContents

• Introduction– System architecture– Ground station mission– Ground station requirements– Telecommand example– Functional diagram

• Link budget• Pointing angles• Ground station architecture and components• References


FunctionalFunctional diagramdiagram

SourceSource: Cal : Cal PolyPoly EarthEarth StationStation

3





CommunicationsCommunications architecturearchitecture


GroundGround stationstation missionmission

• The ground station is an earth‐based point of communicationwith the space segment

• Source of interaction with the satellite• It is very important to have a good communication link

between ground station and satellite segment• The ground station is part of the TT&C segment

4





• Send and Receive data and voice communications with CUBESAT [and other CUBESAT satellites] using the following frequency modes:– Mode J:

• Uplink: 144.000‐146.000 MHz, (2m band), and/or• Downlink: 435.000‐438.000 MHz (70 cm band), and /or• Other frequency bands (1200 MHz, 2.4 GHz)

• Receive and process telemetry from the CUBESAT subsystems (thermal, power, ADAC sensors, etc.)

• Receive and process all experimental payload data, e.g.:– Camera ‐ color digital images (jpeg format)– Radiation Sensor ‐ particle collection data– MMD ‐ particle impact data

• Send commands to CUBESAT.• Determine, maintain, and utilize Keplerian elements for

CUBESAT tracking.

GroundGround stationstation requirementsrequirements


TelecommandsTelecommands

5





ContentsContents

• Introduction

• Link budget– Introduction– Basic equations– Link margin– Useful graphs– Examples

• Pointing angles• Ground station architecture and components• References


Link Link budgetbudget

• A link budget is the accounting of all of the gains and lossesfrom the transmitter to the receiver in a satellitecommunication system

• Preliminary and detailed link budget calculations are necessary• The link budget informs about the signal quality, which is

acceptable if:

• Link margin: difference between achieved and required C/Ns:

• Link quality criteria: BER (digital), SNR (analog)• Excel sheet or book

requiredachieved NC

NC

⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛>⎟

⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛

⎩⎨⎧

→⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛−⎟

⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛=

(detailed) dB 10ry)(prelimina dB 3

[dB]margin Link requiredachieved N

CNC

6





ApR

R LLGPIREP

⋅⋅

=

IFkTBN =

Received power:

Noise power in receiver:

C/N iscalculated as: IFAp

R

IFAp

RBkLLT

GPIREkTBLLGPIRE

NC 1111)()(

)(⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅=

⋅⋅⋅

=

Basic Basic calculationscalculations. C/N ratio. C/N ratio

[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]L L L L L L LA FTX FRX POL POINT AG RAIN= + + + + +

LA (additional losses) are calculated as:

LP (space free losses) are calculated as: ⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛=⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣⎡=

λπ

λπ RRLp

4log20410

2


UsefulUseful graphsgraphs

ClearClear skysky radio radio signalsignal attenuationattenuation duedue toto oxygenoxygen andand waterwater vapourvapour in in thetheatmosphereatmosphere

7






GalacticGalactic andand troposherictroposheric noisenoise temperaturestemperatures atat variousvarious groundground antennaantenna elevationselevations



GroundGround stationstation receiverreceiver noisenoise

8






AttenuationAttenuation LLRAINRAIN andand noisenoise temperaturetemperature TTRAINRAIN duedue toto rainfallrainfall atat 30 30 degdeg elevationelevation


Link Link budgetbudget. . DownlinkDownlink

Transmitter Side : Receiver Side :What Dimension Symbol Unit What Dimension Symbol Unit

Receiver Antenna Flux Density 4,50E-09 Fm W/m^2Frequency 435,00 f MHz Receiver Antenna Flux Density in dB -83,5 dBW/m^2Wavelength 0,689 λ m Antenna Gain (4 x 16 dBi yagi) 22,0 Gm dBiTransmitter Power 0,3 Ps W Polarization loss 3 Lp dB Transmitter Power in dBW -5,23 Ps dBW Cable Loss Before LNA (incl. combiner) 0,3 Lk1 dBTransmitter Antenna Gain 2,10 Gs dBi Cable Noise Temprature 19 Tk1 KTransmitter cable loss 0,20 Lks dB Sky Temperature 180 Tsky KTransmitting Antenna Efficiency 1,00 Received Power @ LNA input -109,0 Pm dBmEqvivalent Isotropic Radiated Power -3,33 EIRP dBW LNA Noise Figure (Mirage KP-2-440-M ) 0,6 NF dBBit rate 9600 Rb b/s LNA Noise Temperature 43 T_lna KMod. Type 2 M LNA Gain 25 G_lna dBSymbol rate 9600 Rs b/s Cable Loss (30 m RG-214) 4,1 Lc dBSpectral factor 1,25 Sf TS-2000 sensitivity (12kHz BW,12dB SINAD) 0,18 uVEffective Bandwith 12000 Bw Hz TS-2000 Receiver Noise Temperature 247 T_rx KDistance Transmitter/Reciever 2800 Rm km System Noise Temperature 45 Tsys KFree Space Loss 154,2 Ls dB Effective Noise Temperature 244 Teff KAtmospheric Loss 0,2 La dB Spectral Noise Density -174,7 No dBm/HzTotal path Loss 154,4 Ltot dB Receiver Noise in matched filter BW -133,9 N_m dBm

G/T, Receiving System -1,9 G_Teff dB/KConstants: C/N 24,96 CN dBSpeed of Light 3,00E+08 cv m/s "Fading margin" 10 Lf dBBoltzmanns constant 1,38E-23 k J/K Eb/No after "Fading margin" 15,93 Es_No dBπ 3,1415927 pi Energy per symbol 1,32E-19 E_s J/symbol

Required Eb/No, AFSK (BER > 1E-6) 10 BER_min dBLink margin : 5,93 Link_m dB

Adapted for the nCube - Cubesat

Linkbudget nCube - Downlink

9





Link Link budgetbudget. . UplinkUplink

Transmitter Side : Receiver Side :What Dimension Symbol Unit What Dimension Symbol Unit

Receiver Antenna Flux Density 4,73E-12 Fm W/m^2Frequency 145,00 f MHz Receiver Antenna Flux Density in dB -113,3 dBW/m^2Wavelength 2,068 λ m Antenna Gain 2m "Stanley" 2,3 Gm dBiTransmitter Power 25 Ps W Polarization loss 3 Lp dB Transmitter Power in dBW 13,98 Ps dBW Cable Loss Before LNA (incl. combiner) 0,3 Lk1 dBTransmitter Antenna Gain 13,10 Gs dBi Cable Noise Temprature 19 Tk1 KTransmitter cable loss 0,20 Lks dB Sky Temperature 180 Tsky KTransmitting Antenna Efficiency 1,00 Received Power @ LNA input -88,9 Pm dBmEqvivalent Isotropic Radiated Power 26,88 EIRP dBW LNA Noise Factor 1 NF dBBit rate 9600 Rb b/s LNA Noise Temperature 75 T_lna KMod. Type 2 M LNA Gain 15 G_lna dBSymbol rate 9600 Rs b/s Cable and Splitter loss 3,5 Lc dBSpectral factor 1,25 Sf Receiver Noise Temperature 247 T_rx KEffective Bandwith 12000 Bw Hz System Noise Temperature 93 Tsys KDistance Transmitter/Reciever 2800 Rm km Effective Noise Temperature 292 Teff KFree Space Loss 144,6 Ls dB Spectral Noise Density -173,9 No dBm/HzAtmospheric Loss 0,2 La dB Receiver Noise in matched filter BW -133,2 N_m dBm Total path Loss 144,8 Ltot dB G/T, Receiving System -22,4 G_Teff dB/K

C/N 44,22 CN dBConstants: "Fading margin" 10 Lf dBSpeed of Light 3,00E+08 cv m/s Eb/No after "Fading margin" 35,18 Es_No dBBoltzmanns constant 1,38E-23 k J/K Energy per symbol 1,33E-17 E_s J/symbolπ 3,1415927 pi Required Eb/No, AFSK (BER > 1E-6) 10 BER_min dB

Link margin : 25,18 Link_m dB

Adapted for the nCube - Cubesat

Linkbudget nCube - Uplink


ContentsContents

• Introduction• Link budget

• Pointing angles– Elevation and azimuth– Effect of blockage– Link dynamics

• Ground station architecture and components• References

10





Elevation: from local horizontal plane tothe direction of the satellite (0-90º)

Azimuth: measured from North to Eastuntil the ground track position (0-360º)

Local vertical

North

East

El

Az

PointingPointing anglesangles


PointingPointing anglesangles

11





plane a form , dyrr esrrr

Lae → North Latitude of Ground StationLoe → West Longitude of Ground StationLas → North Latitude of Subsatellite pointLos → West Longitude of Subsatellite Point

cos( ) cos cos cos( )sin sin

γ = − +L L L LL L

ae as oe os

ae as

γ

γ

γ

cos21

sincos

cos21

2

2

s

e

s

e

s

e

s

es

rr

rr

El

rr

rrrd

−⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛+

=

−⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛+=

ElevationElevation calculationcalculation

d

Earth center

Localhorizontal

Subsatellite pointEl

re

rs

γ

β

GroundStation

β: nadir angleγ: central angled: slant range


BlockageBlockage

• Time of visibility from a ground station can be reduceddue to obstacles in the surroundings of the groundstation antenna

• Trees, buildings, etc.• Cone of visibility

SatelliteSatellite orbitorbit

ObstacleObstacleGroundGround stationstation

12





Link Link dynamicsdynamics

• Link budget (achieved C/N) is not constant during thesatellite pass

• Causes:– Range vs Elevation– Antenna pointing loss– Noise temperature– Attitude anomalies– Atmospheric impairments– Elevation conditions

• Link budget is designed for a reference ground station(e.g. worst case)


ElevationElevation andand rangerange

13





DopplerDoppler deviationdeviation (LEO, 137 (LEO, 137 MHzMHz))

t (t (minmin))


Free Free spacespace lossloss (LEO, 137 (LEO, 137 MHzMHz))

t (t (minmin))

dBdB

14





SNR SNR variationvariation withwith elevationelevation

Ele

vatio

nE

leva

tion

degr

ees

degr

ees ))

RX

SN

R (

RX

SN

R ( d

BdB))


ContentsContents

• Introduction• Link budget• Pointing angles

• Ground station architecture and components– Elements: antennas, radios, etc.– Examples– Software– Cost breakdown– GENSO “standard” earth station components– Software‐radio based ground station

• References

15





General General blockblock diagramdiagram

SourceSource: COSGC: COSGC


AntennasAntennas

• Design is determined by– Frequency (imposed by international regulations)– Polarization (imposed by propagation impairments)– Gain (imposed by link budget)– Need of rotators (imposed by complexity, cost)

• Omnidirectional vs Directional– Omnidirectional makes the ground station less complex, but

directivity (gain) is low– In contrast, directional antenna improves link conditions, but a

tracking mechanism is required (e.g. antennas rotators)

16





AntennaAntenna patternpattern


AntennasAntennas. . OmnidirectionalOmnidirectional

• Quadrifilar Helix– Two loops with currents shifted 90º in phase for

circular polarization– Adaptation for feed (transformer, chockes, balunes)

17






• Turnstile antenna– Two crossed λ/2 horizontal dipoles (with a reflector under)

driven 90º out of phase– Adaptation for feed (transformer, chokes, baluns)



• Double Turnstile antenna– Quasi‐omnidirectional

pattern

S.G.MS.G.M. . DarwishDarwish, , K.F.AK.F.A. . HusseinHussein, , H.AH.A. . MansourMansour, , ““CircularlyCircularly polarizedpolarized crossedcrossed--dipoledipole turnstileturnstile antennaantennaforfor satellitessatellites,,”” ProcProc. . ofof thethe TwentyTwenty--FirstFirst NationalNational Radio Radio ScienceScience ConferenceConference, 2004, NRSC 2004, 16, 2004, NRSC 2004, 16--18 18 MarchMarch2004, pp. B172004, pp. B17-- 11--15.15.

18






• Discone antenna– Wideband– Model DS‐15 (COMET Antenna)


AntennasAntennas. . DirectionalDirectional

• Yagi– Number of elements and array length proportional to the gain

of the antenna– More elements mean more gain but smaller beamwidth– Maximum inter element spacing of 0.4λ– Simple generation of circularly polarized waves using crossed

dipole elements

19






• Crossed dipoles• MX‐137 (active VHF antenna)

– Maximum size between the ends of the elements: 48 cm– Size antenna‐box: 13,5cm x 7,5cm x 10,5cm – Weight with mastmount: 0,6kg – Internal LN preamp: 17 dB gain– Internal Hi‐Q‐Filter, suppresses

unwanted strong signals fromthe neighborhood

SourceSource: WRAASE: WRAASE



COSGC Ground Station nCube and HinCube ground station

70 70 cmcm antennaantenna: 19 : 19 dBidBi (21(21ºº))2 m 2 m antennaantenna: 14.45 : 14.45 dBidBi (38(38ºº))

70 70 cmcm antennaantenna: 22 : 22 dBidBi2 m 2 m antennaantenna: 13 : 13 dBidBi

• Yagi antennas

20





AntennasAntennas. . DirectionalDirectional forfor SS--bandband

Vienna University Ground Station

3 m 3 m parabolicparabolic reflector (2.2 reflector (2.2 GHzGHz))

• Reflector antennas

VHF VHF yagiyagi antennaantenna -- 12dBic (RHCP 12dBic (RHCP –– LHCP)LHCP)UHF UHF yagiyagi antennaantenna -- 16dBic (RHCP 16dBic (RHCP –– LHCP)LHCP)21dBic S21dBic S--bandband parabolicparabolic reflector w/ reflector w/ patchpatch feedfeed

ISIS VHF/UHF/S band Ground Station



SUPPORT: H‐boom structure• Lightweight aluminium• 2 antennas for 2 m band (uplink)

separated 1.33λ (2.77 m)• 4 antennas for 70 cm band

(downlink) separated 1.8λ (1.25 m)• Complete rig: 3.77 m W, 3.57 m L,

and at least 4 m HCABLES• H1000 type cable for long span

interconnection, with an attenuation of 4.8 dB/100m@144 MHz,and 8.5 dB/100m@432 MHz

• Internally in the rig, RG213 type cable (N‐type connectors)

SourceSource: : nCubenCube

21





Radio Radio transceiverstransceivers

• Core element of the ground station• Tasks:

– Tune the frequency to modulate (uplink) and demodulate(downlink) signals

– Amplify transmit and received signals

• Connected between TNC (modem) and antennas• LNA and/or power amplifier may be required• Commercial brands:

– ICOM (910H)– Yaesu (FT‐847)– Kenwood (TS‐2000)


Radio Radio transceiverstransceivers. ICOM. ICOM--910H910H

22








23





Terminal Terminal NodeNode ControllerController (TNC)(TNC)

• Interface between the computer terminal and transceiver

• Amateur radio equivalent of a modem• Numerous user‐selectable ROM modems within it

ranging in data rates from 300 to 9600 baud, with multiple modulation techniques including

• Frequency Shift Keying (FSK), Audio FSK (AFSK), Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK), Gaussian FSK (GFSK)

• Baud rates: 1200 bauds, 9600 bauds• Examples:

– Advanced Electronic Applications (AEA): DSP‐2232 TNC– Kantronics: KPC‐3+


TNC. TNC. KantronicsKantronics KPCKPC--3+3+httphttp://://www.kantronics.comwww.kantronics.com//documentsdocuments//kpc_specsheet.pdfkpc_specsheet.pdf

24





AntennaAntenna rotatorrotator. . YaesuYaesu GG--55005500

Complete Complete AzAz--El El RotationRotation SystemSystem

• Mechanical tracking of the antenna• Control in azimuth and elevation


AntennaAntenna rotatorrotator. . YaesuYaesu GG--55005500

25





AntennaAntenna rotatorrotator computercomputer interfaceinterfaceYaesuYaesu GSGS--232232

Remote Remote operationoperation ofof thethe antennaantenna rotatorrotator ((elevationelevation andand azimuthazimuth))


AntennaAntenna rotatorrotator computercomputer interfaceinterfaceYaesuYaesu GSGS--232232

OperationOperation withwith GG--5500 5500 antennaantenna rotatorrotator

26





AntennaAntenna rotatorrotator. . SpecificationsSpecifications andand PricePrice

httphttp://://www.hamradio.comwww.hamradio.com//webweb//newcatnewcat/hrocat6./hrocat6.pdfpdf


CablesCables

• Specifications:– Application (RF, control, communications)– Specific attenuation vs frequency– Flexibility and weight– Robustness (shielding, protection, temperature)– Cost, availability, delivery time

Model 140 MHz 440 MHz PriceLMC 400 1,5 dB/feet 2,7 dB/100 feet 0,85$/1ftLMC 400 Ultraflex 1,8 dB/100 feet 3,3 dB/100 feet 1,27$/1ftAircom Plus (coax) 0,05 dB/m 0,08 dB/m 3,2€/mRG58U 0,2 dB/m 0,4 dB/mRG213 0,08 dB/m 0,15 dB/mBelden 9913 (RG8) 1,5 dB/100 feet 2,7 dB/100 feet 0,95$/1ft

27





NoiseNoise contributioncontribution duedue toto cablingcabling

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

0 0,1 0,5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

L (dB)

Teq

(K)

-275-265-255-245-235-225-215-205-195-185-175

0 0,1 0,5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

L (dB)

Noi

se (d

BW/H

z)


NoiseNoise contributioncontribution duedue toto cablingcabling

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

0,01 0,02 0,03 0,04 0,05 0,06 0,07 0,08 0,09 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4

L (dB/m)

Teq

(K)

10 m 20 m 30 m

050

100150200250300350

0,01 0,02 0,03 0,04 0,05 0,06 0,07 0,08 0,09 0,1

L (dB/m)

Teq

(K)

10 m 20 m 30 m

28





CablingCabling in in antennaantenna towertower

SourceSource: COSGC: COSGC


CablingCabling in in antennaantenna towertower

SourceSource: : nCubenCube

29





LNA (LNA (PreamplifierPreamplifier))

• Compensate attenuation and noise figure due to cables losses from the antenna to the transceiver

• Connected between antenna and transceiver (rx port)• High gain and low noise figure• Mast mounted amplifiers

SourceSource: : www.comdac.comwww.comdac.com


PowerPower amplifieramplifier

• Used to increase the transmit power (normally 2‐m band)• Connected between antenna and transceiver (trx port)• Interest in large output power and linearity

Linear power amplifierType:

GaAsFET preamp 14 dB2003 price in US: $329.00Other:

FM/SSB/CWModes:2.5 lbsWeight:12x3x6 inchesDimensions (W*H*D):160 WMaximum output power:0.5-50 WDrive power:Max 30 ACurrent drain:12-15 VDCVoltage:144-148 MHzFrequency range:

Mirage B-5018-GModel:

30





DuplexerDuplexer ((ModeMode J J filterfilter))

• Suppression of harmonics produced by transmission in 2‐m band that may affect 70‐cm receiver

• Model CF‐416A Duplexer for transmitting and receiving the144 and 433Mhz at the same time

• In the case of using the CF‐416 for one frequency, the otherend can remain open (use of a dummy load preferred)

• BandPass Frequency & Input Loss : – 1.3 ‐ 170Mhz: <0.15dB – 350 ‐ 540Mhz: <0.25dB

• Impedance: 50 Ohms• VSWR : <1:1.2• Maximum Input Power:

• 1.3 ‐ 60Mhz / 1000Watts (PEP) • 100 ‐ 170Mhz / 800Watts (PEP)• 350 ‐ 540Mhz / 500Watts (PEP) Comet CF‐416


PowerPower SplittersSplitters

• Combine/Split signals from/to several antennas• Reciprocal use as power divider or combiner• Low insertion loss• Usually, 2 and 4‐way

• 1/4 Lambda design• Max input RF-power 1200W• 2xN-Conn. (F) + 1xN-Conn. (M)• 5xN-Conn. (F) • Gold-plated contact pins - 50 ohm• PTFE insulation within the connectors• Brass outher square tube.• Polished brass inner tube• Water proof !

2 Way Splitter 2x N (F) / 1 x N (M) 4 Way Splitter 5xN-Conn (F)

31





OtherOther componentscomponents

• Power supply• Polarity switch• SWR and power meter• Audio noise reduction filter• Lightning arrestors• Structure to support the antenna• De‐icing mechanism• Power controller switch• PCs:

– Rotor control and radio tuning– Data decoding (TNC) and satellite commanding– Back‐up


nCubenCube GroundGround stationstation. . BlockBlock diagramdiagram

32





Control Control roomroom

4 computers to operate Ground Station. Transmitter and satellite tracker are settled in rack at right side

httphttp://://cubesat.aero.cst.nihoncubesat.aero.cst.nihon--u.ac.jpu.ac.jp//englishenglish//gs_detail_e.htmlgs_detail_e.html


Cal Cal PolyPoly GroundGround stationstation

““HertzHertz”” ““MarconiMarconi””

33






34





AX.25 AX.25 ProtocolProtocol

• Derived from X.25• Used in amateur packet radio (point to point)• CRC‐l6 error check of each data packet• Frame check sequences to guard against receiving data frames out

of order when multiple packets received• Exchange of essentially error‐free computer data between two

modems via a RF link• Robust• Implemented in the TNC firmware• Tuneling of AX.25 packet over IP using AXIP and AXUDP for

encapsulation• Limitations: large overhead, no FEC (solved in FX.25), no

automatic data compression, delay


GroundGround stationstation. Software . Software architecturearchitecture

Andreas Lenz, Survey of the Mercury Ground Station Network, UnivAndreas Lenz, Survey of the Mercury Ground Station Network, University of ersity of WWüürzburgrzburg, 2003., 2003.

35





SoftwareSoftware

• Pre‐pass software: required in advance of the pass ofthe spacecraft to– Determine and predict the orbit– Schedule and plan future observations– Command list generation and simulation

• Real‐time software: required when the satellite isvisible from the ground station– Antenna tracking software– Computer control software– Command and Data Handling software

• Post‐pass software: needed for housekeeping, qualitycontrol and health assessment, data processing, orbitdetermination and data analysis


SoftwareSoftware

• PRE‐PASS SOFTWARE– Nova for Windows, WinOrbit and Virtual Ground Station (Tokyo

University) to determine AOS, LOS, azimuth and elevation• REAL‐TIME SOFTWARE

– Nova for Windows, WinOrbit and Virtual Ground Station (TokyoUniversity) to also determine satellite crossing times

– GMS (Ground Station Mng System) (Tokyo University) for radio and antennas control

– Packet Engine Pro (software based TNC)– AWGTERMINAL (decode AX.25 packets)– Hamscope and CWget (decode CW beacons in real‐time)

• POST‐PASS SOFTWARE– Packet Engine Pro (software based TNC)– AWGTERMINAL– Hamscope and CWget (decode recorded CW beacons)

36





SoftwareSoftware

• Many universities develop their own software to be used with their missions

• Predict (open source)• http://www.n2yo.com (satellite tracking)• STA, STK: orbit analysis and determination• MixW2 (TNC software)• MacDoppler Pro and NOVA Tune (tune frequency)• Other:

– Orbitron, Instantrack, Kansas City Tracker, WiSP– Matlab: link‐level simulations (receiver design, BER

calculation, see waveforms, etc.)– Excel: link budgets


NOVA NOVA forfor Windows. Windows. ScreenshotScreenshot

SourceSource: : httphttp://://www.nlsa.comwww.nlsa.com//

Satellite Tracking Software Real Time TrackingSatellite Tracking Software Real Time Tracking

37





GENSO GENSO referencereference stationstation


GroundGround stationstation. . CostCost breakdownbreakdown

Make & model Type Quantity Unit cost (NOK) Total cost (NOK) Dealer Statusincl mva

Kenwood TS-2000 Transceiver 1 kr 23 000,00 kr 23 000,00 Permo.no ReceivedAstron RM-35M Power supply 0 kr 1 800,00 kr 0,00 Received ARS

IBM A31p Laptop computer 1 kr 29 709,00 kr 29 709,00 ibmshop.no ReceivedMisc. PC accessories kr 2 000,00 Received

Mirage KP-2-440M Preamp. 435MHz 1 kr 1 400,00 kr 1 400,00 (est.) Permo.no? To be ordered

M2 MT-3000 Elevation rotor 0 kr 9 800,00 kr 0,00 Under restorationM2 OR2800PDC Azimuth rotor 1 kr 11 600,00 kr 11 600,00 To be orderedM2 RC2800-PRK Rotator controller 0 kr 3 000,00 kr 0,00 Received ARS

Nova for Windows Tracking software 1 kr 510,00 kr 510,00 nlsa.com On orderNova Tune Radio Tuner 1 kr 1 100,00 kr 1 100,00 nlsa.com On order

Tonna 2x9 element 144 MHz antenna 2 kr 380,00 kr 760,00 (est.) On orderTonna 2x19 element 435 MHz antenna 8 kr 265,00 kr 2 120,00 (est.) On orderCushcraft LAC-4H Lightning arrestor 2 kr 500,00 kr 1 000,00 Permo.no ReceivedTonna 30202 4-way splitter (144MHz) 1 kr 340,00 kr 340,00 (est.) On orderTonna 30270 2-way splitter (435MHz) 1 kr 300,00 kr 300,00 (est.) On orderTonna 30470 4-way splitter (435MHz) 2 kr 320,00 kr 640,00 On orderMisc. Connectors kr 3 306,20 To be orderedAntenna tower HiN kr 0,00 Construction pendingH1000 coax Cables 100 kr 26,10 kr 2 610,00 elfa.se Received

Sum kr 80 395,20kr 64 834,84 ex mva

SourceSource: : nCubenCube (2003)(2003)~~9000 9000 €€ (2002)(2002)

38





GroundGround stationstation. . CostCost breakdownbreakdown

SourceSource: San : San JoseJose StateState UniversityUniversity GroundGround StationStation (2002)(2002)


SoftwareSoftware--DefinedDefined RadioRadio

2 ADCs105 Msps

USBUSB

Virtex-4Virtex-4

PCIPCI

39





ContentsContents

• Introduction• Link budget• Pointing angles• Ground station architecture and components

• References


ReferencesReferences andand BibliographyBibliography

• Amateur Satellite Handbook, AMSAT.• www.yaesu.com• www.icomamerica.com• Logan Finch, COSGC Ground Station Boulder Ground UHF/VHF

System Overview, CGS‐SYS‐101.1, 7/22/09. http://dande.colorado.edu/for_operators/CGS‐SYS‐101.2BoulderGroundStation.pdf

• AX.25 Amateur Packet‐Radio Link‐Layer Protocol Version 2.2, 1998. http://www.tapr.org/pdf/AX25.2.2.pdf

• San Jose University Ground Station• CalPoly Ground Station:

http://polysat.calpoly.edu/earthstation/documents/index.php• nCube Ground Station• www.genso.org• C.A. Balanis, Antenna Theory and Design, 2nd Ed, John Wiley, 1997.• NOVA. http://www.nlsa.com

Documents

Ground segment Ground station architecture