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Groundwater Resource Management- Carbon County
Groundwater Resource Management
Mr. Brian Oram, PG Mr. Brian Oram, PG Professional Geologist, Soil Scientist, Professional Geologist, Soil Scientist,
PASEO, Licensed Well DrillerPASEO, Licensed Well Driller
Lab Director, Center for Environmental Quality Lab Director, Center for Environmental Quality
Wilkes UniversityWilkes University
Environmental Engineering and Earth SciencesEnvironmental Engineering and Earth Sciences
Wilkes Barre, PA 18766Wilkes Barre, PA 18766
http://www.water-research.nethttp://www.water-research.net
Project Sponsors
Pocono Northeast Resource Conservation & Development Councilhttp://www.pnercd.org
C-SAW Program - Consortium for Scientific Assistance to Watersheds Program
http://pa.water.usgs.gov/csaw/ PA Association of Environmental Professionals
http://www.paep.org
Center for Environmental Quality
Non-profit/ equal opportunity employer, is operated andNon-profit/ equal opportunity employer, is operated and
managed, within the GeoEnvironmental Sciences andmanaged, within the GeoEnvironmental Sciences and
Environmental Engineering DepartmentEnvironmental Engineering Department
Outreach Programs Outreach Programs Environmental and Professional Education and TrainingEnvironmental and Professional Education and Training Applied ResearchApplied Research Community and Business Outreach ProgramsCommunity and Business Outreach Programs
Website: http://www.water-research.netWebsite: http://www.water-research.net
Presentation Sponsors Carbon County Groundwater GuardiansCarbon County Groundwater Guardians
http://http://www.carbonwaters.orgwww.carbonwaters.org
Wilkes UniversityWilkes Universityhttp://www.water-research.nethttp://www.water-research.net
Pocono Northeast Research Conservation and Pocono Northeast Research Conservation and Development CouncilDevelopment Councilhttp://http://www.pnercd.orgwww.pnercd.org//
Constorium for Scientific Assistance to WatershedsConstorium for Scientific Assistance to Watershedshttp://http://pa.water.usgs.gov/csawpa.water.usgs.gov/csaw//
Components of the Water Cycle
First The InsSolar Energy Input
PrecipitationCondensationWell Injection
Irrigation
The OutsEvaporation
TranspirationInfiltrationPercolation
RunoffGroundwater FlowSurfacewater Flow
Well Pumping
water cycle
The Water CyclePowered by the Sun- Solar Power
PrecipitationTypes of Precipitation
NaturalRainSnow
IceHail
Condensation/ Dew
Man-MadeIrrigation
Wastewater Applications
InterceptionInfiltration / Percolation
Canopy Interception
Percolation
Infiltration
Infiltration- Movement Water Into Soil
Percolation - Water Movement Throughthe Soil
Evaporation / TranspirationEvapotranspiration
Evaporation- Driven by Thermal Gradient and Moisture Difference
Stomata
Runoff / Overland Flow
When Rainfall Rate Exceeds Infiltration Runoff is Generated
Low Infiltration Causes - Overland Flow- Loss
Organic Material
Uncontrolled RunoffCauses Erosion
GroundwaterZone of Saturation
Primary Aquifers in PA
Well Geology
Surfacewater & Groundwater
They Are Related and Connected !
Local Water Divide
Groundwater Moves - Slowlyfeet per year
Induced Recharge or Artificial Discharge
Pumping Well - Artificial DischargeArtificial Recharge- Septic Systems
# of homes served by # of homes served by private water systemsprivate water systems
Avg. Avg. Change Change
in in homes homes served served
by by private private water water
systems systems per per yearyear
% of all % of all homes homes served served
by by public public waterwater
% of all % of all homes homes served served
by by private private water water
systemsystem
CountyCounty 19801980 19901990 20002000
BradfordBradford 13,44313,443 16,86516,865 20,28720,287 +342+342 3737 6363
CarbonCarbon 6,5946,594 12,23512,235 17,87617,876 +564+564 5555 4545
LackawannaLackawanna 9,9529,952 12,74512,745 15,53815,538 +279+279 8686 1414
LuzerneLuzerne 19,99419,994 24,66224,662 29,33029,330 +467+467 8282 1818
MonroeMonroe 21,12921,129 37,24637,246 53,36353,363 +1612+1612 3232 6868
PikePike 9,4419,441 16,87516,875 24,30924,309 +743+743 4545 5555
SullivanSullivan 2,1472,147 4,7274,727 7,3077,307 +258+258 1313 8787
SusquehannSusquehannaa
9,4239,423 15,21215,212 21,00121,001 +579+579 2525 7575
TiogaTioga 9,1269,126 11,88811,888 14,65014,650 +276+276 3535 6565
WayneWayne 9,9139,913 19,09719,097 28,28128,281 +918+918 3333 6767
WyomingWyoming 7,2367,236 8,6578,657 10,07810,078 +142+142 2727 7373
RegionRegion 118,398118,398 180,209180,209 242,020242,020 +562+562 4343 5757
Keys to Safe Drinking Water
The Sanitary Survey- Proper Site LocationThe Sanitary Survey- Proper Site Location State Federal and Local RegulationsState Federal and Local Regulations Types of Well Water SourcesTypes of Well Water Sources Well Drilling and ConstructionWell Drilling and Construction Initial Water Testing- Common Water Quality Initial Water Testing- Common Water Quality
ProblemsProblems Well Water Conditioning or TreatmentWell Water Conditioning or Treatment Well Maintenance Well Maintenance
State and Federal Regulation
Currently No Federal Or Pennsylvania State Currently No Federal Or Pennsylvania State Regulations Related to Private Water Well Regulations Related to Private Water Well Construction. Construction.
Pennsylvania has over 1 million households on Private Pennsylvania has over 1 million households on Private Wells.Wells.
Pennsylvania one of 2 states that has no private Pennsylvania one of 2 states that has no private water well construction standards, via regulation.water well construction standards, via regulation.
PA does not really have a comprehensive PA does not really have a comprehensive certification program for drilling contractors and certification program for drilling contractors and operators.operators.
Local Agency
The Pennsylvania State Association of TownshipThe Pennsylvania State Association of TownshipSupervisors Surveyed second class townships acrossSupervisors Surveyed second class townships acrossthe state regarding water well ordinances and waterthe state regarding water well ordinances and waterwell related problems. Of the 1,457 townshipwell related problems. Of the 1,457 townshipacross the state:across the state:
601 townships responded to the survey601 townships responded to the survey 39 of 601 townships maintain water well 39 of 601 townships maintain water well
construction ordinancesconstruction ordinances 21 townships were considering and ordinance21 townships were considering and ordinance
Protect Your Water SourceThings You or Your Community Can Do
Periodically InspectPeriodically Inspect Drain Surface Water AwayDrain Surface Water Away Install Sanitary SealInstall Sanitary Seal Annual TestingAnnual Testing Maintain RecordsMaintain Records Start a Community Based Start a Community Based
Groundwater Education ProgramGroundwater Education Program Carbon County Groundwater Carbon County Groundwater
GuardiansGuardianshttp://www.carbonwaters.org/http://www.carbonwaters.org/
Proper Abandonment Proper Abandonment Chemical Storage, Disposal Chemical Storage, Disposal
and Useand Use Keep Wellhead Above Keep Wellhead Above
GradeGrade Proper Well LocationProper Well Location Septic System MaintenanceSeptic System Maintenance Recycle used Oil and Recycle used Oil and
Participate in Hazardous Participate in Hazardous Chemical Disposal Chemical Disposal ProgramsPrograms
Well OrdinanceWell Ordinance
Private Water Sources Wells
An Ungrouted Residential Well
A Properly Grouted Well
Bedrock Fractures and Fractured Zones
High Yielding Well
Fractured Zone
Lower Yielding Well
Well Isolation Distances
MONTGOMERY COUNTY HEALTH DEPARTMENTMONTGOMERY COUNTY HEALTH DEPARTMENT
INDIVIDUAL WATER SUPPLY WELL CONSTRUCTION INDIVIDUAL WATER SUPPLY WELL CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATIONS (partial listing)SPECIFICATIONS (partial listing)
Delineated wetlands or floodplains (25 feet)Delineated wetlands or floodplains (25 feet)
Surface waters (25 feet) Storm water Systems (25 feet) Surface waters (25 feet) Storm water Systems (25 feet) Spray Irrigation/ Septage Disposal (100 feet) Spray Irrigation/ Septage Disposal (100 feet)
Farm silos / manure storage (200 feet) Septic Systems (100 feet)Farm silos / manure storage (200 feet) Septic Systems (100 feet)
Septic Tanks/Holding Tanks (50 feet)Septic Tanks/Holding Tanks (50 feet)
Chemical Storage/Preparation Area (300 feet)Chemical Storage/Preparation Area (300 feet)
More Information at More Information at http://www.h2otest.com/regs/pa/montgomery/http://www.h2otest.com/regs/pa/montgomery/
Too Close to the Road
Potential Problems1) Damaged Casing2) Chemical Spills3) Road Salting Agents4) Chemical Sprays5) Vandalism
Well Cap Not Secure
Well Cap is Off !
Standard Well Cap Sanitary Well Cap
Allow entry for insects, small animals Sealed to prevent contamination
Well Construction Options for Private Wells
Unsanitary Well Cap
Insects, Larvae and Insects, Larvae and Nests / Egg MassesNests / Egg Masses
Mouse ColoniesMouse Colonies SnakesSnakes BeehivesBeehives Mud - when casing to Mud - when casing to
close to groundclose to ground
Types of Contamination - Bacteria, Subject to Vandalism, Salts
Poor construction can affect drinking water Poor construction can affect drinking water qualityquality
Poor construction can contribute, promote, and Poor construction can contribute, promote, and facilitate pollution and contamination of the facilitate pollution and contamination of the groundwater aquifergroundwater aquifer
Proper construction can prolong the life and Proper construction can prolong the life and yield of the wellyield of the well
Why Care About Well Construction ?
Well Construction Open Hole Bedrock Well
Casing With Drive Shoe
Welding the Steel Casing
A Properly Grouted Well
Tremie PipeTremie Pipe
Installing the Tremie Pipe
Pumping in the Bentonite Grout
Why Test My Water ?
A USGS survey found that 70% of private wells wereA USGS survey found that 70% of private wells werecontaminated. This contamination could result in acutecontaminated. This contamination could result in acuteor chronic health concerns.or chronic health concerns.
In general, there are no regulations related to wellIn general, there are no regulations related to wellconstruction, placement, or required testing. It is up toconstruction, placement, or required testing. It is up toyou to determine the safety of your water.you to determine the safety of your water.
EPA recommends, at minimum, an annual water test forEPA recommends, at minimum, an annual water test forprivate wells.private wells.
Primary Standards (NPDWR)
National Primary Drinking Water RegulationsNational Primary Drinking Water Regulations
Primary standards protect drinking water quality by limiting the levels ofPrimary standards protect drinking water quality by limiting the levels of
specific contaminants that can adversely affect public health and are knownspecific contaminants that can adversely affect public health and are known
or anticipated to occur in water. They take the form of Maximumor anticipated to occur in water. They take the form of Maximum
Contaminant Levels or Treatment Techniques.Contaminant Levels or Treatment Techniques.
There are over 100 chemical and biological primary drinking waterThere are over 100 chemical and biological primary drinking water
standards, which include: trace metals, disinfection agents, disinfection by-standards, which include: trace metals, disinfection agents, disinfection by-
products, radiological, microbiological agents, and organic chemicals. products, radiological, microbiological agents, and organic chemicals.
Examples:Examples: Arsenic, Lead, MTBE, total coliform, Arsenic, Lead, MTBE, total coliform, GiardiaGiardia, Trihalomethanes,, Trihalomethanes,
Asbestos, Copper, Benzene, Trichloroethane, etc.Asbestos, Copper, Benzene, Trichloroethane, etc.
Secondary Standards
National Secondary Drinking Water RegulationsNational Secondary Drinking Water Regulations
These standards were established more for cosmeticThese standards were established more for cosmeticEffects (such as skin or tooth discoloration) or aesthetic effects (suchEffects (such as skin or tooth discoloration) or aesthetic effects (suchas taste, odor or color) in drinking water.as taste, odor or color) in drinking water.
These are not regulated standards, but recommended limits.These are not regulated standards, but recommended limits.
The secondary standards include: aluminum, chloride, color, The secondary standards include: aluminum, chloride, color, corrosivity, fluoride, foaming agents, iron, manganese, odor,corrosivity, fluoride, foaming agents, iron, manganese, odor,pH, silver, sulfate, total dissolved solids, and zinc.pH, silver, sulfate, total dissolved solids, and zinc.
What Should I Test
The Selection of the Appropriate Testing The Selection of the Appropriate Testing Parameters Depends on YOUR WaterParameters Depends on YOUR Water
How does it taste?How does it taste? Do you have odor problems ?Do you have odor problems ? Are there any aesthetic problems, such as: color, Are there any aesthetic problems, such as: color,
turbidity, grittiness, or staining ?turbidity, grittiness, or staining ? Where are you located ?Where are you located ? How much do you want to spend ? How much do you want to spend ?
Comprehensive testing can cost over $2500.00Comprehensive testing can cost over $2500.00
Taste Problems
Salty or Brackish Salty or Brackish TasteTaste
Alkali TasteAlkali Taste
Metallic or Bitter Metallic or Bitter TasteTaste
High SodiumHigh Sodium
Elevated Hardness or Elevated Hardness or
alkalinityalkalinity
Corrosion, Low pH, highCorrosion, Low pH, high
metallic content (Cu, Fe,metallic content (Cu, Fe,
Mn, Pb,Al, Zn)Mn, Pb,Al, Zn)
Odors Rotten Egg / Musty Rotten Egg / Musty
OdorOdor Oily Oily
Methane Like-SmellMethane Like-Smell
Chemical/ SolventChemical/ Solvent
Sulfate, Sulfur,Sulfate, Sulfur,
Nuisance BacteriaNuisance Bacteria Gasoline, OilGasoline, Oil
Contamination orContamination or
Nuisance BacteriaNuisance Bacteria Organic Material orOrganic Material or
Natural GasNatural Gas Industrial ChemicalsIndustrial Chemicals
Note: Methane gas has no odor.
Sediments and Stains
Milky or CloudyMilky or Cloudy
Precipitation of carbonates / sulfates, excessive air, suspended solids,Precipitation of carbonates / sulfates, excessive air, suspended solids,
aquifer materialaquifer material
Bluish Green – Green PrecipitatesBluish Green – Green Precipitates
Copper, hardness, aggressive water and corrosion by-products, nuisanceCopper, hardness, aggressive water and corrosion by-products, nuisance
bacteriabacteria
Blackish Tint or Black SlimesBlackish Tint or Black Slimes
Reactions with manganese and possibly iron, nuisance bacteriaReactions with manganese and possibly iron, nuisance bacteria
Yellowish or Reddish Tint or SlimesYellowish or Reddish Tint or Slimes
Humic material, dissolved or precipitated iron, nuisance bacteriaHumic material, dissolved or precipitated iron, nuisance bacteria
Groundwater Pocono's RegionBased on the geology of the Pocono's region, theBased on the geology of the Pocono's region, the
commoncommon water quality problems are as follows: water quality problems are as follows:
Corrosive WaterLow pH
Soft Water (low hardness) to Moderate Hardness
Iron and Manganese Discolored Water – Reddish
to Brown TintsTotal Coliform Bacteria
Sulfur Odors and Elevated Sulfates
Coliform BacteriaColiform BacteriaColiform Bacteria
Absent or < 1 colony/100 mlAbsent or < 1 colony/100 ml
Testing PurposeTesting PurposeUsed as an Indicator of Sanitary Used as an Indicator of Sanitary Condition of Water SourceCondition of Water Source
SourcesSourcesNatural Soil BacteriaNatural Soil BacteriaHuman and Animal WasteHuman and Animal WasteInsect WasteInsect Waste
Less Common Problems
These water quality are not common to Groundwater inThese water quality are not common to Groundwater inPocono's Region.Pocono's Region.
Elevated Nitrate- Nitrite Levels (local problems)Elevated Nitrate- Nitrite Levels (local problems)
Radon or Radiological (local issues) Radon or Radiological (local issues)
Arsenic (local issues)Arsenic (local issues)
Organic ContaminationOrganic ContaminationElevated Trace Metals Elevated Trace Metals
(except corrosion by-products like Copper, Lead, Aluminum, Zinc)(except corrosion by-products like Copper, Lead, Aluminum, Zinc)Salty or Brackish Water (some areas)Salty or Brackish Water (some areas)
Trihalomethanes Trihalomethanes Pathogenic OrganismsPathogenic Organisms
Corrosive Water Chemical or Biochemical Reaction between Chemical or Biochemical Reaction between
the water and metal surfaces.the water and metal surfaces.
The corrosion process is an The corrosion process is an oxidation/reduction reaction that returns oxidation/reduction reaction that returns refined or processed metal to their more refined or processed metal to their more stable ore state.stable ore state.
Corrosion can also be accelerated by: Corrosion can also be accelerated by:
1) low pH and high pH;1) low pH and high pH; 2) high flow rate within the piping;2) high flow rate within the piping; 3) high water temperature;3) high water temperature; 4) chemistry of the water; and4) chemistry of the water; and 4) presence of suspended solids, such as 4) presence of suspended solids, such as
sand. sand.
Copper – TypicallyBlue or Blue-Green Staining
May also have elevated levelsof Lead and Zinc.
pHpH < 7 acidic pH < 7 acidic a pH > 7 basica pH > 7 basic
NSDWR – 6.5 – 8.5NSDWR – 6.5 – 8.5
ProblemsProblems Bitter or Alkali TasteBitter or Alkali Taste
CorrosionCorrosion Scale FormationScale Formation Leaching Metals- Copper,Leaching Metals- Copper,
Lead, Zinc, and AluminumLead, Zinc, and Aluminum
Water Hardness, Iron, Manganese The hardness of a water is a measure of the The hardness of a water is a measure of the
concentration of the multivalent cations (Ca, Mg, concentration of the multivalent cations (Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, etc) associated with carbonates (CO3) .Fe, Mn, etc) associated with carbonates (CO3) .
Hardness is typically reported as mg /L as Hardness is typically reported as mg /L as CaCO3 (calcium carbonate)CaCO3 (calcium carbonate)
Grains per gallon (1 gpg (US) = 17.12 mg Grains per gallon (1 gpg (US) = 17.12 mg CaCO3/L ). CaCO3/L ).
Hardness Classification: Hardness Classification: Soft: 0 to 17 mg CaCO3/LSoft: 0 to 17 mg CaCO3/L Slightly Hard: 17 to 60 mg/L;Slightly Hard: 17 to 60 mg/L; Moderately Hard 60 to 120 mg/LModerately Hard 60 to 120 mg/L Hard 120 to 180 mg/LHard 120 to 180 mg/L Very Hard > 180 mg/LVery Hard > 180 mg/L
Secondary Drinking Water StandardIron – 0.30 mg/L (red or black)Manganese – 0.05 mg/L (black)
Sulfates in WaterSulfates are a combination of sulfur and oxygen and are a part ofSulfates are a combination of sulfur and oxygen and are a part ofnaturally occurring minerals in some soil and rock formations thatnaturally occurring minerals in some soil and rock formations thatcontain groundwater. The mineral dissolves over time and is releasedcontain groundwater. The mineral dissolves over time and is releasedinto groundwater. into groundwater.
Hydrogen sulfide gas also occurs naturally in some groundwater. The Hydrogen sulfide gas also occurs naturally in some groundwater. The gas is formed from decomposition of organic compounds containedgas is formed from decomposition of organic compounds containedwithin the bedrock. Problems are typically found in aquifers that arewithin the bedrock. Problems are typically found in aquifers that areshale, siltstone, peat related, or near surface sources of organic material.shale, siltstone, peat related, or near surface sources of organic material.
Sulfur-reducing bacteria, use sulfur as an energy source and are theSulfur-reducing bacteria, use sulfur as an energy source and are thePrimary producers of large quantities of hydrogen sulfide. ThesePrimary producers of large quantities of hydrogen sulfide. Thesebacteria chemically change natural sulfates in water to hydrogen sulfidebacteria chemically change natural sulfates in water to hydrogen sulfide
Problems with Sulfates
Laxative Effect- MCL 250 mg/LLaxative Effect- MCL 250 mg/L Form Precipitates on Piping and Form Precipitates on Piping and
FixturesFixtures Rotten Egg OdorsRotten Egg Odors Sewage Gas OdorsSewage Gas Odors CorrosionCorrosion Water Heater FailureWater Heater Failure/Odors/Odors
Radon (In Air)
Carbon County in Red Zone – Suggests indoor air radon levels could be greater than 4 pCi/L
http://www.dep.state.pa.us/RadiationProtection_Apps/Radon/
Summary
Keys to Safe Drinking Water (Private Well)Keys to Safe Drinking Water (Private Well)
Proper Handling of Chemicals and WasteProper Handling of Chemicals and WasteDevelopment of Local StandardsDevelopment of Local StandardsUnderstand Your SourceUnderstand Your SourceAnnual Water TestingAnnual Water TestingPublic EducationPublic Education
Project Sponsors
Pocono Northeast Resource Conservation & Development Councilhttp://www.pnercd.org
C-SAW Program - Consortium for Scientific Assistance to Watersheds Program
http://pa.water.usgs.gov/csaw/ PA Association of Environmental Professionals
http://www.paep.org
Groundwater Resource Management- Carbon County
Mr. Brian Oram, PG Mr. Brian Oram, PG Professional Geologist, PASEO, Licensed Well DrillerProfessional Geologist, PASEO, Licensed Well Driller
Lab Director, Center for Environmental Quality Lab Director, Center for Environmental Quality Wilkes UniversityWilkes University
Environmental Engineering and Earth SciencesEnvironmental Engineering and Earth SciencesWilkes Barre, PA 18766Wilkes Barre, PA 18766
http://www.water-research.nethttp://www.water-research.net