Groundwater and Our Enviroment_Saim

7/22/2019 Groundwater and Our Enviroment_Saim

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GROUNDWATER AND OUR

ENVIRONMENT

by:

SAIM SURATMAN


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Outline

1. Groundwaterits Environment

2. Groundwater: Quality + Effect3. Groundwater: Impact of Overexploitation

4. Groundwater: Climate Change

5. Groundwater: Contamination6. Groundwater: Protection


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Groundwater and its Environment


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Interaction between groundwater and

stream

Gaining streams receive water from the ground-

water system (A). This can be determined from

water-table contour maps because the contour

lines point in the upstream direction where they

cross the stream (B)

Losing streams lose water to the ground-water

system (A). This can be determined from water-table

contour maps because the contour lines point in the

downstream direction where they cross the stream

(B)


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If stream levels rise higher than

their stream banks (C), the

floodwaters recharge ground

water throughout the flooded

areas

Interaction

between

groundwater andstream

Please Remember 1Water


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Interaction of

Groundwater and

Lakes

Lakes can receive ground-water inflow (A),

lose water as seepage to ground water (B),

or both (C).


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(a) aquifer and wetland separated by impermeable rocks (aquiclude)

no interaction; (b) aquifer and wetland separated by low permeability

rocks (aquitard) small interaction; and (c) aquifer and wetland separated

by high permeability rocks or not separated

large interaction

Interaction of Groundwater and

Wetlands


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Interaction of

Groundwater andWetlands

the source of water to wetlands can be from

ground-water discharge where the landsurface is underlain by complex ground-

water flow fields (A), from ground-water

discharge at seepage faces and at breaks in

slope of the water table (B), from streams

(C), and from precipitation in cases where

wetlands have no stream inflow and ground-

water gradients slope away from the

wetland (D).


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Outline


2. Groundwater: Quality3. Groundwater: Impact of Overexploitation




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Why groundwater in Malaysia?1. Groundwater as the only option - alternative to

surface water Technically feasible,

Economically viableless capital-intensive todevelop and run,

Quality is good, and

Environmentally sustainable Accessible to a large number of users

Provide individual supplies

2. Increase w ter security as supplementarysource, conjunctive use

3. During emergency or period of droughtcrisisdriven

4. Offers better insurance against droughtas atool for climate change adaptation


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Groundwater Quality

In general, groundwater in Malaysia is of acceptable quality. The chemicaland biological character of ground water is acceptable for most uses.

Problems related to quality and suitability for human consumption aremanagable

The quality of ground water in some parts of the country, particularlyshallow ground water, is changing as a result of human activities.

Fe & Mn values > WHO limit ( 60 % of well)

Hg, As, Pb, NO3, high in isolated wells at N. Sembilan, Terengganu, Selangor,

Melaka

In Kelantan, groundwater in the shallow aquifer is subjected tocontamination with nitrate, ammonia, fertilisers, insecticides and microbial

contamination

Ground water is less susceptible to bacterial pollution than surface waterbecause the soil and rocks through which ground water flows screen outmost of the bacteria.

Water is a solvent and dissolves minerals from the rocks with which it comes

in contact. Ground water may contain dissolved minerals and gases that give it the

tangy taste enjoyed by many people. Without these minerals and gases, thewater would taste flat.

Colliform, E. coli present in Kota Bharu shallow unconfined aquifer


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Mineral water (groundwater) vs

drinking water


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Major Constituents

Na+K

Ca

Mg

SO4

HCO3

Cl

Na+K Ca

MgSO4

HCO3

Cl

Na+K

CaMg

SO4HCO3

Cl

1 100 1000 10000 mg/L

The most common dissolved mineral substances aresodium, calcium, magnesium, potassium, chloride,bicarbonate, and sulfate. In water chemistry, thesesubstances are called common constituents.


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Graphical Representation

Piper diagram Durov diagram Schoeller Diagrams

radial diagramsStiff diagramspie charts


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Tubewell

Distribution inSelangor

Quality - Drink directly

from the well


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Bank InfiltrationRAW

Water Quality

Langat

Jeli

Parameter Sungai

Jeli

Groundwater

pH 6.47 5.54

Turbidity (NTU) 447 7.97

Parameter Sungai Langat Groundwater

pH 6.7 7.1

Turbidity

(NTU)328.0 14.0

Conductivity

S/cm211 94

N03

(mg/l)9.1 1.12

Total

Coliform>2420 MPN/100ml


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Microorganism counting (Cryptosporidium & Giardia)

Station

No SamplingSite Datecollected Sampledvolume Parasitological Analysis

Concentrated

volume No of Giardia cystscounted on theslide

Giardia

cycts/liter No ofCryptosporidium oocysts on the

slide

Cryptosporidium

oocysts /liter

SW 1 SungaiLangat

20/4/20

10 10 L 10 ml 29 2.9 0 0SW2 Sungai

Langat 20/4/2010 10 L 10 ml 1 0.1 0 0DW2 Product

ion well20/4/20

1010 L 10 ml 0 0 0 0

Analysis of water samples from Sungai Langat and 1 production well showed

that two samples from the Sg. Langat containing Giardia cyst in concentration

0.1 to 2.9 cysts per litre.

Bank InfiltrationRAW Water Quality


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In 2007, the number of river basin

monitored by DOE was 143

Degradation of river water quality by

sediments from land clearance and solid

wastes Major pollutants: Biochemical Oxygen

Demand (BOD), Ammoniacal Nitrogen

(NH3-N) and Suspended Solids.

Pollutants: solid waste (municipals,

cnstruction, etc), debris, chemicals,

sewage and sediments. Diffuse source from agriculture practices:

Residuals of agro-chemical, fertilizers and

pesticide

Rivers

clean

slightly polluted

polluted

River quality in Malaysia 2007


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Outline






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Over exploitation of groundwater

Over exploitation of groundwater may lead to: ground subsidence saltwater intrusion threat to wetlands and accelerates movement of pollutant.


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Permits or licences are required for the abstraction of groundwater tocontrol over exploitation of the resource and at the same time toencourage efficient use and raise revenue.

Over exploitation of groundwater


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saltwater intrusion

intensive ground-water pumping can cause salt-

water intrusion in coastal aquifers

In coastal areas a natural

balance exists between salt

and freshwater;

if over-pumped, salt water

up-coning occurs, with

mixing fresh and sea water.

This is irreversible.


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Inactive Cells

Langat Basin:ModelOutput

- Variant 5 -Drawdown

in Model Layer 5

Dry Cells

Dredge Ponds

(Paya Indah, Imuda)

Active

Pumping Wells

0.2 m

0 m

10 m


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Outline






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Illustrative map of future climate change impacts related to freshwater which threaten the

sustainable development of the affected regions. 1: Bobba et al. (2000), 2: Barnett et al.

(2004), 3: Dll and Flrke (2005), 4: Mirza et al. (2003), 5: Lehner et al. (2005), 6: Kistemann

et al. (2002), 7: Porter and Semenov (2005). Background map, see Figure 2.10: Ensemble

mean change in annual runoff (%) between present (19801999) and 20902099 for the SRES

A1B emissions scenario (based on Milly et al., 2005). Areas with blue (red) colours indicate the

increase (decrease) of annual runoff. [Based on WGII Figure 3.8 and SYR Figure 3.5] (after

PICC)

Climate Change Impacts on Water Resources


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27

Monthly Rainfall Anomaly(April)

Monthly Rainfall Anomaly(May)

CLIMATE CHANGE PROJECTION


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Selangor

0

20

40

60

80

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec

Month

Periodicmonthlyflow

Historical Period Future Period (2025-2034,2041-2050)

Simulated Mean Monthly River Flow

CLIMATE CHANGE PROJECTION

Groundwater offers better insuranceagainst droughtas a tool for climatechange adaptation


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Impacts of Climate Change on WaterResources There is a growing evidence of that climate

change could potentially affect Malaysia waterresource systems.

Projections of these climate change conditions

imply with high certainty increases in temperature

and the associated earlier or late timing of rainfallrunoff,

Maximum monthly rainfall is projected to be 51%

higher for east coast states

Minimum monthly rainfall down by 61% for the

west coast states

Due to the significant reduction in minimum

monthly rainfall , the low flow in rivers in Selangor

dan Johor could be lowered by 31-93%.


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Outline






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Groundwater

contaminationsources

point-sou rce con taminat ion - seepage into drinking water wells

because of accidental spills, poor well construction, or improper

practices in storing and handling pesticides or fertilizers

Non-point-sourc e contaminat ion - occurs over large areas, such

as agricultural regions and watersheds, and is mainly caused by

the slow downward movement of agrochemicals through the soil

profile and into the groundwater underlying farmland.


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Point SourceOriginated from single location; disposal of oils, solvents & chemical

waste leachate from waste disposal sites

herbicide use along railways, roadsand

airfields (line sources)

Point source pollution: a small collection of buried drums or asingle underground tank


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Point and Non-point Source


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Plume

movement


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Density effects how contaminants move

through an aquifer. Light Non-Aqueous

Phase Liquids LNAPL such as gasoline float

on water

Dense Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids DNAPL

such as dry-cleaning solvents sink in water.

LNAPL & DNAPL


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Groundwater Monitoring

What are we looking for?

salt water intrusions

contaminations from agricultural, industrial andany human activities

leakage from brackish to fresh water aquifers water level drawdown/fluctuation as a result of

pumping

Subsidence as a result of over-pumping


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TYPE OF GROUNDWATER MONITORING

POINT


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Groundwater level monitoring

Monitoring results


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Monitoring results

0.0

100.0

200.0

300.0

400.0

500.0

600.0

MPN/100ml

E.Coli

(Source: JMG)

Occurrence of the Total-coliform and E. coli mainly in shallow aquifer

In Bachok area, the average depth of the tubewells and dugwells are about 6m

Main sources of contamination:

1. improper sewage treatment plant

2. Animal husbandary

3. landfilling


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Impact of Landfill To Surface WaterAnd Groundwater QualityLandfills Surface water Leachate Groundwater

1. Sg. KembongClass III Only Cr exceeded the

standard

Not available

2. Kelana Jaya

Class III

(Suspected contamination

from leachate by high

number of coliform)

COD and BOD in 1 from 12

samples were over the

standard

(overall - ok)

Minimal pollution intensity and

was not seriously polluted. Fe and

As exceeded the standard in most

of the wells.

3. Air Hitam Sulphide, BOD, COD, Cd, Cr, Pb, Fe, TSS, oil and greasewere higher than Parameters Limits of Standard B Slightly polluted (based on thecurrent study)

4. Ampar

Tenang

Class III: Surface water was

contaminated by leachate

that flows straight into the

Sg Labu river

Most parameters were less

than the Standard B except

for As (in L6), Cr (in all

samples), Fe in L4 and Zn

in L3.

Groundwater is contaminated.

High COD, Cd, Pb, Fe, in BH1

(downstream) of the landfill

compared to BH3 (upstream of the

landfill)

5. Sg Sedu

Class III Below the Standard B

except for Cr, Fe, and Cd.

Not available

6. JeramNot available Not available Most parameters were above

background data.

7. Bukit Tagar Not contaminated

Below Standard B Not contaminated (below

environmental standard and

background data)


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Geochemistry and Solute Transport Simulation

Code: MINTRAN (U.W)

Source: Blowes et al.


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Outline






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Types of data required forgroundwater management


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Capture zone

analysis


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WHPA = Wellhead Protection Area

Zone Restricted activities processes and installations Other restrictions


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Zone Restricted activities, processes and installations Other restrictions

I(50 days )

vehicle and pedestrian traffic fertiliser and manure pesticides road and railway animal husbandry cemeteries fuel and oil storage waste pipeline dying and printing facilities septic/cesspool tank car parking facilities and car wash large wet market

and all mentionedrestrictions of Zone II,IIIa and IIIb

II(1 year)

motor workshop construction plant and facilities

petrol and service station urbanisation groundwater injection new cemeteries sewage treatment facilities hospital airport military facilities light industrial zone

mining golf course waste and wastewater discharge large transfer station

and all mentionedrestrictions of Zone IIIa

and IIIb

IIIa(10 year)

waste disposal site waste water injection underground storage of toxic substances heavy industrial zone

and all mentionedrestrictions of Zone IIIb

IIIb(20 year)

oil refineries chemical and nuclear plants


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Kelantan River Basin: 1-year WHPA

WHPA = Wellhead Protection Area


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Kelantan River Basin: 20-year WHPA


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Avoid Crisis Driven

Groundwater Development

Documents

Groundwater and Our Enviroment_Saim