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V100R001

Guide to CDMA1X Location Area Planning

(For internal use only)

Prepared by:CDMA Network Planning DepartmentDate:2002-08-26

Reviewed by:Li YunzhiDate:2002-08-26

Reviewed by:Date:yyyy-mm-dd

Approved by:Date:yyyy-mm-dd

Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.

All rights reservedRevision RecordDateRevised versionDescriptionAuthor

2002-08-261.00Completion of first draftJiang Jindi

2002-09-061.01ModificationLi Yunzhi

2002-12-271.02ModificationJiang Jindi/Li Yunzhi

2003-06-181.03ModificationJiang Jindi

2003-08-261.4Addition of some contents about short messagesLiu Jianguo

Table of Contents1 Overview of LAC22 Design Principle of LAC23 Correlation between LAC and Paging53.1 Messages Delivered on Paging Channel53.2 Calculation of Flow on Paging Channel63.2.1 Paging Channel Occupancy of General Page Message83.2.2 Paging Channel Occupancy of Overhead Message93.2.3 Extend Channel Assignment Messageand Order Message103.2.4 Paging Channel Occupancy of Data Burst Message103.2.5 Paging Channel Occupancy of _DONE Message and SCI Bit113.3 LAC Size Determined by Paging Channel113.4 LAC Size in Case of Multiple Paging Channels154 Relationship and Effect of LAC to/on Registration154.1 Type of Registration Related to LAC154.2 Relationship between REG_ZONE and LAC164.3 LAC Size Determined by Registration175 Location Area Planning Parameters175.1 Parameter Settings in BSC175.2 Parameter Settings in MSC18

Table of Table Description6Table 3-1 Type of message on paging channel

7Table 3-2 Data of paging channel

Table of Figure Description4Figure 2-1 Division of REG_ZONEs

14Figure 3-1 Flow direction Chart of short message

17Figure 4-1 Relationship between LAC and REG_ZONE

Guide to CDMA1X Location Area Planning

Keywords: Code division multiple access (CDMA), location area, paging, and registration.

Abstract: This document gives a method of location area planning through the analysis of paging and registration. It also introduces the design principle of location area size under different conditions. Section 3.3 presents the reference configuration for the actual planning.Abbreviations:

References:References

NameAuthorNo.Release dateSource

Publisher (Fill in this column if the reference is not published by Huawei)

1 Overview of LACThe location area in CDMA1X system includes the LAC for paging and REG_ZONE for registration, while that in GSM system means location area code (LAC) only..On the forward link, the CDMA system can page a mobile station (MS) within the LAC. On the reverse link, the MS can register because of different REG_ZONEs The following introduces the LAC and REG_ZONE.The LAC is an important concept in the CDMA technology. We divide the whole CDMA network into different service areas according to the location areas. If the Paging Request Message issued by the MSC contains the LAC, the BSC pages the MS in all cells of the location area. (One location area corresponds to a unique LAC, so LAC is also referred to as a location area hereunder).A LAC can have one or more cells. But there must not be too many cells. The more cells a LAC contains, the more Paging Request Messages and other messages on the common channel are delivered. If the number of cells exceeds a certain threshold, the paging channel is congested. Hence, the size of one LAC should be fully considered in the network planning.The MS updates its location information in the HLR by means of the registration message. There are many registration types. One of these registrations is caused by the location change of the MS and is called zone-based registration (REG_ZONE).One REG_ZONE can contain one or more cells. If the number of the reserved REG_ZONEs of the system is 1, the MS finds that the received REG_ZONE is different from the saved one after the MS moves to another REG_ZONE. In this case, the MS originates a registration message to update its location information.The CDMA protocol does not specify the relationship between REG_ZONE and LAC. If the MS does not register after it moves from one LAC to another, the Paging Request Message will be delivered in the original LAC, instead of the new one. Thus, the MSC fails to page the MS in the service area. This phenomenon is unacceptable. Hence, the LAC varies with REG_ZONE. REG_ZONE must be a subset of LAC. If REG_ZONE is too small, the MS registers frequently on the border of REG_ZONEs, decreasing the reverse capacity of the Access Channel . In this sense, the larger the REG_ZONE is, the better it is. On the other hand, REG_ZONE cannot be larger than a LAC. Unless otherwise specified, REG_ZONE should be as large as a LAC.This document describes how to design LAC and REG_ZONE through calculations and analyses.2 Design Principle of LACTo page the MS easily, the coverage of the CDMA network is divided into several location areas, including LACs and REG_ZONEs. The size of location area is a key factor in the CDMA system. Hence, the division of location area is very important to network planning. The division of location area must comply with the principle of minimum load of paging channel. In this way, the utilization of the paging channel is high, and the BSC can page the MS efficiently. If the location area is too small, the MS registers frequently with the decrease of reverse capacity,and access success ratio. Excessively small location area brings no benefit to the network operator. The sizes of the LAC and REG_ZONE are conflict. On the one hand, the paging channel load determines the maximum size of the LAC. On the other hand, the access channel load caused by location updates in edge cells determines the minimum size of the reg_zoneThe LAC should be planned in accordance with the following principles:(1) The LAC cannot be too large. The maximum value of LAC is determined by the rate of the paging channel of the paging channel.If the LAC is too large, the same paging message is sent in many cells, increasing the paging channel load and the signaling flow over the Abis interface. The calculation of LAC size is related to the paging strategies of different operators. For the specific calculation, see Calculation of LAC Size. Usually, one LAC must contain no more than 100 sector carriers. At the initial stage of network construction, one LAC can contain more than 100 sector carriers because the traffic is low. However, it is necessary to monitor the paging channel load and the traffic increase for a long time. Some statisticals items of the paging channel are included in Version C03. Since REG_ZONE is a subset of LAC, REG_ZONE is also determined by the capacity of the paging channel. (2) The REG_ZONE in the LAC can neither be too small. The minimum value of REG_ZONE is determined by the capacity of the access channel..Unlike the GSM, the LAC in the CDMA only applies to the paging. The registration uses REG_ZONE. The CDMA protocol does not specify the relationship between the LAC and REG_ZONE. In order to page the MS, the REG_ZONE should be a subset of the LAC. Unless otherwise specified, REG_ZONE should be as large as LAC.If REG_ZONE is the same as LAC the LAC cannot be too small. Otherwise, registration occurs frequently. That does little good to the paging. However, more messages need to be processed. In this case, the load of the access channel and the whole system increases, or even the access rate and access success ratio of the system are greatly affected. Hence, a REG_ZONE should be as large as possible (that is, the LAC should be as large as possible) if the paging channel load is acceptable.The maximum number of REG_ZONEs reserved in the MS (TOTAL_ZONES in the System Parameters Message should be set to 1. Otherwise, the MS fails to originate the location update message in time after it moves to another REG_ZONE.For details about the relationship between the LAC and Registration, see the analysis in Section 4, Relationship and Effect of LAC to/on Registration.(3) The LAC division should be in accordance with the geographical distribution and behaviors of mobile subscribers so that fewer location updates take place at the edge of the location area.At the junction of the suburb and urban, where the coverage is discontinuous, the MS might fail to perform the location update when a periodic location update timer expires. After the timer expires, the system deactivates the MS. After the MS enters the urban, if the REG_ZONE of the urban is different from the one of the suburb, the MS might fail to perform the location update in time. In this case, the MS might receive signals outside the service area. Hence, an individual REG_ZONE is assigned to the suburb (county). That is, each county can use an individual REG_ZONE different from that of the urban. In this way, the above problem is resolved. As for the LAC, plan the urban and suburb into the same LAC, if necessary. Of course, it is preferred that the LAC and REG_ZONE should be consistent. See the figure below.

Figure 2-1 Division of REG_ZONEsAdditionally, if there are two or more LACs in a big city with a heavy traffic, the topographical factors, such as hill or river in the city can be considered as the edge of the LACs to lessen the overlapping of different cells in these LACs. If there are no such topographical factors, avoid dividing LACs along streets, or areas with heavy traffic, such as malls. It is required that the edge of LACs should not be parallel or perpendicular to streets. Instead, it should be on a slant.At the junction of the urban and suburb areas, the edge of LACs is placed at the sparsely-located BTSs, instead of the junction with dense traffic, to avoid frequent location updates.(4) One LAC should belong to one MSC or BSC only.A CDMA network operator uses one MSCID to identify one MSC. The MSCID consists of the SID and NID. The REG_ZONE is a part of the area identified by the SID and NID, and it cannot be larger than that area. Hence, one LAC cannot belong to more than one MSC.

When a LAC belongs to more than one BSC, the paging message is delivered to several BSCs. As a result, the signaling flow increases and the signaling processing becomes more difficult.

Hence, we recommend that one LAC should belong to only one BSC.(5) If multiple carriers are configured, the carriers in the same sector should be planned in the same LAC.The table of LAC&CELL in the MSC only have cell /sector IDs, but no carrier ID. In the CELL table of the BSC, the LACODE is configured on basis of the cell/sector. Therefore, different carriers in the same sector should be in the same LAC. The REG_ZONE in the SPM table of the BSC is configured according to the carrier. However, the REG_ZONE of different carriers should also be the same. With the HASH function, the paging message is delivered only on the paging channel after the HASH function, instead of those of all carriers, even if each carrier is configured with a paging channel. But the broadcast message is an exception. The broadcast message contains the broadcast address, so it is delivered on the paging channels of all carriers.3 Correlation between LAC and PagingThis document analyzes the correlation between LAC and paging, as well as the delivery mechanism of the Paging Request Message from the viewpoint of the physical capacity of the paging channel,.9600 or 4800 bps In the engineering application, the on-site engineers can ignore the analysis, but directly apply the conclusion drawn in the last paragraph of this section.The Cell Identifier List in the Paging Request Message delivered by the MSC contains two types of location, namely, cell list and LAC list.When the Cell Identifier List contains the cell list, the BSC delivers the General Page Message (GPM) according to the cell list.

When the Cell Identifier List contains the LAC list, the BSC delivers the GPM in one or more LACs. If the LAC is too large, excessive messages are delivered on the paging channel, resulting in the congestion. Therefore, the LAC should be designed in accordance with the capacity of the paging channel.3.1 Messages Delivered on Paging ChannelThe messages delivered on the paging channel mainly include the following:Table 3-1 Type of message on paging channelMessage name

System Parameters Message

Access Parameters Message

CDMA Channel List Message

Order Message

Channel Assignment Message

Data Burst Message

Authentication Challenge Message

SSD Update Message

Extended System Parameters Message

Status Request Message

Service Redirection Message

General Page Message

Global Service Redirection Message

The following are the common messages:1. General Page Message2. Overhead Message3. Channel Assignment Message4. Order Message5. Data Burst Message for SMSCurrently, the other messages listed in the table are seldom delivered on the paging channel. With the development of services, messages seizing large bandwidth on the paging channel, such as the broadcast short messages, should be mainly considered.3.2 Calculation of Flow on Paging ChannelAs described in 3.1, the flow on the paging channel depends on the size and delivery mechanisms of different messages. At present, only some data is available. Most data needs to be collected and calculated based on the network applications. For the convenience of calculation, we assume some data, such as subscriber distribution model and short message model, on basis of the available data. The assumed data will be corrected from time to time to agree with the practice. In practice, the specific value of such data can be modified according to the actual situation.We first give some data of the paging channel in Table 3-2, and then classify and analyze various messages to learn their effect on the LACTable 3-2 Data of paging channelCodeNameValueRemarks

acapacity of paging channel9600 bps or 4800bpsSelect one according to the practical application

bMaximum utilization0.910% is used to process the burst flow through the paging channel

cPaging strategy (average number of pagings/subscribers)1.25Supposing 75% MSs respond to the first paging and 25% respond to the second one, then MSs responding to the third paging can be ignored.

dReverse throughput of sector carrier94kbpsThe given value is based on the traffic model designed by the Zhengzhou Planning Design Institute (S111 BTS)

eNumber of pagings of a subscriber for one hour0.3An estimated value is given. It is modified according to the actual situation.

fAverage throughput of subscriber78.36bpsThe given value is based on the traffic model designed by the Zhengzhou Planning Design Institute. It is the average throughput of all subscribers.

g ()Number of subscribers of sector carrier1,229The given value is based on the traffic model designed by the Zhengzhou Planning Design Institute. There are 1106 voice-only subscribers and 113 voice-data subscribers.

hNumber of sector carriers in oneLACN

iLength of General Page Message128 bits

jTotal length of overhead message908bitsk+l+m+n+o

kLength of System Parameters Message272bitsThe runtime value of the current network is given and modified little.

lLength of Access Parameters Message184 bitsThe given value includes the authentication data and does not need to be modified.

mLength of Neighbor List Message212 bitsThe length is related to the number of neighbor cells. The given value is based on 12 neighbor cells. (It increases or decreases by 12 bits every time a neighbor cell is added or deleted)

nLength of CDMA Channel List Message72 bitsThe given value is based on one CDMA_FREQ. (it increases by 11 bits every time a CDMA_FREQ is added)

oLength of Extended System Parameters Message168 bitsThe runtime value of the current network is given and modified little.

p interval between two overhead message send events15It is designed according to the system.unit :80ms

qLength of Extended Channel Assignment Message240bitsThe address field includes an IMSI.

rLength of Order Message88bitsThe address field includes an IMSI.

sData Burst Message (short message service)(7x + 438) bitsThe value is modified according to the actual situation.

tLength of short General Page Message (only general field)72 bitsThe runtime value of the current network is given and modified little.

Notes to the values of some items in the above table:1. The message length is calculated according to the message delivered by the current system.2. The length of Neighbor List Message in the above table is based on 12 neighbor cells. The length of Neighbor List Message increases by 12 bits every time a neighbor cell is added. From the above analysis, this item has a minor effect on the LAC.3. Paging strategy: It is based on the analysis of the statistical data.4. d, e, f, and g in the above table are obtained according to the traffic model designed by the Zhengzhou Planning Design Institute. When the traffic model changes, such data should be modified accordingly.The following are some other parameters involved in the analysis. Currently, we only give the estimated values of these parameters. They need to be corrected and improved on basis of large amounts of statistical data obtained from the practical network.1. For voice-data mixed subscribers, the behavior of the voice service is the same as that of voice-only subscribers, and , the number of mobile originated calls (MOC), is 0.1/hour and the number of received pagings is 0, when the data service is busy.2. It is assumed that the ratio (E) of the number of received short messages of each subscriber to the number of received pagings is 1, and the short messages with length below the threshold count 50% (G=50%). The threshold in the current system is 64 bytes.3. The average length of of a short message below threshold is 25 bytes.4. It is assumed that the ratio of mobile originated call to mobile terminated call(MTC)is 1:1. In CDMA1X Location Area Planning and Tool for Calculating Capacity of Paging Channel, the input parameter ratio of MTC is a statistical value, usually 40% or so, and can be roughly derived from the measurement items of the MSC. The calculation formula is as follows:Ratio of MTC= MTC attempts/(MTC attempts + MOC attempts)

For the meanings of MTC attempts and MOC attempts, see Performance_Onlinehelp_20031013(MSC).chm.5. It is assumed that the Channel Assignment Message is sent once for one call, on average. In response to the Paging Response Message, Origination Message, and Data Burst Message, the average number (N1) of successive acknowledge command send events is 2. The Order Message contain registration rejected and accepted. In view of the minor percentage of refused registrations in normal cases, only the accepted registrations are considered here. It is assumed that the number (N2) of registrations originated by a subscriber in an hour is 3 and the number (N3) of responses of the BSC to the registration message of the MS is 1.6. Some other messages, such as voice mail system (VMS) message and broadcast short message, are not considered for the time being.3.2.2 Paging Channel Occupancy of General Page MessageWhen it is necessary to call an MS or any special messaging service is required, such as SMS or VMS, the BTS uses the General Page Message to page the MS.For a Data Burst Message, the MSC judges whether the length of the short message sent from the message center (MC) is larger than a specified value. If so, the MSC originates a Paging Request Message to the BSC, and then create a dedicated channel to send the short message. The delivery of a common paging message is the same case.When the length of the short message to be sent is smaller than the specified value, the Data Burst Message is directly delivered on the paging channel.If the ratio of the number of short messages of a subscriber to the number of pagings is E and the short messages with length above the threshold account for G, then the number of pagings is g*e*(1+EG). Ogp, the paging channel occupancy of General Page Message, relative to the utilization 90% of the paging channel, is calculated according to the following formula:

From the above formula, Ogp is linear with the number of pagings. If E equals 1 and G equals 50%, the above formula is:

If short messages are ignored, then the formula is:

3.2.3 Paging Channel Occupancy of Overhead MessageThe overhead messages that must be delivered on the paging channel include1. System Parameters Message2. Access parameters message3. CDMA channel list message4. Extended neighbor list message5. Extended System Parameters MessageIf the system supports quick paging, the extended CDMA channel list message is delivered. But this message can be ignored because the paging channel occupancy of the General Page Message also changes in this case.If an overhead message is delivered on the paging channel every p slots, Ooh, the paging channel occupancy of the overhead message is calculated from the formula below:

In the formula, the length of neighbor list message is related to the number of neighbor cells. Here the analysis is based on 12 neighbor cells. The length of neighbor list message can be modified according to the actual situation.If the BTS sends an overhead message every 15 timeslots and a equals 9600 bps, then Ooh is 8.76%. If a equals 4800bps, then Ooh is 17.52%. Ooh, independent of the LAC, is basically a constant in the CDMA system.3.2.4 Extend Channel Assignment Message and Order MessageDuring a call setup, the BTS sends a Channel Assignment Message to the MS. The Order Message is used to refuse or accept a registration, or used by the BTS to acknowledge the Origination Message, Paging Response Message and Data Burst Message (short message). It is assumed that the Channel Assignment Message is sent once for one call (a mobile originated call or mobile terminated call, with a ratio of mobile originated calls to mobile terminated calls being 1:1). In response to the Paging Response Message, Origination Message, and Data Burst Message, the response command is successively sent for N1 times. The Order Message can accept or refuse a registration. In view of the minor percentage of refused registrations in normal cases, only the accepted registrations are considered here.If the number of registrations originated by a subscriber in an hour is N2 and the number of responses of the BSC to the registration message of the MS is N3, then Oco, the paging channel occupancy of the Channel Assignment Message and Order Message is calculated according to the formula below:In the above formula, is the number of busy hour calls originated by a data subscriber, and is the number of voice-data subscribers of a sector carrier. For the meanings of other symbols, see Table 3-2. For the voice-data subscribers, the behavior of the voice service is the same as that of voice-only subscribers. Assume that , the number of mobile originated calls, is 0.1/hour and the number of received pagings is 0, when the data service is busy.If N1 is 2, N2 is 3, N3 is 1, and E is 1, then Oco, the paging channel occupancy of the Channel Assignment Message and Order Message is as follows:

Obviously, the paging channel occupancy of the Channel Assignment Message and Order Message is low, and the Channel Assignment Message and Order Message related to the data service only account for a little portion of the whole system.3.2.5 Paging Channel Occupancy of Data Burst MessageFor a Data Burst Message, the MSC judges whether the length of the short message sent from the MC is larger than a specified value. If so, the MSC originates a Paging Request Message to the BSC, and then create a dedicated channel to send the short message. The delivery of a common paging message is the same case. We have discussed the Data Burst Message in the paging channel occupancy of general paging message. But now we only consider the Data Burst Message delivered on the paging channel.When the number of bytes to be sent, including the overhead bytes, is less than a specified value, the Data Burst Message is delivered on the paging channel.If the ratio of the number of short messages of a subscriber to the number of pagings is E and the short messages with length above the threshold accounts for G, then the number of short messages delivered on the paging channel is g*e*h*(1G)*E. , the paging channel occupancy of Data Burst Message, is calculated according to the following formula:

Supposing G is 50%, E is 1, and the average number of bytes of a short message with length below the threshold is 25, we can obtain s = 608bits. Further, we obtain as follow:

3.2.6 Paging Channel Occupancy of _DONE Message and SCI BitThe _DONE message is a short General Page Message with a field indicating that all messages within the timeslots are sent out. In usual cases, the BTS sends a _DONE message after sending all messages scheduled by the timeslots.Suppose there is a short General Page Message (GPM) in each timeslot. The SCI bit is inserted into each half-frame. In this way, Ods, the paging channel occupancy of short GPM and SCI bit is calculated according to the following formula:

With reference to the data in Table 3-2, we can obtain the paging channel occupancy of _DONE message and SCI bit.

In the above calculation result, the paging channel occupancy of _DONE message is 10.4% and that of SCI bit is 1.2%. Ods, is also independent of the LAC and is a constant.Some other messages, such as voice mail system (VMS) message and broadcast short message, are not considered for the time being because they are seldom used. As services change, these messages are increasingly used. By then, it is necessary to re-analyze the capacity of the paging channel.With the development of services, more and more messages are delivered on the common channel. When broadcast short messages and other services to be broadcast on the paging channel increase, one paging channel cannot meet the requirement and an additional paging channel is required. In this case, the impact of the additional paging channel on the traffic channels should be fully considered.3.3 LAC Size Determined by Paging ChannelFrom the above analysis, we can draw the following conclusions:1. The paging channel occupancy consists of the following five parts: Occupancy of General Page Message Occupancy of overhead message Occupancy of Extend Channel Assignment Message and Order Message Occupancy of Data Burst Message Occupancy of short GPM and SCI bit2. The flow of short GPM & SCI bit, overhead message, and Extend Channel Assignment Message& Order Message is independent of the LAC size. Analyze the parameters of these messages according to the values given above.3. Only GPM and short messages (Data Burst Message) affect the LAC planning.The system sends short messages in the following ways:1) Point-to-point mode, which includes the following three ways:a) The system delivers the Data Burst Message on the paging channel directly in the whole LAC.,b) The system first originates a Paging Request Message to locate the MS and then delivers the Data Burst Message on the paging channel.c) The system first originates a Paging Request Message to locate the MS and then delivers the Data Burst Message on the dedicated channel (traffic channel).The threshold set on the MSC determines the use of mode b) or mode c). For example, the threshold is set to 64 bytes. If the short message is longer than 64 bytes, it is delivered on the traffic channel after the MS is located. Otherwise, the Data Burst Message is delivered on the paging channel after the MS is located. These three send modes make different paging channel occupancies. They should be considered in calculation. For details, see CDMA1X Location Area Planning and Tool for Calculating Capacity of Paging Channel.2) Multipoint mode (group transit mode of point-to-point short message)The Multipoint mode is based on the group transit mode of point-to-point short message. For the specific send modes, see a), b), and c). According to the discussion results about the short message problem in Tibet, the system must not be busy, and the frequency of sending short message and the length are restricted, if the short message is delivered in the Multipoint mode.3) Broadcast modeCurrently the system supports the broadcast message in the multi-slotted mode. The corresponding MC version is also available. But the test has not been completed, yet.4) Flow direction of short message

Figure 3-2 Flow direction of short messageAs shown in Figure 3-1, short messages travel from the MC through the MSC to the BSC. Then the BSC delivers them to the LAC and cells in different send modes, and finally to the MS. K is the rate or the frequency of sending a short message through the A interface when it is sent from the MSC to the BSC. It is a statistical average. Since the send modes are different, the rate between the receiving end and transmitting end of different messages (General Page Message and Data Burst Message) is different, too.In the system performance measurement of MC, there is an item to measure the transmit rate from the MC to the MSC. For the specific measurement item, consult the MC engineer. The MSC has no such mechanism for short message resending. The MSC records the state of the MS and state of the short message, and then notifies the MC of these states. The MC determines whether to resend a short message or not. In this way, the rate of a short message from the MC to the MSC is the same as that from the MSC to the BSC.The total paging channel occupancy is expressed by the following formula:Total paging channel occupancy = occupancy of general page channel + occupancy of overhead message + occupancy of extended assignment message and Order Message + occupancy of Data Burst Message + occupancy of short GPM and SCI bit, that is to say,

When the rate of the paging channel is a = 9600 bpsecond, the allowable maximum utilization of the paging channel is b = 0.9, and the other symbols are set as in Table 3-2, we can obtain the following:

That is,0.002845h + 0.0045h ( 0.7720.007345h (0.772

Hence, h ( 105 (number of sector carriers)In the above formula, the occupancy of General Page Message accounts for 29.87%, and that of the Data Burst Message accounts for 47.25%.If the threshold above which a Data Burst Message is sent on the traffic channel is lowered, the number of sector carriers in the LAC increases. Meanwhile, the paging channel occupancy of General Page Message also increases, but that of Data Burst Message decreases.In the following cases, the number of sector carriers one LAC can contain is listed below:1. The rate of paging channel is 9600 bps, and short messages are not considered.When the rate of the paging channel is 9600 bps, one LAC can contain 272 sector carriers.2. The rate of paging channel is 9600 bps, and short messages are considered.When the rate of the paging channel is 9600 bps, one LAC can contain 105 sector carriers. (The value is determined by the frequency of sending a short message and length of the short message. In this case, the voice service and short message service coexist.)3. The rate of the paging channel is 4800 bps and short messages are not considered.When the rate of the paging channel is 4800 bps, one LAC can contain 98 sector carriers.4. The rate of the paging channel is 4800 bps and short messages are considered.When the rate of the paging channel is 4800 bps, one LAC can contain 37 sector carriers. (The value is determined by the frequency of sending a short message and length of the short message. In this case, the voice service and short message service coexist.)For the specific calculation, see CDMA1X Location Area Planning and Tool for Calculating Capacity of Paging Channel.3.4 LAC Size in Case of Multiple Paging ChannelsThere are different configurations for multiple carriers:

Only one of the carriers is configured with a paging channel

Each carrier is configured with a paging channel.When only one carrier in a sector is configured with a paging channel, the calculation of LAC size is the same as that when there is a single carrier in a sector. For the calculation result (number of sector carriers), see 3.3.When multiple paging channels are configured in a sector, there are two cases:

1) If a paging message without the HASH function is directly delivered on all paging channels, the calculation of LAC size is the same as that when there is a single carrier. For the calculation result (number of sector carriers), see 3.3.2) If the paging message is delivered to the specified paging channel in a sector by means of the HASH function, the paging message is distributed on different paging channels. The traffic flow of the paging message on each paging channel is 1/n (n is the number of paging channels) of that in the case of a single carrier.If a sector in one LAC contains different carriers, the load of the paging channel in the sector containing the fewest carriers is the highest. In this case, the calculation of the LAC size should be subject to the paging channel with the highest load. Hence, it is preferred that those sectors containing the same or similar number of carriers should be planned in the same LAC.4 Relationship and Effect of LAC to/on Registration4.1 Type of Registration Related to LACThere are 10 registration types:

Power-on registration

Power-down registration

Timer-based registration

Distance-based registration

Zone-based registration

Parameter-change registration

Ordered registration

Implicit registration

Traffic-channel registration

User zone registrationThe first nine registration types are given in IS95. Among them, only the distance-based registration, zone-based registration and user zone registration are related to the location, and the other registrations are independent of the location.

The distance-based registration happens when the distance between the BTS that the MS currently lies in and the BTS that the MS registers in last time exceeds a threshold. It is independent of the LAC.The user zone registration happens when the MS selects an active user zone. The user zone is used to distinguish the grade of service (GOS) in different areas only when the MS requires tiered services. Since the user zone registration is not used currently, we can ignore its relationship to the LAC.Hence, we only need to consider the zone-based registration of these registrations that are related to the LAC.4.2 Relationship between REG_ZONE and LACThe zone-based registration is an autonomous registration method in which the MS registers when it enters a zone that is not in the mobile stations zone list.One REG_ZONE can contain one or more sector carriers. One REG_ZONE must belong to one NID, that is to say, one NID can contain one or more REG_ZONEs. REG_ZONE is uniquely identified by SID/NID/ZONEID.TOTAL_ZONEs is the total number of REG_ZONEs reserved for the MS. If TOTAL_ZONEs is 0, the zone-based registration is disabled. If TOTAL_ZONEs is 1, the MS registers about 10 seconds after it moves from one zone (ZONE 1) to another zone (ZONE 2).If TOTAL_ZONEs is larger than 1, in some cases, the MS may fail to register when it moves from one zone to another zone.

Figure 4-3 Relationship between LAC and REG_ZONE

As the diagram on the left in Figure 4-1 shows, if one REG_ZONE straddles two LACs, the MS does not register when it moves from LAC1 to LAC2. At this time, the BSC is unable to page the MS.In the diagram on the right, when the MS moves in the LAC1 from ZONE1 to ZONE2, the BSC can always page the MS. When the MS moves from ZONE2 to ZONE3, the MS also registers. Hence, if ZONE is a subset of LAC, the MS can be paged. However, it is unnecessary to configure multiple zones in one LAC.Hence, the LAC and REG_ZONE should be of the same size (the same coverage area) when designed.It is recommended that the LAC and REG that represent the same area uses the same number. A LAC is represented by a 16-bit number, while a REG_ZONE is represented by a 12-bit number. Hence, when the value of a LAC is less than the maximum of a 12-bit number, the LAC should be completely consistent with the REG_ZONE. When the value of a LAC is more than the maximum of a 12-bit number, take the last bits of the LAC as REG_ZONE. See the following examples.

LAC: 123, REG_ZONE: 123LAC: 16384, REG_ZONE: 384Note: The numbers in the above examples are all decimal ones.)4.3 LAC Size Determined by RegistrationFrom the above analysis, we learn that the LAC and REG_ZONE should be of the same size. Hence, the REG_ZONE size determined by the registration is actually the LAC size. From the angle of registration, the larger the REG_ZONE size is, the better it is. Thus, the REG_ZONE size should be set to the maximum determined by the paging channel. For the specific calculation result, see 3.3, LAC Size Determined by Paging Channel5 Location Area Planning Parameters5.1 Parameter Settings in BSC

There are some parameters related to LAC in the MSC and the BSC. When the network is put into operation, check the correlation between these parameters, and the specific settings. Here we give the LAC-related parameters. The specific settings are subject to Guide to CDMA1X BSS Network Planning Parameter Configuration.I. LAC

LACODE (location area code) is in CELL table in the database.Modify the LAC of a cell or the whole BSC by using the command MOD LACODEOL. But remember to modify the corresponding data in the Location Area Cell table of the MSC after the modification of the LAC. The LACODE modification command in the BSC is an offline one. It is necessary to restart the BSC after the modification. For example, use the following command to modify the LACODE of the sector carrier where the CELL ID is 140 and the PN is 100:MOD LACODEOL: CELLID=140, PN=100, LACODE=6;

Path of command: Base station controller management ( configuration management ( cell channel configuration ( offline modification of local LACODEII. REG_ZONE and TOTAL_ZONEs

REG_ZONE and TOTAL_ZONEs are in the System Parameters Message table in the database.Modify the REG_ZONE of a sector carrier by using the command MOD SYSPARAMSG on the Airbridge. For example, use the following command to modify as 6 the REG_ZONE of the sector carrier where the CELL ID is 140, the SECTOR ID is 0 and the CARRIER ID is 11:MOD SYSPARAMSG: CELLID=140, SECTORID=0, CARRIERID=11, REGZN=6, TOTALZN=1;

When modifying the REG_ZONE, remember that the REG_ZONE should be consistent with the LACODE of the same sector carrier, and that TOTAL_ZONEs should be set to 1. (If TOTAL_ZONEs is set to 1, the value of ZONE_TIMER will not take effect.Path of command: Base station controller management ( configuration management ( System Parameters Message configuration ( modification of System Parameters MessageIII. REG_PRDREG_PRD is in the System Parameters Message table in the database.Modify the length of the periodic location update timer in a sector carrier by using the command MOD SYSPARAMSG on the Airbridge. The length of the timer is usually set to 1/4 ~ 1/3 of the subscriber deactivation time in the VLR.Note that the length of the periodic location update timers in one LAC should be the same.Path of command: Base station controller management ( configuration management ( System Parameters Message configuration ( modification of System Parameters MessageIV. Paging parameterPAGE_CHAN (number of paging channels) is in the System Parameters Message table.PRAT (rate of paging channel) in the sync channel message table, 0 representing 9600 bps and 1 representing 4800 bps5.2 Parameter Settings in MSC1. Subscriber deactivation time in the VLR configuration tableNote that the subscriber deactivation time should be greater than REG_PRD in the BSC. Currently, it is three to four times the REG_PRD. In this way, the MS is not deactivated even when the MS fails to register because of the poor radio environment.2. Number of paging resend eventsBit 4 Bit 6 of MAP parameter 2 in the software parameter table of the MSC represent the number of paging resend events. Currently, the number of paging resend events is set to 2.3. Paging resend intervalThe paging resend interval is set usually set to 5 seconds. The calculation formula is as follows:

Paging resend interval = 4.72 + (1.28 * 2^Slot Cycle Index)The interval is related to the slot cycle index. When the slot cycle index is 0, the paging resend interval can be set to 5 seconds. When the slot cycle index is 1, the interval can be set to 7 seconds. Enter and type the following command at the operation & maintenance console:MOD TIMER: PID=56, TSEQ=0, TIMER=7, VAL=10, NOTES="xxxxx";

In the command, the value after VAL= is the timer length. Set the timer length according to the actual requirement. Fill any descriptive words after NOTES=.Attachment: CDMA1X Location Area Planning and Tool for Calculating Capacity of Paging Channel V1.04.xls

K short messages /second

MSC

Cell

LACM

BSC

MC

K short messages /second

2004-05-28All rights reservedPage 12 of 19

_1139324998/CDMA1X Location Area Planning and Tool for Calculating Capacity of Paging Channel v1.04.xlsDescription

Name: CDMA1X Location Area Planning Tool

Version: V1.03V 1.04

Author: Jiang JindiLiu Jianguo

Date: 18/06/200318/08/2003

Note: The tool is provided to calculate the LAC size from the angle of the utilization of the paging channel under certain conditions. In practice, modifications should be made accordingly.

Legend

2Inpput parameter (value or text)

1Input value (Logical value)

2Intermediate result

2Default value

2Output result

2Errors

2Description

CDMA12LAC3MSCBSC

&L&BHuawei Technologies Co., Ltd. &B&C&D&R &P

Calculation Method and Principl

1. Calculation principle The messages delivered on the paging channel include the general page messaage (GPM), short GPM, overhead message and short message. To calculate the utilization of the paging channel, we first calculate the bit rate of various messages on the paging channel, and then sum them up to obtain the total utilization of the paging channel. Bit rate of various messages on paging channel = length of messages (bits) frequency of sending message (pieces/second) Utilization of paging channel:Numerator: (pieces of various messages/second)(bits of encapsulated message)Denominator: bit rate of paging channel (9600bps)(1margin reserved for paging channel)The utilization of paging channel is the ratio of the numberator to the denominator. The LAC size is inferred from the calculation formula of the utilization of paging channel. In the formula, we assume the LAC size is unknown but the other parameters are known to obtain the LAC size. Besides, the LAC size is calculated only from the angle of utilization of paging channel.

As to the length of messages, you should pay attention to the following:(1) As stipulated by the protocol, the theoretical length of messages includes 70 Chinese characters or 160 English characters.(2) The length of messages is related to the physical system.(3) The number of bytes of any message is an integer, that is, the bits of any message can be exactly divisible by 8. Otherwise, 0 - 7 bits will be added.(4) Select the messages according to the physical system.

2. Messages on paging channel and calculation of message length(1) GPM, 128 bits (38 bits for overhead, 32 bits for header, 42 bits or 58 bits for service options (50 bits on average): 8K/EVRC/13K/short message, which can be negotiated, or specified by the MSC/BSC). Calculate the average length of GPM according to the service option, and calculate the number of GPMs sent in a second according the busy hour call attempts (BACH) and the paging strategy.(2) Short GPM, 72bits (38 bits for overhead, 32 bits for header, +2)

(3) Overhead message a. NLM (Neighbor list message), for a cellular system, length = 65+12*Na+(0-7),where Na is the number of neighbor cells. For example, the length of NLM is 336 bits if there are 22 neighbor cells. b. CCLM (CDMA channel list message) , length = 61+11*Nc+(0-7), where Nc is the number of sector carriers. For example, the length of CCLM is 88 bits if there are two sector carriers. c. ESPM (Extended system parameters message), length =168 bits d. SPM (System parameters message), length = 272 bits e. APM (Access parameters message), length = 184 bits

(4) Non-slotted message a. ECAM/CAM (Extended channel assignment message/channel assignment message), length=240/136bits b. OM (Order message), length = 112 bits c. DBM (Data burst message), length = 7m+380, m is the number of characters in the short message. This formula applies to messages encoded in English characters. If the message is encoded in Chinese characters, length = 16m+380, m is the number of Chinese characters. (232 of these bits are due to IS-637 mandated overhead, 38 bits are due to the length field and the CRC, and the remaining 110 bits are due to fields in the data burst message).

(5) SCI bit, 1bit

Bit Rates of Various Messages

CodeNameValueRemarks

Note: Currently, the group transit of short messages is realized by sending the point-to-point short message in batches. Since short messages can be delivered in different send modes,the paging channel utilization of these messages varies, and their sending capability does, too. You cannot select the busy hour to send short messages. Below, we give the procedure for calculating the bit rate of short messages on the paging channel in three different send modes when there is traffic. In the send mode (1), since too much of the capacity of the paging channel will be occupied, it is seldom used. To realize the group transmit of short messages in the network, use either send mode (2) or (3). It is very rare that both send mode (2) and (3) are used at the same time. If both of these two send modes are used, distinguish the paging channel utilizations of short messages in these two send modes.

Input parameter: population parameter

aBit rate of paging channel9600bps

bMargin of utilization10.00%A margin is reserved for the paging channel to process dat burst message.

cAvailable bit rate of paging channel8640bps

dTraffic in a LAC2000erl, statistical value of BSC

eAverage call duration60second. The given value is based on the traffic model. It is determined by the actual situation, usually, 60 seconds.

fBusy hour call attempts (BHCA) in LAC120000BHCA: Busy Hour Call Attempts, including mobile originated calls and mobile terminated calls. It represents the traffic. It has a conversion relationship with Erlang.

gNumber of cells in LAC M101LAC: Location Aera Code, used for paging

hRatio of called subscribers Pt0.35Ratio of subscribers who are called (or paged), a statistical value of MSC. Ratio of called subscribers = terminating call attempts/(terminating call attempts+originating call attempts)

iCongestion ratio Pb0.02Congestion ratio, designed grade of service (GOS) of network

jNumber of pagings/subscriber N1.3Related to paging strategy. Supposing 80% MSs respond to the first paging, 10% respond to the second paging, and another 10% respond to the third paging, then the number of pagings/subscriber is "1.3".

kSlot cycle index i0Slot_Cycle_Index

lSlot cycle1.28Cycle=2i*16*0.08, in second

Input parameter: length of message and frequency of sending message

mShort GPM (_DONE message)

Length of short GPM72bits

Frequency of sending message12.51/0.08 seconds

Bit rate of short GPM900bps

nGPM

Average length of GPM Lgpm128bits, Lgpm varies with the service option. Here the service option is a special one, so Lgpm is 128 bits. Lgpm of the default service option is 112 bits.

Frequency of sending message A14.3A=(BHCA*(Pt - Pb)*N)/3600

Bit rate of GPM1830.4bps

oOverhead message

Average number of neighbor cells Na12Fill it according to the actual network situation. It is used to calculate the length of neighbor list message.

Number of carriers Nc1Fill it according to the actual network situation. It is used to calculate the length of CDMA channel list message.

CCLM72bits, 61+11*Nc+(0-7), Nc is the number of carriers and is assumed to be "1" here.

NLM216bits, 65+12*Na+(0-7), Na is the number of neighbor cells and is assumed to be "12" here.

SPM272bits

ESPM168bits

APM184bits

Length of overhead message912bits

Frequency of sending message0.831/period of sending overhead message

Bit rate of overhead message760.00bps

pNon-slotted ECAM/CAM and OM

Length of ECAM Lecam240bits. Select Lecam or Lcam according to the actual situation of the system. In the formula, Lcam is used.

Length of CAM Lcam136

Length of OM Lom112bits

CAM is used for the system or not1"1" means that CAM is used, and "0" means that ECAM is used.

Number of ECAM/CAM and OM resend events3

Frequency of sending message0.99A timer is started after ECAM or CAM is sent out for the first time. If no response message is received before the timer expires, it will be resent. It is resent for three times in total. However, the OM is directly resent for three times. Here, the number of ECAM/CAM and OM resend events is set to "3". We can continue to use this value in calculations, without any modification. The calculation result of frequency of sending message is somewhat on the high side. Besides, the result is based on the average traffic of cells. The frequency of sending message in cells with high traffic might be different.

Bit rate of ECAM/CAM and OM245.54bps

qNon-slotted DBM

Length of short message Lsms590bits. Lsms=16*m+380 for a short message in Chinese, Lsms =7*m+380 for a short message in English. In the formula, m is the number of Chinese characters or English characters.

Frequency of sending short message from MSC to BSC K7Pieces/second. It is a statistical value of MC

Paging overhead in different send modes

(1) The system delivers the data burst message in the whole LAC.4130bps. Paging overhead=K*Lsms

(2) The system first originates a paging request message to locate the MS and then delivers the data burst message on the paging channel.936.89bps. Paging overhead = Factor1*K*128+Factor2*K*Lsms/M. If there is GPM and a resending mechanism is available to the short message, Factor 1 and Factor 2 should be multiplied respectively in the formula. These factors should be modified according to the actual settings in practice.

(3) The system first originates a paging request message to locate the MS and then delivers the data burst message on the traffic channel947.56bps. Paging overhead =Factor3*K*128+3*K*Lcam/M+3*K*Lom/M. In the formula, Factor 3 is the number of GPM resend events when the short message is delivered on the traffic channel. Currently, Factor 3 is set to "1". It is also set to "1" in the formula. In practice, this factor should be modified according to the settings of the actual parameters.

rSCI bit

Bit rate of SCI bit100.00SCI means that each half-frame (10ms) contains one bit. Therefore, the bit rate of SCI on the paging channel is 1/10ms1bits100bps

Output result:

sBit rate of paging channel (There are three cases according to the send modes of the messages)

(1) The system delivers the data burst message in the whole LAC.7965.94bps

(2) The system first originates a paging request message to locate the MS and then delivers the data burst message on the paging channel.4772.84bps

(3) The system first originates a paging request message to locate the MS and then delivers the data burst message on the traffic channel4783.51bps

tBit rate of paging channel (There are three cases according to the send modes of the messages)

(1) The system delivers the data burst message in the whole LAC.92.20%

(2) The system first originates a paging request message to locate the MS and then delivers the data burst message on the paging channel.55.24%

(3) The system first originates a paging request message to locate the MS and then delivers the data burst message on the traffic channel55.36%

uPaging channel occupancy of various messages

(1) Short GPM (_DONE message)10.42%

(2) GPM21.19%

(3) Overhead message8.80%

(4) Non-slotted ECAM/CAM/OM2.84%

(5) Short message (non-slotted DBM)

I. The system delivers the data burst message in the whole LAC.47.80%

II. The system first originates a paging request message to locate the MS and then delivers the data burst message on the paging channel.10.84%

III. The system first originates a paging request message to locate the MS and then delivers the data burst message on the traffic channel.10.97%

:ECAMCAMCAM

:ECAMCAMCAM

:Factor1K128Factor2KLsms/MGPMFactor1Factor211

:Factor3K1283KLcam/M3KLom/MFactor3GPMFactor311

:ECAM/CAM,OM3BHCA/3600M

:LACBHCABSCBHCA

:

:GOS

:100

:

:LAC

:

:60

:BSC

Calculation of LAC Size

CodeNameValueRemarks

Input parameter

aBit rate of paging channel9600bps

bMargin of utilization10.00%A margin of utilization is reserved for the paging channel to process data burst messages

cAvailable bit rate of paging channel8640

dTraffic/sector carrier15erl. It is a statistical value of BSC or design value of network

eErlang/subscriber (traffic model)0.03erl/subscriber. It is based on a traffic model.

fAverage call duration60second. It is based on the traffic model. It depends on the actual situation. Usually, it is 60 seconds.

gSubscribers/sector500sub

hRatio of called subscribers Pt0.35Ratio of subscribers who are called or paged. It is a statistcal value of MSC. Ratio of called subscribers=terminating call attempts/(terminating call attempts + originating call attempts)

iCongestion ratio Pb0.02Congestion ratio. It refers to the designed GOS of the network.

jMobile terminated calls (MTCs) out of busy hour call attempts (BHCA)/subscriber0.000165Calls/(secondsub)

kNumber of paging channels in single-carrier sector1Number of paging channels configured for a single carrier sector

lNumber of carriers sharing a paging channel1Number of carriers that share a paging channel

mNumber of pagings/subscriber (voice service) N1.5Related to paging strategy. Supposing 80% MSs respond to the first paging, 10% respond to the second paging, and another 10% respond to the third paging, then the number of pagings of a subscriber is "1.3".

nSlot cycle index0Slot_Cycle_Index

oSlot cycle1.28Cycle=2i*16*0.08 in seconds

pGPM

Length of GPM Lgpm128bits

Frequency of sending message (with short message)0.15There is short message service

Frequency of sending message (without short message)0.12There is no short message service

Bit rate of GPM (with short message)19.68bps

Bit rate of GPM (without short message)15.84bps

qOverhead message

Average number of neighbor cells Na12Fill it according to the actual network situation. It is used to calculate the length of neighbor list message.

Number of carriers Nc1Fill it according to the actual network situation. It is used to calculate the length of CDMA channel list message.

CCLM72bits, 61+11*Nc+(0-7), Nc is the number of carriers and is assumed to be "1" here.

NLM216bits, 65+12*Na+(0-7), Na is the number of neighbor cells and is assumed to be "12" here.

SPM272bits

ESPM168bits

APM184bits

Length of overhead message912bits

Frequency of sending message0.831/period of sending overhead message, depending on the realization mechanism of the system. The timeslot interval between two system parameters message send events varies with the realization mechanism.

Bit rate of overhead message760.00bps

rNon-slotted ECAM/CAM and OM

Length of ECAM Lecam240bits. Select Lecam or Lcam according to the actual situation of the system. In the formula, Lcam is used.

Length of CAM Lcam136

Length of OM Lom112bits

CAM is used for the system or not1"1" means that CAM is used, and "0" means that ECAM is used.

Number of ECAM/CAM and OM resend events3The default value of the system is "3". Substitute "3" for the number of message resend events in the formula.

Frequency of sending message0.25A timer is started after ECAM or CAM is sent out for the first time. If no response message is received before the timer expires, it will be resent. It is resent for three times in total. However, the OM is directly resent for three times. Here, the number of ECAM/CAM and OM resend events is set to "3". We can continue to use this value in calculations, without any modification. The calculation result of frequency of sending message is somewhat on the high side. Besides, the result is based on the average traffic of cells. The frequency of sending message in cells with high traffic might be different.

Bit rate of ECAM/CAM and OM61.38bps

sNon-slotted DBM

Length of short message Lsms590bits. Lsms=16*m+380 for a short message in Chinese, Lsms =7*m+380 for a short message in English. In the formula, m is the number of Chinese characters or English characters.

Frequency of sending short message from MSC to BSC K0.03pieces/second. Owing to lack of traffic measurement data about short messages, you should be careful when filling the value.

Number of pagings/subscriber (short message service) L1A parameter of the MSC, related to the paging strategy and similar to number of pagings/subscriber (voice service).

Send mode of short message:

Threshold that determines short message is to be delivered on traffic channel64Byte

(1) The system first originates a paging request message to locate the MS and then delivers the data burst message on the paging channel.90.00%Paging overhead = Factor1*K*128+Factor2*K*Lsms/M. If there is GPM and a resending mechanism is available to the short message, Factor 1 and Factor 2 should be multiplied respectively in the formula. They are both set to "1" in the formula. They should be modified according to the actual settings in practice.

(2) The system first originates a paging request message to locate the MS and then delivers the data burst message on the traffic channel.10.00%Paging overhead =Factor3*K*128+3*K*Lcam/M+3*K*Lom/M. In the formula, Factor 3 is the number of GPM resend events when the short message is delivered on the traffic channel. Currently, Factor 3 is set to "1". It is also set to "1" in the formula. In practice, this factor should be modified according to the settings of the actual parameters.

Bit rate of short message (exclusive of GPM) on paging channel in the first send mode15.93bps. By default, the system first locates the MS and then sends a short message.

Bit rate of short message (exclusive of GPM) on paging channel in the second send mode2.23bps

*Bit rate of short message on paging channel when all short messages (exlcusive of GPM) are delivered on the paging channel17.70bps

*Bit rate of short message on paging channel when all short messages (exlcusive of GPM) are delivered on the traffic channel22.32bps

tShort GPM (_DONE message)

Frequency of sending message72bits

Frequency of sending message12.51/0.08 seconds

Bit rate of short GPM900bps

uSCI bit

Bit rate of SCI bit100.00SCI means that each half-frame (10ms) contains one bit. Therefore, the bit rate of SCI on the paging channel is 1/10ms1bits100bps

Output result

Number of cells in LAC M

(1) When there is no short message430Number of cells the LAC contains when there is no short message.

(2) When there are short messages and they are delivered in two send modes.180

(3) When there are short messages and all short messages are delivered on the paging channel182

(4) When there are short messages and all short messages are delivered on the traffic channel.162

Be careful when filling K, the frequency of sending short messages from the MSC to the BSC. Because the paging channel occupancy of short messages is much larger than that of voice service. The short message service greatly affects the location area planning.

:100

:

:GOS

:

:ECAMCAMCAM

:ECAMCAMCAM

:

:MSC

:1

:1

:ECAM/CAM,OM3BHCA/3600M

:60

:/

:

:21

:LAC