Using these two paintings, comment on the similarities and differences between Italian and Northern humanism.

Grunewald’s The Crucifixion

Francesca’s Flagellation (of Christ)

The Protestant ReformationCh14

• Pope Julius II – warrior-pope – Holy League• 1517 - Luther posts 95 Theses

• 1534 - Act of Supremacy – Church of England

Early Reformation

• Frederick II and Ferdinand/Isabella, Babylonian Captivity, Great Schism, Church patronage and political power

• Priests neglected rule of celibacy, drank, gambled, barely literate, and terrible in Mass

• Higher clergy had too many positions – did not have a home church

• States wanted to treat the clergy like the rest of the people – taxes and civic responsibilities

• Evangelical or Magisterial Branches

Martin Luther• Planned to be a lawyer• Theology teacher at

University of Wittenberg• “The just shall live by faith.”

Romans (1:17)– Salvation by faith

• 95 Theses – abuses of the church - indulgences

• Diet of Worms – Luther is declared an outlaw and excommunicated from the church

95 Theses

Lutheranism

1. “ Sola Fide” - Salvation by faith2. “Sola scriptura” – truth lies in the Bible3. “Sola gratia” – free gift of God’s grace - sacraments4. German Kings created their own church5. Services, not mass – reading the Bible, preaching and

hymns – everyone equal – baptism and Eucharist6. German translation of Bible - Guttenberg7. Abolished monasteries and celibacy of clergy – Luther

would marry a former nun

Lutheranism• Peasants’ Revolt – crop failures –

Luther did not support the peasants

• Holy Roman Emperor Charles V - Catholic

• Diet of Augsburg – 1530• War in 1546• 1555 - Peace of Augsburg

– German prince right to determine religion of his state• Lutheran or Roman Catholic• No recognition of Calvinists or

Anabaptists– Lutheranism dominant in northern

Germany and Scandinavia

Calvinism - SwissCh14-4

• Ulrich Zwingli– Humanist and Catholic

priest– Sacraments only

symbolic ceremonies (Eucharist)

– Rejected celibacy of clergy

– Emphasized simplicity in worship

– Killed by Catholic forces

• John Calvin– French Protestant– Exile in Geneva– Doctors, pastors, deacons, and elders– Institutes of the Christian Religion– Predestination• Salvation by election

– Puritanism• Theocracy

Spread of Calvinism

• Switzerland• France

– Huguenots• John Knox

– Presbyterians• England

– Puritans• Netherlands• Max Weber’s theory of the “Protestant work ethic”

Anabaptism

• Radicals of the PR• Rejection of infant baptism• Active in Peasants’ Revolt• Woman’s rights• Menno Simons– Mennonites

Jan Leiden of Munster

• Cult• Polygamy, burned all

books (not Bible), end of the world

• Catholics and Lutherans hated him - executed

Students will write a thesis paragraph in response to this prompt: “Comparing Luther to other Protestant reform movements, explain whether he was a conservative or a radical. Justify your conclusion.”

Henry VIII 1491-1547• He was big and

handsome and wore fine clothes

• He loved games, horse-riding and hunting

• He spoke four languages, wrote poetry and played music

But most important to him…

• He wanted to be a strong king, with a firm hold on the throne

• He most wanted a son to succeed him

Catherine of Aragon, Spain1485-1536

• She was married to Arthur• Married 1509 – 5 yrs. older• She had a daughter, Mary,

but no sons• She was too old for more

children – many miscarriages

• In 1533, Henry divorced her - Dies in 1536 – age 51

Church of England

• During this time, Henry was trying desperately to change England’s religious stance.

• England was affiliated with the Roman Catholic Church. After Henry tried to divorce Catherine of Aragon and the church said no, he decided to form his own church – the Church of England. This is where we get protestant churches of today.

Anne Boleyn 1499 - 1536

• Married 1533• She was young, pretty

and witty• She had one daughter,

Elizabeth• Has a miscarriage the day

of Catherine’s funeral - son

• She was beheaded for being unfaithful in 1536

Jane Seymour 1509 -1536• Married 1536 (11 days after

execution of Anne)• She had a son, Edward. • She died during childbirth• Edward replaced his dad,

but died soon after.• Henry probably loved her

best of all his wives

Anne of Cleves 1515-1557

• Married 1540• The marriage made a

link between England and Germany

• Henry thought she was ugly

• Divorced 1540 – the same year!

Catherine Howard 1521 - 1542

• Married 1540• She was 20, Henry

was 49• She was unfaithful• Executed in 1542

Catherine Parr 1512 - 1548

• Married 1543 – her 4th husband – She was dating Jane Seymour’s brother

• She liked family life and looked after Henry’s children

• She outlived Henry – Married Thomas Seymour

Edward VI• 1547 Henry VIII dies • Succeeded by Edward VI (only 10)• Turmoil swept England.

– Scotland invaded– peasant violence.

• Edward dominated by devout Protestants who pushed for Calvinist reforms.

• Dies from TB

Mary Tudor 1553-1558• Mary Tudor inherits the throne when

Edward dies in his teens • Determined to make England Catholic

again. • Parliament would not support the

return of church lands to the church.• Called “Bloody Mary”. Why? • What did she do to her half-sister,

Elizabeth?

Mary and Philip II• 1554 - Mary(37) married Phillip II of Spain(27), son of

Charles V and future king of Spain. • This caused an uprising in England. Why?• Led plot to depose her.• Opposition to Mary made England more Protestant

than it had been before her reign• 1558 - Queen Elizabeth takes the throne when Mary

dies. She dies at age 42.

The England of Elizabeth

• Elizabeth I took the throne of England in 1558 and ruled for 45 years.

• Considered one of the best British Monarchs.

• Under her reign England went from a relatively poor, second-tier country to the leader of Protestant Europe

• Powerful naval power poised to create a vast empire. Drake

Religious Reforms

• Elizabeth’s first problem was to heal the religious wounds in her country.

• What is Elizabeth’s approach? – Repeals the anti-Protestant laws of Mary– Passed a new Act of Supremacy making the monarch the

only supreme governor of both the Church and State.– Modified the church service to meet some of the

objections of Catholics—made less “Protestant”

Spanish Netherlands• Spanish Netherlands were very important to Spain.

Why? Industry• Phillip’s attempt to strengthen Spain’s control over

the area led to revolt. Why? Protestants• Violence erupts in 1566 when Calvinists destroy

Catholic Churches.• Phillip sends in 10,000 troops• English Aid to Netherlands – War? Spanish Armada

Elizabeth Tweaks France and Spain• Elizabeth provided clandestine

help to both the Dutch Calvinists and French Huguenots.

• Commissioned privateers to raid Spanish treasure ships returning from the New World. Francis Drake

Golden Hinde

Conflict with Spain

• Phillip II ultimately decided to invade England• Reasons:– Believed that revolt in Netherlands would never be put

down while England was aiding them.– Irritated by privateering/pirating– Wanted to claim England back for the Pope. – Believed that if Spanish troops appeared in England the

people would rise up in support of Catholic liberators.– Revenge on Elizabeth.

Spanish Armada - 1588• Phillip’s Plan

– Create a powerful armada of 150 ships to destroy and dominate England in the North Atlantic

– Invade with troops from Netherlands.• On paper, England appears to be in serious

trouble. • What advantage does the English have?

What is the key to Spanish naval strategy? • How does the weather aid England?

Elizabeth and Foreign Policy• Government in debt – too many parties and gowns - raise

taxes or sell land?• Conflict between nobles and gentry – power struggle• Elizabeth was pressed by her advisors to make a political

marriage. She did not want to share power with a foreigner or Englishman. Why?

• Using this and other diplomatic maneuvers, she kept England neutral and unencumbered by alliances that would force England into war.

• “Virgin Queen” – She dies with no heir to the throne – The Stuart Dynasty starts

James I (1603-1625)

• First of the Stuart Dynasty – Scot – Mary’s son

• He derives his power from God• Spends too much money –

Parliament• Puritans – They want to purify the

church of all Catholic rituals and symbols – Opponents of James I

• Died of stroke – age 59

Bourbon France

• Hapsburg-Valois Wars – Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis – Spain Won

• St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre, 8/24/1572 – Queen Catherine attacks the Huguenots (French Protestants)

• Civil Wars delayed France’s development as an international and colonial power

• Wars lasted for 30 years.

House of Bourbon

• Bourbons(Huguenot) become the ruling family.

• Henry IV (1598-1610) – Had no choice but to convert to Catholic

• Edict of Nantes (1598)—– Catholicism is the official religion of France– Huguenots guaranteed freedom of

worship and right to all political privileges.– Huguenots have the right to fortify their

castles and towns.

Catholic Response

Catholic Reformation• Revive Catholic Spirituality

Counter Reformation• Stop spread of Protestantism

Agencies of Catholic Reform

• The chief agencies in carrying out this work were:– The papacy– A group of religious orders,

especially the Society of Jesus or Jesuits

– The Council of Trent– The Inquisition– The Index of Prohibited Books

The Society of Jesus

• The Jesuits were the creation of St. Ignatius Loyola. He was a Spanish soldier, injured in battle, who experienced a conversion during his convalescence.

St. Ignatius Loyola

• As a consequence, he felt a new desire to devote his life to the service of God and carried his military ideals with him. Henceforth, he would be a Soldier of Christ.

Purposes of the Order• The original purpose of the

Jesuits was to reach and convert the masses of people who had strayed from the church. Thus preaching was their fundamental task. They also stressed the instruction of children in Christian doctrine and urged more frequent confession and communion.

Council of Trent (1545-63)• Salvation could be achieved by

faith and works• Only the Church could translate

and interpret the Bible.• Selling indulgences were forbidden• Creation of seminaries – training

schools – better education and training of priests

• Reaffirm celibacy, good works, authority of the papacy, and transubstantiation(bread and wine)

Persecution and Repression• The states of Europe were asked to facilitate the

work of the Inquisition. – In France, the request was denied. – In Spain, however, the activities of the Inquisition, long

vigorous, were stimulated even further. – Roman inquisition – Galileo incident

Witchcraft Craze • 1480s-1660s – most common

in 1560s• Economic and Social upheaval

results in social tensions that manifest themselves in witchcraft craze.

• Causes?• As many as 100,000- 200,000

trials • Who was most frequently

accused? Why?

The Index• The Roman Index of Prohibited

Books, another means of suppressing heretical doctrines. – It included a wide variety of books,

including not only heretical ones but also obscene books and books on witchcraft.

– In addition, the pope appointed a Congregation of the Index, to keep the Index up to date and to publish revised editions periodically.

– Lasted to 1966

Results

• The church did correct many of their abuses. i.e. indulgences

• Europe was religiously divided. The Protestants controlled the North and the Catholics controlled the South.

• Religious persecution – Jews, lesser Protestant groups

• Protestant work ethic/Capitalism• Future War