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Circular 582 2014 ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Prairie Research Institute University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Groundwater Salinity Within the Mt. Simon Sandstone in Illinois and Indiana Edward Mehnert and Paula H. Weberling

Groundwater Salinity Within the Mt. Simon Sandstone in ...Simon. The Elmhurst Sandstone is dif-ficult to distinguish from the Mt. Simon, Figure 1 Map of potential waste disposal reservoirs

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Page 1: Groundwater Salinity Within the Mt. Simon Sandstone in ...Simon. The Elmhurst Sandstone is dif-ficult to distinguish from the Mt. Simon, Figure 1 Map of potential waste disposal reservoirs

Circular 582 2014

ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Prairie Research InstituteUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Groundwater Salinity Within the Mt. Simon Sandstone in Illinois and IndianaEdward Mehnert and Paula H. Weberling

Page 2: Groundwater Salinity Within the Mt. Simon Sandstone in ...Simon. The Elmhurst Sandstone is dif-ficult to distinguish from the Mt. Simon, Figure 1 Map of potential waste disposal reservoirs

© 2014 University of Illinois Board of Trustees. All rights reserved. For permissions information, contact the Illinois State Geological Survey.

Front Cover: Contour map of the data from the Midwest Geologic Sequestration Consortium (2005) salinity map using point kriging with no search radius and a grid spacing of 250 m.

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Circular 582 2014

ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEYPrairie Research InstituteUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign615 E. Peabody DriveChampaign, Illinois 61820-6918http://www.isgs.illinois.edu

Groundwater Salinity Within the Mt. Simon Sandstone in Illinois and IndianaEdward Mehnert and Paula H. Weberling

Page 4: Groundwater Salinity Within the Mt. Simon Sandstone in ...Simon. The Elmhurst Sandstone is dif-ficult to distinguish from the Mt. Simon, Figure 1 Map of potential waste disposal reservoirs
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CONTENTS

Abstract 1

Background 1

Compilation of Salinity Data 2

Contour Map Development 6

Acknowledgments 11

References 12

Appendix 13

A1 List of total dissolved solids (TDS) data used in this report 13

List of Tables 1 Distribution of the 329 compiled brine samples by location 6 2 Sources for brine samples by contributing institution 6

List of Figures 1 Map of potential waste disposal reservoirs (from Bergstrom 1968) 1 2 Salinity in the Elmhurst-Mt. Simon Sandstone in northern Illinois (from Visocky et al. 1985) 2 3 Map showing the 10,000 mg/L total dissolved solids (TDS) line in several formations, including the Elmhurst-Mt. Simon Sandstone (from Brower et al. 1989) 3 4 Salinity map for brine within the Mt. Simon Sandstone in northern Illinois (from Morse and Leetaru 2005) 4 5 Midwest Geologic Sequestration Consortium (MGSC) map of total dissolved solids (TDS, mg/L) in the groundwater from the Mt. Simon Sandstone (from MGSC 2005) 5 6 Histograms comparing the total dissolved solids (TDS) distributions for all 329 data points (top), for the 169 data points used for the contour map (middle), and for the original data set of the 2005 Midwest Geologic Sequestration Consortium map (bottom) 7 7 (a) Contour map of the updated data set using point kriging with no search radius and a grid spacing of 250 m. (b) New contour map of the data from the Midwest Geologic Sequestration Consortium (2005) salinity map using point kriging with no search radius and a grid spacing of 250 m 8 8 Filled contour map of 169 data points (orange circles) for groundwater salinity in the Mt. Simon Sandstone, where salinity is quantified by total dissolved solids 9 9 Location of the 10,000 mg/L total dissolved solids (TDS) line for groundwater in the Mt. Simon Sandstone for this study and from four published maps 10 10 Bubble chart of the groundwater salinity in the Mt. Simon Sandstone based on 329 total dissolved solids (TDS) data points 11

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Illinois State Geological Survey Circular 582 1

AbstractIn the Cambrian-age Mt. Simon Sand-stone, salinity varies widely from less than 1,000 mg/L of total dissolved solids (TDS) in northern Illinois to more than 250,000 mg/L of TDS in southern Illi-nois. Salinity is an important character-istic of groundwater and is quantified by measuring the TDS. With recent interest in geologic carbon sequestration, new wells have been completed in the Mt. Simon and new TDS data have been col-lected. These new TDS data, along with other available data from Illinois and Indiana wells, were compiled and plot-ted to generate an updated map of salin-ity in the Mt. Simon Sandstone.

BackgroundThe Mt. Simon Sandstone is the basal sandstone in the Illinois Basin and is considered a saline reservoir well suited for geologic carbon sequestration (U.S. Department of Energy 2012). For geo-logic carbon sequestration, salinity is an important consideration because it pro-vides an indication of the brine density and it affects carbon dioxide solubility in brine (e.g., Pruess and Garcia 2002). Salinity data are also vital as input data for simulations that evaluate the poten-tial effects of geologic carbon sequestra-tion in the Mt. Simon (e.g., Zhou et al. 2010; Adams 2013; Mehnert et al. 2013). Thus, Illinois State Geological Survey (ISGS) researchers sought to improve on the available salinity maps for the Mt. Simon and develop a new map incor-porating data from new wells and over-looked available data.

Salinity is a measure of the saltiness of water or soil. For groundwater, salin-ity is typically quantified by measuring total dissolved solids (TDS). Several TDS values are significant. Total dis-solved solids values for fresh ground-water are less than 1,000 mg/L, whereas TDS values for saline groundwater exceed 1,000 mg/L (Barlow 2003). For comparison, seawater typically has a TDS value of 35,000 mg/L (Stumm and Morgan 1996). The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) defines an underground source of drinking water as any water supply with less than 10,000 mg/L of TDS. Water supplies that exceed 10,000 mg/L of TDS are generally con-

sidered unsuitable for a drinking water source because treatment costs would be prohibitive. In this report, brine is used to define groundwater with TDS values exceeding 10,000 mg/L. Given the significance of the 10,000 mg/L TDS line for water supply purposes, this line is included in the new salinity map.

Meents et al. (1952) published brine data and produced contour maps of TDS in several oil-producing formations in the Illinois Basin. The deepest formation they studied was the Ordovician St. Peter Sandstone. Mapping water quality is also important for water supply and groundwater protection purposes. In

southern Wisconsin, the Cambrian-age Mt. Simon is considered a freshwater aquifer (SEWRPC 2002). While evaluat-ing the feasibility of industrial waste disposal, Bergstrom (1968) mapped the TDS in the Mt. Simon and the Cam-brian-age Ironton-Galesville Sandstones (Figure 1). For an assessment of ground-water resources, Visocky et al. (1985) mapped TDS in the Elmhurst-Mt. Simon aquifer in northern Illinois (Figure 2). The Elmhurst Sandstone is the basal member of the Cambrian-age Eau Claire Formation, which overlies the Mt. Simon. The Elmhurst Sandstone is dif-ficult to distinguish from the Mt. Simon,

Figure 1 Map of potential waste disposal reservoirs (from Bergstrom 1968). South of the Mt. Simon and Galesville lines, these reservoirs were found to contain brine with total dissolved minerals in excess of 10,000 parts per million, which is equiva-lent to total dissolved solids of 10,000 mg/L.

JO DAVIESS STEPHENSON WINNEBAGO BOONE MC HENRY

CARROLL OGLEDE KALB

LEEWHITESIDE

LAKE

KANE COOK

DU PAGE

KENDALL WILL

GRUNDY

LA SALLE

BUREAU

KANKAKEE

LIVINGSTONMARSHALL

PUTNAM

STARK

PEORIA IROQUOIS

FORD

MC LEAN

TAZEWELL

WOODFORD

MASON

DEWITT

CHAMPAIGN

PIATT

LOGAN

MACON

CHRISTIAN

SHELBY

MOULTRIE

DOUGLAS

COLES

CUMBERLAND

FAYETTEEFFINGHAM

BOND

CLINTON

MARION

CLAY

JASPER

RICHLAND

WAYNE

JEFFERSONWASHINGTON

MADISON

ST. CLAIR

MONROE

RANDOLPH PERRY

FRANKLIN

HAMILTON

JACKSON

WILLIAMSONSALINE

WHITE

GALLATIN

UNION JOHNSON POPE HARDIN

MASSACPULASKI

HENRY

KNOX

MERCER

WARREN

ROCK ISLAND

HANCOCK MC DONOUGHFULTON

SCHUYLERADAMS

BROWN

CASS

MORGAN SANGAMONPIKE

SCOTT

GREENE MACOUPIN

MONTGOMERY

JERSEY

VERMILION

EDGAR

CLARK

CRAWFORDLAWRENCE

MENARD

CALHO

UN

ALEXANDER

EDW

ARD

S WABASH

HEND

ERSO

N

Deeper Pennsylvanian and older rocks

Devonian-Silurian and older rocks

Cambrian rocks

Mt. Simon Sandstone

Disposal not feasible or limitedto lower Mt. Simon

POSSIBLE DISPOSAL RESERVOIRS

St. Peter

Ironton-Galesville

Mt. Simon U = Upper; L = Lower

Waste disposal well

Gas storage project

Other well

3

11

85

TOTAL DISSOLVED MINERALSIN DEEP SANDSTONES(to the nearest thousandparts per million)

0 40 mi

0 60 kmN

89–95L

102–128

67L

1.2U2U

.3

33

812 19

25

8

9

562L11

.6

1.53.8–6.6

1.4–3.3

10–25

1.7 47–51 2.21.6

2.2

1.8

1.3

388–175

3.5

205199

4

33 35

1.6–385

21

212

98

106

263

MT.

SIM

ON

GAL

ESVI

LLE

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2 Circular 582 Illinois State Geological Survey

so the two units are considered a single hydrogeologic unit or aquifer. Visocky et al. (1985) noted that shale interbeds separated water higher in TDS in the deeper Mt. Simon from the lower TDS groundwater in the shallower Elmhurst-Mt. Simon. Brower et al. (1989) reviewed TDS in several formations, including the Elmhurst-Mt. Simon, and produced a statewide map showing the 10,000 mg/L TDS line in several formations (Figure

3). For northern Illinois, Morse and Leetaru (2005) published a map of the salinity in the Mt. Simon (Figure 4). The Midwest Geologic Sequestration Con-sortium (MGSC) published a map with an expanded geographic range showing the groundwater salinity within the Mt. Simon Sandstone in and near the Illi-nois Basin (Figure 5). Unlike most other maps, this map did not include a 10,000 mg/L contour.

Compilation of Salinity DataPublished salinity maps of the Mt. Simon Sandstone were developed with relatively few data points. For his state-wide map of the Mt. Simon, Bergstrom (1968) plotted 14 TDS values, whereas Visocky et al. (1985) apparently devel-oped their map of northern Illinois using fewer than 10 TDS samples. Brower et al.

JO DAVIESS STEPHENSON WINNEBAGO BOONE MC HENRY

CARROLL OGLEDE KALB

LEEWHITESIDE

LAKE

KANE COOK

DU PAGE

KENDALL WILL

GRUNDY

LA SALLE

BUREAU

KANKAKEE

LIVINGSTONMARSHALL

PUTNAM

STARK

PEORIA IROQUOIS

FORD

MC LEAN

TAZEWELL

WOODFORD

MASON

DEWITT

CHAMPAIGN

PIATT

LOGAN

MACON

CHRISTIAN

SHELBY

MOULTRIE

DOUGLAS

COLES

CUMBERLAND

FAYETTEEFFINGHAM

BOND

CLINTON

MARION

CLAY

JASPER

RICHLAND

WAYNE

JEFFERSONWASHINGTON

MADISON

ST. CLAIR

MONROE

RANDOLPH PERRY

FRANKLIN

HAMILTON

JACKSON

WILLIAMSONSALINE

WHITE

GALLATIN

UNION JOHNSON POPE HARDIN

MASSACPULASKI

HENRY

KNOX

MERCER

WARREN

ROCK ISLAND

HANCOCK MC DONOUGHFULTON

SCHUYLERADAMS

BROWN

CASS

MORGAN SANGAMONPIKE

SCOTT

GREENE MACOUPIN

MONTGOMERY

JERSEY

VERMILION

EDGAR

CLARK

CRAWFORDLAWRENCE

MENARD

CALHO

UN

ALEXANDER

EDW

ARD

S WABASH

HEND

ERSO

N

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

5,000

10,000

N0 20 40 60 mi

0 100 km50

Total dissolved solids isocon (mg/L)

Control point

500

Figure 2 Salinity in the Elmhurst-Mt. Simon Sandstone in northern Illinois (from Visocky et al. 1985). This map includes total dissolved solids values up to 10,000 mg/L.

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Illinois State Geological Survey Circular 582 3

(1989) did not document their TDS data. The MGSC (2005) map was developed using 57 TDS values from Illinois wells. For this study, 329 TDS values have been compiled from new and existing wells in Illinois and Indiana (Appendix Table A1). The TDS values are reported in units of milligrams per liter and are located using the Universal Transverse Merca-tor (UTM) coordinate system. The UTM coordinates were calculated using an ArcGIS algorithm based on well loca-

tions in the Public Land Survey System (section, township, range). Surfer ver-sion 11 (http://www.GoldenSoftware.com) was used to generate the grids and the contour maps.

Wells that penetrate the Mt. Simon, although rare in Illinois and Indiana, are drilled for structural tests, ground-water supply, natural gas storage, and liquid waste disposal. The majority of the compiled data were collected from

wells in Illinois (302 values), with Indi-ana data accounting for the remaining 27 entries (Table 1). The Illinois data come from 31 different counties and 159 different wells, whereas the Indiana data come from 7 counties and 10 wells. Multiple data points, with different TDS values, were obtained from 45 Illinois wells and 6 Indiana wells. Most of the entries (Table 2) were compiled from water samples collected by natural gas storage companies (e.g., Nicor, Ameren,

?

JO DAVIESS STEPHENSON WINNEBAGO BOONE MC HENRY

CARROLL OGLEDE KALB

LEEWHITESIDE

LAKE

KANE COOK

DU PAGE

KENDALL WILL

GRUNDY

LA SALLE

BUREAU

KANKAKEE

LIVINGSTONMARSHALL

PUTNAM

STARK

PEORIA IROQUOIS

FORD

MC LEAN

TAZEWELL

WOODFORD

MASON

DEWITT

CHAMPAIGN

PIATT

LOGAN

MACON

CHRISTIAN

SHELBY

MOULTRIE

DOUGLAS

COLES

CUMBERLAND

FAYETTEEFFINGHAM

BOND

CLINTON

MARION

CLAY

JASPER

RICHLAND

WAYNE

JEFFERSONWASHINGTON

MADISON

ST. CLAIR

MONROE

RANDOLPH PERRY

FRANKLIN

HAMILTON

JACKSON

WILLIAMSONSALINE

WHITE

GALLATIN

UNION JOHNSON POPE HARDIN

MASSACPULASKI

HENRY

KNOX

MERCER

WARREN

ROCK ISLAND

HANCOCK MC DONOUGHFULTON

SCHUYLERADAMS

BROWN

CASS

MORGAN SANGAMONPIKE

SCOTT

GREENE MACOUPIN

MONTGOMERY

JERSEY

VERMILION

EDGAR

CLARK

CRAWFORDLAWRENCE

MENARD

CALHO

UN

ALEXANDER

EDW

ARD

S WABASH

HEND

ERSO

N

0 20 40 60 mi

0 100 km50N

Potosi

Ironton-Galesville

Elmhurst-Mt. Simon

Isopach interval 100 ft

Southern boundaryof Ironton-Galesville

?

500

Approximate boundariesof 10,000 mg/L of TDS

400

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1,00

0

200

300

Figure 3 Map showing the 10,000 mg/L total dissolved solids (TDS) line in several formations, including the Elmhurst-Mt. Simon Sandstone (dashed line; from Brower et al. 1989). Base map shows the thickness (isopach) of the Eau Claire Formation.

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4 Circular 582 Illinois State Geological Survey

and Panhandle Eastern Pipe Line Co.) and industries using Class I injection wells (Allied Chemical and steel com-panies). Illinois and Indiana state insti-tutions (ISGS, Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, Illinois State Water Survey, and Indiana Geological Survey) also accounted for a large portion of the TDS samples.

Developing a contour map is a two-step process—gridding and contouring. For the gridding process, TDS data from each well must be represented as a single data point. For our TDS data, most wells had a single TDS sample, but some wells had multiple samples. Multiple TDS data arose most commonly from samples being collected from the same

well at different times, but some wells had samples collected from multiple depths. For these wells with multiple TDS values, the well was represented using the median value. The median, rather than the mean, was selected to be the representative value because extreme values have less effect on the median, especially for small samples.

60,000

85,000

0 10

0 10

20 mi

20 kmN

35,0

00

35,000

10,000

10,000

35,0

00

35,0

00

60,0

00

TDS (ppm)

10,000 60,000 110,000

Figure 4 Salinity map for brine within the Mt. Simon Sandstone in northern Illinois (from Morse and Leetaru 2005), which includes total dissolved solids (TDS) contours marking 10,000, 35,000, 60,000, and 85,000 mg/L of TDS.

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Illinois State Geological Survey Circular 582 5

The median TDS value was computed using a spreadsheet because the Surfer algorithm for computing medians was incorrect for an even number of data points. For developing the new contour map, we had 169 TDS values.

Histograms show the distributions of all brine data (329 samples), the data used to create the final contour map (169 samples), and the MGSC (2005) map data (Figure 6). The histograms show that the data do not have a normal dis-

tribution and are better described by a log-normal or even multimodal distribu-tion. The histograms also show a wider range of TDS values for the data used in this report than for the 2005 data, but they also display the limited amount of data in the higher TDS ranges, with limited samples between 140,000 and 180,000 mg/L. The histograms also show a tendency for lower TDS values in the 2005 data than in the data used in this report, which is also reflected in the medians. The median TDS value for the

2005 data was 18,978 mg/L, whereas the median was 34,549 mg/L for all brine data and 38,002 mg/L for the brine data used for the contour map.

The TDS samples described in this report were not collected from a single sampling event. They are samples that were collected over a long span of time. Most samples were collected when the well was drilled, but the sampling dates in our database are incomplete. The ear-liest sample was collected in 1911, and

Woodford

Whitley

Webster

Wayne

Washington

Warren

Union

Trimble

Trigg

Todd

Taylor

Spencer

Simpson

Shelby

Scott

Russell

Rockcastle

Robertson

Pulaski

Powell

Pendleton

Owen

Oldham

Ohio

Nicholas

Nelson

Muhlenberg

Montgomery

Monroe

Metcalfe

Mercer

Meade

Mason

Marshall

Marion

Madison

McLean

McCreary

McCrackenLyon

Logan

Livingston

Lincoln

Lee

Laurel

Larue

Knox

Kenton

Jessamine

Jefferson

Jackson

Hopkins

Hickman

Henry

Henderson

Hart

Harrison

Hardin

Hancock

Green

Grayson

Graves

Grant

Garrard

Gallatin

Fulton

Franklin

Fleming

Fayette

Estill

Edmonson

Daviess

Cumberland

Crittenden

Clinton

Clay

Clark

Christian

Casey

Carroll

Carlisle

Campbell

Calloway

Caldwell

Butler

Bullitt

Breckinridge

Bracken

Boyle

Bourbon

Boone

Bell

Bath

Barren

Ballard

Anderson

Allen

Adair

Whitley

White Wells

Wayne

Washington

Warrick

Warren

Wabash

Vigo

Vermillion

Vanderburgh

Union

Tipton

Tippecanoe

Switzerland

Sullivan

Steuben

Starke

Spencer

Shelby

Scott

St. Joseph

Rush

Ripley

Randolph

Putnam

Pulaski

Posey

Porter

Pike

Perry

Parke

Owen

Orange

Ohio

Noble

Newton

Morgan

Montgomery

Monroe

Miami

Martin

Marshall

Marion

Madison

Lawrence

La Porte

Lake

Lagrange

Kosciusko

Knox

Johnson

Jennings

Jefferson

Jay

Jasper

Jackson

Huntington

Howard

Henry

Hendricks

Harrison

Hancock

Hamilton

Greene

Grant

Gibson

Fulton

Franklin

Fountain

Floyd

Fayette

Elkhart

Dubois

Delaware

De Kalb

Decatur

Dearborn

Daviess

Crawford

Clinton

Clay

Clark

Cass

Carroll

Brown

Boone

Blackford

Benton

Bartholomew

Allen

Adams

Woodford

Winnebago

Williamson

Will

Whiteside

White

WayneWashington

Warren

Wabash

Vermilion

Union

Tazewell

Stephenson

Stark

Shelby

Scott

Schuyler

Sangamon

Saline

St. Clair

Rock Island

Richland

Randolph

Putnam

Pulaski

Pope

Pike

Piatt

Perry

Peoria

Ogle

Moultrie

Morgan

Montgomery

Monroe

Mercer

Menard

Massac

Mason

Marshall

Marion

Madison

Macoupin

Macon

McLean

McHenry

McDonough

Logan

Livingston

Lee

Lawrence

La Salle

Lake

Knox

Kendall

Kankakee

Kane

Johnson

Jo Daviess

Jersey

Jefferson

Jasper

Jackson

Iroquois

Henry

Henderson

Hardin

Hancock

Hamilton

Grundy

Greene

Gallatin

Fulton

Franklin

Ford

Fayette

Effingham

Edwards

Edgar

Du Page

Douglas

De Witt

De Kalb

Cumberland

Crawford

Cook

Coles

Clinton

Clay

Clark

Christian

Champaign

Cass

Carroll

Calhoun

Bureau

Brown

Boone

Bond

Alexander

Adams

Illinois

Kentucky

Indiana

Total dissolved solids (ppm)<20,00020,000–60,00060,000–100,000100,000–140,000140,000–180,000Salinity data points

BaseIllinois Basin outline

0 40 mi

0 60 kmN

Figure 5 Midwest Geologic Sequestration Consortium (MGSC) map of total dissolved solids (TDS, mg/L) in the groundwater from the Mt. Simon Sandstone (from MGSC 2005). The locations of the 57 TDS data points are shown by black dots.

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6 Circular 582 Illinois State Geological Survey

Table 1 Distribution of the 329 compiled brine samplesby location

State Illinois Indiana Total

TDS1 samples 302 27 329Counties 31 7 38Wells with multiple samples 45 6 51Total wells 159 10 1691TDS, total dissolved solids

Table 2 Sources for brine samples by contributing institution

Institution Number

Government sources Illinois State Geological Survey 94 Illinois State Water Survey/Illinois State Geological Survey 33 Illinois State Water Survey 1 Illinois Environmental Protection Agency 2 Indiana Geological Survey 17 U.S. Geological Survey 1 Subtotal 148

Industrial sources Allied Chemical 2 Ameren/CIPS 71 FutureGen Industrial Alliance 2 Natural Gas Pipeline Co. 5 Nicor 51 Panhandle Eastern Pipe Line Co. 42 People’s Gas 4 Steel companies 4 Subtotal 181

Total 329

the most recent sample was collected in 2011. The majority of samples were col-lected during drilling for the natural gas storage fields, which occurred in the late 1950s through the early 1970s.

Contour Map DevelopmentIn developing a contour map, many choices regarding gridding and contour-ing methods must be made. We wanted to develop contour maps using the same gridding and contouring options for the MGSC (2005) and the new data sets, but the details of the MGSC (2005) map were unknown. For this study, all contour maps were developed using point kriging with no search radius (i.e., all data used), a 250-m grid spacing, and the UTM16N/NAD1983 coordinate system. Figure 7a shows the TDS map using the new data, whereas Figure 7b shows the TDS map based on the

MGSC (2005) data. For both data sets, the kriging method produced negative contours in the northwest portion of the grid, which are physically unrealistic. These negative contours were removed using Surfer’s Grid Math function by resetting negative values to zeros. There are significant differences between the MGSC (2005) contour map (Figure 5) and our map developed with the same data (Figure 7b). The MGSC (2005) con-tour map shows higher maximum TDS values, and the contour lines in the eastern half of that map trend in a north-west-southeast direction. The higher TDS values in Figure 5 do not appear to be supported by the data points used in that study.

The new TDS map (Figure 8) shows the TDS contours based on 169 TDS data points displayed on a base map with state and county boundaries. This map is similar to the MGSC (2005) map (Figure

5), but some differences still remain. The trend of the contour lines in the eastern portion of the maps is still different—predominantly southwest-northeast in Figure 8 versus northwest-southeast in Figure 5. In addition, the maximum con-centrations in Figure 8 are higher and are supported with data points. Both maps would benefit from more data in Indiana and southern Illinois. Unlike the previous maps, our contour map contains several bull’s-eyes in northern Illinois and Indiana. These bull’s-eyes reflect the variability of the TDS values observed in our larger data set. A com-parison of the 10,000 mg/L TDS lines on the various TDS maps (Figure 9) shows that our line has a shape similar to the line drawn by Brower et al. (1989) but is a minimum of 10 miles farther north in central Illinois and a maximum of 50 miles north in western Illinois. The line by Morse and Leetaru (2005) is consis-

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Illinois State Geological Survey Circular 582 7

0 40,000 80,000 120,000 160,000 200,000

TDS (mg/L)

0

10

20

30

0

Num

ber

10

20

30

0

Num

ber

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Num

ber

All TDS data (329 samples)

Contour map TDS data (169 samples)

2005 TDS data (57 samples)

Figure 6 Histograms comparing the total dissolved solids (TDS) distributions for all 329 data points (top), for the 169 data points used for the contour map (middle), and for the original data set of the 2005 Midwest Geologic Sequestration Consortium map (bottom). Note that the y axis for the top plot covers twice the range of the other two plots.

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8 Circular 582 Illinois State Geological Survey

100,0004,100,000

4,150,000

4,200,000

4,250,000

4,300,000

4,350,000

4,400,000

4,450,000

4,500,000

4,550,000

4,600,000

4,650,000

4,700,000

4,750,000

200,000 300,000 400,000 500,000

10,000

25,000

50,000

75,000

100,000

150,000

200,000

250,000

0

Total dissolvedsolids (mg/L)

10,0

0025

,000

50,000

75,000

100,000

10,0

00

25,0

00

50,000

75,000

100,

000

150,

000

150,000

200,

000

200,000

250,000

Figure 7 (a) Contour map of the updated data set using point kriging with no search radius and a grid spacing of 250 m. (b) New contour map of the data from the Midwest Geologic Sequestration Consortium (2005) salinity map using point kriging with no search radius and a grid spacing of 250 m.

100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 500,0004,100,000

4,150,000

4,200,000

4,250,000

4,300,000

4,350,000

4,400,000

4,450,000

4,500,000

4,550,000

4,600,000

4,650,000

4,700,000

4,750,000

Total dissolvedsolids (mg/L)

10,000

0

25,000

50,000

75,000

100,000

10,0

00

100,000

10,000

25,0

00

25,000

50,0

00

50,000

75,0

00

75,0

00

75,000

a.

b.

Page 15: Groundwater Salinity Within the Mt. Simon Sandstone in ...Simon. The Elmhurst Sandstone is dif-ficult to distinguish from the Mt. Simon, Figure 1 Map of potential waste disposal reservoirs

Illinois State Geological Survey Circular 582 9

tently the northernmost line, whereas the line by Visocky et al. (1985) is gener-ally the southernmost line. Three lines (Bergstrom 1968; Visocky et al. 1985; Morse and Leetaru 2005) do not trend southwest-northeast in western Illinois. In western Illinois, the Mt. Simon occurs at shallower depths, which is reflected in the groundwater salinity and is shown by Brower et al. (1989) and in Figure 8. In summary, the new TDS map has the greatest complexity, but this complex-ity is supported by the largest set of TDS values available to date.

As an alternative to a contour map, the TDS data can also be displayed using a bubble chart. The bubble chart does not project TDS values beyond the physical

100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 500,000 600,000 700,000 800,000 900,0004,000,000

4,100,000

4,200,000

4,300,000

4,400,000

4,500,000

4,600,000

4,700,0000

10,000

25,000

50,000

75,000

100,000

150,000

200,000

250,000

Total dissolvedsolids (mg/L)

10,00

0

25,0

00

50,00

0

75,00

0

100,000

150,

000

200,

000 250,000

200,000

150,000

100,00075,000

25,0

00

Figure 8 Filled contour map of 169 data points (orange circles) for groundwater salinity in the Mt. Simon Sandstone, where salinity is quantified by total dissolved solids. The extent of the contours has been limited by the vertical and horizontal extents of Illinois and Indiana. The vertical and horizontal ranges are 4,100,000 to 4,750,000 m and 100,000 to 690,000 m, respectively.

extent of each sample. Extrapolation and interpolation are part of the contour mapping process and are inherently subject to error because they estimate values for areas without samples. In addition, a bubble chart does not require selecting a single value to represent a well, as required when developing a contour map. The bubble chart was developed using all 329 TDS data points (Figure 10) and shows the variability of TDS data. The variability seems to have two primary sources—temporal and vertical variability of the TDS samples. The TDS samples in this study were col-lected over a 100-year time span. Thus, hydrogeologic conditions may have changed over that time, particularly in northeastern Illinois, which has expe-

rienced significant groundwater with-drawals. The vertical variability arises from the fact that samples have been collected at different depths, sometimes from the same well. Limited data indi-cate that TDS in the Mt. Simon increases with depth at a given location. This vari-ability can be seen in Figure 10 by the overlapping symbols in northeastern Illinois, northwestern Indiana, and cen-tral Illinois.

In summary, a map showing the distri-bution of salinity within the Mt. Simon in Illinois and Indiana has been updated using a much larger data set. The distri-bution of TDS within the Mt. Simon is more complex than previously mapped. The map shows the data used to develop

Page 16: Groundwater Salinity Within the Mt. Simon Sandstone in ...Simon. The Elmhurst Sandstone is dif-ficult to distinguish from the Mt. Simon, Figure 1 Map of potential waste disposal reservoirs

10 Circular 582 Illinois State Geological Survey

JO DAVIESS STEPHENSON WINNEBAGO BOONE MC HENRY

CARROLL OGLEDE KALB

LEEWHITESIDE

LAKE

KANE COOK

DU PAGE

KENDALL WILL

GRUNDY

LA SALLE

BUREAU

KANKAKEE

LIVINGSTONMARSHALL

PUTNAM

STARK

PEORIA IROQUOIS

FORD

MC LEAN

TAZEWELL

WOODFORD

MASON

DEWITT

CHAMPAIGN

PIATT

LOGAN

MACON

CHRISTIAN

SHELBY

MOULTRIE

DOUGLAS

COLES

CUMBERLAND

FAYETTEEFFINGHAM

BOND

CLINTON

MARION

CLAY

JASPER

RICHLAND

WAYNE

JEFFERSONWASHINGTON

MADISON

ST. CLAIR

MONROE

RANDOLPH PERRY

FRANKLIN

HAMILTON

JACKSON

WILLIAMSONSALINE

WHITE

GALLATIN

UNION JOHNSON POPE HARDIN

MASSACPULASKI

HENRY

KNOX

MERCER

WARREN

ROCK ISLAND

HANCOCK MC DONOUGHFULTON

SCHUYLERADAMS

BROWN

CASS

MORGAN SANGAMONPIKE

SCOTT

GREENE MACOUPIN

MONTGOMERY

JERSEY

VERMILION

EDGAR

CLARK

CRAWFORDLAWRENCE

MENARD

CALHO

UN

ALEXANDER

EDW

ARD

S WABASH

HEND

ERSO

N

Bergstrom (1968)

Viscocky et al. (1985)

Brower et al. (1989)

Morse and Leetaru (2005)

This report

0 20 40 60 mi

0 100 km50N

Figure 9 Location of the 10,000 mg/L total dissolved solids (TDS) lines for ground-water in the Mt. Simon Sandstone for this study and from four published maps. Indiana is excluded from this map because the 10,000 mg/L line for this study (in red) did not extend into Indiana and the other four reports did not include Indiana on their TDS maps.

Page 17: Groundwater Salinity Within the Mt. Simon Sandstone in ...Simon. The Elmhurst Sandstone is dif-ficult to distinguish from the Mt. Simon, Figure 1 Map of potential waste disposal reservoirs

Illinois State Geological Survey Circular 582 11

100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 500,000 600,000

4,200,000

4,300,000

4,400,000

4,500,000

4,600,000

4,700,000

4,800,000TDS (mg/L)

>200K

175–200K

150–175K

125–150K

100–125K

75–100K

50–75K

25–50K

10–25K

TDS <10K

Figure 10 Bubble chart of the groundwater salinity in the Mt. Simon Sandstone based on 329 total dissolved solids (TDS) data points. Unlike the contour map, this chart demonstrates the range of TDS values at a given location. It also shows some locations with greatly varying TDS magnitudes, especially in northwest-ern Indiana, where values range from 10,000 to 150,000 mg/L. Note that the symbol size increases with the magnitude of TDS.

the TDS contours. The data density is highest in northern Illinois and declines toward the south and east. Hidden in the TDS data is some of its variability. Tem-poral and vertical variability in when and where the groundwater samples were collected are thought to be the major factors controlling this variability. Users of this TDS map should appreciate this variability.

AcknowledgmentsThe authors gratefully acknowledge the following people who provided assis-tance in the development and publish-ing of this report and its figures: Chris-topher P. Korose, ISGS, provided the GIS support necessary for mapping the TDS data. John A. Rupp, Indiana Geological Survey (Bloomington IN), provided TDS data for many wells in Indiana. Neeraj Gupta, Battelle Memorial Institute

(Columbus OH), provided informa-tion regarding TDS data for wells in Illinois and Indiana. Compilation of the TDS data was assisted by Damon Garner, ISGS, and by many ISGS student employees, including Daniel Beach, Sarah Buckley, Dean Ekberg, Alex Fleshman, Lauren Frendreis, Jessica Hinton, Torrey Loper, Madeline Schuh, and Laura Tan. C. Pius Weibel, Samuel V. Panno, and Donald A. Keefer, ISGS,

Page 18: Groundwater Salinity Within the Mt. Simon Sandstone in ...Simon. The Elmhurst Sandstone is dif-ficult to distinguish from the Mt. Simon, Figure 1 Map of potential waste disposal reservoirs

12 Circular 582 Illinois State Geological Survey

reviewed this report and provided com-ments to improve it. This research was partially supported with funds from the USEPA, Office of Research and Develop-ment, National Center for Environmen-tal Research, through USEPA Funding Opportunity EPA-G2008-STAR-H1 (EPA RD-83438201). Barbara Klieforth and Angela D. Page served as project officers for the USEPA.

ReferencesAdams, N., 2013, Coupling TOUGH2 and

SEAWAT variable-density models to understand potential geologic carbon sequestration impacts on groundwa-ter resources: University of Illinois, Department of Civil and Environ-mental Engineering, M.S. thesis, 97 p.

Barlow, P.M., 2003, Ground water in freshwater-saltwater environments of the Atlantic coast: U.S. Geological Survey, Circular 1262, 113 p.

Bergstrom, R.E., 1968, Feasibility of sub-surface disposal of industrial wastes in Illinois: Illinois State Geological Survey, Circular 426, 18 p.

Brower, R.D., A.P. Visocky, I.G. Krapac, B.R. Hensel, G.R. Peyton, J.S. Nealon, and M. Guthrie, 1989, Evaluation of underground injection of industrial waste in Illinois: Illinois Scientific Surveys, Joint Report 2, 89 p.

Meents, W.F., A.H. Bell, O.W. Rees, and W.G. Tilbury, 1952, Illinois oil-field brines: Their geologic occurrence and chemical composition: Illinois State Geological Survey, Illinois Petroleum 66, 38 p.

Mehnert, E., J. Damico, S. Frailey, H. Leetaru, Y.-F. Lin, R. Okwen, N. Adams, B. Storsved, and A. Valocchi, 2013, Development of a basin-scale model for CO

2 sequestration in the

basal sandstone reservoir of the Illi-nois Basin—Issues, approach and preliminary results: Energy Procedia, v. 37, p. 3850–3858.

Midwest Geological Sequestration Con-sortium (MGSC), 2005, Salinity of the Mt. Simon Sandstone in the Illinois Basin [map], 1:1,000,000, http://sequestration.org/resources/publish/saline_salinity_map_dec05.pdf.

Morse, D.G., and H.E. Leetaru, 2005, Reservoir characterization and three-dimensional models of Mt. Simon gas storage fields in the Illinois Basin: Illi-nois State Geological Survey, Circular 567, 72 p.

Pruess, K., and J. Garcia, 2002, Mul-tiphase flow dynamics during CO

2

disposal into saline aquifers: Envi-ronmental Geology, v. 42, no. 2–3, p. 282–295.

Southeastern Wisconsin Regional Plan-ning Commission and Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey (SEWRPC), 2002, Groundwa-ter resources of southeastern Wiscon-sin: Southeastern Wisconsin Regional Planning Commission, Technical Report 37, 203 p.

Stumm, W., and J.J. Morgan, 1996, Aquatic chemistry: Chemical equi-libria and rates in natural waters, third edition: New York, Wiley-Inter-science.

U.S. Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory, 2012, The United States 2012 carbon utiliza-tion and storage atlas, fourth edition: U.S. Department of Energy, 129 p., http://www.netl.doe.gov/technolo-gies/carbon_seq/refshelf/atlasIV/.

Visocky, A.P., M.G. Sherrill, and K. Cart-wright, 1985, Geology, hydrology, and water quality of the Cambrian and Ordovician systems in northern Illi-nois: Illinois State Geological Survey and Illinois State Water Survey, Coop-erative Groundwater Report 10, 136 p.

Zhou, Q., J.T. Birkholzer, E. Mehnert, Y.-F. Lin, and K. Zhang, 2010, Model-ing basin- and plume-scale processes of CO

2 storage for full-scale deploy-

ment: Ground Water, v. 48, no. 4, p. 494–514.

Page 19: Groundwater Salinity Within the Mt. Simon Sandstone in ...Simon. The Elmhurst Sandstone is dif-ficult to distinguish from the Mt. Simon, Figure 1 Map of potential waste disposal reservoirs

Appe

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Illinois State Geological Survey Circular 582 13

Page 20: Groundwater Salinity Within the Mt. Simon Sandstone in ...Simon. The Elmhurst Sandstone is dif-ficult to distinguish from the Mt. Simon, Figure 1 Map of potential waste disposal reservoirs

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#3-

4IL

Dou

glas

416

N8E

388,

659

4,41

4,76

94,

026

110,

025

yes

1204

1011

3000

Bris

tow

#3-

4IL

Dou

glas

416

N8E

388,

659

4,41

4,76

94,

026

118,

127

yes

1204

1011

3000

Bris

tow

#3-

4IL

Dou

glas

416

N8E

388,

659

4,41

4,76

94,

026

134,

476

yes

1204

1011

3000

Bris

tow

#3-

4IL

Dou

glas

416

N8E

388,

659

4,41

4,76

94,

026

137,

105

yes

1204

1011

3000

Bris

tow

#3-

4IL

Dou

glas

416

N8E

388,

659

4,41

4,76

94,

026

181,

622

yes

1204

1011

3100

Bris

tow

#4-

4IL

Dou

glas

416

N8E

388,

654

4,41

5,12

94,

030

125,

657

yes

1204

1011

3200

Bris

tow

#5-

4IL

Dou

glas

416

N8E

389,

059

4,41

5,12

84,

038

77,6

87ye

s

1204

1011

3300

DeB

olt #

4-4

ILD

ougl

as4

16N

8E38

9,08

04,

413,

859

4,02

973

,378

yes

1204

1011

3300

DeB

olt #

4-4

ILD

ougl

as4

16N

8E38

9,08

04,

413,

859

4,02

982

,498

yes

1204

1011

3300

DeB

olt #

4-4

ILD

ougl

as4

16N

8E38

9,08

04,

413,

859

4,02

911

3,21

0ye

s

1204

1011

3300

DeB

olt #

4-4

ILD

ougl

as4

16N

8E38

9,08

04,

413,

859

4,02

911

8,26

9ye

s

1204

1011

3300

DeB

olt #

4-4

ILD

ougl

as4

16N

8E38

9,08

04,

413,

859

4,02

913

5,10

2ye

s

1204

1011

3300

DeB

olt #

4-4

ILD

ougl

as4

16N

8E38

9,08

04,

413,

859

4,02

918

2,37

5ye

s

1204

1011

3400

Bun

dy #

3-9

ILD

ougl

as9

16N

8E38

9,10

94,

413,

049

4,05

710

2,29

7ye

s

14 Circular 582 Illinois State Geological Survey

Page 21: Groundwater Salinity Within the Mt. Simon Sandstone in ...Simon. The Elmhurst Sandstone is dif-ficult to distinguish from the Mt. Simon, Figure 1 Map of potential waste disposal reservoirs

Wel

l ID

Nam

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tyS

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PR

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Dep

th (

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New

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1204

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Rah

n #1

-9IL

Dou

glas

916

N8E

388,

690

4,41

3,43

14,

058

103,

383

yes

1204

1011

3600

Hun

sake

r #1

-15

ILD

ougl

as9

16N

8E38

9,76

44,

410,

254

4,14

589

,309

yes

1204

1011

3600

Hun

sake

r #1

-15

ILD

ougl

as15

16N

8E38

9,76

44,

410,

254

4,03

411

4,57

0ye

s

1204

1011

3600

Hun

sake

r #1

-15

ILD

ougl

as10

16N

8E38

9,76

44,

410,

254

4,03

411

5,74

4ye

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1204

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4100

Bun

dy #

2-9

ILD

ougl

as9

16N

8E38

9,44

64,

413,

416

4,06

712

6,06

0ye

s

1204

3010

1300

Am

eric

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Che

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9,71

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1204

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1300

Am

eric

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mic

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uPag

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39N

9E39

9,71

74,

636,

320

4,02

081

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yes

1204

3019

4700

C.M

. & S

t. P

aul R

R #

1IL

DuP

age

1340

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3,22

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645,

183

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Bar

tlett

Vill

age

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DuP

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1140

N9E

402,

481

4,64

7,46

91,

985

512

yes

1205

3000

0100

ER

P #

1IL

For

d19

24N

7E37

7,15

34,

486,

420

4,22

057

,600

yes

1207

1003

1400

Oliv

er, L

. #1

ILH

ende

rson

79N

4W17

0,99

44,

522,

654

2,74

012

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no

1207

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1700

Lilla

rd #

1IL

Hen

ders

on14

9N5W

167,

659

4,52

1,59

03,

138

14,7

90no

1207

1203

4900

Oliv

er, L

. #3

ILH

ende

rson

79N

4W17

1,39

44,

522,

639

2,05

418

,180

yes

1207

1203

5100

Bro

ok, J

. #1

ILH

ende

rson

189N

4W17

1,27

84,

519,

819

2,88

514

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no

1207

1203

6800

Hea

p, R

eva

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Hen

ders

on16

9N4W

175,

368

4,52

1,02

32,

940

14,2

75no

1207

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6000

Sou

th, E

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1IL

Hen

ry30

16N

1E21

2,70

44,

582,

471

2,63

55,

900

yes

1207

5009

1400

Ow

ings

#20

1IL

Iroq

uois

1826

N12

W43

6,50

74,

508,

945

3,74

693

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yes

1207

5009

1600

Hum

mel

#20

1IL

Iroq

uois

1626

N13

W43

0,41

34,

510,

407

3,70

496

,202

yes

1207

5009

1700

Tade

n #2

09IL

Iroq

uois

1126

N13

W43

3,59

54,

512,

096

3,46

786

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yes

1207

5009

2400

Hun

gess

#20

1IL

Iroq

uois

126

N13

W43

5,22

64,

512,

181

3,70

497

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yes

1207

5009

2600

Tade

n #2

10IL

Iroq

uois

1126

N13

W43

3,63

34,

511,

694

3,58

092

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yes

1208

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4600

Gal

ena

City

Wel

l #2

ILJo

Dav

iess

2428

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217,

789

4,70

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Gal

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City

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Dav

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2428

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1208

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Gal

ena

City

Wel

l #2

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Dav

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2428

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217,

789

4,70

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491

269

yes

1208

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Gal

ena

City

Wel

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Dav

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2428

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217,

789

4,70

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294

yes

1208

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Gal

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Dav

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2428

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217,

896

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2029

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no

1208

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Bat

avia

City

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ILK

ane

2238

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391,

389

4,63

3,79

72,

200

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no

1208

9006

4100

Wat

erw

ell #

2IL

Kan

e33

39N

8E38

9,47

34,

630,

416

2,30

01,

248

yes

1208

9006

6300

Aur

ora

City

#5

ILK

ane

1538

N8E

391,

161

4,62

6,08

22,

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281.

6ye

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1208

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6600

Aur

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City

#12

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Kan

e15

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64,

626,

272

2,25

178

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8600

Aur

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City

ILK

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2738

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391,

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4,62

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2ye

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1208

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8800

Aur

ora

City

#7

ILK

ane

2838

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389,

388

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2,40

42,

263

564.

1ye

s

Illinois State Geological Survey Circular 582 15

Page 22: Groundwater Salinity Within the Mt. Simon Sandstone in ...Simon. The Elmhurst Sandstone is dif-ficult to distinguish from the Mt. Simon, Figure 1 Map of potential waste disposal reservoirs

Wel

l ID

Nam

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tate

Co

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tyS

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Aur

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City

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kIL

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ora

City

Par

kIL

Kan

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8E39

2,40

44,

621,

556

2,75

92,

992

yes

1208

9007

2100

Gen

eva

City

#3

ILK

ane

338

N8E

390,

514

4,63

9,07

42,

300

334

yes

1208

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Shu

ler

Str

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ILK

ane

1441

N8E

392,

277

4,65

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395

no

1208

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tate

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Kan

e23

41N

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2,67

44,

652,

549

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028

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1208

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2500

St.

Cha

rles

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Kan

e34

40N

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0,89

84,

640,

312

2,24

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1208

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Kan

e11

41N

8E39

2,45

74,

655,

749

2,00

031

8ye

s

1209

1000

7300

Sch

war

k 1-

MIL

Kan

kake

e32

30N

10E

407,

156

4,54

3,21

82,

590

17,3

13no

1209

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7600

Bar

tlett

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3330

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7,98

24,

543,

325

2,66

517

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no

1209

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9700

Kni

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Kan

kake

e32

30N

10E

407,

544

4,54

3,22

02,

583

17,2

01no

1209

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4700

Kilp

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Kan

kake

e29

30N

10E

407,

136

4,54

4,11

12,

656

16,4

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1209

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5100

Kni

ttel M

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Kan

kake

e32

30N

10E

407,

953

4,54

2,44

32,

665

17,7

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1209

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5802

Hei

mbe

rger

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ILK

anka

kee

830

N10

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7,11

54,

549,

015

2,58

616

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yes

1209

1002

8500

Dic

kman

#1

ILK

anka

kee

2030

N10

E40

7,89

84,

546,

536

2,72

017

,863

yes

1209

1003

1800

Kar

cher

#6

ILK

anka

kee

3230

N10

E40

7,15

44,

543,

664

2,43

918

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yes

1209

1003

1800

Kar

cher

#6

ILK

anka

kee

3230

N10

E40

7,15

44,

543,

664

2,44

219

,055

yes

1209

1004

0000

Par

ish

#1IL

Kan

kake

e24

31N

13E

442,

787

4,55

6,38

95,

045

38,6

55no

1209

1004

6801

Coo

k, P

. #1

ILK

anka

kee

330

N9E

399,

920

4,55

1,68

82,

204

9,36

2ye

s

1209

1005

1400

San

ds, O

.M. #

1IL

Kan

kake

e3

29N

10E

410,

549

4,54

0,82

42,

586

19,9

40ye

s

1209

1005

1700

Sei

mer

ing,

M. #

1IL

Kan

kake

e8

29N

10E

407,

166

4,54

0,75

42,

689

20,1

45ye

s

Mom

ence

ILK

anka

kee

2431

N13

E44

3,53

44,

556,

404

2,80

038

,002

yes

1209

7017

7900

Am

eric

an S

teel

& W

ire W

orks

#1

ILLa

ke33

45N

12E

431,

598

4,68

7,75

12,

200

555

yes

1209

7023

7200

Lake

Blu

ff #3

ILLa

ke20

44N

12E

430,

089

4,68

1,04

11,

828

510

no

1209

7341

4200

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each

Sta

te P

ark

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1446

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4,29

04,

702,

068

1,77

51,

600

no

1209

7341

4200

IL B

each

Sta

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Lake

1446

N12

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4,29

04,

702,

068

1,77

52,

570

no

1209

7341

4200

IL B

each

Sta

te P

ark

#1IL

Lake

1446

N12

E43

4,29

04,

702,

068

1,93

255

,800

yes

1209

9003

3100

City

Wel

lIL

LaS

alle

2531

N3E

346,

246

4,55

4,21

02,

496

12,4

37.1

yes

1209

9008

2400

Mat

heiu

s #1

ILLa

Sal

le32

35N

1E32

1,89

04,

603,

990

1,42

12,

330

yes

1209

9010

2600

Sw

ense

n #1

ILLa

Sal

le1

36N

5E36

5,88

34,

609,

453

3,50

065

,022

yes

1209

9010

2600

Sw

ense

n #1

ILLa

Sal

le1

36N

5E36

5,88

34,

609,

453

3,46

467

,000

yes

1209

9010

2600

Sw

ense

n #1

ILLa

Sal

le1

36N

5E36

5,88

34,

609,

453

3,50

067

,068

yes

1209

9010

2600

Sw

ense

n #1

ILLa

Sal

le1

36N

5E36

5,88

34,

609,

453

3,50

067

,700

yes

1209

9016

4700

Kris

chel

#2

ILLa

Sal

le24

30N

2E33

6,49

34,

545,

533

2,50

817

,112

yes

16 Circular 582 Illinois State Geological Survey

Page 23: Groundwater Salinity Within the Mt. Simon Sandstone in ...Simon. The Elmhurst Sandstone is dif-ficult to distinguish from the Mt. Simon, Figure 1 Map of potential waste disposal reservoirs

Wel

l ID

Nam

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tate

Co

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4700

Kris

chel

#2

ILLa

Sal

le24

30N

2E33

6,49

34,

545,

533

2,50

817

,574

yes

1209

9016

4700

Kris

chel

#2

ILLa

Sal

le24

30N

2E33

6,49

34,

545,

533

2,50

818

,448

yes

1209

9017

8100

Sch

euer

#1

ILLa

Sal

le14

30N

2E33

5,31

54,

547,

189

2,20

312

,852

yes

1209

9017

8100

Sch

euer

#1

ILLa

Sal

le14

30N

2E33

5,31

54,

547,

189

2,20

313

,174

yes

1209

9017

8200

Sch

euer

#4

ILLa

Sal

le14

30N

2E33

5,70

34,

547,

175

2,20

113

,706

yes

1209

9017

9400

Sch

euer

#5

ILLa

Sal

le14

30N

2E33

5,32

44,

547,

516

2,51

912

,886

yes

1209

9017

9400

Sch

euer

#5

ILLa

Sal

le14

30N

2E33

5,32

44,

547,

516

2,51

913

,496

yes

1209

9017

9600

Gra

nger

#1

ILLa

Sal

le14

30N

2E33

6,08

44,

547,

924

2,34

212

,768

yes

1209

9017

9600

Gra

nger

#1

ILLa

Sal

le14

30N

2E33

6,08

44,

547,

924

2,34

213

,424

yes

1209

9017

9700

Hea

ly #

1IL

LaS

alle

1530

N2E

332,

936

4,54

8,67

72,

358

10,3

68ye

s

1209

9017

9800

Bar

r #1

ILLa

Sal

le22

30N

2E33

4,08

84,

546,

342

2,37

012

,258

yes

1209

9017

9800

Bar

r #1

ILLa

Sal

le22

30N

2E33

4,08

84,

546,

342

2,37

013

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yes

1210

5002

6600

For

dyce

#1

ILLi

ving

ston

3330

N3E

342,

429

4,54

3,29

12,

178

17,9

01no

1210

5002

7200

Feh

r #1

ILLi

ving

ston

2730

N3E

342,

592

4,54

3,97

42,

685

25,8

00no

1210

5002

7500

Sm

ith #

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Livi

ngst

on3

29N

3E34

3,49

44,

542,

272

2,48

822

,184

yes

1210

5002

7600

For

dyce

#4

ILLi

ving

ston

3330

N3E

342,

500

4,54

3,10

62,

396

19,8

04no

1210

5002

7600

For

dyce

#4

ILLi

ving

ston

3330

N3E

342,

500

4,54

3,10

62,

396

21,4

00no

1210

5002

7700

Mus

ser

#1IL

Livi

ngst

on32

30N

3E34

0,44

14,

542,

280

2,53

518

,416

yes

1210

5002

7800

For

dyce

#5

ILLi

ving

ston

3330

N3E

342,

131

4,54

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Illinois State Geological Survey Circular 582 17

Page 24: Groundwater Salinity Within the Mt. Simon Sandstone in ...Simon. The Elmhurst Sandstone is dif-ficult to distinguish from the Mt. Simon, Figure 1 Map of potential waste disposal reservoirs

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18 Circular 582 Illinois State Geological Survey

Page 25: Groundwater Salinity Within the Mt. Simon Sandstone in ...Simon. The Elmhurst Sandstone is dif-ficult to distinguish from the Mt. Simon, Figure 1 Map of potential waste disposal reservoirs

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56N

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56N

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56N

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56N

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yes

Illinois State Geological Survey Circular 582 19

Page 26: Groundwater Salinity Within the Mt. Simon Sandstone in ...Simon. The Elmhurst Sandstone is dif-ficult to distinguish from the Mt. Simon, Figure 1 Map of potential waste disposal reservoirs

Wel

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56N

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2,70

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317N

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9,83

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2,65

418

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1210

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317N

3W17

9,83

44,

496,

736

2,65

420

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yes

1210

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7100

SM

-16

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cDon

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317N

3W17

9,83

44,

496,

736

2,65

420

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yes

1210

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SM

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317N

3W17

9,83

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496,

736

2,65

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yes

1210

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7100

SM

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cDon

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317N

3W17

9,83

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496,

736

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yes

1210

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SM

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cDon

ough

317N

3W17

9,83

44,

496,

736

2,65

420

,945

yes

1210

9209

7200

SM

-15

ILM

cDon

ough

327N

3W18

0,80

24,

496,

292

2,67

315

,670

yes

1210

9209

7200

SM

-15

ILM

cDon

ough

327N

3W18

0,80

24,

496,

292

2,67

318

,210

yes

1210

9209

7200

SM

-15

ILM

cDon

ough

327N

3W18

0,80

24,

496,

292

2,67

319

,679

yes

1210

9209

7200

SM

-15

ILM

cDon

ough

327N

3W18

0,80

24,

496,

292

2,67

320

,424

yes

1210

9209

7200

SM

-15

ILM

cDon

ough

327N

3W18

0,80

24,

496,

292

2,67

320

,640

yes

1210

9209

7200

SM

-15

ILM

cDon

ough

327N

3W18

0,80

24,

496,

292

2,67

322

,096

yes

1210

9209

7200

SM

-15

ILM

cDon

ough

327N

3W18

0,80

24,

496,

292

2,67

322

,349

yes

1210

9227

3700

Hai

nlin

e, F

red

SM

-17

ILM

cDon

ough

317N

3W17

9,74

24,

495,

293

2,65

619

,433

yes

1210

9227

3800

Kna

ppen

berg

er, B

urde

tte S

M-1

8IL

McD

onou

gh5

6N3W

180,

568

4,49

4,69

12,

682

16,6

77ye

s

1210

9227

3800

Kna

ppen

berg

er, B

urde

tte S

M-1

8IL

McD

onou

gh5

6N3W

180,

568

4,49

4,69

12,

682

16,7

07ye

s

1210

9227

3800

Kna

ppen

berg

er, B

urde

tte S

M-1

8IL

McD

onou

gh5

6N3W

180,

568

4,49

4,69

12,

682

21,2

45ye

s

1211

1007

8200

Cry

stal

Lak

e C

ity W

ell

ILM

cHen

ry5

43N

8E39

0,68

24,

677,

355

2,00

028

0no

1211

3005

2800

And

erso

n, J

. #1

ILM

cLea

n31

26N

3E33

7,51

44,

503,

492

3,60

859

,650

no

1211

3005

3300

Funk

#1

ILM

cLea

n19

26N

3E33

7,92

94,

508,

115

3,66

058

,700

yes

1211

3005

3400

Cle

ary,

R. #

1IL

McL

ean

1326

N2E

336,

257

4,50

9,55

83,

759

57,2

00ye

s

1211

3005

3500

Hou

ck #

1IL

McL

ean

1926

N3E

337,

874

4,50

7,64

73,

681

66,3

00ye

s

1211

3005

3600

Furr

ow #

1IL

McL

ean

3026

N3E

337,

511

4,50

5,47

93,

600

59,6

80ye

s

1211

3005

3600

Furr

ow #

1IL

McL

ean

3026

N3E

337,

511

4,50

5,47

93,

600

60,4

00ye

s

1211

3005

5900

And

erso

n, O

. #1

ILM

cLea

n6

25N

3E33

7,59

04,

501,

816

3,71

663

,250

yes

1211

3005

6100

Hitc

h #1

ILM

cLea

n35

26N

2E33

5,37

44,

505,

054

3,61

259

,100

yes

1211

3005

6200

Furr

ow #

2IL

McL

ean

3126

N3E

337,

459

4,50

4,69

43,

564

56,8

00ye

s

1211

3005

6200

Furr

ow #

2IL

McL

ean

3126

N3E

337,

459

4,50

4,69

43,

564

57,6

00ye

s

1211

3005

6200

Furr

ow #

2IL

McL

ean

3126

N3E

337,

459

4,50

4,69

44,

071

59,7

50no

1211

3005

6200

Furr

ow #

2IL

McL

ean

3126

N3E

337,

459

4,50

4,69

44,

071

59,9

20no

20 Circular 582 Illinois State Geological Survey

Page 27: Groundwater Salinity Within the Mt. Simon Sandstone in ...Simon. The Elmhurst Sandstone is dif-ficult to distinguish from the Mt. Simon, Figure 1 Map of potential waste disposal reservoirs

Wel

l ID

Nam

eS

tate

Co

un

tyS

EC

TW

PR

NG

UT

M16

N

AD

83 X

(m

)U

TM

16

NA

D83

Y (

m)

Dep

th (

ft)

TD

S

(mg

/L)

New

d

ata?

1211

3005

6300

Furr

ow #

3IL

McL

ean

3126

N3E

337,

101

4,50

5,04

03,

538

61,1

00ye

s

1211

3005

6400

Pun

ke #

1IL

McL

ean

3226

N3E

339,

053

4,50

4,66

63,

726

60,4

00ye

s

1211

3006

1200

Sch

loss

er #

1IL

McL

ean

3225

N3E

338,

976

4,49

4,31

33,

956

74,4

50ye

s

1211

3006

1600

Car

den

#1IL

McL

ean

1524

N2E

333,

700

4,48

8,95

74,

278

81,6

50no

1211

3006

2600

Ste

phen

s #1

ILM

cLea

n34

25N

2E33

2,15

74,

494,

044

3,88

075

,700

yes

1211

3006

5600

Grim

es #

1IL

McL

ean

124

N2E

335,

420

4,49

3,12

24,

234

77,4

50no

1211

3007

0100

For

tner

#1

ILM

cLea

n36

25N

2E33

5,49

04,

495,

159

3,94

674

,175

yes

1211

3007

1500

Grim

es #

2IL

McL

ean

124

N2E

335,

822

4,49

2,75

43,

794

74,6

50ye

s

1211

3007

1700

Bat

es #

2IL

McL

ean

224

N2E

334,

557

4,49

3,18

14,

135

77,4

50no

1211

3007

1900

Hoo

pes

#1IL

McL

ean

724

N3E

337,

033

4,49

1,21

94,

275

76,2

00no

1211

3007

3800

Ber

enz

#1IL

McL

ean

425

N3E

341,

739

4,50

1,57

83,

796

68,4

80ye

s

1211

3007

4100

Coo

ke #

1IL

McL

ean

1425

N3E

345,

455

4,49

8,76

43,

726

65,4

60no

1211

3007

4200

Pyn

e #1

ILM

cLea

n14

25N

3E34

4,64

34,

498,

874

3,75

265

,220

yes

1211

3007

4200

Pyn

e #1

ILM

cLea

n14

25N

3E34

4,64

34,

498,

874

4,00

267

,790

no

1211

3007

4300

Coo

ke #

3IL

McL

ean

1425

N3E

345,

051

4,49

8,79

64,

231

66,0

00no

1211

3007

4600

Gilm

ore

#1IL

McL

ean

625

N4E

347,

804

4,50

2,78

33,

857

63,6

50ye

s

1211

3007

4700

Sm

ith #

1IL

McL

ean

2025

N4E

349,

575

4,49

6,56

73,

857

64,4

80ye

s

1211

3211

6600

Moo

re #

1IL

McL

ean

2225

N3E

343,

888

4,49

9,66

03,

908

68,4

60ye

s

1213

1000

8400

Ale

do C

ity #

1IL

Mer

cer

1714

N3W

185,

579

4,56

7,92

93,

113

1,67

3ye

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1213

7003

4601

Whi

tlock

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15IL

Mor

gan

1513

N8W

243,

853

4,38

4,94

34,

100

51,4

61ye

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1213

7221

3200

Futu

reG

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llian

ce #

1IL

Mor

gan

2516

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238,

645

4,41

0,69

34,

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47,1

00ye

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1213

7221

3200

Futu

reG

en A

llian

ce #

1IL

Mor

gan

2516

N9W

238,

645

4,41

0,69

34,

048

47,7

00ye

s

1214

1006

8400

Pol

o C

ity W

ell #

1IL

Ogl

e9

23N

8E28

6,43

34,

652,

309

2,10

033

7no

1214

1007

5900

Ore

gon

City

#2

ILO

gle

323

N10

E30

7,05

54,

654,

144

1,20

032

0ye

s

1215

5001

0400

Jone

s &

Lau

ghlin

Ste

el W

D-1

ILP

utna

m3

32N

2W30

4,52

04,

570,

859

4,50

060

,000

no

1215

5001

0400

Jone

s &

Lau

ghlin

Ste

el W

D-1

ILP

utna

m3

32N

2W30

4,52

04,

570,

859

3,10

961

,600

yes

1215

5001

0400

Jone

s &

Lau

ghlin

Ste

el W

D-1

ILP

utna

m3

32N

2W30

4,52

04,

570,

859

3,08

661

,628

yes

1218

3018

4800

Alli

ed C

hem

ical

Cor

p. #

1IL

Ver

mili

on12

19N

11W

452,

323

4,44

2,01

45,

144

172,

000

yes

1218

3018

4800

Alli

ed C

hem

ical

Cor

p. #

1IL

Ver

mili

on12

19N

11W

452,

323

4,44

2,01

44,

864

207,

800

yes

1218

3018

4800

Alli

ed C

hem

ical

Cor

p #1

ILV

erm

ilion

1219

N11

W45

2,32

34,

442,

014

6,00

022

0,00

0ye

s

1219

5001

0300

Fulto

n C

ity W

ell #

3IL

Whi

tesi

de28

22N

3E23

7,32

84,

639,

465

1,94

333

3ye

s

1219

7012

7400

Her

ren,

E.L

. #1

ILW

ill23

36N

9E40

2,99

64,

605,

289

1,95

81,

210

no

1220

1003

0400

City

of R

ockf

ord

#4IL

Win

neba

go34

44N

1E32

6,14

94,

679,

967

1,21

962

4no

Illinois State Geological Survey Circular 582 21

Page 28: Groundwater Salinity Within the Mt. Simon Sandstone in ...Simon. The Elmhurst Sandstone is dif-ficult to distinguish from the Mt. Simon, Figure 1 Map of potential waste disposal reservoirs

Wel

l ID

Nam

eS

tate

Co

un

tyS

EC

TW

PR

NG

UT

M16

N

AD

83 X

(m

)U

TM

16

NA

D83

Y (

m)

Dep

th (

ft)

TD

S

(mg

/L)

New

d

ata?

1220

1003

040

0C

ity o

f Roc

kfor

d #4

ILW

inne

bago

34

44N

1E32

6,14

94,

679,

967

1,21

96

46ye

s

1220

1003

040

0C

ity o

f Roc

kfor

d #4

ILW

inne

bago

34

44N

1E32

6,14

94,

679,

967

1,21

965

8ye

s

1220

1003

040

0C

ity o

f Roc

kfor

d #4

ILW

inne

bago

34

44N

1E32

6,14

94,

679,

967

1,21

966

5ye

s

1220

1003

040

0C

ity o

f Roc

kfor

d #4

ILW

inne

bago

34

44N

1E32

6,14

94,

679,

967

1,21

969

5ye

s

1220

1003

040

0C

ity o

f Roc

kfor

d #4

ILW

inne

bago

34

44N

1E32

6,14

94,

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967

1,21

970

6ye

s

1220

1003

920

0W

isc.

Pow

er &

Lig

ht #

3IL

Win

neba

go5

46N

2E33

2,85

64,

705,

698

1,20

031

1ye

s

Nor

ther

n In

dian

a P

ublic

Ser

vice

S-1

06IN

Cas

s14

28N

1W54

2,3

84

4,52

4,89

22,

770

68,

80

0ye

s

Nor

ther

n In

dian

a P

ublic

Ser

vice

S-1

06IN

Cas

s14

28N

1W54

2,3

84

4,52

4,89

22,

802

104,

400

yes

Nor

ther

n In

dian

a P

ublic

Ser

vice

S-1

06IN

Cas

s14

28N

1W54

2,3

84

4,52

4,89

23,

991

124,

200

yes

1174

07P

ensi

nger

#1

INC

lay

3210

N6W

492,

019

4,3

45,7

706,

670

208,

340

yes

1358

95H

oski

n M

fg. W

D-1

INE

lkha

rt21

35N

6E59

6,86

34,

591,

024

3,41

812

3,60

0ye

s

1420

97U

S S

teel

WD

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Sam

ple

C-6

5-3

)IN

Lak

e29

37N

8W46

9,40

04,

60

8,11

02,

469

13,1

00

yes

1420

97U

S S

teel

WD

-1 (

Sam

ple

H-1

91)

INL

ake

2937

N8W

469,

400

4,6

08,

110

2,4

4213

,20

0ye

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1420

97U

S S

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WD

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Sam

ple

H-1

88)

INL

ake

2937

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469,

400

4,6

08,

110

2,3

84

91,9

00

yes

1420

97U

S S

teel

WD

-1 (

Sam

ple

H-1

87)

INL

ake

2937

N8W

469,

400

4,6

08,

110

2,3

84

92,5

00

yes

1420

97U

S S

teel

WD

-1 (

Sam

ple

H-1

92)

INL

ake

2937

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469,

400

4,6

08,

110

3,28

997

,80

0ye

s

1420

97U

S S

teel

WD

-1 (

Sam

ple

C-6

5-4

)IN

Lak

e29

37N

8W46

9,40

04,

60

8,11

03,

316

101,

30

0ye

s

1420

97U

S S

teel

WD

-1 (

Sam

ple

H-1

86)

INL

ake

2937

N8W

469,

400

4,6

08,

110

3,76

612

4,0

00

yes

1420

97U

S S

teel

WD

-1 (

Sam

ple

C-6

5-5

)IN

Lak

e29

37N

8W46

9,40

04,

60

8,11

03,

793

128,

200

yes

1420

98In

land

Ste

el C

o. W

D-1

(Sam

ple

H-1

95)

INL

ake

1437

N9W

464,

140

4,61

2,07

02,

582

20,1

00

yes

1420

98In

land

Ste

el C

o. W

D-1

(Sam

ple

H-1

96)

INL

ake

1437

N9W

464,

140

4,61

2,07

03,

870

123,

00

0ye

s

143

816

Nor

ther

n In

dian

a P

ublic

Ser

vice

LW

-88/

Am

es #

1IN

Mar

shal

l21

34N

3E56

8,22

74,

581,

707

2,98

23

4,0

00

yes

144

456

Bet

hleh

em S

teel

WP

L-1

INP

orte

r28

37N

6W49

0,0

654,

60

9,17

43,

210

68,1

00

yes

144

456

Bet

hleh

em S

teel

WD

-1 (

Sam

ple

C-6

4-1

INP

orte

r28

37N

6W49

0,0

654,

60

9,17

42,

222

68,3

00

yes

144

456

Bet

hleh

em S

teel

WD

-1IN

Por

ter

2837

N6W

490,

065

4,6

09,

174

2,21

071

,370

yes

144

456

Bet

hleh

em S

teel

WP

L-1

INP

orte

r28

37N

6W49

0,0

654,

60

9,17

43,

210

71,6

00

yes

144

458

Bet

hleh

em S

teel

WD

-2C

(S

ampl

e C

-68

-1)

INP

orte

r29

37N

6W48

8,14

04,

60

8,51

04,

250

98,0

00

yes

144

461

Mid

wes

t Ste

el W

D-1

(Sam

ple

C-6

4-13

)IN

Por

ter

2537

N7

W48

5,74

44,

60

8,6

00

2,16

057

,80

0ye

s

144

461

Mid

wes

t Ste

el W

PL-

1IN

Por

ter

2537

N7

W48

5,74

44,

60

8,6

00

3,50

074

,255

yes

1590

92M

idw

est/U

.S. S

teel

WP

L #2

INP

orte

r25

37N

7W48

5,77

94,

608,

660

2,48

569

,400

yes

22 Circular 582 Illinois State Geological Survey

Page 29: Groundwater Salinity Within the Mt. Simon Sandstone in ...Simon. The Elmhurst Sandstone is dif-ficult to distinguish from the Mt. Simon, Figure 1 Map of potential waste disposal reservoirs

Wel

l ID

Nam

eS

tate

Co

un

tyS

EC

TW

PR

NG

UT

M16

N

AD

83 X

(m

)U

TM

16

NA

D83

Y (

m)

Dep

th (

ft)

TD

S

(mg

/L)

New

d

ata?

1251

10N

ewpo

rt C

hem

ical

Pla

nt W

D-1

(S

ampl

e C

-60-

24)

INV

erm

illio

n9

16N

9W46

3,82

74,

411,

220

5,45

020

2,10

0ye

s

1251

10N

ewpo

rt C

hem

ical

Pla

nt W

D-1

INV

erm

illio

n9

16N

9W46

3,82

74,

411,

220

5,45

020

4,40

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s

1251

10N

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hem

ical

Pla

nt W

D-1

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erm

illio

n9

16N

9W46

3,82

74,

411,

220

5,45

023

4,70

0ye

s

1 All

329

sam

ples

wer

e co

llect

ed fr

om w

ells

com

plet

ed in

the

Mt.

Sim

on S

ands

tone

. The

list

is o

rgan

ized

alp

habe

tical

ly b

y st

ate

and

coun

ty a

nd th

en n

umer

ical

ly b

y w

ell I

D. T

he la

st

colu

mn

indi

cate

s w

heth

er th

e T

DS

val

ue w

as n

ew d

ata

com

pile

d fo

r th

is s

tudy

. SE

C =

sec

tion;

TW

P =

tow

nshi

p; R

NG

= r

ange

; UT

M =

Uni

vers

al T

rans

vers

e M

erca

tor;

NA

D =

Nor

th

Am

eric

an D

atum

.

Illinois State Geological Survey Circular 582 23

Page 30: Groundwater Salinity Within the Mt. Simon Sandstone in ...Simon. The Elmhurst Sandstone is dif-ficult to distinguish from the Mt. Simon, Figure 1 Map of potential waste disposal reservoirs
Page 31: Groundwater Salinity Within the Mt. Simon Sandstone in ...Simon. The Elmhurst Sandstone is dif-ficult to distinguish from the Mt. Simon, Figure 1 Map of potential waste disposal reservoirs