GROUPS.pptlecture Ary

8/8/2019 GROUPS.pptlecture Ary

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The Nature ofThe Nature of

GroupsGroups

Ch. 8Ch. 8


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What is a group?What is a group?a small collection of people whoa small collection of people who

interact with each other, usually face tointeract with each other, usually face toface, over time in order to reach goals.face, over time in order to reach goals.


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In order to be considered aIn order to be considered a

group, members must:group, members must: InteractInteract

Be interdependentBe interdependent --members rely onmembers rely onone anotherone another

Interact for a length ofInteract for a length oftimetime

Be a particularBe a particular sizesize (at the very least(at the very least

three members)three members) Have hopes of achieving one or moreHave hopes of achieving one or moregoalsgoals


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Types of GoalsTypes of Goals Individual GoalsIndividual Goals -- the motives ofthe motives of

each individual group membereach individual group member

Group goalsGroup goals the ultimate outcomethe ultimate outcomethe group hopes to accomplishthe group hopes to accomplish


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4Types of Groups4Types of Groups Learning groupsLearning groups

Growth groupsGrowth groups ProblemProblem--solving groupssolving groups

Social groupsSocial groups


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LearninggroupsLearninggroups where the purpose is to increase thewhere the purpose is to increase the

knowledge and skill of each memberknowledge and skill of each member


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Growth groupsGrowth groups focus on teaching members more aboutfocus on teaching members more about

themselvesthemselves


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ProblemProblem--solvinggroupssolvinggroups when members form in order to solve awhen members form in order to solve a

problem that affects all of themproblem that affects all of them


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Social GroupsSocial Groups Groups that meet for the sole purposeGroups that meet for the sole purpose

of satisfying the social needs of theirof satisfying the social needs of their

membersmembers


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CHARACTERISTICS OFCHARACTERISTICS OF

GROUPSGROUPS All groups have certain characteristics inAll groups have certain characteristics in

common.common.

Rules and normsRules and norms

Member have individual RolesMember have individual Roles

Patterns of interactionPatterns of interaction

DecisionDecision--making methodsmaking methods


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Rules and NormsRules and Norms RulesRules-- clearly defined guidelinesclearly defined guidelines

governing the ways in which membersgoverning the ways in which members

are expected to behaveare expected to behave

NormsNorms-- are rules that are not stated orare rules that are not stated ordiscussed, but members know they arediscussed, but members know they are

supposed to be followedsupposed to be followed


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3 types of norms3 types of norms Social normsSocial norms effect the relationshipseffect the relationships

that occur between membersthat occur between members

Procedural normsProcedural norms outline the waysoutline the waysin which the group is to operatein which the group is to operate

Task normsTask norms how the job at handhow the job at hand

will be carried outwill be carried out


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RolesRoles The behavior that is expected fromThe behavior that is expected from

each group membereach group member


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Types of rolesTypes of rolesFormal rolesFormal roles assigned by anassigned by an

organizationorganization

or group often to establish orderor group often to establish order

Informal rolesInformal roles roles that work toroles that work tosatisfy a particular functionsatisfy a particular function


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Two typesof informalTwo typesof informal

rolesroles:: Task rolesTask roles help the group accomplishhelp the group accomplish

its goalsits goals

Maintenance rolesMaintenance roles-- help thehelp therelationships among members runrelationships among members runsmoothly.smoothly.


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Patternsof interactionPatternsof interaction Interactions that take place within aInteractions that take place within a

group tend to follow a particulargroup tend to follow a particular

pattern.pattern.

Typesof patternsof interactionTypesof patternsof interaction::

AllAll--channel networkchannel network

Chain networkChain network

Wheel networkWheel network


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AllAll-- channel networkchannel network Takes place if group members stayTakes place if group members stay

together and shared every piece oftogether and shared every piece of

information with one another.information with one another.

Group members must be faceGroup members must be face--toto--faceface


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A chain networkA chain network When interaction and communicationWhen interaction and communication

moves sequentially from one membermoves sequentially from one member

to anotherto another

Good for simple messagesGood for simple messages

Tend to break down with more complexTend to break down with more complex

messagesmessages


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Wheel networkWheel network

All communication within the groupAll communication within the groupgoes through one person who is at thegoes through one person who is at thecenter of the groups operation.center of the groups operation.


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DecisionD

ecision--Making MethodsMaking Methods 5 ways in which groups make5 ways in which groups make

decisions:decisions:

1.1. ConsensusConsensus

2.2. Majority controlMajority control

3.3. Expert opinionExpert opinion

4.4. Minority ruleMinority rule

5.5. Authority ruleAuthority rule


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CONSENSUSCONSENSUS Takes place when every member of theTakes place when every member of the

group supports the decisiongroup supports the decision


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MAJORITYCONTROLMAJORITYCONTROL Decisions are based on what theDecisions are based on what the

majority of members desiremajority of members desire


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EXPERT OPINIONEXPERT OPINION When decisions are left to one memberWhen decisions are left to one member

who is believed to be an expert on thewho is believed to be an expert on the

decision to be madedecision to be made

Works if the person is truly an expertWorks if the person is truly an expert


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MINORITYCONTROLMINORITYCONTROL Takes place when a few members of aTakes place when a few members of a

group decide on a mattergroup decide on a matter


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AUTHORITYRULEAUTHORITYRULE When the leader or the person with theWhen the leader or the person with the

most power makes the decisions for themost power makes the decisions for the

groupgroup


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THE INFLUENCE OF CULTURETHE INFLUENCE OF CULTURE

ON GROUPSON GROUPS


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Cultural influencesonCultural influenceson

group communicationgroup communication Groups are effected greatly by cultureGroups are effected greatly by culture

Culture provides the rules and normsCulture provides the rules and normsthat determine how members willthat determine how members willinteract with one anotherinteract with one another

Culture also determines how membersCulture also determines how members

will achieve the goals of the groupwill achieve the goals of the group


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Geert Hofstedes (4) cultural forcesGeert Hofstedes (4) cultural forcesthat shape the attitudes andthat shape the attitudes and

behaviorsof groups and individualsbehaviorsof groups and individuals

Individualism vs. CollectivismIndividualism vs. Collectivism

Power distancePower distance

Uncertainty avoidanceUncertainty avoidance

Task versus social orientationTask versus social orientation


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(1) Individualism vs.(1) Individualism vs.

collectivismcollectivism Describes the way that some culturesDescribes the way that some cultures

place value on the individual, whileplace value on the individual, while

cultures place value on the groupcultures place value on the group


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IndividualismIndividualism Individualistic values stress theIndividualistic values stress the

importance of pursuing personal goalsimportance of pursuing personal goals

and independenceand independence Individualistic cultures are focused onIndividualistic cultures are focused on

individual goalsindividual goals

Those with individualistic orientation areThose with individualistic orientation areconcerned with standing out in theconcerned with standing out in thecrowdcrowd


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CollectivismCollectivism Collectivistic values focus on theCollectivistic values focus on the

importance of group harmony, fitting in,importance of group harmony, fitting in,

and relational dependenceand relational dependence Collectivistic cultures are focused on theCollectivistic cultures are focused on the

goals in the groupgoals in the group

Those with collectivistic orientation areThose with collectivistic orientation areconcerned with fitting in with the rest ofconcerned with fitting in with the rest ofthe groupthe group


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Individualistic vs. CollectivisticIndividualistic vs. Collectivistic

countriescountries The United States, Canada, Australia,The United States, Canada, Australia,

and Britain.and Britain.

Latin American and Asian societies tendLatin American and Asian societies tendto be more collectivisticto be more collectivistic


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Cultural influence on view ofCultural influence on view of

conflictconflict IndividualisticIndividualistic cultures view conflictcultures view conflict

as a positive, and tend confront it headas a positive, and tend confront it head

onon

--use more direct language (lowuse more direct language (low--context)context)

CollectivisticCollectivistic cultures tend to viewcultures tend to view

conflict negatively, and avoid itconflict negatively, and avoid it

--use less direct language (highuse less direct language (high--context)context)


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(4) Power distance(4) Power distance The accepted distance of powerThe accepted distance of power

between to people of status and powerbetween to people of status and power

within a culturewithin a culture


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Low Power DistanceLow Power Distance

If people are relatively equal there willIf people are relatively equal there willbebe low power distancelow power distance

CulturesCultures low in power distancelow in power distance tend totend topush toward equality among memberspush toward equality among members


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High Power DistanceHigh Power Distance If people differ greatly in level ofIf people differ greatly in level of

power there will be apower there will be a high powerhigh power

distancedistance

CulturesCultures high in power distancehigh in power distance acceptaccept

differences in power and status as adifferences in power and status as away of lifeway of life


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Countries with Low PowerCountries with Low Power

DistanceDistance

IsraelIsrael

New ZealandNew Zealand

GermanyGermany

U.S.AU.S.A


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Countries with High PowerCountries with High Power

DistanceDistance PhilippinesPhilippines

MexicoMexico

IndiaIndia

FranceFrance


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(3) Uncertainty Avoidance(3) Uncertainty Avoidance Takes place when people try to avoidTakes place when people try to avoid

that which is uncertainthat which is uncertain

Different cultures react differently toDifferent cultures react differently touncertainty:uncertainty:

--some cultures avoid uncertainty assome cultures avoid uncertainty as

much as possiblemuch as possible--other cultures welcome uncertaintyother cultures welcome uncertainty


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Countries with low uncertaintyCountries with low uncertainty

avoidanceavoidance SingaporeSingapore

IndiaIndia

PhilippinesPhilippines

U.S.AU.S.A


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Countries with highCountries with high

uncertainty avoidanceuncertainty avoidance GreeceGreece

JapanJapan

PeruPeru

MexicoMexico


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(4)Task vs. Social Orientation(4)Task vs. Social Orientation Some cultures are focused more onSome cultures are focused more on

getting the job done, while othergetting the job done, while other

cultures are focused more on the socialcultures are focused more on the socialorientation of the grouporientation of the group


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Task Oriented SocietiesTask Oriented Societies Focus is on getting the job doneFocus is on getting the job done

Focus on making the team moreFocus on making the team morecompetentcompetent

Highly concerned with individualHighly concerned with individualsuccesssuccess


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Socially Oriented SocietiesSocially Oriented Societies Focus more on collective concerns ofFocus more on collective concerns of

the groupthe group

Cooperative problem solvingCooperative problem solving

A friendly environmentA friendly environment

Good working conditionsGood working conditions


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Countries High in TaskCountries High in Task

Orientation:Orientation: JapanJapan

AustriaAustria

ItalyItaly

MexicoMexico


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Counties High in SocialCounties High in Social

OrientationOrientation SwedenSweden

NorwayNorway

ChileChile

PortugalPortugal


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In conclusionIn conclusion An awareness of the ways in whichAn awareness of the ways in which

different cultures deal with conflict anddifferent cultures deal with conflict and

problem solving helps to eliminateproblem solving helps to eliminatemiscommunication and misconceptionsmiscommunication and misconceptionsthat may take place within groups.that may take place within groups.

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GROUPS.pptlecture Ary