growth is defined as an increase in size; the progressive development of a living thing, especially the process by which the body reaches its point of complete physical development.

development is defined as a progression toward maturity.

Thus the terms are used together to describe the complex physical, mental, and emotional processes associated with the growing up of children.

Stages of Growth & Development

Stage /AgeFreud/Erickson(Psychosexual)Piaget(Cognitive)

Toddler(12 to 36months)Autonomy vs. sense ofShame & doubt (ages 1-3)Newfound sense of independence as a resultof having learned some basic self-care skillswalking, feeding, andtoileting.

Sensorimotor &Preconceptual Phase- Appear mature but are reallyprimitive;- Differentiation of self from objectsincreased tolerance of separation from parents- Object permanence has advancedincreasingly aware of existence of objects ofobjects behind doors, in drawers, etc.- Domestic mimicry- Embryonic concept of timea vagus concept- Why? and How?predominate language.

Preschool(4 to 7 years)Initiative vs. Guilt(ages 3-6) Child develops the ability to initiate and direct own activities. Because they are developing a super ego (conscience),conflicts arise from theirdesire to explore and the limits placed upon them by caregiversleads to feeling of frustration and guiltPreoperational Phase(ages 2-7)A shift from totally egocentric thought to social awareness occursability to consider anothers viewpointbegins. Egocentricity is still evident.- Play is this childs way ofunderstanding, adjusting to, and working out lifes experiences- Magical thinkingthoughts are powerfulguilt may result from bad thoughts or wishes- Words are accepted literallyyou are bad means that I am a bad person, not merely that my actions were bad.

School age(6-12 years)Industry vs. Inferiority(ages 6-11) Learning to achieve, compete, perform and developing a sense ofself confidence because ofsuccesses. Thrive on accomplishments and praise. May develop a sense ofinferiority when tasks are too difficult, thus producing failureneed support.Conceptual Thinking(concrete operations) These children are able to use thought processes to experience events and actionsto understand relationshipsbetween things and ideas(reasoning); their mentalprocesses allow them to see things from anothers point of view. Learn to masterskills such as: conservation, classification, reasoning, comprehension, and reading .

Adolescence(12 to 18 or 20)

Identity vs. Role Confusion(group identity vs. alienation-age 12-20) Stage is markedby dramatic physiological changes associated with sexual maturation that leads to marked preoccupation with appearance and body image. Identity development takesplace in this stage as the youth seeks autonomy, group identity, and to answer the question, Who am I? This is essential for making adult decisions--marriage, vocation. Failure to develop a sense of self identity can lead to isolation and inability to develop lasting attachments in future.Abstract thinking.Theperiod of formal operations.These people now think in the realm of what is possiblebeyond the present and concrete. They are concerned with future events such as marriage, college, and vocations. Theirthoughts are influenced by logical principles rather than their own perceptions and experiences. They are able to understand that few concepts are absolute or independent of other influencing factors.