GROWTH OF NATIONALISM

Introduction

Slavery threatened the nation’s unity after the War of 1812

Govt. was acting in both domestic & foreign policy to assert strong nationalism

Economic & territorial expansion produced nationalism

Introduction (cont)

Political issues connected w/national development

Reestablishing BUS

Protecting new industries

Providing a nationwide network of roads & waterways

Ramifications of Wo1812

War of 1812 = Political Consequences Federalists = No longer political power D-R = U.S. is a strong nation Republicans = Begin adopting Federalist

policies

Transportation Revolution

Should the fed. govt. help to finance roads & other “internal improvements?”

1st great fed. trans. project was the building of the National Road between Cumberland, MD & Wheeling, VA

Transportation Revolution (cont)

Lancaster Turnpike, connecting Philadelphia & Pittsburgh

Natural system of river transportation imp. reason for U.S. development

Transportation Revolution (cont) Steam power &

Robert Fulton (1807)

Steamboat revolutionized western commerce

Great boom for farmers & merchants

The Canal Boom

Linked seaboard cities directly to Great Lakes, the Ohio R., & the MS River

Erie Canal (1825)

Most spectacular engineering success of era

Economic success

Canal Boom (cont)

Ended in the 1830s & 1840s

Railroads were beginning to compete successfully for the same traffic

New phase in transportation revolution

Emergence of a Market Economy Improved transportation increased

farm income & stimulated commercial agriculture

Commodities grown for sale rather than consumed at home

Good land & revolution in marketing spurred commercial farming

Market Economy (cont)

Regional concentration on staple crops

Wheat – north

Sheep raising – New England

Tobacco – upper south

Rice – coastal SC

Sugar - LA

Market Economy (cont)

“King” cotton in lower south

U.S.’s #1 export commodity

Cotton gin & Eli Whitney (1793)

Market Economy (cont)

Slavery becomes entrenched

Rich & powerful plantation owners wanted slavery to remain legal in the South

Commerce & Banking

A system of intermediaries arose negotiating between producers & lrg. markets

The need for credit encouraged the growth of money & banking

Commerce & Banking (cont)

Production & circulation of $ became an issue

U.S. govt. is the only agency authorized to coin money & regulate its value

Early to mid-19th cent., the govt. printed no paper money & produced sm. #s of gold & silver coin

Private or state banking institutions filled void by issuing banknotes

Commerce & Banking (cont)

After expiration of BUS (1) charter, lrg. # of st. banks began operations

BUS (2) issued in 1816 w/20 yr. charter.

Free-lending policies & overextension of credit led to Panic of 1819

Early Industrialization

New approaches to manufacturing created lrg., semi-mechanized factories

Became cheapest way to produce goods & most profitable

Industrial Revolution

Early Industrialization (cont)

Great Britain starts a revolution

British merchants build 1st factories

In U.S., rushing rivers, rich deposits of coal & iron ore, steady stream of unskilled immigrants

Early Industrialization (cont)

Embargo of 1807 & War of 1812 encouraged development of domestic industries

New England industrializes

Samuel Slater in 1793 & 1st mechanized textile factory in Am.

Early Industrialization (cont)

As late as 1820, about 2/3 of clothing worn by Ams. was made in households by female family members

“Putting-out” system

Centered in Northeast

Early Industrialization (cont)

Boston Manufacturing Co. in Waltham, MA (1813)

Lowell, MA (1822)

Workforce of unmarried, young women in supervised dormitories

Early Industrialization (cont)

Shouldn’t assume that Am. had already experienced an industrial rev. by 1840

Revolution of distribution rather than production

Expanding Westward

Dramatic surge in westward expansion in the yrs. following the War of 1812

Population pressures Economic pressures Availability of new

land Weakening Native

resistance

Extending Boundaries

1st goal of postwar expansionists was to obtain FL from Spain

James Monroe (D-R) elected in 1816

Jackson’s invasion of FL

Continuing raids on Am. territory by Seminole Indians

Extending Boundaries (cont) Adams-Onís Treaty (1819) Spain

ceded all of FL to U.S.

Mexico opened northern territories to trade w/U.S.

Santa Fe Trail between MO & NM

John Jacob Astor & the American Fur Company

Settlement to the Mississippi Last stand of the

Natives in OH Valley & Northwest Territory was the Black Hawk War (1831 – 1832)

Many white settlers wanted removal of all Natives

Settlement to the MS (cont)

“Five Civilized Tribes” of the Southeast

Cherokee, Creek, Seminole, Choctaw, & Chickasaw

Availability of easy credit fueled land boom

People and Culture of Frontier Many tried to recreate

former ways of life

High degree of self-sufficiency

Communal events

Mythic view of the West

James Fennimore Cooper

“Era of Good Feelings”

Expansion of economy

Growth of white settlement & trade in the West

Rising nationalism for a while in politics

End of first party system

Election of 1816 Monroe wins J. Q. Adams – Sec. of

St. Calhoun – War Trying to harmonize

various interests of country in a govt. of national unity

End of 1st Party System (cont) Monroe’s good will tour of 1820 – “era of

good feelings”

Monroe reelected in 1820

Federalist Party ceased to exist

End of 1st Party System (cont) Clay of KY & the American System Protective tariff Strengthening the BUS Federal financing of internal improvements Tariff of 1816 raised import duties an

average of 25%; broad support in all parts of country

Constitutional objections about internal improvements

MO Compromise

Averted a sectional crisis for a time

MO applied for admission as a slave st.

ME as a free st. 1820

MO Compromise

Latin American Rev/Monroe Doct. Asserting nationalism in foreign

policy

U.S. began developing a policy toward Latin America in the 1820s

Lat. Am. Rev/Monroe Doctrine Monroe Doctrine (1823) U.S. opposed any further

colonization in the Ams. or any effort by European nations to extend their political systems outside their hemisphere

U.S. pledged not to involve itself in the internal affairs of Europe

Adams & End of Era

Monroe endorsed John Quincy Adams to succeed him

The “era of good feelings” turned out to be a fad

Marshall and the Court

Supreme Court – substantial contribution to nationalism & strong federal gov’t.

Marshall placed the protection of individual liberty above economic, social, & political equality

Marshall & the Court (cont)

In limiting st. action, he cited the contract clause of the Constitution

Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819) charters are contracts

Marshall & the Court (cont)

McCullogh v. Maryland (1819) confirmed the “implied powers” of the Constitution by upholding constitutionality of BUS

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) strengthened Congress’ power to regulate interstate commerce

Ct. trends support nationalistic trends of period