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Overview of GSM

An Introduction to the

GSM network

Copyright1996NorthernTelecom


Copyright 1996

NorthernTelecom


Copyright 1996NorthernTelecom



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Overview of GSM

Course objectives:

give a basic understanding on GSM in general, focusing

especially on the HLR (Home Location Register); learn about what services a GSM network provides;


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Overview of GSM

Introduction to the course: a bit of history

Part 1: Overview of GSM Network

Part 2: Introduction to CCS7

Part 3: Services provided by GSM network

Part 4: Signalling and Call routing

Part 5: HLR & HLR-PS

Conclusion: GSMs future

Course content


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Overview of GSM

What is GSM?

initially Groupe Spciale Mobile

became Global System for Mobile communication

GSM is the most widely used mobiletelecommunication standardin the world.


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Overview of GSM - Introduction to GSM

GSM? Global System for Mobile communicationsGSM is the Worlds leading wireless Communication standard.

Usage: Approximately 70 Million Customers, deployed in 109Countries (1998Q1)

It is estimated that no later than in 2005, the number of mobile phonesubscribers should overtake that of fixed-line telephone subscribers. Bycontinuing its dramatic expansion, the penetration of mobile telephoneswill, between 1997 and 2002, increase from 20% to 50% in NorthAmerica and from 13% to 40% in Western Europe, thus reaching 10% forthe world as a whole compared to 3.4% at the end of 1997. (Pascal

Debon, Nortel, May 1998)


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Overview of GSM - Introduction to GSM

Melanie Reynolds, June 1998:

GSM has passed the 100 million user mark, exceeding the most

optimistic industry predictions. More than five million new GSM users are

being added every month, with users in over 120 countries. Ericsson, the

Swedish telecoms company, forecasts that there will be more than 450million users by the end of 2003.


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Overview of GSM - GSM History

Early 80s: development of the first cellular systemsanalog system;

no compatibility between networks (=> no possible roaming);

demand increased too fast for systems capacity

obvious need for a common system

1982: Groupe Spcial Mobile formed to work on a newcommon technical standard

1986: successful field tests conducted in France

-> 22 European countries signed a MOU (Memorandum of Understanding) andcommitted to fulfilling the GSM recommendations

-> commercial service began in July 1991


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Overview of GSM - GSM History

1988: GSM group transferred to newly created ETSI(European Telecommunications Standards Institute)

1992 - today:development phase, from main capital cities + airport to urban then

rural areas;

enhancement and definition of new services;


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Evolution of cellular telephone system

First Generation Systems (FDMA)Analogue

multiple specifications (AMPS, NMT, TACS, RADIOCOM, CT1)

No Roaming: systems incompatible with each others

Second Generation Systems (TDMA, CDMA)

DigitalGSM standards (900, 1800, 1900)

other standards: DECT, CT2, CDMA, PHS

roaming

secure

Third Generation Systems (W-CDMA, W-TDMA)UMTS, FPLMTS, IMT-2000 (Satellite System)

UPT - Universal Personal Telecommunications

Seamless coverage in sparsely and densely populated areas


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Overview of GSM - Part 1



Copyright 1996

NorthernTelecom




Part 1:

Overview of GSM Network


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Overview of GSM

Introduction of new concepts

GSM networks architecture

Mobile Station and possible identifications Base Station Subsystem (BSS)

Network and Switching Subsystem (NSS)

Operation and Maintenance Center (OMC)

GPRS

Part 1: Overview of GSM Network


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Introduction to telecommunication network

PSTN: Public Switched Telecommunication Network(example: BT land network);

PLMN: Public Land Mobile Network (example: Vodaphone

network); Radio side of GSM(BSS)

Switching side of GSM(NSS)

Operation side of GSM(OSS)

A few concepts...


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Visited PLMN

NSS

BSS

Home PLMN BSS

NSS

Introduction to telecommunication network

National PSTN



Copyright1996NorthernTele

com



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GSM Networks architecture

BTS

BS

C

BSC

BTS

BTS

DMS-MSC

VLR

NES

BTS

BSC

BSC

BTS

BT

S

DMS-MSC

VLR

NES

BSC

BSC

BTS

DMS-HLR

AUC

NES


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Mobile Station and Identifications

Mobile Station (MS)=

Mobile phone +SIM CardA mobile phone needs a SIM card to be usable.

Mobile Phone: handset

SIM card: Subscriber Identity Module (containsidentification information)

The SIM card is usually the size of a credit card andcontains an electronic chip. This chip holds information thatidentify uniquely the phone user (referred to as asubscriber).


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IMSI:International Mobile Subscriber IdentityNumber that identifies the subscriber for the internal business of GSM.This number is unique to the subscriber and is no longer than 15 digits(defined in E212 standards).

MCC: Mobile Country Code (3 digits)

MNC: Mobile Network Code (2 or 3 digits)

MSIN: Mobile Subscriber Identification Number

The IMSI contains information about the network it belongs to and its

unique identity in this network.

However, a mobile phone user does not need to know his IMSI!

THIS IS NOT THE SUBSCRIBERS PHONE NUMBER!

MCC MNC MSIN


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MSISDN: Mobile Station ISDN NumberDialled number when a call is placed to a GSM network. The MSISDN isalso unique to the subscriber and no longer than 15 digits (defined inE164 standards).

CC: Country Code (example: 44 for UK)

NDC: National Destination Code (example: 0467 for Vodaphone)

SN: Subscriber Number

The MSISDN contains enough information for the network to route the

call.A mobile phone user should always know his MSISDN .

THIS IS THE SUBSCRIBERS PHONE NUMBER!

There may be more than 1 MSISDN per subscriber.

CC NDC SN


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Security

Calls are encrypted when they leave thehandset;

identity information is always encrypted

when sent on the network;


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Base Station Subsystem

Cellsize can be up to 35km diameterdetermined by environment and capacity requirements

Cells are arranged in clusters to maximisefrequency reuseTypical arrangements are 7 and 4

Hotspots can be fixed with microcells,

picocells and sectoring

Cell is smallest BSS element


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BTS: Base Transceiver StationBTS is antenna plus associated hardware ~ 1

cellConverts compressed radio signal to conventional

telephone signal

BTS can be very large or very small (picocellfor metro stations, airports, etc..)

Many BTS, comprising a Location Area (LA)are connected to the Base Station Controller

(BSC)

Generally 1 BTS per cell

BTS

B

TS

BTS

BTS

BTS


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BSC: Base Station ControllerManages a group of BTSs in a location area

Manages handover between BTSs

Interfaces between BTS and NSS (BSC

connected to 1 or more BTS, and an MSC);Allocates and releases radio channels;

BTS

BSC

BSC

B

TS

BTS

BTS

BTS

R di H d


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Radio Handover

MS is in constant contact with the nearestfew BTSs

Both BTS and handset monitor strength ofradio signal

When signal is stronger in another BTS (orcell) an inter-BTS handover occursManaged by BSC (intra-BSC handover)

When handover between BTSs crosses aLA, a inter-BSC handover occursManaged by MSC (intra MSC handover)

BTS

BSC

BSC

B

TS

BTS

NSS


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NSS

NSS: Network & Switching Subsystem:+ Link between GSM subscriber and other network;

+ switching function + database administration

MSC: Mobile Switching Center;

HLR: Home Location Register;VLR: Visitors Location Register;

IWF: Inter Working Function;

SMS-SC: Short Message Service - Service Center;

N t k d S it hi S b t


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Network and Switching Subsystem

MSC: Mobile Switching CenterISDN switchserves various Base Station Subsystem

main functions are:

MS call set-up, routing, control and signalling;

digit translation;

billing data capture, formatting and teleprocessing;

authentication and ciphering;

inter-MSC handover

short message and supplementary services support;

Also contains service logic function, to implement services;

GMSC (Gateway MSC): MSC that acts as an interface between amobile network and a land network;

Net ork and S itching S bs stem


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HLR: Home Location Registerdatabase: home base of information;holds permanent subscriber data

identification and numbering information (IMSI, MSISDN,);

service information (services provisioned for each subscriber, )

contains dynamic infolocation information

roaming information (roaming restrictions,)

AuC: Authentication Centerdatabase: permanent subscriber data + security information

provides the keys for maintaining security of subscribers identity

safeguards to protect network operator and subscribers against fraud

Nortel: collocated with the HLR



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VLR: Visitor Location Registerdatabase: local copy of informationconcerning subscribers

located in the VLR zone

assigns temporary numbers to subscribers (such asTMSI)

standalone function, but collocated with MSC

EIR: Equipment Identification Registerdatabase: tracks valid & invalid MSsby storing their

International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI)

holds 3 lists of IMEI:

Black list: MSs barred from using network (stolen, )White list: MSs allowed to use the network without restrictions

Grey list: MSs suspected of being faulty, delinquent payments...



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SMS-SC: SMS Service Centeracts as a store-and-forward center for short messages

IWF: Inter Working Functioninter working function for data

GPRS (General Packet Radio Service):GSM-defined mobile packet data service (as opposed to the currentcircuit data services). This enables bursty, discontinous dataapplications such as WWW browsing and Road Traffic Information.GPRS allows users to hold several address types, i.e. IP or X.25.

SGSN: Serving GPRS Support NodeGGSN: Gateway GPRS Support Node

Operation & maintenance Subsystem


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Operation & maintenance Subsystem

The OSS supports the management and maintenanceactivities of the GSM network.

In 98Q3, the following applications are available:

OMC-S: Operation and Maintenance Center- Switching

HLR OMCs

HLR-PS: HLR Provisioning Server (interface to subscribers data)HLR FM PM: HLR Fault Management & Performance Management (interface to

TMN network)

MSC OMCsMSC FM PM: MSC Fault Management & Performance Management

CIS: Call Intercept System

GBMD: GSM Billing Mediation DeviceASES/ISES: Automatic/Interactive Service Evaluation System

Exercises


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Exercises

Who am I?I am part of the BSS that transcodes the radio signal into electrical

signal. I am a _______.

I temporary hold the information about the mobile phones located in

my zone. I am a ______.I am the permanent database that contains IMSI, MSISDN, services

I am a ______.

I take care of the switching part of the GSM network. I am a ______.I must say that I am capable of routing calls from the GSM network tothe land network. I am called a ____________.

I am the card slipped in a mobile phone. I am a __________.

Exercises


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Exercises

What is the missing word?The location of a subscriber is stored by the _______.

The 2 elements that provide the interface between BSS and NSS are:

on the BSS side, the _____;

on the NSS side, the _____;The MSISDN is nothing more than the ___________________.

Exercises


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Exercises

On a GSM network, some of the elements are:HLR, VLR, MSC, EIR, BTS, MS, BSC, AUC, GMSC, SMS-SC

Try to order these elements from the most common to the rarest one:

Most common

Most uncommon



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Overview of GSM Part 2



Copyright 1996

NorthernTelecom




Part 2:

Introduction to CCS7



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Concept of signalling v. voice


MTP & SCCP UP and BSSAP

TCAP & MAP

GSM interfaces

Part 2: Introduction to CCS7CCS7: Common Channel Signalling number 7



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2 types of signal pass among components:voice and data: the call itself, reason for a user to own a phone;

signalling: sets of messages/signals used to pass information from oneanother, query another element, control, set up, monitor and take

down a call; Every element in a GSM network deals with signalling. This is

not the case for voice and data.



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p g g

DMS-HLR

AUC

NES

DMS-MSCVLR

NES

DMS-MSC

VLR

NES

BTS

BSC

BS

C

BTS

BTS

BTS

BSC

BSC

BTS

BTS

Voice & dataSignalling



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CAS: Common Associated Signalling (disappearing)

Voice and signalling are mixedon the same channel. Every channelof the trunk is used for both voice and signalling:

CCS: Common Channel SignallingOne (or more) channel is reserved for signallinginformation traffic.

Voice and signalling follow 2 different paths

signal-lingVoice

signal-ling

signal-ling

Voice trunks

Signalling

Exercises


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What is the difference between CAS and CCS?

Can you think of any advantage of CCS v. CAS?

What is the minimum number of signalling channels and

voice channels that the HLR needs?



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CCS7: Common Channel Signalling number 7

version of CCS designed for digital networks;

enables CCS over dedicated data links;uses packet switching

defined as a protocol: this ensures that reliable information is sentin the multi-vendor network that GSM networks are;

structured in layers, each layer being responible for a specific setof functions;



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MessageTransferPart

ISDN/BT/CT...UserPart

MobileApplicationPart

Transaction

Application PartCapabilities

Base Station

System ApplicationPart

BSSMAPDTAP

Signalling Connection Control Part

Network: Signalling Network Layer

Link: Signalling Link Layer

Physical: Signalling Data Link Layer1. Physical

2. Link

3. Network

4. Transport

5. Session

6.Presentation

7. Application

OSI reference model

MTP and SCCP


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MTP: Message Transfer PartProvides means for reliable transport and delivery of user part

signalling information across the network,

Ability to react to system & network failure that affect reliability of

transport & delivery of the user part.

Responsible for point to point communications within nationalnetwork.

SCCP: Signalling Connection Control Part

transfers the message from the origination to the destination signalling

subsystem;

enables the tracking of application status at nodes;

deals with message routing.

UP and BSSAP


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UP: User Part

builds on services of MTP to provide connection-oriented signalling forsetting-up, monitoring, clearing down the voice trunks of GSM CCS7 calls.

may be ISDN User Part (ISUP), British Telecom User Part (BTUP), ChinaTelecom User Part (CTUP)

BSSAP: Base Station Subsystem Application Part

handles signalling involving mobile stations, base stations subsystem and

DMS-MSC.

TCAP and MAP


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TCAP: Transaction Capability Application Part

takes care of maintaining the connection once the connection is up, by

the use of timers, transaction identities, ...

MAP:Mobile Application Part

highest layer;

contains the information itself;

Exercises


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Draw the CCS7 layers for each of the followingcomponents:

MSC HLR

GSM interfaces (for reference)


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VLR VLR

HLR

EIR

BSCDMS-MSC

BSC

SCP

SSP

VoiceSignalling

G interface

C-in

terface

E-int. A-int.

PSTNNetworkInterface

MSC/GSMC

BTS

A-inter.

BTS




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Copyright 1996

NorthernTelecom




Part 3:

Services provided by GSM Network

Services provided by GSM Network


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Basic Services

Supplementary Services

Proprietary services

Advanced Services

Security

Part 3: Services provided by GSM Network

Basic Services


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Basic Services (BS):Services that provide calling facility. They all have a MSISDN.

A subscriber may have more than 1BS provisioned.

BSs are grouped together by types called Basic Service Groups.

Two kinds of basic services:

tele-services (end-to-end services). Examples are:telephony

auxtelephony

fax

short message group

bearer-services. Examples are:CDA group(Circuit Duplex Asynchronous)

CDS group(Circuit Duplex Asynchronous)

Supplementary Services


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Concept: add values, complements basic services

Supplementary Services (SS):IMSI based SS: applies to all basic services, not to individual basic

service groupscall identification: CLIP, CLIR, COLP, COLR

call hold, multi-party

...Basic Group based SS: applies to all basic service from selected basic

service groupcall forwarding: CFU, CFB, CFNRY, CFNRC

Call forwarding services can be Provisioned, Registeredand/orActivated.

call barring: BAIC, BAOC, BOIC, BICROAM, BOICEXHC

call waiting: CW

...

Proprietary Services


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Proprietary Services:

Specific services (not defined in specs.) that Nortel has decided toimplement for its customers

ALS: Alternate Line Service

associates two Mobile Subscriber ISDN numbers (MSISDNs) with a subscriber(IMSI) for telephony calls.

The two lines have separate Supplementary Service profiles and are billedseparately.

EXT: Extension servicesadvanced call forwarding feature (sequential or parallel multiple call forwarding)

HOTBILLallows call records to be directed to a different billing stream for immediate

retrieval.

Advanced Services


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Advanced Services:IN Based Services

Virtual Private Network (VPNs),

Number portability,

Home zones,

Freephone, pre-paid,etc

Data ServicesHigh Speed Circuit Switched Data (HSCSD)

GPRS

Intelligent network


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Principle: separation of service logic from call processing

Conventional GSM:

IN based:

Call Processing

Service Logic

Call Processing

Service Logic

G-MSC MSC/VLR

Service Logic

Call ProcessingCall Processing

IN Architecture


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PSTN GSM IN

GMSC

SSP

MSC/VLR

SSP

MSC/VLR

SSP

HLR SMS

SCE

SCP

SSP

SMS: Service Management System

SCE: Service Creation System (initializes IN network)

SCP: Service Center Point (interacts with remote nodes)

SSP: Service Switching Point (implements service logic)

GPRS


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General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)

Overlay NSS packet data networksame radio and HLR

support for X.25 and IP addressing

Gives up to 150kbits/s to mobile

available 99Q3

DMS-HLR

BSC

BSC

BT

S

GSM NSS

GPRS NSS

Exercises


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Can you think of incompatible services?

Services depending on other services?

Security


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Authenticationused as a means of validating subscribers access to network;

happens on an update location message sequence;

the AUC holds the Ki (16 bytes) data for each subscriber;

sets of RAND (16 bytes) and SRES (4 bytes) supplied by AUC;

Authentication sets normally used once only

Ciphering Key (Kc)allocated at authentication time

Kc is 8 bytes long

Kc used to encrypt calls

Security - Authentication


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MSC/VLR

A3Ki

HLR/AUC

RAND

SRESRAND & SRES

A3KiCopyright1

996NorthernTelecom

Security - Ciphering Key


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A8

Ki

HLR/AUC

RAND

MSC/VLR

A8 A5Ki KcCopyright1996

NorthernTelecom

BSC

A5

RAND & Kc



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Copyright 1996

NorthernTelecom




Part 4:

Signalling and Call Routing

Signalling and Call Routing


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Location update

Originating call

Terminating call

Hand-over

These are summaries/overviews of the message sequences that take

place. It generally concentrates on the HLR aspects.

Part 4: Signalling and Call Routing

Location update


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DMS-HLR

DMS-MSC

VLR

DMS-MSC

VLR

1- UL

2- ISD

3- ISD Ack4- UL Ack

3-CL

Ack

Between new visited VLR and HLR:1- Update Location2- Insert Subscribers Data3- Insert Subscribers Data Ack4- Update Location Ack

Between HLR and previous VLR (if applicable):2- Cancel Location3- Cancel Location Ack

When MS first detected by VLR...

Originating calls


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DMS-HLR

DMS-GMSC

DMS-MSC

VLR

The HLR does not need to be consulted as:- the information about the subscriber isstored locally (VLR)

- the MSC can route the call using thedialled number!

When MS makes a call...

Copyright

1996NorthernTelecom

Terminating calls


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DMS-HLR

DMS-GMSC

DMS-MSC

VLR

2- PRN

3- PRN Ack

4-SRIAck

Between MSC and HLR:1- Send Routing Information

Between HLR and VLR:2- Provide Roaming Number3- Provide Roaming Number Ack

Between HLR and MSC

4- Send Routing Information Ack

When a call needs to be routed to the MS...

Hand-over


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VLR

NES

VLR

NES

BSC

BSS

BSC

BSS

Copyright

1996

Northern

Telecom

2- Perform Handover

5- HandOver Number

Exercises


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What is the role of the PRN sequence?

What happens if there is a call to route to the MS but...

CFU is active?

the location is unknown?

Exercises


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What happens if the MS wants to make a call before the UL-ISDsequence has taken place?

During which kind of Hand-over is a UL-ISD sequence generated?

To establish a call from a MS to a MS, what is involved on each end(that we have seen in the previous slides)?

What happens if the HLR is dead?



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Copyright 1996

NorthernTelecom




Part 5:

HLR & HLR-PS

HLR & OMC-HLR


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Position in the GSM network

HLRFunctions of the HLR

GSM interfaces

internal structure

HLR-PSFunctions of the HLR-PS

platform

Part 5: HLR & HLR-PS

Position in the GSM network


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IP

MSCHLR

SMS-CVLR

SCP(CSE)

HLR

HLRPS

FMPM

?

Functions of the HLR


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Database:information stored in database and accessed through tables control

and command interface:table: logical storage

database: physical storage

permanent info (IMSI, MSISDN, services);dynamic info (subscribers location,roaming information,);

allows or forbids roaming of MS in PLMN;

Functions of the HLR


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updates VLR with subscriber information; gives MSC information for calls requests towards MS:

by providing location of MS and roaming number (see SRI-PRN);

by providing call-forwarded-to number if call forward service active;

holds AuC function (authentication);

GSM interfaces


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C-interface: HLR-MSC - for call/short message routing

from/to normal MSC or G-MSC:SendRoutingInfo: to route call to MS

from/to Short Message Service Center:

SendRoutingInfoForSM: to route short message to MSAlertServiceCenter: to inform service center of MS ready for short

message

ReportSMDeliveryStatus:


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GSM interfaces


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Call routing preparation:

ProvideRoamingNumber: prepares VLR to receive a call;NoteMSPresent/ReadyForSM: informs HLR that MS can receive a short

message;

Service changes requested from handset:CISS operations (register/erase, activate/deactivate, interrogate

Supplementary Service): register, erase, activate, deactivate,interrogate a supplementary service on the HLR;

MSs observationActivateTracemode: triggers events tracing function at the VLR;

DeactivateTracemode: disables events tracing at the VLR ;

ProvideSubscriberInformation: requests from the HLR informationabout MS (such status of location information);

HLR Internal Structure


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Nodal perspective:

2 Sides for robustness: active side and inactiveside (swact: switch activity)

System either in sync or out of sync

CM1

CPU

Memory Mngt Unit

Input/Output

Memory

CM0

MS1

ClockCard

DS512Card

MS0

PM (LIU7,)

PM: Peripheral module

CM: Computational moduleMS: Message Switch

ONP


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ONP: One Night ProcessThis is the upgrade process of the HLRverify validity of data/functionality on existing load

remove redundancy of the HLR (HLR out of sync)

upgrade inactive side

transfer all database information (subscribers info, )

swact activity (inactive side becomes active)

verify validity of data/functionality on new load

put HLR back in sync (point of no return)

HLR Stand-by


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active DMS-HLR

AUC

NES

DMS-MSC

VLR

NES

DMS-MSC

VLR

NES

Voice & data

Signalling

DMS-HLR in Stand-by

AUC

NES

Mated-pair HLR Operations

Normal Operation:


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IMSI 123 Acting LondonIMSI 124 Acting London

IMSI 223 Standby Glasgow


HLR 1 (London) - Standby active

IMSI 123 Standby LondonIMSI 124 Standby London

IMSI 223 Acting Glasgow


HLR 2 (Glasgow) - Standby active

Normal Operation:

Updates 123

Updates 223

IMSI 123 Acting London

IMSI 124 Acting London



HLR 1 (London)Standby off (standalone)

IMSI 123 Standby London

IMSI 124 Standby London



HLR 2 (Glasgow)Standby off (out-of-service)

Disaster in Glasgow:

Exercises


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In which context would a reset happen? How wouldit be handled?

What are the CISS messages for?

Why are there 2 sides the switch? How does it work?

Exercises


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In the case of HLRs working in standby, what are

the problem regarding the upgrade?

Functions of the HLR-PS


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HLR-PS: HLR Provisioning Server

Modification of subscribers data:immediate changes: Administration Center (AdC)

creation/deletion of blank subscribers: SIM Personalization System(SPS)

bulk provisioning of subscriber: Bulk Subscribers Provisioning (BSP)

Virtual HLR feature (transparent segmentation of the HLR)

Fault and Network management (not always collocated withnodes);

Fully configurable product to adapt to customers needs;

HLR-PS Provisioning Gateway


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DMS-HLR2DMS-HLR1

HLR-PS1 HLR-PS2

BSPAdCSPS

HLR-PS to DMS-HLR linksends subscriber data

AdC, SPS and BSP provisioning

send data to either HLR-PS

Inter HLR-PS link re-routestransactions to the correct HLR-PS

MAP based links - responsible for re-routing Network side messages tocorrect DMS-HLR

HLR-PS Platforms


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Provisioning OMC-S

HLR

NES

TCP/IP NFS

RS232 FTP

X25

TCP/IP

VT100

Platforms

HPSDM

SDM/FT

Exercises


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Using the HLR-PS, which functions can I use toprovision a subscriber with CFNRY?

What is the role of the provisioning gateway?

Overview of GSM - to conclude...


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Copyright 1996

NorthernTelecom




To conclude...

GSM s future

GSM s future


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Different customers have different needs for new servicesThey too need more services to sell new phones!

Still a lot to do to take over the normal land telephonesystem;

Increasing demand on the data side;

Increasing bandwidth requirements (especially to thehandset)

fixed mobile convergence

Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS)

IN (Camel)


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Customized Applications for Mobile Enhanced Logic (CAMEL)Provide space for new servicescomplex customized call forwarding features

home zone

Virtual Private Network (VPNs)

Number portability

Moves the Service Logic function of the MSC to IN nodes.

UMTS


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UMTS = Universal Mobile Telecommunications SystemETSI's project to develop a "third-generation" wireless standard

Mobile communication anywhere, anytime

UMTS will build on the global success of GSM

Radio-agreed combination of W-CDMA and W-TDMA

Documents

Gsm Overview March00