Upload
novi-latifa
View
223
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
DESCRIPTION
fstum
Citation preview
7/21/2019 Growth &Dev
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/growth-dev 1/27
PLANT GROWTH ANDPLANT GROWTH ANDDEVELOPMENT DEVELOPMENT
7/21/2019 Growth &Dev
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/growth-dev 2/27
1.1. Do all of organisms grow and develop?Do all of organisms grow and develop?
2.2. Do the growth and development different?Do the growth and development different?
Explain your answer.Explain your answer.3.3. Mention 3 examples of growth and development.Mention 3 examples of growth and development.
4.4. Why do plant ale to grow?Why do plant ale to grow?
!.!. Do you "now aout determinate andDo you "now aout determinate andindeterminate growth ? #lease explain yourindeterminate growth ? #lease explain your
opinion.opinion.
$.$.
%rowth was influen&ed y internal dan external%rowth was influen&ed y internal dan external
fa&tor. #lease mention them.fa&tor. #lease mention them.
7/21/2019 Growth &Dev
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/growth-dev 3/27
Growth and DevelopmentGrowth and Development
Higher Plants…multicellular organismsHigher Plants…multicellular organisms
whose growth is characterized by increaseswhose growth is characterized by increases
in bothin both bulk bulk andand complexitycom
plexity
Events associated with increases in size andEvents associated with increases in size and
complexity can be divided into interrelatedcomplexity can be divided into interrelatedprocesses: growth and developmentprocesses: growth and development
7/21/2019 Growth &Dev
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/growth-dev 4/27
GROWTHGROWTH
Growth can be defined as anGrowth can be defined as anirreversible er!anent increase in si"eirreversible er!anent increase in si"e
of an or#an or its arts or even of anof an or#an or its arts or even of anindivid$al cell%individ$al cell%
Growth is acco!anied b& !etabolicGrowth is acco!anied b& !etabolicrocesses' that occ$r at the e(ense ofrocesses' that occ$r at the e(ense of
ener#&%ener#&% )or e(a!le' e(ansion of a leaf is)or e(a!le' e(ansion of a leaf is
#rowth%#rowth%
7/21/2019 Growth &Dev
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/growth-dev 5/27
DEVELOPMENT DEVELOPMENT
Develo!ent is a ter! that incl$des allDevelo!ent is a ter! that incl$des all
chan#es that an or#anis! #oes tro$#hchan#es that an or#anis! #oes tro$#hits life c&cle fro! #er!ination of theits life c&cle fro! #er!ination of theseed to senescenceseed to senescence..
7/21/2019 Growth &Dev
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/growth-dev 6/27
Growth vs DevelopmentGrowth vs Development
GrowthGrowth uantitativeuantitative
!umber" size" and!umber" size" and
volume increasevolume increase
DevelopmentDevelopment ualitativeualitative
Emergence o#Emergence o#
specialized bodyspecialized body
partsparts
7/21/2019 Growth &Dev
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/growth-dev 7/27
Growth and DevelopmentGrowth and Development
GrowthGrowth: irreversible increase in size $net: irreversible increase in size $netincrease in protoplasm% brought about byincrease in protoplasm% brought about by
increases in cell size and number&increases in cell size and number&
DevelopmentDevelopment: which includes…: which includes… 'orphogenesis'orphogenesis: creation o# pattern and shape: creation o# pattern and shape
resulting inresulting in morphological and anatomicalmorphological and anatomical
development&development&
Di##erentiationDi##erentiation: physiological and biochemical: physiological and biochemical
specializations&specializations&
7/21/2019 Growth &Dev
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/growth-dev 8/27
Plant growth is measurablePlant growth is measurable
Growth is !eas$red b& a variet& ofGrowth is !eas$red b& a variet& ofara!eters so!e of which are *ara!eters so!e of which are *
a+ ,ncrease in fresh wei#hta+ ,ncrease in fresh wei#ht
b+ Dr& wei#htb+ Dr& wei#ht
c+ Len#thc+ Len#th
d+ Aread+ Area
e+ Vol$!ee+ Vol$!e
f+ -ell N$!berf+ -ell N$!ber
7/21/2019 Growth &Dev
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/growth-dev 9/27
geneti&ally determined life spans 'most(geneti&ally determined life spans 'most(
annualsannuals
perennials perennials
plants exhiit plants exhiit )) indeterminate growth*indeterminate growth*
determinate growthdeterminate growth
two types of growth)two types of growth) primary and primary and
se&ondaryse&ondary
GrowthGrowth
7/21/2019 Growth &Dev
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/growth-dev 11/27
patterns o# growthpatterns o# growth
7/21/2019 Growth &Dev
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/growth-dev 14/27
Phases of GrowthPhases of Growth
The eriod of #rowth is #enerall&The eriod of #rowth is #enerall÷d into three hases' na!el& *divided into three hases' na!el& *
a+ Meriste!atica+ Meriste!aticb+ Elon#ationb+ Elon#ation
c+ Mat$rationc+ Mat$ration
7/21/2019 Growth &Dev
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/growth-dev 15/27
'eristematic phase'eristematic phase
%rowth in plants is restri&ted to &ertain +ones)%rowth in plants is restri&ted to &ertain +ones)
meristemmeristem
,ell always divide,ell always divide
7/21/2019 Growth &Dev
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/growth-dev 17/27
ElongationElongation
&ellular produ&t of division do grow and &ause&ellular produ&t of division do grow and &ause
in&reasing of si+ein&reasing of si+e
7/21/2019 Growth &Dev
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/growth-dev 18/27
Maturation : D!!ERENT"TON#Maturation : D!!ERENT"TON#DED!!ERENT"TONDED!!ERENT"TON
D,))ERENT,AT,OND,))ERENT,AT,ON. The cells derived fro!. The cells derived fro!root aical / shoot aical !eriste!s /root aical / shoot aical !eriste!s /ca!bi$! differentiate / !at$re to erfor!ca!bi$! differentiate / !at$re to erfor!secific f$nctions% This act leadin# tosecific f$nctions% This act leadin# to!at$ration is ter!ed as differentiation%!at$ration is ter!ed as differentiation%
DED,))ERENT,AT,ONDED,))ERENT,AT,ON. The livin#. The livin#
differentiated cells' that b& now have lostdifferentiated cells' that b& now have lostthe caacit& to divide can re#ain the caacit&the caacit& to divide can re#ain the caacit&of division $nder certain conditions% Thisof division $nder certain conditions% Thisheno!enon is ter!ed as dedifferentiation%heno!enon is ter!ed as dedifferentiation%
7/21/2019 Growth &Dev
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/growth-dev 19/27
!ate of stem $ells% remain as stem $ells or &ifferentiate to other $ells
7/21/2019 Growth &Dev
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/growth-dev 20/27
*oot Growth*oot Growth
#rimary growth divided into three +ones)#rimary growth divided into three +ones)
1.1. ,ell division,ell division) api&al meristem* this) api&al meristem* thisdifferentiates into)differentiates into) protoderm, procambium, protoderm, procambium,
and ground meristemand ground meristem 'primary tissues('primary tissues(
2.2. ,ell elongation,ell elongation) elongate at least 1-*) elongate at least 1-* pushes tip through the soil pushes tip through the soil
3.3. MaturationMaturation) &ells &omplete their) &ells &omplete theirdifferentiationdifferentiation
7/21/2019 Growth &Dev
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/growth-dev 22/27
Primary )issues in the *ootPrimary )issues in the *oot
ProtodermProtoderm) outermost layer of primary meristem*) outermost layer of primary meristem*
give rise to epidermis* many with root hairsgive rise to epidermis* many with root hairs
ProcambiumProcambium) forms stele '&entral &ylinder() forms stele '&entral &ylinder(
&ontaining xylem and phloem*&ontaining xylem and phloem* Ground meristem:Ground meristem: &ortex etween stele and&ortex etween stele and
epidermis* pare&hyma &ells* stores food* endodermisepidermis* pare&hyma &ells* stores food* endodermis
single &ell layer oundary etween &ortex and stele*single &ell layer oundary etween &ortex and stele*
peri&y&le inside endodermis peri&y&le inside endodermis
7/21/2019 Growth &Dev
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/growth-dev 23/27
Primary Growth o# +temsPrimary Growth o# +tems
/pi&al meristem forms primary meristems/pi&al meristem forms primary meristems
'protoderm* ground meristem* and'protoderm* ground meristem* and
pro&amium( pro&amium(
#ro&amium forms vas&ular tissue in undles#ro&amium forms vas&ular tissue in undles
%round meristem forms pith and &ortex%round meristem forms pith and &ortex
#rotoderm forms epidermal tissues#rotoderm forms epidermal tissues
7/21/2019 Growth &Dev
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/growth-dev 24/27
(ea# Growth(ea# Growth
%round tissues form the mesophyll%round tissues form the mesophyll
pro&amium forms the veins pro&amium forms the veins
#rotoderm forms the upper and lower#rotoderm forms the upper and lowerepidermis* guard &ells waxy &uti&leepidermis* guard &ells waxy &uti&le
7/21/2019 Growth &Dev
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/growth-dev 25/27
Growth RatesGrowth Rates
The increased #rowth er $nit ti!e isThe increased #rowth er $nit ti!e ister!ed as #rowth rateter!ed as #rowth rate
Rate of #rowth can be e(ressedRate of #rowth can be e(ressed!athe!aticall&%!athe!aticall&%
7/21/2019 Growth &Dev
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/growth-dev 26/27
Growth kineticsGrowth kinetics
0'sigmoid(shapes growth &urve0'sigmoid(shapes growth &urve
3 phases )3 phases )
ogaritmi& phaseogaritmi& phase inier phaseinier phase
0enes&ense phase0enes&ense phase
H,'E-,*. : explain the mechanism o#H,'E-,*. : explain the mechanism o#
all phases" complete with #igureall phases" complete with #igure
7/21/2019 Growth &Dev
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/growth-dev 27/27
)opics)opics
%rowth fa&tors '4 des(%rowth fa&tors '4 des(
%rowth regulators phytohormones '4 des(%rowth regulators phytohormones '4 des(
0eed germination '11 des(0eed germination '11 des( #lant movements '11 des(#lant movements '11 des(
#hotoperiodism ' ?(#hotoperiodism ' ?(
0enes&en&e '?(0enes&en&e '?(