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GSE SS8H4
Westward Expansion in Georgia
GSE SS8H4
Explain significant factors that
affected westward expansion in
Georgia between 1789 and 1840.
GSE SS8H4.a
Explain reasons for the
establishment of the University
of Georgia, and for the westward
movement of Georgia’s capitals.
Lesson Preview
• During this time period, Georgia
established the FIRST state
supported public University ever!
• At the same time, Georgia was
involved in one of the most
infamous examples of
government corruption in history
UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA
• Established on January 27, 1785
• Georgia’s General Assembly approved
the charter.
• UGA is America’s FIRST public university
• Lyman Hall - Georgia’s Governor
• Improved Education - Growth of the State
• Granted land to create university
Governor Lyman Hall
• Governor of
Georgia
• Allocated
land for UGA
• Abraham Baldwin
• Wrote the University’s charter
• First president of the University
Abraham
BaldwinFounder of the
University of
Georgia
Franklin College/Old College
One of UGA’s first buildings
• After the Civil War, the University was
designated as a “land grant institution”
• Land is set aside by the federal
government to create a university
Famous UGA Alumni
•Saxby Chambliss
•Former U.S. Senator
• Crawford W. Long
• First to use ether as
an anesthetic for
surgery
LINK TO GA STORY
Famous UGA Alumni
• Henry W. Grady
• First editor of AJC
• Grady Hospital is
named for him
Famous UGA Alumni
• Nathaniel Harris
• Founder of
Georgia Tech
Famous UGA Alumni
GEORGIA’S CAPITALS
Savannah, GA
• GA’s 1st capital
• Savannah was named after the
Savannah River
Savannah, GA
Augusta, GA
• GA’s 2nd capital
• Oglethorpe named Augusta in honor
of Princess Augusta, wife of Frederick,
Prince of Wales.
Augusta, GA
Louisville, GA
• GA’s 3rd capital
• Named for French King Louis XVI for
his support during the American
Revolution
Louisville, GA
The Capitals
• Continued moving westward
• Where the people moved, the capitals
followed
• Eventually, Atlanta will become the
capital of Georgia
What was the first public
university to receive a charter in
the United States?
A. Emory University
B. Harvard University
C. The University of Georgia
D. The University of North Carolina
Why was UGA established?
A. Georgia needed a university to match
other states education programs
B. Land grants made it possible to provide
public education opportunities
C. To compete against Georgia Tech
D. Without it, Athens would have died.
What was the sole purpose of the changing
of location for the state capital?
A. The people kept moving west, and so
went the capital with the people.
B. It needed to be moved away from the
ocean in case of an attack.
C. The citizens wanted it to be Atlanta and
needed to slowly move the capital closer.
D. To hide it from our enemies.
GSE SS8H4.b
Evaluate the impact of land
policies pursued by Georgia;
include the headright system,
land lotteries, and the Yazoo
Land Fraud.
Land Policies:
The Headright System, Land Lotteries,
and the Yazoo Land Fraud
• After the Revolutionary War, Georgia
gained access to a large amount of
land
• Land came from American Indians who
sided with the British.
• Land stretched all the way to the
Mississippi River.
• War veterans and others believed
they had the right to new land
• What was the best way to distribute
land to the people of the state?
Land Policies:
The Headright System, Land Lotteries,
and the Yazoo Land Fraud
HEADRIGHT SYSTEM
Headright System
• Heads of households = up to 200 acres
of FREE land
• Men who had families or slaves received
even more.
• 50 Acres per servant or family member
• Soldiers could receive more land
• White men over the age of 21 OR
• Soldiers who had fought during the Revolution
We have a problem!
• Too many claimants
• Not enough land to offer
Headright System
LAND LOTTERY
• Land lottery systems
• From 1805-1833, Georgia had 8
land lotteries
• Almost anyone could buy
chances to “get” land
Land Lottery
Land Lottery
• Gave average Georgians opportunity
to gain large amounts of land
Land Lottery
• Eligible names sent to the state
• Participants paid for ticket
• Participants’ names were placed
in one drum
• The lots bearing a number would
be placed in a second drum.
Land Lottery
Land Lottery Drawing
Land Lottery Drawing
People could buy more tickets based on:
• Age
• Marital status
• War service
• Orphans and widows eligible
Land Lottery
YAZOO LAND FRAUD
Yazoo Land Fraud
• GA government weakened by
Revolution
• Not strong enough to defend western
GA (Miss./AL)
Land is sold to
companies for
unbelievably low
prices.
Governor and General
Assembly had been
bribed
Yazoo Land Fraud
The Yazoo Act (1795)
• Much of the land that would become
Alabama and Mississippi was sold to:
Four land companies for $500,000.
Yazoo Land Fraud
• General Assembly passed a bill
• 4 land companies bought 35-50
million acres
• One and half cents per acre
Yazoo Land Fraud
• Gov. George Mathews signed
the Yazoo Act into law
• Georgians protested the sale
“Something was not right…”
Yazoo Land Fraud
• Land companies = BRIBED the GA
General Assembly and the governor
• Bribing the General Assembly is
ILLEGAL
Yazoo Land Fraud
Yazoo Land Fraud
George
MathewsGovernor of Georgia
Took Bribes as the
Governor
William FewPart of the Bribed Legislators?
Yazoo Land Fraud
• The bribed legislators chose to continue
with the sale
• James Jackson, a US Senator was
contacted
• Outraged, he resigned and returned to
GA
Yazoo Land Fraud
James JacksonGeorgia senator who stops the
Yazoo Land Fraud
•Jackson got elected to the
General Assembly
•He and his political allies
took control
Yazoo Land Fraud
• General Assembly NULLIFIED
(Refused to Enforce) the Yazoo Act.
• “Known” as the Yazoo Land Fraud
• Federal (U.S.) gov’t got involved
Yazoo Land Fraud
• 1802 - Georgia CEDED (gave away)
the disputed land to the U.S. gov’t (AL
and Miss.)
• GA got 1.25 million dollars
• GA was promised the U.S. would
remove ALL American Indians from
Georgia
Yazoo Land Fraud
Burning of
the Yazoo
Land Act
Symbolic Burning of the
Illegal Document
“Holy Fire from Heaven”
Burning the Yazoo Land Act
“Holy Fire from Heaven”
What was the purpose of the
headright system in Georgia?
A. Distributed Indian lands to new settlers
B. Administered voting and election districts
C. Established a method of counting population
D. Provided an organized system of collecting taxes
Events in which Georgians had the
chance to win the right to buy land
from the state were known as
A. Yazoo deals
B. land lotteries
C. freedom fighters
D. headright systems
The Yazoo Land Fraud occurred
because land companies
A. claimed land that had been acquired illegally
B. took land from the Native Americans by force
C. made illegal treaties with the Native Americans
D. bribed legislators so they could buy land
cheaply
GSE SS8H4.c
Explain how technological
developments, including the
cotton gin and railroads, had an
impact on Georgia’s growth.
The U.S. Grows
• 1789 - George Washington
elected 1st President
• Begins U.S. expansion period
(1789-1840)
George
WashingtonPortrait Saved by Dolley
Madison when the British
burned the White House in
the War of 1812
• American Indians CEDED (Voluntarily
gives up) land to the U.S.
• American Indians given plots of land
in the West (reservations)
The U.S. Grows
• 1803-Louisiana Purchase from France
• U.S. gained 10 current U.S. states
• LA, AR, MO, IA, MN, ND, SD, NE, MT, WY
The U.S. Grows
Louisiana Purchase, 1803
Thomas Jefferson
3rd President
Authorized Louisiana Purchase
• Farmers now had access to Miss. River
• Opened new land for farming
The U.S. Grows
THE COTTON GIN
The Cotton Gin
• Tobacco had destroyed the soil
• Georgia was looking for ways to
make growing cotton profitable
• Cotton had to be “deseeded” by hand.
• This process took too long
• Most farmers could not produce more
than one pound of cotton a day.
The Cotton Gin
• Invented by Eli Whitney in 1793
• Cotton gin could remove the seeds
from 50 pounds of cotton a day.
• Cotton became profitable in Georgia
and the rest of the South.
The Cotton Gin
Eli WhitneyInventor of the Cotton Gin
The Cotton Gin, 1793
The Cotton Gin, 1793
• Farmers began to seek out land
to grow cotton
• The South grew a large majority
of the world’s cotton by 1800
The Cotton Gin
POSITIVE EFFECT
Invention of the Cotton gin =
• better economy/ more growth
The Cotton Gin
NEGATIVE EFFECTS
• dependent on one crop
• more slaves in GA, & the south
The Cotton Gin
• Increase in cotton = Need for more
slaves
• Led to the South’s dependence on
slavery
• Later one of the causes of the Civil War
The Cotton Gin
RAILROADS
• Railroads help create many GA cities
• Created as a better way to transport
cotton & people
Railroads
Railroads
• Atlanta - Named for the Western and
Atlantic Railroad
• Originally called Terminus (End of the
Line)
• Grew so much, it became the HUB
(Center) of the railroads in the South
Western and Atlantic Railroad
Western and Atlantic Railroad
What impact did cotton have
on Georgia’s economy
during the 1800s?
A. It decreased in importance as more textile mills opened
B. It decreased the need for slaves because the state had less
rice plantations
C. It became the most important crop to the state’s economy
and ensured that the state remained dependent on slavery
D. It led to the state’s increased dependence on trade as
Georgia imported most of their supply of cotton from other
states and overseas
Increased markets, more efficient
trade, and the rise of Atlanta
can all be attributed to
A. the Yazoo Land Fraud
B. Sherman’s “march to the sea”
C. the establishment of the
railroads in the 1800s
D. conflicts between Georgians and
American Indians
GSE SS8H4.d
Describe the role of William
McIntosh in the removal of the
Creek from Georgia.
THE CREEKS
The Creeks
•Largest nation of Indians in GA
•Tomochichi’s Yamacraw were a
part of Creek Nation
•Occupied the most land in GA
Tomochichi
• Creeks got along with GA colonists
• Creeks did not like slavery either
• Great Trading Partners
What changed?
The Creeks
•The Creek sided with Britain during the
Revolution
•Hurt relationships with many
Georgians
•End of deer trade & Overhunting
The Creeks
• Georgians became jealous of Creek land
• Wanted them gone
• Several major Creek land
CESSIONS - “Willingly” gave up their land
The Creeks
•1813 - civil war starts between the Creek
Indians.
•Red Stick War
•Named for Creeks who wanted to fight
the White settlers
The Creeks
•Red Sticks said whites were trespassing
•White Sticks said to leave the whites alone
•United States Army gets involved
The Creeks
•Creek defeated by U.S. troops
•Led by General Andrew Jackson
•Battle of Horseshoe Bend
•Creeks forced to give up 22 million acres of land
The Creeks
General Andrew Jackson
Red Sticks Surrender to
General Andrew Jackson
General
Andrew
JacksonWar of 1812 “Hero”
Battle of New Orleans
Creek land ceded to the U.S.
CHIEF WILLIAM MCINTOSH
Chief William McIntosh
• Creek chief
• Scottish father and Creek mother
• Cousin to Georgia governor
George Troup
• Related to several high ranking
Georgia families
William
McIntoshCreek Chief
Governor
George
TroupCousin of William McIntosh
Co-Signed Final Treaty
with U.S. Government
•Angered fellow Creeks
•Constantly sided with U. S.
•Creek suffered through a terrible famine
•McIntosh became friends with a U.S.
Indian agent
Chief William McIntosh
•Friendship allowed Creek to gain food
and supplies
•Smoothed over bad opinions for awhile
•Wanted Creek to conform to white
society
Chief William McIntosh
•McIntosh owned 2 plantations
•Owned Slaves
•Creeks were unhappy with him
Chief William McIntosh
•Creek chief could not make
decisions by himself
•Must consult counsel, especially if
it involved land
Chief William McIntosh
1825
•Second Treaty of Indian Springs
•Signed by McIntosh and six other
chiefs
Chief William McIntosh
•All Creek land in Georgia was sold to the
U.S. for $200,000.
•McIntosh received extra cash (bribe)
•Creek council ordered execution of
McIntosh
Chief William McIntosh
•200 Creek warriors assassinated the
Chief, William McIntosh
•U.S. still enforced the illegal treaty
•Creek nation was now gone from GA
Chief William McIntosh
Murder of McIntosh
Who was
William McIntosh?A. The inventor of the McIntosh computer
B. Chief of the Cherokee Indians who
traded away all their land
C. Chief of the Creek Indians who sold
away all their land
D. The BEST of all the Chief’s of the Creek
Indians
Why did Chief William
McIntosh die?
A. He fought bravely in a battle with
another American Indian tribe.
B. He was very old, as Chiefs are.
C. He did not look before falling into a
Creek.
D. He sold the Creek land without tribal
permission.
GSE SS8H4.eAnalyze how key people (John
Ross, John Marshall, and Andrew
Jackson) and events (Dahlonega
Gold Rush and Worcester v.
Georgia) led to the removal of the
Cherokees from Georgia known
as the Trail of Tears.
CHIEF JOHN ROSS
John Ross
•Principal chief of the Cherokee Nation.
•Mixed heritage
•Spoke English and practiced many
European customs
•Sold goods to the U.S. Government in
Chattanooga
•Used the profits to buy a plantation
•Created a ferry business
John Ross
• Used his wealth and connections to
win several governmental positions
• Became principal chief in 1827
• White Georgians were lobbying to
remove the Cherokee from the state
John Ross
John RossLast Chief of the
Cherokee in Georgia
DAHLONEGA GOLD RUSH
Dahlonega Gold Rush
1828 - Dahlonega, GA
• America’s first gold rush began
• This discovery did not bode well
for the Cherokee.
•Thousands of miners fought for Cherokee
land
•Began to settle there without permission
•Cherokee called it “The Great Intrusion”
Dahlonega Gold Rush
•Many whites wanted land in the area
•Georgia held a land lottery in 1832
•The Cherokee still lived on the land
Dahlonega Gold Rush
•whites demanded removal of Cherokee
•wanted their gold
Dahlonega Gold Rush
• General Assembly passed laws
concerning Cherokee land
• If gold was discovered, then the
land belonged to the state
• Cherokee law was declared
invalid
Dahlonega Gold Rush
• Cherokee could not speak against
whites in court
• Whites could hurt or kill Cherokee
• Cherokee had no right to any land
that contained gold
Dahlonega Gold Rush
•Gold Rush lasted 20 years
•U.S. government set up a mint
•Produced almost 1.5 million gold coins
Dahlonega Gold Rush
• Gold became much more difficult to mine
• 1849 - California Gold Rush began
• Thousands of Americans moved out west
to find their fortunes
Dahlonega Gold Rush
WORCESTER VS. GEORGIA
•1832 - a landmark Supreme Court
case
•Should have protected the
Cherokee from removal
Worcester vs. Georgia
Law: Whites cannot live on
Cherokee land without signing oath
of allegiance to the governor
• 11 missionaries refused to sign
• Postmaster: Samuel Worcester
Worcester vs. Georgia
• Everyone who refused to sign was
thrown in jail
• Sentenced to a hard labor work detail
• Chained and had to walk 80 miles to
courthouse in Lawrenceville
Worcester vs. Georgia
Samuel
WorcesterChallenged Pledge of
Allegiance to Governor
Samuel Worcester
•Northern Missionary that lived
with the Cherokee
•Arrested (several times) for living
amongst the tribe without
Georgia’s permission
Worcester vs. Georgia
•State prosecuted Worcester and
other missionaries
•Sentenced them to four years of
hard labor in Milledgeville
•Cherokee hired lawyers to appeal
their sentence
Worcester vs. Georgia
George
GilmerGovernor who fought
Cherokee missionaries
•Supreme Court ruled in the
Cherokee’s favor
•Chief Justice John Marshall
condemned legislators
Worcester vs. Georgia
•It declared the Cherokee Nation was
SOVEREIGN
(Subject to their own laws)
•State of GA could not interfere in their
affairs
Worcester vs. Georgia
•Ruled that Cherokee Nation was
a legal country
•Georgia law DID NOT APPLY to
the Cherokee
Worcester vs. Georgia
John
MarshallChief Justice of the
U.S. Supreme Court
Decided Georgia Law
did NOT apply to the
Cherokee
•Missionaries remained in prison
•GA continued to push the federal
government for removal
•Governor Wilson Lumpkin
pardoned the missionaries
Worcester vs. Georgia
• Marshall freed the two non-signers
• Marshall ordered the Cherokee to be left
alone
• Governor Wilson Lumpkin refused to
enforce Marshall’s decision
Worcester vs. Georgia
Wilson
LumpkinGeorgia Governor
Refused to enforce
John Marshall’s
decision in Worcester
vs. GA
•President Andrew Jackson is asked to
enforce Marshall’s decision
•President Jackson refused
“States should be in charge of Indian affairs”
Worcester vs. Georgia
Jackson’s famous quote:
“John Marshall has rendered
his decision, now let him
enforce it!”
Cherokee’s time is running out
Worcester vs. Georgia
STORY TIMEThe Cherokee leadership hoped the decision would persuade the federal government to intervene against Georgia and end the talk of removal. Georgia ignored the Supreme Court's ruling, refused to release the missionaries, and continued to press the federal government to remove the Cherokees. President Jackson did not enforce the decision against the state and instead called on the Cherokees to relocate or fall under Georgia's jurisdiction. (Although Jackson is widely quoted as saying, "John Marshall has made his decision; now let him enforce it," his actual words to Brigadier General John Coffee were: "The decision of the supreme court has fell still born, and they find that it cannot coerce Georgia to yield to its mandate.")
Worcester vs. Georgia
PRESIDENT
ANDREW JACKSON
President Andrew Jackson
1830 - Indian Removal Act
•All Native Americans were to be
moved to the western territories
•GA senators and reps. pushed
hard for this bill to be passed
•Act allows GA to remove Indians
•Act allows president to negotiate
with Indians as to how they would
be removed
President Andrew Jackson
•Bill only passed by 14 votes
•Jackson signed the bill into law
•Congress authorized $500,000 to
enforce the removal
President Andrew Jackson
Andrew
Jackson7th President of the
United States
Signed the Indian
Removal Act of 1828
TRAIL OF TEARS
Trail of Tears
• 1835 - All Cherokee tribes told to come to
New Echota
• Treaty would be signed
• Would CEDE (Give Up) all land to the US
Trail of Tears
• If you did not show up....
• It meant you agreed with the
treaty
• Only 500 of the 17,000 Cherokee
were present
Trail of Tears
• Treaty of New Echota
• 1835-ALL Cherokee land ceded to U.S.
• Major Ridge and son, John signed treaty
Major
RidgeCherokee Chief
John
RidgeCherokee Leader
Trail of Tears
• President Martin Van Buren sent in troops
• Troops led by General Winfield Scott
• 2,000 Cherokee left willingly
Martin
Van Buren8th President of the U.S.
Actually Enforced the
Removal of the Cherokee
General
Winfield
ScottLed Military in Removal
of the Cherokee
Trail of Tears
• 7,000 troops sent in
• American Indians forced to move
from Georgia to Oklahoma
• 4,000 Cherokee died
• Fever, dysentery, and cholera
Trail of Tears
• Cherokee actually felt fear, despair, & hurt
• Called it “the trail where they cried”
• We now refer to the move from GA to
Oklahoma as the “Trail of Tears”
What did
John Ross demand?
A. The US to give back all lands taken.
B. The US to honor treaties and protect all
American Indians.
C. The US to leave the New World.
D. The US to call them “American Indians.”
What did
John Marshall decide?A. That Georgia law did not apply to the
American Cherokee Indians.
B. All American Cherokee Indians could
remain in Georgia.
C. All American Cherokee Indians could
not remain in Georgia.
D. Chocolate ice-cream is better than
vanilla ice-cream.
What did
Andrew Jackson sign?
A. The Indian relocation act.
B. The Indian protection act.
C. The Indian removal act.
D. The Indian Holiday act.
The Dahlonega
Gold Rush provided
A. gold and land to white settlers.
B. gold to white settlers.
C. land to white settlers.
D. gold, god, and glory to white settlers.
What did
Worcester v. Georgia
declare?A. Cherokee Nation had to leave Georgia.
B. Cherokee Nation was sovereign.
C. Cherokee Nation was allowed to stay.
D. Cherokee Nation had to start the Trail
of Tears.
What was the
Trail of Tears?A. Propaganda by the American Indians to
fight removal from Georgia.
B. A trail in which many clothes were torn.
C. A trail in which one could track the
movements of the American Indians.
D. The forced removal of American
Indians.
