Quick and simple guide to nouns, pronouns, adjectives and adverbs.

NOUNSWHAT IS THE CLAUSE, PHRASE OR SENTENCE ABOUT?

NOUNS- TWO TYPES; PROPER AND COMMON.•Proper noun= the name of a specific person, place or thing. Proper nouns are so important that they always start with a capital letter, e.g. London, Sarah, Queen.•Common noun= name of an everyday object or thing. They are “common” so they are not as important as proper nouns and therefore have no capital letter, e.g. table, bus, man.

PRONOUNS- TAKE THE PLACE OF A NOUN IN A SENTENCE •HE waited for the bell to ring.•SHE was unhappy with her test result.•THEY were late for the meeting.

ADJECTIVESAdjectives are words that describe or modify another person or thing (a noun). The Articles — “a”,” an”, and “the” are all examples of adjectives. Adjectives describe nouns by answering one of three questions:1) What kind is it?“The small, furry dog was very excited”.What kind of dog? Small and furry.2) How many are there?“The lady was walking three small, furry dogs”.How many dogs are there? Three.3) Which one is it?“The smallest dog tried to run away”.Which one is it? The smallest dog.Quite often you will need to use more than one adjective to describe a noun. Sometimes a series of adjectives need a comma between them and sometimes they do not. If the adjectives are coordinate, you should use commas between them, but if they are noncoordinate, no commas are necessary.COORDINATE ADJECTIVES- are adjectives whose order can be rearranged without the sentence appearing incorrect. You can also insert the word “and” in between coordinate adjectives and they will still make sense. In our first example, “The small, furry dog was very excited”, the adjecives could be rearranged without any problem, “The furry, small dog was very excited”. The word “and” can also be added, “The small and furry dog was very excited”. This means that the adjectives “small” and “furry” are coordinate.NONCOORDINATE AJECTIVES- do not make sense when you rearrange their location in the series or when you insert “and” between them. For example, “The three furry dogs were barking”. If you switch the order of the adjectives or add the word “and” the sentence will no longer make sense: “the furry three dogs were barking”/ “The furry and three dogs were barking”.

ADVERBS Adverbs are words that are used to describe actions. They can be single words, phrases or clauses. Adverbs answer one of four questions: 1) How? “The dog ran quickly through the park”.How did the dog run? Quickly.2) When?“The dog ran immediately he heard his owner whisle”.When did the dog run? Immediately.3) Where?“The dog ran somewhere into the distance”Where did the dog run? Somewhere.4) Why?”I don’t know why the dog started to run“ Why did the dog run? He doesn’t know.

VERBSWHAT IS THE SUBJECT DOING? WHAT IS BEING DONE TO THE SUBJECT? WHAT STATE IS THE SUBJECT IN?

Every verb has five properties; person, number, tense, voice and mood.

•NUMBER- the verb can refer to a single person, place or thing as the subject of a sentence (”singular”), or can refer to more than one person, place or thing (”plural”). Verbs are therefore always either singular or plural.

•PERSON- a sentence can be written in first, second or third person. *first person plural= “we”, singular= “I” *second person plural= “you”, singular= “you” *third person plural= “they”, singular= “he/she”

•VOICE- verbs can either be used in active voice or in passive voice, depending upon whether the subject is acting or is being acted upon. *active voice= the subject is acting, e.g. “The footballer kicked a ball into the back of the net”. *passive voice= the subject is being acted upon, e.g. “The ball was kicked by the footballer into the back of the net”.

•MOOD- The mood of a verb reflects whether the action described is factual (the indicative mood), a possibility or supposition (the subjunctive mood), or is a command or exhortation (the imperative mood). *present indicative: I eat ice cream everyday after school. *present subjective: I would eat ice cream everyday after school but my Mum won’t allow it. *present imperative: Eat the ice cream quickly before your Mum arrives!

•TENSE- There are twelve tenses in English-- six standard tenses and six progressive tenses. The six standard tenses are as follows:1) Past tense- something that took place earlier and did not continue into the present: “I ate ice cream before my dinner”.2) Present tense- something that is occurring now: “I am eating ice cream”.3) Future- something that will occur at some point subsequent to the present time: “I will eat ice cream after dinner”.4) Present perfect/simple perfect- something that took place earlier but is continuing into the present: “I have eaten ice cream everyday this week because my Mum has been working late”.5) Past perfect/pluperfect- something that happened earlier than something else, which is expressed in the past, rather than past perfect, tense: “I was eating my ice cream when I saw that my Mum was approaching in the car”.6) Future perfect- something that will happen in the future before some other future event: “I will have eaten ice cream everyday this week if I have another one after school today”.The six progressive tenses are 1) Past progressive- describes a past action which was happening when another action occurred. This tense is formed by using was/were with the verb form ending in “ing”: “I was eating ice cream when I bumped into my Mum”.2) Past progressive perfect- describes a past, ongoing action that was completed before some other past action. This tense is formed by using “had been” and the present perfect of the verb (the verb form ending in “ing”): “I had been eating icecream everyday after school until my Mum found out”.3) Present progressive- describes an ongoing action that is happening at the same time the statement is written. This tense is formed by using am/is/are with the verb form ending in “ing”: “I am eating icecream as soon as I get home from school”.4) Present progressive perfect- describes an action that began in the past, continues in the present, and may continue into the future. This tense is formed by using “has” or “have been” and the present participle of the verb (the verb form ending in “ing”): “I have been eating ice cream everyday after school since my Mum started her new job”.5) Future progressive- describes an ongoing or continuous action that will take place in the future. This tense is formed by using “will be” or “shall be” with the verb form ending in “ing”: “I will be eating ice cream everyday after school now that my Mum has a new job”.6) Future progressive perfect- describes a future, ongoing action that will occur before some specified future time. This tense is formed by using “will have been” and the present participle of the verb (the verb form ending in -ing): “I will have been eating ice cream after school for five days straight when I have one on Friday after school”.

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