Guard Your Life Literature Review

8/18/2019 Guard Your Life Literature Review

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Running head: GUARD YOUR LIFE CHALLENGE

1

Guard Your Life Challenge: Do Defensive Driving Courses Redue !o"or#ehile Aiden"s

$a%lor Lo""

Cle&son Universi"% In"erna"ional Cen"er for Au"o&o"ive Researh


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GUARD YOUR LIFE CHALLENGE '

Defensive driving courses are one way to help reduce the number ofmotor vehicle accidents, most notably in teenagers.

Abstract

$he (ur(ose of "his s"ud% is "o de"er&ine )he"her "he Guard Your Life(rogra& aids individuals* s(ei+all% "hose in "he "eenage (o(ula"ion*in learning ho) "o redue "heir ris, of &o"or vehile aiden"s )hen on"he road- $his s"ud% )ill e.(lore a varie"% of defensive driving ourses*si&ula"ions* and in"erven"ions designed for novie drivers "o a/uire asu0se" of s,ills "o (re(are "he& for si"ua"ions on "he road- $he goal is"o anal%e "he (revious li"era"ure* along )i"h s"a"is"is* "o de"er&ine ifdefensive driving ourses* suh as "he Guard Your Life (rogra&* lessen"he a&oun" of &o"or vehile aiden"s in "he "eenage (o(ula"ion-


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GUARD YOUR LIFE CHALLENGE 2

Introduction

In "he %ear '313* "he nu&0er of liensed drivers in "he Uni"ed

4"a"es reahed '13 &illion 54"a"is"a6- In '317* 4ou"h Carolina had over"hree &illion liensed drivers 54"a"is"a6- Of "hose drivers in 4ou"hCarolina* a((ro.i&a"el% 8-9 (eren" of "he& are "eens 5o%e La) Fir&*'3186- $his s"a"is"i &a% no" see& as suh a large nu&0er* ho)ever*&o"or vehile rashes are "he leading ause of dea"h for "eens in "heUni"ed 4"a"es 5$he Cen"ers for Disease Con"rol and ;reven"ion


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As s"a"ed earlier* &o"or vehile aiden"s are "he leading ause ofdea"h in "he "eenage (o(ula"ion of "he Uni"ed 4"a"es 5CDC* '31>6- $hisis an alar&ing revela"ion* es(eiall% 0eause &an% of "hese aiden"sare (reven"a0le- Researhers have a""e&("ed "o develo( defensivedriving ourses "o redue "he large a&oun" of aiden"s in "his

(ar"iular (o(ula"ion* 0u" researh is s"ill 0eing olle"ed- Bhile oneuniversal (roess or in"erven"ion has no" 0een develo(ed* "here have0een various (rogra&s es"a0lished "ha" sho) so&e (ro&ise- $hesein"erven"ions are foused losel% on defensive driving "ehni/ues*u"iliing 0o"h si&ula"ors and real)orld driving ourses-

$he e.is"ing li"era"ure on "he su0e" of defensive driving and safe"%)hile o(era"ing a &o"or vehile is so&e)ha" li&i"ed- !os" researh in"his and si&ilar areas of s"ud% fous on ei"her "he s"andard drivingins"ru"ion ourse in rela"ion "o aiden"s or enrolling and o&(le"ing are/uired ourse af"er having had a &o"or vehile aiden"- $he li&i"edli"era"ure on "he su0e" a" hand does e.is" in so&e varia"ions and

inludes s"udies "ha" are da"ed- Ho)ever* even "hough "hese da"eds"udies involve older vehiles "ha" &a% have o(era"ed in sligh"l%dieren" )a%s* "he e.eu"ion of driving "ehni/ues 0% individuals fro&"he da"ed s"udies and &ore reen" s"udies is analogous-

$hroughou" "he real& of driving safe"%* "here are hos"s of var%ing(rogra&s devo"ed "o s"ud%ing e&ergen% driving "ehni/ues and "heirae" on "he redu"ion of &o"or vehile aiden"s- !an% u"iliesi&ula"ors and o&(ara0le "ehni/ues "ha" allo) (ar"ii(an"s "oe.(eriene reallife road)a% si"ua"ions "o 0e""er unders"and )ha"ours )hen so&eone ge"s 0ehind "he )heel- One (ar"iular s"ud%"es"ed s"uden"s on "heir searh* iden"if%* (redi"* deide* and e.eu"e

54I;DE6 s,ills )i"h "he use of "he $R4 '22: E&ergen% and DefensiveDriving $ehni/ues Course loa"ed a" Eas"ern en"u,% Universi"%5!illard* '3126- $hese 4I;DE s,ills are salien" in driving 0ehavior- $he%allo) individuals "o o0serve "he environ&en" around "he& )hile in avehile* &a,e er"ain assu&("ions a0ou" o"hers on "he road* andres(ond defensivel% "o "hese si"ua"ions-

$o evalua"e "hese s,ills* researhers gave s"uden"s iden"ial (reand (os""es"s "ha" rela"ed 0a, "o 4I;DE video senarios )ereinluded in "he "es"s and ans)er sores ranged fro& +ve "o ero(oin"s- $his s"ud% found "ha" )hile "he &aori"% of 4I;DE s,ills sho)edsigni+an" i&(rove&en"s* "he (redi"ion ele&en" sho)ed li""le

dierene 5!illard '3126- Bhen anal%ing "his da"a* i" should 0e no"ed"ha" "hese researh resul"s do no" sho) "he i&(a" of "i&e on "hese4I;DE s,ills- As (eo(le age* e.(erienes a" as a learning 0lue(rin""ha" i&(roves "he 0ehavior of individuals- $husl%* as (eo(le &a"ure*"heir driving s,ills do as )ell- $his no"ion lends "o "he idea "ha" "heses,ills have "he (ossi0ili"% "o i&(rove as (eo(le develo(- A fu"ure s"ud%or addendu& "o "his researh )ould 0e "o follo) "he (ar"ii(an"s and"es" ho) "hese s,ills have hanged over "i&e-


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GUARD YOUR LIFE CHALLENGE >

Researh develo(&en" )i"h "he use of si&ula"ors and o&(u"er(rogra&s are also 0eing u"ilied for aiden" redu"ion in %ounger(o(ula"ions- In one s"ud%* researhers sough" "o unders"anddierenes 0e")een ine.(eriened and e.(eriened drivers in rela"ion"o 0eing "rained or no" in "he Driver ero Errors Driving 5ED6 (rogra&

5Fisher* '33'6- For "his (ar"iular s"ud%* s"uden"s vie)ed 3 ris,%senarios* a"egoried 0% four dieren" &odes: san* s(o"* a"* anddrive- $he ris,% senarios hosen 0% "he researhers )ere sele"eddue "o "heir aiden" fre/uen% for novie drivers 5Fisher* '33'6-

$he goal of "his researh (roe" )as for researhers "o evalua"e if"he ;C driving (rogra& hel(ed novie drivers "o 0eo&e &ore a)areand 0e""er res(ond in ris,% si"ua"ions- Researhers found "he "rend"ha" %oung drivers )ho )ere "rained in "he (rogra& 0ea&e &orea)are of "he surrounding environ&en"- $)o senarios under "he lassof hidden ris,s sho)ed "ha" "he "raining (rogra& sho)ed i&(rove&en"in "he "rained s"uden"@s a)areness of (redi"ing (ossi0le ou"o&es-

Ano"her resul" "ha" researhers found )as "ha"* regardless of )he"her"here )as an i&&inen" ris,* (ar"ii(an"s in "he s"ud% sho)ed au"ion-One e.a&(le is a senario )hen drivers of "he si&ula"or drove slo)er"hrough a ross)al, even "hough no (edes"rians )ere (resen"- $hissugges"s "ha" "ha" "he driver "raining is hel(ing s"uden"s "o 0eo&e&ore au"ious and a)are drivers- Conversel%* "he s"uden"s )ho )ereun"rained or "rained 0u" s"ill ine.(eriened* )ere una0le "o no"iehidden ris,s or )ould no" res(ond "o "hese ris,s /ui,l% 5Fisher* '33'6-

4o&e "hings "o no"e a0ou" "he s"ud% fro& Fisher is "ha" "heine.(eriened driving (ar"ii(an"s had e.(osure "o driver@s edua"ionin !assahuse""s* &a,ing "heir ,no)ledge a0ou" driving s(ei+ "o

"ha" loa"ion- $his i&(lies "ha" so&e dierenes an e.is" rela"ed "ohanges in driving rules in !assahuse""s and o"her areas- Ano"heri&(or"an" as(e" of "his s"ud% is "ha" "hose )ho )ere "es"ed on "hesi&ula"or and )i"h "he ;C (rogra& &a% rea" dieren"l% in so&esi"ua"ions on "he road "han )hen 0eing "es"ed- $he senarios used in"he (rogra& )ere ones in )hih rash ra"es )ere higher for "his se"(o(ula"ion* ho)ever* no" all senarios "ha" e.is" an 0e "es"ed in"raining 5Fisher* '33'6- $his alls in"o /ues"ion )he"her "rained(ar"ii(an"s )ill s"ill 0e a0le "o rea" a((ro(ria"el% )hen faed )i"h"hese si"ua"ions- 4i&ilar "o "he !illard s"ud%* "he long"er& 0ene+"s of"he "raining )ere no" s"udied- 4hor""er& 0ene+"s )ere loo,ed a" for

"his s"ud% and researhers disovered "ha" "his (rogra& "raininginreases "he driving a)areness for %ounger drivers for a ou(le of)ee,s af"er "raining eases 5Fisher* '33'6- $his is (er"inen" 0eause%ounger drivers are &os" li,el% "o sus"ain an aiden" )hen +rs"s"ar"ing "o drive- One (ro0le& no"ed in a s"ud% done 0% #ido""o is "ha" ine.(erieneddrivers have diul"% in haard (ere("ion- $his haard (ere("ion isde+ned as J"he a0ili"% "o iden"if% (o"en"iall% dangerous "ra


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si"ua"ionsK 5#ido""o* '3116- Novie drivers are no" a0le "o res(ond ass)if"l% as e.(eriened drivers and rea" less eien"l%- Ano"her s,illno"ed in "he s"ud%* )hih see&s "o 0e a o&&on "he&e a&ong "he(reviousl% &en"ioned s"udies* is ris, (ere("ion 5#ido""o* '3116- $)o&ain fa"ors are assoia"ed )i"h ris, (ere("ion* "hose 0eing 516

Jinfor&a"ion regarding (o"en"ial haards in "he "ra environ&en"Kand 5'6 Jinfor&a"ion on "he a0ili"% of "he driver "o (reven" "hose(o"en"ial haards fro& 0eing "ransfor&ed in"o a"ual rashesK 5#ido""o*'3116- $he ")o "%(es of haard (ere("ion "es"s are haard signalde"e"ion and dieren"ia"ing 0e")een haardous and nonhaardoussenarios 5#ido""o* '3116- Al"hough "his s"ud% fouses on haard(ere("ion of &o"or%le riders* "he on"en" of "his s"ud% is relevan" "o"hose )ho o(era"e a vehile-

For "he ")elve senarios "es"ed on "he ine.(eriened drivers* aninrease in "he &ean (ro(or"ion of avoided haards )as no"ied- $hes"ud% also no"es "ha" "he &ean (ro(or"ion of avoided haards for "he

las" senario )as &uh higher "han "ha" of "he +rs" senario 5#ido""o*'3116- $he resul"s of "his s"ud% also sho)ed "ha" diul"% level rela"ed"o inuenes on o0served (erfor&ane )ere sien"i+all% signi+an"-Overall* "his s"ud% india"es "ha" "he senario "raining aided ini&(rove&en" of ee"ive haard avoidane- Li&i"a"ions in "his(ar"iular s"ud% inlude "he use of a si&ula"or* i&(l%ing "ha" so&ereallife as(e"s are &issing fro& "his e.(eri&en"- Also* no" allsenarios e.(eriened in "he real )orld an 0e (rogra&&ed on"o "hesi&ula"or and used in "he (rogra& 5#ido""o* '3116- Regardless* "hiss"ud% sho)ed &ar,ed i&(rove&en" in haard (ere("ion )i"h "he useof "he si&ula"or and "raining-

Bhen o(era"ing a &o"or vehile* &an% dis"ra"ions an our- !os"no"a0l%* "he dis"ra"ions an 0e &usi* naviga"ing devies* 0ill0oards*and ell (hones- Dis"ra"ions suh as "hese an lead "o rashes*resul"ing in serious inur% or dea"h- I" is i&(or"an" for "he (o(ula"ion "oeli&ina"e as &an% dis"ra"ions as (ossi0le* due "o "heir (ossi0ledanger- Bhile dis"ra"ions li,e "he e.a&(les lis"ed are no" uni/ue "o as(ei+ su0se" of "he (o(ula"ion* in general* dis"ra"ion see&s "o 0e a(ro0le& (ar"iularl% in "he (o(ula"ion of ine.(eriened and 0eginnerdrivers 5;radhan* '3116- Driver dis"ra"ion is de+ned 0% "he as(e" ofina""en"ion "o "he road and surrounding environ&en"* &os"l% 0eauseof seondar% "as,s (ulling a""en"ion a)a% fro& "he road 5;radhan*

'3116- One s"a"is"i found in "he s"ud% 0% ;radhan is Jof "he ''M of"he rashes and near rashes found )ere aused 0% ina""en"ion* so&e3-7M )ere aused 0% invehile dis"ra"ionsK 5'3116- For "he s"ud% on foused a""en"ion "raining* "he "raining (rogra&)as alled For)ard Conen"ra"ion and A""en"ion Learning 5FOCAL6-?eause "he (ar"ii(an"s are fro& Ne) erse%* so&e resul"s &a% no"generalie "o "he en"ire (o(ula"ion 0eause of driving rules s(ei+ "o


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"ha" area- For "he s"ud%* a 0aseline (re"es" )as given* as )as a(os""es"* and "he FOCAL "raining onsis"ed of senario videos- Resul"s of "he s"ud% sho)ed "ha" )i"h "he (re"es"* nei"her "hee.(eri&en"al grou( nor (lae0o grou( )ere &ore li,el% "o loo, a)a%fro& "he road 0efore "raining had 0egun 5;radhan* '3116- Bhen

revie)ing "he resul"s for (os""es"* researhers found "ha" individuals)ho (ar"ii(a"ed in "he FOCAL "raining had a redu"ion of glanesa)a% fro& "he road)a% "ha" "hose )ho did no" (ar"ii(a"e in "he"raining (rogra& as )ell as a redu"ion of long glanes 5;radhan*'3116- Overall* "his s"ud% see&s "o india"e "ha" "he For)ardConen"ra"ion and A""en"ion Learning "raining (rogra& i&(rovedfoused a""en"ion on "he road)a% for novie drivers- As )i"h "he &an%o"her s"udies &en"ioned (reviousl%* i" )ould 0e in"eres"ing "o see if "heresul"s fro& "his s"ud% (ersis"ed over "i&e- I" is a onsensus a&ongresearhers "ha" novie drivers have &ore diul"% on "he road and aninreased nu&0er of rashes 0eause of ine.(eriene- $hese "raining

(rogra&s are i&(or"an" 0eause "he% hel( "o (rovide &ore e.(eriene"o "he ne) drivers in a safe* on"rolled environ&en"-

As &en"ioned in "he (revious li"era"ure* a derease in "he nu&0erof aiden"s ours as e.(eriene inreases- Young drivers have ahigher (ro(or"ion of rashes "ha" an 0e a""ri0u"ed "o a nu&0er ofreasons* 0u" "he driver@s edua"ion ourses "ha" are re/uired "o o0"aina liense are 0asi and do no" al)a%s disuss senarios "ha" &os" of"enlead "o aiden"s- $he li&i"ed hours s(en" in a driver@s edua"ion lassusuall% onsis"s of driving around fa&iliar areas in a lo)ris,environ&en" 54"anle%* '336- $his e.e&(li+es "he i&(or"ane ofourses and (rogra&s in"en"l% foused on defensive driving and

e&ergen% &aneuvers-In one s"ud% foused on defensive driving ourses* a &ul"is"age

"raining a((roah )as researhed in i"s ee"iveness )i"h i&(rovingroad a)areness 54"anle%* '336- Also highligh"ed in "his s"ud% is "hesigni+ane in dis"inguishing 0e")een s,ill "raining* suh as )i"h s,id(ads* and ris,a)areness "raining 54"anle%* '336- Bhile i" isi&(or"an" for drivers "o 0e a0le "o &as"er driving s,ills* s,ill "rainingan so&e"i&es lead "o overon+dene and ul"i&a"el% higher rashra"es 54"anle%* '336- I" is salien" "o no"e Js,ill0ased "rainingonerns unders"anding vehile on"rol and &aneuvering )hile ris,a)areness is designed "o inrease ,no)ledge* e.(eriene* and

reogni"ion of dangers 54"anle%* '336-Bi"hin 4"anle%@s s"ud%* 0a,ground researh )as ondu"ed "o

ensure "he e.(eri&en"al grou( and on"rol grou( had si&ilar a""ri0u"esrela"ed "o "ra safe"% 5'336- For "he 0ehind"he)heel ins"ru"ion*devies used "o "eah 0ra,ing* vehile on"rol* referene (oin"s* s,idon"rol* and oroad reover% )as used 54"anle%* '336- Use ofsurve%s and a"ual driving ins"ru"ion )ere used as &easure&en"s of"he (rogress of "he individuals (ar"ii(a"ing in "he "raining ourse-


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GUARD YOUR LIFE CHALLENGE

Resul"s af"er "raining sho)ed "ha" "he e.(eri&en"al grou( reeivedfe)er i"a"ions "han "ha" of "he on"rol grou( 54"anle%* '336- $hissugges"s "ha" "he "raining has a (osi"ive ee" in rela"ion "o i"a"ionsas o((osed "o la, of "raining- Al"hough "hese resul"s are enouraging*"his )as a singular signi+an" +nding- I" is a((ro(ria"e "o highligh" "his

as(e"* 0u" &ore researh should 0e ondu"ed in"o )ha" o"her "%(esof "raining an hel( inrease ris,a)areness- Bhile "here is roo& fori&(rove&en"s* "his researh +nding sho)s "ha" so&e "%(e of "rainingan 0e 0ene+ial "o novie drivers in hel(ing "o enhane "heir safe"%a)areness )hen on "he roads-

References

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2015). Teen drivers. Retrievedfrom http://www.d.!ov/motorvehilesafet"/teen#drivers/

Department of $otor %ehiles. (201&). Drivers ed in so'th arolina. Retrievedfrom http://www.dmv.or!/sso'tharolina/driversed.php


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GUARD YOUR LIFE CHALLENGE

isher* D. +.* +a'rie* ,. -.* laser* R.* Connerne"* .* Pollatse* .* D'ff"* . .* 34ro* . (2002). 6se of a fi7ed8ase drivin! sim'lator to eval'ate theeffets of e7periene and PC8ased ris awareness trainin! on drivers9deisions. 'man ators* ;;(2)* 202.

'ard ?o'r +ife Challen!e. (n.d.) Drivin! e7periene. Retrieved fromhttp://www.!'ard"o'rlifehallen!e.om/drivin!e7periene.html

o"e +aw irm. (201&). tatistis on teen drivin! aidents. Retrieved fromhttp://www.@o"elawfirm.om/aidents/araidentlaw"er/a'sesaraidents/teendrivin!/

$illard* C. 4. (201>). The effetiveness of an emer!en" and defensive drivin!tehniA'es o'rse omponent: anal"Bin! st'dent response to searhin!*identif"in!* preditin!* deidin!* and e7e'tin! sills* -astern ent'"6niversit"* ent'".

Pradhan* ..* Divear* .* $asseran!* .* Romoser* $.* afian* T.* 4lom8er!*

R.D.* Thomas* .D.* Rea!an* .* nodler* $.* Pollatse* .* 3 isher* D.+.(2011). The effets of fo'sed attention trainin! on the d'ration of noviedrivers9 !lanes inside the vehile* -r!onomis* 5;:10* E1=E>1.

tanle"* +.* 3 $'eller* . (200E). -ffetiveness of a m'ltista!e driver ed'ationpro!ram for novie drivers. Proeedin!s of the 'man ators and-r!onomis oiet" nn'al $eetin!* 5>(1;52.

tatista. (2010). tatistis and fats a8o't ar drivers. Retrieved from

http://www.statista.om/topis/11E=/ardrivers/

tatista. (201;). Total n'm8er of liensed drivers in the 6.. in 201;. Retrievedfrom http://www.statista.om/statistis/1E

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