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What Factors Determine When a Group Will Form?
People Joining with others in a group depends on individuals' personal
qualities, including traits, social motives, and gender.
SituationsSome situations prompt people to affiliate with one another, including Ambiguous, dangerous situations Tasks and goals that can only be achieved by collaborating
with others
Relationships Groups form when individuals find they like one another.
Who Joins Groups & Who Remains Apart?
Personality
Introversion & extraversion: extraverts are drawn to other people and groups and introverts avoid them (extraverts tend to be happier individuals)
Relationality: individuals who adopt values, attitudes, and outlooks that emphasize and facilitate connections with others seek out group memberships
Social Motivation
Need for Affiliation – people with high need for affiliation tend to join more groups and spend more time in them; however, they often fear rejection
Need for Intimacy – tend to join more groups in order to find close relationships with others
Need for Power – need to influence others, need for
control in groups (e.g., organizing and structuring activities)
Fundamental Interpersonal Relations Orientation (FIRO)
Theory: Individuals’ need to receive and express inclusion, control, and affection influences group-seeking tendencies. The 3 basic needs identified by FIRO-B are:
INCLUSIONforming new relationships and associating with others; determines the extent of contact and prominence that a person seeks. Include:• belonging• involvement• participation• recognition• distinction
CONTROLrelates to decision making, influence, and persuasion between people; extent of power dominance that a person seeks. Include:• power• authority• influence• responsibility• consistency
AFFILIATIONrelates to emotional ties and warm connections between people; it determines the extent of closeness that a person seeks. Include:• personal ties• consensus• sensitivity• support• openness
Fundamental Interpersonal Relations Orientation (FIRO)
For each of the three interpersonal needs—Inclusion, Control, and Affection—the FIRO instrument also provides a measure of how much each need is Expressed or Wanted by you.
EXPRESSED The extent to which you will initiate the behavior.
WANTED The extent to which you want or will accept that behavior from
others. FIRO-B tool can help you maximize the impact of your actions,
identify options for increasing your job satisfaction and productivity, and explore alternative ways to achieve your goals.
Social Anxiety & Phobia
fear of social situations – a feeling of apprehension and embarrassment experienced when anticipating or actually interacting with other people
persistent, excessive, unrealistic fear of a specific object/situation
avoidance behaviour
Social Anxiety & Phobia
rooted in fear of negative evaluations becomes conditioned behaviour Disaffiliate – reduce social contact Innocuous Sociability – merge into the
group’s background
Attachment
Attachment Style – approach to relationships with other
Secure – comfortable with interpersonal intimacy Avoidant – evades intimacy with others Anxious – people desire intimacy, but are worried about
rejection
Sex differences in joining groups Women – more extraverted, caring, warm, empathic,
socially responsible Men – seek membership in larger, formal, task-focused
groups
Affiliation
Social comparison - gaining information from other people’s reactions
Ambiguous, confusing circumstances
Psychological reaction Negative emotions Uncertainty Need for information
Affiliation and social comparison with others
Cognitive Clarity
Schachter’s studies of Affiliation How do people react in an ambiguous, frightening
situation? Misery loves company: People affiliate with others Misery loves miserable company: Schachter found
people prefer to wait with others facing a similar experience.
Directional comparison downward social comparison: bolsters sense of
competence upward social comparison: hope and motivation
The self-evaluation maintenance (SEM) model: people affiliate with individuals who do not outperform them in areas that are very relevant to their self-esteem
Group Affiliation : When & Why
Safety in numbers "fight-or-flight" "tend-and-befriend“
Types of social support: - Approval- Emotional- Informational- Instrumental - Spiritual
Social Support
Groups form when individuals seek goals that they cannot attain working alone. How difficult is the task? How complex is the task? How important is the task?
Example: Gangs as a means to achieve goals
Collaboration
0 20 40 60 80 100
Protection
Sell drugs
Make money
Defend Neighborhood
My neighborhood
Impress neighborhood
Impress friends
Nothing to do
Buy drugs
Impress girls
Family member belongs
Use drugs
Group Attraction
1. Newcomb’s Study of the Acquaintance Process
2. Principles of Attraction Proximity Principle - People tend to like those who are
situated near by. Elaboration Principle - Groups often emerge when groups,
as complex system, grow as additional elements (people) become linked to original members.
Similarity Principle People like those who are similar to them in some way. ie. homophily: similarity in attitudes, values, appearance,etc.
Complementarity Principle
People like others whose qualities complement their own qualities.
Reciprocity Principle
Liking tends to be mutual Minimax Principle
Individuals are attracted to groups that offer them maximum rewards and minimal costs.
Principles of Attraction
Interpersonal Attraction Between Individuals
Social Exchange Theory
Relationships are like economic exchanges,
bargains where maximum outcomes sought with
minimum investment. Satisfaction is determined
by comparison level (CL). Value of other groups
determines comparison level for alternatives (CLalt)